2-10. Front Panel Switches
2-12. Input Connections.
2-14. Tilt Bail/Handle
2-16. INITIAL FUNCTIONAL CHECK
2-18. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
2-20. DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
2-22. AC VOLTAGE MEASUKEMENT
2-24. AC OR DC CUKRENT MEASUREMENT
2-26. RESISTANCE (n) MEASUREMENT
Installation of Batteries.
Model 169 Front Panel Display.
Operating Controls
High Voltage Probe and RF Probe.
Current Probe and Current Shunt.
Convenience Cable and Connectors
Carrying Case and Hack Mounting Kits
Model 169 DMM Overall Signal Flow Block IDiagram.
Simplified AC/DC Voltage Measurement
Simplified AC/DC Current Measurement
Simplified Resistance Measurement.
Calibration Adjustment Location.
LCD Assembly
Integrator Waveform.
AC/DC Converter Waveform
Current Fuse Removal/Replacement
Covers and Panels.
.......................
...............
.............
...................
............
............
............
..........
..........
..........
...........
............
......................
..................
................
............
...................
.... 5-5
I-1
2-o
2-O
2-3
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.4
5-6
5-J
5-8
6-2
6-4
6-6
6-J
6-9
7-4
MOOEL 169
GENERAL INFORMATION
SECTION 1. GENERAL INFORMATION
l-l.
INTRODUCTION.
The Model 169 is a rugged, low cost, battery-
l-2.
operated digital multimeter that provides full
measurement capability for many general purpose
applications.
IOOuVldigit to 1OOOV on five dc and five ac voltage
ranges, lOOnA/digit to 2000mA (2 amperes) on five dc
and five ac current ranges, and lOIlmn/digit to 20
megohms on six resistance ranges. Ranges and
~ccurxy are listed in the Table of Specifications
on page 1-3.
FEATURES.
l-3.
The Model 169 incorporates features that help
l-4.
prevent instrument damage through customer abuse and
provide maximum instrument reliability, operator
safety and simplicity of operation.
features are:
A ZOOO-count (3-l/2 digit) liquid crystal dis-
e
play (LCD) with large 0.6" numerals, function
and range annunicators, and a low battery indi-
It provides dccurate readings from
Some of these
cator (BAT).
minus sign (-) are also displayed, positive
polarity is implied.
l
The Model 169 is built rugged. The full benchsire cdse is molded from impact-resistant dnd
flame-retardant plastic.
tection prevents damage on all
Voltage ranges dre protected up to 1400V peak,
resistance ranges to 300VRMS and current ranges
dre protected by dn externally accessible 2A
(25OV) fuse.
0 Pushbutton switches dre color coded to the
front panel for quick and edsy selection of
function and range. The decimal point is dutomatically positioned by the rdngc pushbutton.
Annunciators on the display
selected function and range.
and function combinations are indicated by
contradicting function and/or range d""u"cidtars appearing dt the sdme time.
Appropriate decimal point and
Effective input pro-
functions.
Indicate
Improper range
the
FIGURE l-l. Model
169.
l-l
GENERAL INFORMATION
The latest LSI technology and stable precision
l
components have been used in the Model 169 to
provide long term accuracy and minimize main-
tenance.
required, once a year. If alkaline batteries
are used, battery life can be the same as the
calibration cycle.
an MTRF of up to 20,000 hours can be expected.
Only one calibration adjustment is
Barring destructive misuse,
MODEL
l-l.
CHANGE NOTICES.
l-8.
which occur after printing of the Instruction Manual
will be explained on a Change Notice sheet attached
to the inside back cover.
l-9.
Improvements or changes to the instrument
SAFETY SYMBOLS.
169
Automatic zeroinq, automatic polarity and only
l
two input terminals simplify operation by
eliminating potentiometer zeroing and lead
changing.
Optional accessories can be ordered to extend
l
the measurement capability of your Model
Some of these are:
High Voltage Probe allows your DMM to measure
from 1000V to 40kV dc.
High Frequency (RF) Probe allows your DMM to
measure from 0.25V to 30V rms ac over a frequency range of IOOkHZ to IOOMHZ.
Clamp-On AC Current Probe allows your DMM to
measure from zero to 200A rms ac.
50.Ampere Current Shunt allows your IXIM to
neasure from zero to 50A. ac and dc.
