MEGA2560
Microcontroller Learning - Kit
www.joy-it.net
Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
ME
1. TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Table of content
2. General information
3. Soware installation
4. Resistors
5. Lessons
1. Lesson : Hello World
2. Lesson : Flashing LED
3. Lesson : PWM light control
4. Lesson : Traic light
5. Lesson : LED hunting eect
6. Lesson : Key-controlled LED
7. Lesson : Responder experiment
8. Lesson : Active buzzer
9. Lesson : Passive buzzer
10. Lesson : Reading the analog value
11. Lesson : Photo resistor
12. Lesson : Flame sensor
13. Lesson : Tilt sensor
14. Lesson : 1-digit LED segment display
15. Lesson : 4-digits LED segment display
16. Lesson : LM35 temperature sensor
17. Lesson : 74HC595 shi register
18. Lesson : RGB LED
19. Lesson : Infrared remote control
20. Lesson : 8x8 LED Matrix
6. Other information
7. Support
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Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Dear customer,
Thank you very much for choosing our product. In the following, we will
show you what has to be observed during commissioning and use.
Should you encounter any unexpected problems during use, please feel
free to contact us.
Technical data
Our board is a high-quality replica and compatible to the Arduino Mega
2560 but it is explicitly not an original Arduino.
The Mega 2560 is the right microcontroller board for those who want to
get into the programming world quickly and easily as possible. This set
guides you through a variety of projects. Its ATMega2560 microcontroller
oers you enough power for your ideas and projects. It measures 101.52 x
53.3 mm and has with 54 digital inputs and outputs and 16 analog inputs
many possibilities to connect.
Model ard_Mega2560R3
Microcontroller ATMega2560
Input voltage 7 - 12 V
Maximum input voltage 6 - 20 V
Digital IO 54 (14 with PWM)
Analog IO 16
DC current IO 40 mA
DC current 3,3 V 50 mA
Memory 256 kB (8 kB for Bootloader)
SRAM 8 kB
EEPROM 4 kB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Dimensions 101.52 x 53.3 mm
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Pin assignment
Voltage regulator
USB-B-Port
ICSP for USB
AREF
GND
PWM
Interface
TXO
RXO
Communication
interface
Digital
I/O Pins
Analog
Inputs
Power supply
Reset
IOREF
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Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
3. SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
In order to start programming the Joy-IT ard_Mega2560R3, a develop-
ment environment and the drivers for the corresponding operating system must first be installed on the computer.
The Arduino IDE (which you can download here), which is available as an
OpenSource soware under the GPLv2 and published by the Arduino
manufacturer. It is aimed at beginners from concept and structure. It is
fully compatible with the Joy-IT ard_Mega2560R3 and contains the programming environment as well as the necessary drivers to get started
right away.
Aer installing the soware, the corresponding microcontroller board
must be set up in the programming environment. To do this, follow the
following two steps:
1. Under
Tools → Board
muss
Arduino/Genuino Mega or Mega 2560
must be selected.
2. Under
Tools → Port
then select the port which is marked with
Arduino/Genuino Mega or Mega 2560
.
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Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
4. RESISTORS
In this set there are three dierent resistors 220 Ω, 1 kΩ and 10 kΩ. On re-
sistors there is a colour coding which can be used to calculate or detect
the resistance if it cannot be measured with a multimeter.
In this chapter you will learn how to calculate this resistance in order to
better perform the following lessons, because you need to be able to
identify the dierent resistances in order to correctly reproduce the setups.
First you have to measure the number of rings on the resistor, because
resistors can have four or five rings. In this set, the resistors have 5 rings,
which give you a more accurate indication of the resistance value than
with 4 rings.
Now you have to determine which ring is the first one. This first ring can
be identified by the fact that it is further away from the end of the body
than the last ring.
You can now calculate the resistance value with a formula. If there are 5
rings, the first 3 rings serve as resistance counters and the fourth as
multiplier, which calculates the total resistance value. The fih ring is the
tolerance ring, which calculates the deviation of resistance value. With
four rings, the third ring is omitted as a resistance counter and then
serves as a multiplier. The fourth ring is then the tolerance ring.
The rings have a specific colour code, where each colour has a
has a certain value. In the following, you see the colour table for 5 rings:
1. Ring 2.Ring 3. Ring 4. Ring
(Multiplier)
5. Ring
(Tolerance)
Ring colour
Black 0 0 0 - -
Brown 1 1 1 x 10 1 %
Red 2 2 2 x 100 2%
Orange 3 3 3 x 1.000 -
Yellow 4 4 4 x 10.000 -
Green 5 5 5 x 100.000 0,5 %
Blue 6 6 6 x 1.000.000 0,25 %
Purple 7 7 7 x 10.000.000 0,1 %
Grey 8 8 8 - -
White 9 9 9 - -
Gold - - - x 0,1 5 %
Silver - - - x 0,01 10 %
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If we now look at our resistances, we cann quickly calculate their value.
