Joy-it C-SB-A-Kit User guide

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Arduino Introduction

Overview

What is Arduino?

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical world

than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple

microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.

Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or

sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino projects

can be stand-alone, or they can be communicated with software running on your computer (e.g.

Flash, Processing, MaxMSP.) The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled;

the open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.

The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical computing

platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming environment.

Feature

 Schematic design of the open source development interface free download, and also

according to the needs of their own changes

 Download the program is simple and convenient.  Simply with the sensor, a wide range of electronic components connection (such as: LED

light, buzzer, keypad, photoresistor, etc.), make all sorts of interesting things.

 Using the high-speed micro-processing controller (ATMEGA328).  The development of language and development environment is very simple, easy to

understand, very suitable for beginners to learn.

Performance

 Digital I/O 0~13.  Analog I/O 0~5.( R3 is 0~7 )  Suppor  Input voltage: when connected to the USB without external power supply or external 5 v

output and external power input.

 Atmel Atmega328 micro-processing controller. Because of its many supporters, the

company has developed 32-

Arduino size: width of 70 mm X high 54 mm.

Special Port

1. VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as

opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can

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supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through

this pin.

2. AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

SainSmart UNO R3

What’s UNO R3?

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic

resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains

everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB

cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Performance

Revision 3 is the last SainSmart UNO development board version.

Parameter

 3.3V/5V Supply Voltage and IO Voltage can be switched at the same time.  More 3.3V modules supported, such as Xbee module, Bluetooth module, RF module, GPRS

module, GPS module, LCD5110 Backlight and so on, but the original version can only support

5V IO.

 Controller uses SMD MEGA328P-AU chip. Add A6/A7 port.  5V Electric current : 500MA  3.3V Electric current : 50MA  Input Voltage: 7-12V

Improvement of R3

 Working voltage 3.3V/5V is optional.  Arduino can only work at 5V voltage. When it comes to 3.3V Level module, IO can’t be

connected to it. The Level should be changed, like the SD card, Bluetooth module and so on.

 Sainsmart UNO R3 can work at 3.3V voltage by switching on the button. At this time, IO port

is 3.3V and it can work with 3.3V Level module. (R3 can directly use the electronic building

blocks on I / O port and elicit G, V, S)

SainSmart MEGA2560 R3

Description:

This is the new MEGA2560 R3. In addition to all the features of the previous board, the MEGA

now uses an ATMega16U2 instead of the ATMega8U2 chip. This allows for faster transfer rates

and more memory. No drivers needed for Linux or Mac (inf file for Windows is needed and

included in the Arduino IDE), and the ability to have the Uno show up as a keyboard, mouse,

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joystick, etc.

The MEGA2560 R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there are two new

pins placed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage

provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes. The

MEGA2560 R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which use these

additional pins.

Features:

*Microcontroller ATmega2560

*Operating Voltage 5V

*Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

*Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

*Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)

*Analog Input Pins 16

*DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

*DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

*Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader

*SRAM 8 KB

*EEPROM 4 KB

*Clock Speed 16 MHz

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Arduino C Grammar

Arduino grammar is built on the basis of C/C + +, in fact is also the basic C grammar, Arduino

grammar not only put some related parameters Settings are function change, we have no need to

understand his bottom, let us to know AVR micro control unit (MCU) friend can also easy to fit in.

So here I'll simple comment the Arduino grammar.

Control Structures

If if...else for switch case while do... while break continue return goto

Further Syntax

; {} // /* */

Operators

++

--

+=

-=

*= /=

=

+

-

* / % == != < > <=

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>= && || !

Data type

boolean

char byte int unsigned int long unsigned long float double string array void

Constant

HIGH | LOW Said digital IO port level, HIGH Said high level(1), LOW Said low electric

flat(0).

INPUT | OUTPUT Said digital IO port direction, INPUT Said input (high impedance state)

OUTPUT Said output (AVR can provide 5 v voltage and ma current).

TURE | FALSE true(1) , false(0）.

All above are the basic c grammar words and symbols, everybody can understand, and the

specific use can combine experimental procedure.

Structure

 void setup()

The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize variables, pin modes, start

using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each power up or reset of the

Arduino board.

 void loop()

After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the initial values, the loop() function

does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your program to change

and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board.