NOTE
Refer to Section 4 for more detailed
information on accessories.
l-5.
WARRANTY INFORMATION.
169.
l-10.
follows:
l-11.
1-12.
given in Table I-I.
Safety symbols used in this manual we as
IMPORTANT
The A symbol can be found in various
places in this manual. Carefully read the
associated CAUTION statements with regard
to proper use and handling of the instrument. Damage to the instrument may occur
if these precautions are ignored.
This
places in this manual. This svmbal indicates those areas on the instrument which
are potential shock hazards. Carefully
read the associated WARNING statements
with regard to proper use and handling of
the instrument. Serious personal injury
result if
w
ignored.
SPECIFICATIONS.
Detailed specifications for the Model 169 are
symbol can be found in various
these precautions are
l-6.
cover of this Instruction Manual.
need to exercise the warranty, contact the Keithley
Representative in your area to determine the proper
action to be taken.
facilities in the United Kingdom and West Germany,
as well as in the United States.
2-2. This section provides information needed for
incoming inspection, preparation for use and operation of the Model 169 and its accessories.
2-3. UNPACKING AN0 INSPECTION.
2-4. The Model 169 was carefully inspected, both
mechanically and electrically before shipment. Upon
receiving the Model 169, unpack all items from the
shipping container and check for any obvious damage
which (may have occured during transit.
damages to the shipping agent. Retain and use the
original packaging materials if reshipment is re-
quired.
Model 169 orders:
a. Model 169 DMM
b. six carbon zinc "C' cells (may be shipped
installed in the DMM in some units).
c.
d.
2-5.
2-6.
The following items are shipped with all
A copy of this Manual.
Separate optional accessories, as ordered.
PREPARATION FOK USE.
Installation of Batteries, if required.
neport any
NOTE
Carbon-zinc batteries are supplied. These
batteries will operate your DMM for approximately 1000 hours. If it is desired
to change batteries only once a year when
calibration is required, alkaline cells
may be substituted. These cells will pro-
vide approximately 2000 hours of opera-
tion.
indicator will automatically come on with
approximately 5% of battery life remaining
(20 hours for carbon-zinc and 40 hours for
alkaline cells).
t. Install the batteries in the holder ds shown
in Figure 2-1.
d. Press the battery clip onto the terminals of
the battery holder; then position battery holder on
the two spacers as illustrated.
e. Reinstall the top cover.
f. After the batteries are installed. you should
become familiar with the Model I69 by reading the
section titled Controls, Indicators and Connectors
(Paragraph Z-7); then perform the Initial Functional
Check (Paragraph Z-16).
In either case,
the low battery
WARNING
3
To prevent a shock hazard, all test leads
should be removed from the INPUT terminals
before removing the instrument top cover.
a. Turn the DMM bottom side-up and loosen the
four screws in the bottom cover until the threads
are not engaged.
and they will fall out when the instrument is returned to its normal position.
b. Hold the top and bottom ‘over together to
prevent their separation and turn the DMM cover to
normal position.
NOTE: The scrws are not retained
Lift off the top cover.
2-7.
CONTROLS, INDICATORS AND CONNECTORS.
2-B.
Display.
2-9. The operating status of the Model 169 is continuously provided by the 3-l/2 digit (2000 count)
liquid crystal display located on the front panel.
In addition to the digitized input signal, with
appropriate decimal point and polarity, the display
provides indications of the selected function and
range, battery condition and overrange. All indicators on the display are shown in Figure 2-2 and
described as follows.
2-1
OPERATION
MODEL 169
a. Numerals.
maximum of 1999 counts.
pressed for most significant (l/Z) digit.
b. Decimal Point. The decimal point is indicated
in three positions and implied when behind the least
significant digit. The decimal point is properly
positioned when a range pushbutton is pressed.
C. Overrange. A "1" followed by three blanked
digits is displayed as an overrange indication for
all ranges and functions, except the 1000 volt
ranges which read beyond their maximum allowable
input voltages. The minus sign and a decimal point
may also be displayed, if appropriate.
d. Polarity. For dc measurements the minus sign
(-) is displayed, positive is implied. The minus
sign may flash on any function at zero since it is
not suppressed. It is also normal for it to flash
in ohms while the instrument is recovering from
overrange.
e. Low Battery Indication. BAT is displayed when
approximately 5% of battery life remains.
indicates that the batteries should be replaced,
however the Model 169 will continue to operate properly for 40 hours if alkaline cells are installed,
or 20 hours if carbon-zinc cells are installed.
f. Function and Range Annunciators.
cators provide a continuous display of the selected
funCtiOn and range, and allow direct reading of the
display. For example:
current on the highest current range would read AC
IOOOmA.
Large 0.6" numerals display up to a
Leading zero is only sup-
This
These indi-
a displayed half-scale ac
Z-10. Front Panel Switches.
Z-11.
eleven pushbutton switches which are color coordinated to the front panel. These switches are shown
in Figure 2-3 and described as follows.
that, when in, applies power to the DMM.
buttons provide selection of the five functions of
the Model 169.
that selects whether the function is ac or dc, in
for ac or out for dc.
annuncmtor is on.
is implied. The AC/DC pushbutton is not effective
when ohms (0) is selected.
buttons are push-on switches that select volts,
amperes and ohms, respectively.
these pushbuttons all the way in selects the new
function, turns on the proper annunciator and cancels the previously selected function. Note that it
is possible, by forcing, to push two pushbuttons in
at the same time. This will be evidenced by conflicting range/function annunciators appearing, and
the unwanted function can be canceled by pressing
the desired function pushbutton again.
are push-on switches which select the new range and
cancel the previous one. The decimal point is positioned and the appropriate annunciator is turned on
when the range is selected. The 20M pushbutton is
only used for ohms function. If it is inadvertently
selected with volts or current, contradicting annun-
ciators will appear.
Control of the Model 169 is provided by
a. ON/OFF Pushbutton. Push on - push off switch
b. Function Pushbuttons. The four function push-
AC/DC is a push on - push off switch
When ac is selected, the AC
When the annunciator is off, dc
The Y, A and " push-
Pressing one of
c.
Range Pushbuttons. The six range pushbuttons
2-2
NOTE
Extended exposure of the liquid crystal
display to direct sunlight, or high temperature and high humidity conditions can
cause the display to temporarily blacken.
Also, the display may become sluggish if
exposed to extremely cold temperatures.
Even though recovery occurs at normal
Operating temperatures. these conditions
should be avoided for maximum display
life.
2-12.
Z-13.
tions to the Model
high impedance input and is normally connected to
the point in the test circuit most removed from signal or earth ground.
common or low inout.
Input connections.
Two banana jacks provide the input connec-
169.
The HI (red) jack is the
The LO (black) jack is the
I
MODEL 169
TABLE 2-1
Initial Function Check
OPERATION
STEP FUNCTION RANGE INPUT READING
1
2 ACV 200"V Shorted 00.0 ACmV
3 DC"
4
5
6
SELECTION DMM
200mV Shorted
A and n* 2k
A and n*
A and n* 2DOn and
200n
and Open 1.00.0 ,,An
2mA
open
open .I00 mAkn
Open 1.0.0 uAfl Display reads 20mA current shunt on 200n range.
DISPLAY
000
00.0 "V
2olTd (100)
7 ”
8 n
9 " 20DOk Open
2DM
2DOOk Shorted
Shorted
*Press both pushbuttons simultaneously.
0.00 M"
000 k"
1
kn Overrange indication, leading 1 with all other
REMARKS
Power on, all other switches out. (-1 mdy flash.
Display reads 2mA current shunt on 2kn range.
Checks current fuse.
Display reads 2mA current shunt on 200n range.
(approx. loon)
digits blanked.
SET PWER Q4
@SELECT F"NCTI(N
FIGURE 2-3. operating COntPOlS.
@SELECT
RANGE
@CONNECT
SOJRCE
IEZ302,A
z-3
OPERATION
MODEL 169
Z-18. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS.
WARNING
t
To avoid electrical shock and/or instrument damage, do not connect the LO input
to any source of more than 1400 volts
(peak) above earth ground.
2-14. Tilt Bail/Handle.
2-15. The 16 position tilt bail/handle allows you
to position the instrument for the best viewing
angle of the display.
2-16.
Z-17.
have become familiar with your OMM, the initial
checkout procedure given in Table 2-1 should be performed. This procedure provides d quick and easy
functional check of the DMM. Only test leads are
required.
ciators to appear, except for low battery (BAT).