Function

 Digital I/O

pinMode(pin, mode) pin 0~13, mode is input or output.

digitalWrite(pin, value) pin 0~13, value is HIGH or LOW.

int digitalRead(pin) pin 0~13, value is HIGH or LOW.

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 Analog I/O

int analogRead(pin) pin 0~5.

analogWrite(pin, value) pin 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, value is 0 to 255

Time

delay(ms)Pauses the program for the amount of time (in miliseconds) specified as parameter.

(There are 1000 milliseconds in a second.)(unit ms).

delayMicroseconds(us)

Math

min(x, y) minimum value

max(x, y) maximum value

abs(x) absolute value

constrain(x, a, b) Constraint function, lower limit a upper limit b, x must be between a & b to be

returned

map(value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh)

pow(base, exponent) extraction of square root

sq(x) square

sqrt(x) Square root

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void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);// opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps

Serial.println("Hello World!");

}

void loop()

{

}

Chapter 1 Hello World!

In this chapter, we will learn use Arduino IDE serial interface tools to show the contents that we

want to display in the computer.

Example code:

Explain:

Serial.begin(9600); The comment says 9600 bps, and just so you know bps stands for

bits-per-second (we will refer to this as the baud rate). Communicate with computer, you may

choose these rate “300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400, 19200, 28800, 38400, 57600, 115200”.

Operation:

1) Download code to arduino.

2) After download, click “tool”, pick up relevant arduino board, and relevant com. Then click

“serial Monitor”, on the new open up window’s bottom right, choose the relevant rate.

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ｉｎｔｌｅｄＰｉｎ＝１３；／／define pin 13 ｖｏｉｄｓｅｔｕｐ（）｛ｐｉｎＭｏｄｅ（ｌｅｄＰｉｎ，ＯＵＴＰＵＴ）；／／define interface is output ｝

Chapter 2 Blink LED

Small LED lamp experiment is the basis of comparison of the experimental one, this time we use

the motherboard comes with 13 feet of LED lights to complete the experiment, the experimental

equipment we need is the Arduino which each experiment must have and USB download cable.

Next we connect small lamp in accordance with the following experimental schematic physical

map.

Accordance with the good circuit after the link above figure, you can start writing programs, and

we let the small LED lights flashing. Lighting on for one second and off for one second. This

program is very simple. This is Arduino own routines Blink.

Example code:

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ｖｏｉｄｌｏｏｐ（）｛ｄｉｇｉｔａｌＷｒｉｔｅ（ｌｅｄＰｉｎ，ＨＩＧＨ）；／／light up led lamp ｄｅｌａｙ（１０００）；／／delay 1s ｄｉｇｉｔａｌＷｒｉｔｅ（ｌｅｄＰｉｎ，ＬＯＷ）；／／go out led lamp ｄｅｌａｙ（１０００）；／／ delay 1s ｝

After downloading the program, you can see our 13-foot LED lights flashing, so that our small

lights flicker experiment is complete.

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Chapter3 LED Blink

light emitting diode

What’s light emitting diode?

The light emitting diode referred to as LED. By gallium (Ga) and arsenic (AS) and phosphorus (P)

made of a compound of the diode, when the electron and hole recombination can radiate visible

light, and thus can be used to prepare a light-emitting diode in the circuit and the instrument as

the indicator, or the composition of the text or digital display. Ga As P diode hair red, gallium

phosphide diode green silicon carbide diode yellow.

A flashing LED lights experiment

Experiment component

 LED lamp : 1  220Ω resistor : 1  Breadboard & Jumper wires

Connect your circuit as the below diagram

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int ledPin=8; //set IO pin of LED in control

void setup()

{

pinMode(ledPin,OUTPUT);//set digital pin IO is OUTPUT

}

void loop()

{

digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH); //set PIN8 is HIGH , about 5V

delay(1000); //delay 1000ms, 1000ms = 1s

digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW); //set PIN8 is LOW, 0V

delay(1000); //delay 1000ms, 1000ms = 1s

}

Example code:

setup()

The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize variables, pin modes, start

using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each powerup or reset of the

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Arduino board.

loop()

After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the initial values, the loop() function

does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your program to change

and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board.

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Chapter4 PWM

What’s PWM?

Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with digital means.

Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off. This on-off

pattern can simulate voltages in between full on (5 Volts) and off (0 Volts) by changing the

portion of the time the signal spends on versus the time that the signal spends off. The duration

of "on time" is called the pulse width. To get varying analog values, you change, or modulate, that

pulse width. If you repeat this on-off pattern fast enough with an LED for example, the result is as

if the signal is a steady voltage between 0 and 5v controlling the brightness of the LED.

In the graphic below, the green lines represent a regular time period. This duration or period is

the inverse of the PWM frequency. In other words, with Arduino's PWM frequency at about

500Hz, the green lines would measure 2 milliseconds each. A call to analogWrite() is on a scale of

0 - 255, such that analogWrite(255) requests a 100% duty cycle (always on), and analogWrite(127)

is a 50% duty cycle (on half the time) for example.

For the Arduino, you write a value from 0 to 255 on a PWM pin, and the Arduino library will

cause the pin to output a PWM signal whose on time is in proportion to the value written.

When it comes time for us to actually write an output voltage, the 0-255 value lacks meaning.

What we want is many cases is a voltage. For our purposes, we will assume the Arduino is

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running at Vcc = 5 volts. In that case, a value of 255 will also be 5 volts. We can then easily

convert the desired voltage to the digital value needed using simple division. We first divide the

voltage we want by the 5 volts maximum. That gives us the percentage of our PWM signal. We

then multiply this percentage by 255 to give us our pin value. Here is the formula:

Pin Value (0-255) = 255 * (AnalogWrite / 5);

Arduino use analogWrite() analogWrite() ：Writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a pin. Can be used to light a LED at

varying brightnesses or drive a motor at various speeds. After a call to analogWrite(), the pin will

generate a steady square wave of the specified duty cycle until the next call to analogWrite() (or a

call to digitalRead() or digitalWrite() on the same pin). The frequency of the PWM signal is

approximately 490 Hz.

On most Arduino boards (those with the ATmega168 or ATmega328), this function works on pins

3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. On the Arduino Mega, it works on pins 2 through 13. Older Arduino boards

with an ATmega8 only support analogWrite() on pins 9, 10, and 11.The Arduino Due supports

analogWrite() on pins 2 through 13, plus pins DAC0 and DAC1. Unlike the PWM pins, DAC0 and

DAC1 are Digital to Analog converters, and act as true analog outputs.You do not need to call

pinMode() to set the pin as an output before calling analogWrite().The analogWrite function has

nothing to do with the analog pins or the analogRead function.

Syntax

analogWrite(pin, value)

Parameters

pin: the pin to write to.

value: the duty cycle: between 0 (always off) and 255 (always on).

Notes and Known Issues

The PWM outputs generated on pins 5 and 6 will have higher-than-expected duty cycles. This is

because of interactions with the millis() and delay() functions, which share the same internal

timer used to generate those PWM outputs. This will be noticed mostly on low duty-cycle

settings (e.g 0 - 10) and may result in a value of 0 not fully turning off the output on pins 5 and 6.

Experiment component:

1. 1 x 22oΩ resistor

2. 1 x LED

3. 1 x Breadboard

Connect your circuit as the below diagram.

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int brightness = 0; //define original value of brightness, the value is brightness of LED. int fadeAmount = 5; //define fadeAmount，the value is the amount of brightness variations’

change.

void setup() {

pinMode(9, OUTPUT);// set pin9 is output

}

void loop() {

analogWrite(9, brightness);//write the value of brightness in pin9

brightness = brightness + fadeAmount;//change the value of brightness

if (brightness == 0 || brightness == 255) {

fadeAmount = -fadeAmount ; // roll over the brightness between the highest and

lowest

}

delay(30); //delay 30ms

}

Example code:

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Chapter5 Advertising LED

Experiment component:

 LED lamp: 6  220Ω resistors: 6  Breadboard & Jumper wires

Connect your circuit as the below diagram.

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//set in Led’s digital IO pin control

int Led1 = 1;

int Led2 = 2;

int Led3 = 3;

int Led4 = 4;

int Led5 = 5;

int Led6 = 6;

//led lamp run the example 1 program

void style_1(void)

Example code

Program code is in the advertising lights program folder. Double-click to open and you will see a

led2 folder, open it, you will find out a led2.pde file. Double-click the icon to open it. Then you

will see that it is the arduino programming software window with the experimental program

code.