All decimal point locations are checked. All digit
segments are checked, except for the horizontal center segment on the last three digits.
minus sign (-) is not suppressed on any function, it
should periodically flash on one or snore of the
funcrions at zero with the input shorted. By
selecting two functions and/or ranges in the test,
the current fuse is checked and d rough indication
of the condition of the respective current shunt and
range resistor is obtained.
not intended to check the DMM accuracy, and thus,
the indicated readings in the table are nominal with
*5 digits allowed. If it is desired to check the
DMM accuracy specifications, perform the Performance
Verification, Section 3.
Check is begun with power on and all other pushbuttons wt.
necessary to press unselected function and range
pushbuttons slightly to cancel previous selections.
After completing the functional check, operate the
Model 169 in accordance with the Operating Instructions beginning with Paragraph 2-18.
INITIAL FUNCTIONAL CHECK.
Now that the batteries are installed and you
The check is designed to cause all annun-
Since the
However, this test is
The Initial Functional
To obtain this condition it may be
2-19.
Model
there are individual instructions provided in this
section which describe how to nakt specific function
meas"rements.
DMM as follows.
button.
useable immediately to rated accuracy.
ambient temperature is within 18-28°C range, but the
DMM has been subjected to temperature extremes, up
to I hour may be required to obtain rated accuracy.
pushbuttons.
range pushbutton.
the medsupement.
should be used ds required.
The basic operating instructions for the
169
DMM are outlined below. In addition,
Refer to Figure 2-3 and operate the
CAUTION
A
Do not exceed the maximum input limits
given in Table 2-2.
a.
Turn on power by depressing the ON/OFF push-
If the instrument is within I&28“C, it is
If
the
b. Select the function with the AC/DC, V, A or n
c. Select the range by depressing the appropriate
d. Connect the source to the INPUT jacks and make
Accessories described in Section 4
TABLE 2-2
Sumnary of Maximum Inputs
-
MAXIMUM
INPUT
1OOOV DC, 1400V Peak AC
350V rms continuous, 15
sec. maximum above 350V
IOOOV rms, 1400 peak,
lO%.Hz
ZA, 250V DC or rms (fuse
protected)
2-4
I
MODEL 169
OPERATION
Z-20.
Z-21.
digit to 1000 volts.
is 1999 with appropriate decimal point. Polarity is
automatically sensed and the minus sign (-) will be
displayed, if applicable.
a "1" and three blanked digits, except on the 1OOOV
range.
beyond the maximum allowable input voltage. Maximum
allowable input: 1OOOV dc, 1400 peak ac. Use the
Model 169 to measure dc voltage as follows:
select dc volts with the V and AC/DC pushbuttons.
The "V" annunciator should appear.
able.
pushbutton.
2QOmV range is selected.
INPUT HI and LO jacks; observe the voltage reading
on the display.
2-22.
2-23. The Model 169 reads ac voltages from lOOuV/
digit to 1000 volts.
responding, calibrated to read the root mean square
value of a sine wave within a frequency of 45Hz to
5kHz.
decimal point.
lowed by three blanked digits, except on the IOOOV
range.
beyond the maximum allowable input voltage. Maximum
allowable input voltage:
106V.Hz maximum.
ac voltage as follows.
OC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT.
The Model
On the 1OOOV range, the display can read
00 not exceed the maximum allowable input
voltage. Instrument damage may occur.
Turn on power with the ON/OFF pushbutton;
a.
Select the range from the five ranges avail-
b.
The decimal point is positioned by the range
c. Connect the signal to be measured between the
AC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT.
The maximum reading is 1999 with appropriate
On the 1OOOV range, the instrument can read
169 reads dc voltage from 1OOpV/
The maximum displayed reading
Overrange is indicated by
CAUTION
A
The 'm' annunciator will appear if
The instrument is average
Overrange is indicated by a "1" fol-
1ooov Pm,
Use the Model
1400V peak,
169 to measure
A
CAUTION
00 not exceed the maximum allowable input
voltage.
Turn on power With the ON/OFF pushbutton;
a.
select dc volts with the V and AC/DC pushbuttons.
Select the range from the five ranges avail-
b.
able.
pushbuttons.
200mV range selected.
INPUT Hi and LO jacks; observe the voltaqe readin
on the display.
2-24.
2-25.
lOOnA/digit to 2000 milliamperes (ZA). For ac measurements the instrument is average rsponding, calibrated to read the root mean square value of d sine
wave of d frequency within 4%~ to
mum reading is 1999. with appropriate decimal point.
Overrange is indicated by d
blanked digits.
vided by ZA, 250V dc or rms, quick-blow fuse.
the Model 169 to measure, ac or dc current as
follows.
The decimal point is positioned by the range
C. Connect the signal to be measured between the
AC OR DC CURRENT HEASUREIIENT.
The Model
00 not install .3 larger capacity current
fuse than the one originally supplied (ZA,
25OV).
Turn on power with the ON/OFF pushbutton.
a.
Select ac or dc with the AC/DC pushbutton; depress A
pushbutton.
with the "AC" annunicator if dc was selected.
instrument damage may occur.
The "rn' annunciator will appear if
169
reads ac and dc currents from
1kHz.
“1”
followed by three
Input overload protection is pro-
CAUTION
A
Instrument damage may occur'.
The "A" annunciator should appear along
The maxi-
Use
2-5
I
OPERATION
Select the range from the five ranges avail-
b.
able.
pushbutton.
200uA range was selected; otherwise, the W annunciator will appear.
voltage drop across the current shunt in the instrument (called voltage burden) can affect the circuit
under test if it has a low source voltage.
voltage burden can be reduced by selecting the
highest current range that will resolve the desired
meas"rement.
HI and LO jacks; observe the current reading on the
display.
The decimal point is positioned by the range
The '11" annunciator will appear if
It should be noted that the
C. Connect the signal to be measured to the INPUT
2-26.
2-27.
digit to 20 megohms.
with appropriate decimal point.
cated by a
Maximum Allowable Input: 3OOV dc or rms. Use the
Model 169 to measure resistance as follows.
RESISTANCE (n) MEASURENENl
The Model 169 reads resistance from 1OOnW
The maximum reading is 1999
Overrange is indi-
"1" followed by three blanked digits.
CAUTION
A
Turn the test circuit off and discharge
all capacitors before attempting incircuit measurements.
present in the circuit if either the minus
sign is displayed, along with a steady
displayed number other than zero, OP the
reading changes more than two digits when
the leads are reversed.
A voltage may be
This
MODEL 169
c.
Read the resistance an the display.
ZOOn range is selected, disconnect the test leads at
the test circuit, short them together and subtract
the reading obtained from the reading obtained
above.
NOTE
As previously mentioned far in-circuit
meas"rements, the presence of a voltage
will cause a change in the reading when
the leads are reversed. The presence of a
forward biased semiconductor junction will
also cause a significant error, and there-
fore, it is a good practice to reverse the
leads and make comparative measurements of
in-circuit resistances.
should be noted that the bottom two resistance ranges will not turn on most
semiconductors, except in an overrange
condition.
d. Diode Tests. Any of the top four ohms ranges
will turn on semiconductor junctions, with an
on-scale reading. but the 20Kn range is recommended
for out-of-circuit tests of semiconductors because
its test current is higher. To test a junction,
first forward bias it and then reverse bias it while
observing the display reading for both conditions.
The HI jack is positive. Compare the results as
follows:
INDICATION
In addition, it
If the
JUNCTION
CONDITION
Turn on power and depress the 0 pushbutton.
a.
The "n" annunciator should appear.
b. Connect the circuit to be measured to INPUT HI
and LO and select the desired range from the six
ranges available.
by the range pushbutton and the applicable range
annunciator should appear.
2-6
The decimal point is positioned
1. Overrange. both Polarities
2. Low reading, both polarities
3. Overrange when reverse biased
and an on-range reading when
forward biased
OPEN
SHORTEO
PROBABLY
GOOD
MODEL 169
PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION
SECTION 3.
3-l.
GENERAL.
3-2. Performance verification inay be performed upon
receipt of the instrument to ensure that no damage
or misadjustment has occured during transit.
fication may also be performed whenever there is
question of the instrument's accuracy, and following
calibration, if desired.
NOTE 3-5.