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{

unsigned char j;

for(j=1;j<=6;j++)//every 200ms light up one of led lamps with 1~6 pin in turn

{

digitalWrite(j,HIGH);//light up the led lamps with j pin

delay(200);//delay 200ms

}

for(j=6;j>=1;j--)//every 200ms got out one of led lamps with 6~1 pin in turn

digitalWrite(j,LOW);//go out the led lamps with j pin

delay(200);//delay 200ms

}

//led lamp blink example program

void flash(void)

{

unsigned char j,k;

for(k=0;k<=1;k++)//blink twice

{

for(j=1;j<=6;j++)//light up led lamps with 1~6 pin

digitalWrite(j,HIGH);//light up led lamp with j pin

delay(200);//delay 200ms

for(j=1;j<=6;j++)//go out the led lamp with 1~6 pin

digitalWrite(j,LOW);//go out the led lamp with j pin

delay(200);//delay 200ms

}

//led lamp run the example 2 program

void style_2(void)

{

unsigned char j,k;

k=1;//set k is 1

for(j=3;j>=1;j--)

{

digitalWrite(j,HIGH);//light up

digitalWrite(j+k,HIGH);//light up

delay(400);//delay 400ms

k +=2;//k plus 2

}

k=5;//set k is 5

for(j=1;j<=3;j++)

{

digitalWrite(j,LOW);//go out

digitalWrite(j+k,LOW);//go out

delay(400);//delay 400ms

k -=2;//k sub 2

}

// led lamp run the example 3 program

void style_3(void)

{

unsigned char j,k;//led lamp run the example 3 program

k=5;//set k is 5

for(j=1;j<=3;j++)

{

digitalWrite(j,HIGH);//light up

digitalWrite(j+k,HIGH);//light up

delay(400);//delay 400ms

digitalWrite(j,LOW);//go out

digitalWrite(j+k,LOW);//go out

k -=2;//k sub 2

}

k=3;//set k is 3

for(j=2;j>=1;j--)

{

digitalWrite(j,HIGH);//light up

digitalWrite(j+k,HIGH);//light up

delay(400);//delay 400ms

digitalWrite(j,LOW);//go out

digitalWrite(j+k,LOW);//go out

k +=2;//k plus 2

}

void setup()

{

unsigned char i;

for(i=1;i<=6;i++)//set 1~6 pin output in turn

pinMode(i,OUTPUT);//set i pin output

}

void loop()

{

style_1();//example 1

flash();//blink

style_2();//example 2

flash();//blink

style_3();//example 3

flash();//blink

}

Example code used: for(i=1;i<=6;i++)//set 1~6 pin output in turn

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pinMode(i,OUTPUT);//set i pin output

The “for” statement is used to repeat a block of statements enclosed in curly braces. An

increment counter is usually used to increment and terminate the loop. The for statement is

useful for any repetitive operation, and is often used in combination with arrays to operate on

collections of data/pins.

There are three parts to the for loop header:

for (initialization; condition; increment) {

//statement(s);

}

The initialization happens first and exactly once. Each time through the loop, the condition is

tested; if it's true, the statement block, and the increment is executed, then the condition is

tested again. When the condition becomes false, the loop ends.

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int ledred=10; //define digital pin10 red

int ledyellow=7; //define digital pin7 yellow

int ledgreen=4; //define digital pin4 green

void setup()

{

pinMode(ledred,OUTPUT);//set red pin output

pinMode(ledyellow,OUTPUT);// set yellow pin output

pinMode(ledgreen,OUTPUT);// set green pin output

}

void loop()

{

digitalWrite(ledred,HIGH);//light up red lamp

delay(1000);//delay 1000 ms = 1 s

digitalWrite(ledred,LOW);//go out red lamp

Chapter6 Traffic light

Experiment component:

 Red , Green , Yellow led lamp: 3  220Ω resistor: 3  Breadboard & Jumper wires

Connect your circuit as the below diagram.

Example code:

Program code is in the traffic lights program folder. Double-click to open and you will find out a

trafficLed.pde file. Double-click the icon to open it. Then you will see that it is the arduino

programming software window with the experimental program code.