For instruments that are still under warranty (less than 12 months since date of
shipment), contact your Keithley representative or the factory immediately if
the instrument falls outside of specifications as determined by the Performance
Verification Procedure in paragraph 3-7.
PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION
Veri-
RECDHMENOEO TEST EQUIPMENT.
3-3.
3-4. Recommended test equipment for perfornance
verification (and calibration) is listed in Table
3-l. Alternate test equipment may be used.
ever, if the accuracy of the alternate test equip-
ment is not at least 10 times better than the
instrument specifications, additional allowance must
bc made in the readings obtained.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.
3-6. All measurements should be made at an ambient
temperature within the range of la0 to 28OC (65" to
BZ'F), and a relative humidity of less than 80%.
3-7.
PERFORWNCE VERIFICATION PROCEDURE.
3-B.
basic accuracy of the Model
resistance and current measurements.
Use the following procedures to verify the
169 for vo:tage,
HOW-
ITEM
-
A
B
C
0
E
TABLE 3-l
Reformended Test Equipment for Performance Verification.
DESCRIPTION
DC Calibrator
SPECIFICATIONS
O.lV, lV, lOV, IOOV
Fluke
1ooov , to .005%
AC Calibrator
AC Calibrator/Amplifier
Decade Resistor
O.l”, 1”. lo”, 1oov
*0.0223
1000" 20.04%
1.9k", 19kn,
190kn,
H-P
H-P
ES1
1.9Hfl, lOMn,
?0.02%
Current Calibrator
lOOpA, lmA, lOmA.
IOOmA, 1A. to.034
Valhalla
IMFR .
MODEL
341A
745A
745R/746A
0862
2500
3-l
PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION
I
MODEL 169
NOTE
Performance verification should be performed by qualified personnel using
accurate and reliable test equipment.
3-9. Initial Conditions.
3-10. Before beginning the verification procedure
the instrument must !meet the following conditions:
a. If the instrument has been subjected to
extremes of temperature, allow internal temperature
to stabilize for one (1) hour minimum at the
environmental conditions specified in paragraph 3-5.
b. Turn the instrument on and check for low
battery indication. If low battery indicator (BAT)
is on, remove and replace the batteries with fresh
O”L?S.
t
Some procedures require the use of high
voltage. Take care to prevent contact
with live circuits which could cause
electrical shock resulting in injury or
death.
3-11.
DC Volts Checkout.
WARNING
TABLE 3-2
DC voltage Perfornance Check
Applied
Range
ZOOmV
20 v
200 v
1000 v
3-12.
a. Select ac voltage readings with the AC/DC and
V pushbuttons.
b. Connect the AC Calibrator (Item B, Table 3-1)
to the OMM.
c. Set the DMM to the 200 mV range and apply
mV ac to the OMM. The reading must be within the
limits specified in Table 3-3.
d. Select the 2, 20 and 200 volt ranges and apply
the required voltages as specified in Table 3-3.
Verify that the readings are within specifications.
Voltage
100.00 mv
2v
1.0000 v
10.000 v
100.00 v
1000.0 v
AC Volts Checkout.
Set the calibrator frequency to
Allowable Reading at
180 to 2rc
99.6 to 100.4
.996 to 1.004
9.96 to 10.04
99.6 to 100.4
996 to 1004
1kHz.
100
a. Select dc voltage readings with the AC/DC and
V pushbuttons.
b. Connect the DC Calibrator (Item A, Table 3.1)
to the instrument.
c.
Select the 200mV range, and apply positive
1OOmVdc to the OMM. The reading must be within the
limits specified in Table 3-2.
d.
Select each remaining range and apply the
required voltage as specified in Table 3-2, verify
that the reading is within specifications.
e. Repeat all checks with negative voltage.
3-2
e.
To check the
Calibrator Amplifier (Item C, Table 3-l) to the
output of 1000 volts ac rms and verify that the OMM
reading is within the specified limits.
AC Voltage Performance Check
Applied
Range
200mV
20 v
200 v
1000 v
2v
Voltage
100.00 mv
1.0000 v
10.000 v
100.00 v
1000.0 v
1000
volt range, connect the AC
TABLE 3-3
Allowable Reading at
18’ to 28’C
98.7 to 101.3
.987 to 1.013 V
9.87 to 10.13 V
98.7 to 101.5
987 to 1013
mV
V
V
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