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digitalWrite(ledyellow,HIGH);//light up yellow lamp

delay(200);//delay 200 ms//

digitalWrite(ledyellow,LOW);//go out

digitalWrite(ledgreen,HIGH);//light up green lamp

delay(1000);//delay 1000 ms

digitalWrite(ledgreen,LOW);//go out

}

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Chapter7 Buzzer

What’s buzzer?

The buzzer is one integrated electronic transducers, DC voltage supply, widely used in computers,

printers, copiers, alarm, electronic toys, automotive electronic equipment, telephones, timers

and other electronic products for sound devices.

They can be divided into the: active buzzer (containing driver line) and passive buzzer (external

drive) in their drive different way, teach you to distinguish between active buzzer and passive

buzzer. A small buzzer for sale on the market now because of its small size (diameter is only

11mm), light weight, low price, solid structure, while widely used in various electrical equipment

with sound, electronic production and microcontroller circuits. Appearance of active the buzzer

and passive buzzer like a, b shown. a) active b) passive.

From the figure a, b appearance watching, the two buzzers seems to the same, but a closer look,

the height of the two slight difference active buzzer a height of 9mm, passive buzzer b, a height

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of 8 mm. As facing up to two buzzers’ pin County it can be seen that there are a green circuit

board is passive buzzer, no circuit board using vinyl enclosed one is active buzzer. Further

determine the active and passive buzzer multimeter resistance profile Rxl file test: use a black

pen touch buzzer’s pin "+", red pen touch in the other pin back and forth, If you feel a click,

cracking sound and resistance is only 8Ω

(Or 16Ω) which is a passive buzzer; continuing sound can issue, and the resistance is more than

hundreds of Europe that is active buzzer. Active buzzer directly connected to the rated power

(indicate on the new buzzer’s label) can be continuous sound; rather passive buzzer and

electromagnetic speaker needs to be connected to the audio output circuit can vocalization.

Buzzer also can be divided into according to the constructed different,: the electromagnetic

buzzer and piezoelectric buzzer;

Connect your circuit as the below diagram.

The buzzer used in this experiment with the internal drive. Circuit the buzzer positive connect

directly into the digital port 13. GND socket connected to the negative terminal of the buzzer.

Buzzer analog ambulance siren sound experiment

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int buzzer=7;//set buzzer’s digital pin IO in control

void setup()

{

pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);//set digital pin IO OUTPUT

}

void loop()

{

unsigned char i,j;//define i j

while(1)

{

for(i=0;i<80;i++)// Output a frequency of sound

Experiment component:

Buzzer : 1

Breadboard & Jumper wires

Connect your circuit as the below diagram.

Example code

{

digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);//sound

delay(1);//delay 1ms

digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);//mute

delay(1);//delay 1ms

}

for(i=0;i<100;i++)// Output the other frequency of sound

{

digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);//sound

delay(2);//delay 2ms

digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);//mute

delay(2);//delay 2ms

}

while loops

Description

while loops will loop continuously, and infinitely, until the expression inside the parenthesis, ()

becomes false. Something must change the tested variable, or the while loop will never exit. This

could be in your code, such as an incremented variable, or an external condition, such as testing a

sensor.

Syntax

while(expression){

// statement(s)

}

Parameters

expression - a (boolean) C statement that evaluates to true or false

Example

var = 0;

while(var < 200){

// do something repetitive 200 times

var++;

}

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Chapter8 Tilt switch

What’s Tilt Sensor?

The tilt sensor is a component that can detect the tilting of an object. However it is only the

equivalent to a pushbutton activated through a different physical mechanism. This type of sensor

is the environmental-friendly version of a mercury-switch. It contains a metallic ball inside that

will commute the two pins of the device from on to off and viceversa if the sensor reaches a

certain angle.

Tilt switch controls led lamp light & out

Experiment component:

Tilt sensor : 1

Breadboard & Jumper wires

Connect your circuit as the below diagram.

Tilt switch connect to analog pin.

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void setup()

Example code

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{

pinMode(8,OUTPUT);//set pin8 output

}

void loop()

{

int i;//define i

while(1)

{

i=analogRead(5);//read voltage values of pin5 if(i>200)//if more than 512（2.5V）

{

digitalWrite(8,HIGH);//light up led lamp

}

else

{

digitalWrite(8,LOW);//go out led lamp

}