Let's start with the 220 Ω resistance
1. Ring:
Red : 2
2. Ring:
Red : 2
3. Ring:
Black : 0
4. Ring (Multiplier):
Black : -
5. Ring (Tolerance):
Brown : 1 %
Due to the fact that the multiplier has no value, the resistance can be
determined on 220 Ω with a tolerance of 1%, which this resistance can
vary.
1. Ring:
Brown: 1
2. Ring:
Black : 0
3. Ring:
Black : 0
4. Ring (Multiplier):
Brown: x 10
5. Ring (Tolerance):
Brown: 1 %
The first three rings give the first value of 100, which is calculated by
means of the multiplier (x 10) to the resistance value of 1000 Ω. This can
also be converted to 1 kΩ. So this has resistor a resistance value of 1 kΩ
with a tolerance of 1 %.
1. Ring:
Brown: 1
2. Ring:
Black : 0
3. Ring:
Black : 0
4. Ring (Multiplier):
Red : x 100
5. Ring (Tolerance):
Brown: 1 %
The first three rings result again in the first value of 100. By means of the
multiplier of x 100 the resistance value of 10.000 Ω is obtained, which can
be converted into 10 kΩ. Also this resistor has again a tolerance of 1 %.
www.joy-it.net
Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
5. LESSONS
Lesson 1 : Hello world
We start with something simple. For this project you only need the board
and a USB cable to start the lesson. This is a communication test for your
Mega2560 and your PC, and a basic project for your first try in the
Arduino world!
Once the installation of the drivers is complete, open the Arduino
soware and write a code that will allow the Mega2560 to display
Hel-
lo World!
under your instructions. Of course, you can also write a code
that will allow the Mega2560 to display
Hello World!
repeatedly with-
out prompting. A simple
if()
statement will do this. We can instruct the
LED on pin 13 to blink first and then display Hello World! aer the Arduino gets the command to do so.
int val; // defines the variable “Val”
int ledpin=13; // defines the digital interface 13
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
// sets the baudrate to 9600 to fit the software configuration
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT); // sets the digital pin 13 to output
}
void loop() {
val=Serial.read();
if(val=='R') { // checks if the character is a R.
// if so:
digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH); // turns on LED
delay(500);
digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW); // turns off LED
delay(500);
Serial.println("Hello World!"); // Shows „Hello World!”.
}
}
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Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
Click on the serial monitor and add R , then the LED on the board will
light up and your PC will receive the information
Hello World!
from the
Arduino.
Lesson 2: Flashing LED
In the Hello World! program we have already encountered the LED. This
time we will connect an LED with one of the digital pins. The following
parts are needed:
Mega2560 board
1x
USB cable
1x
Red M5 LED
1x
220 Ω resistor
1x
Breadboard
1x
Jumper cable
2x
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We follow the following wiring diagram. Here we use the digital pin 10.
We connect the LED with a 220 Ω resistor to avoid damage due to
excessive current.
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Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
int ledPin = 10; // defines Digital Pin 10.
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // defines pin to output
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turns on led
delay(1000); // waits a second
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turns off led
delay(1000); // waits a second
}
Aer uploading the program you will se the LED which is connected to pin
10 , light up every second.
Lesson 3: PWM light control
PWM (short for Pulse Width Modulation) is a technique used to encode
analog signal levels into digital ones. A computer is not capable of outputting analog voltage. It can only output digital voltage with values like
0 V or 5 V. Therefore a high resolution counter is used to output a specific
analog signal level by encoding the utilization level by modulating PWM .
The PWM signal is also digitized, because to each time the power supply
is either 5 V (on) or 0 V (o).
The voltage or current is supplied to the analog load (the device that consumes the energy) by repeated pulse sequences, by constantly switching
between the on and o states. The value of the output voltage is determined by the on and o states.
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Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
There are many applications for PWM: regulation of lamp brightness, regulation of motor speed, etc. .
These are the three basic parameters of PWM:
Mega2560 board
1x
USB cable
1x
Red M5 LED
1x
220 Ω resistor
1x
Breadboard
1x
Jumper cable
6x
1x
Potentiometer
1. The amplitude of the pulse width
(minimum / maximum)
2. The pulse period
(The mutual pulse rate in one second)
3. The voltage level
(like: 0 - 5 V)
There are 6 PWM interfaces on the Mega2560: digital pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and
11.
In previous experiments we have got to know the key-controlled LED,
where we used a digital signal to generate a digital pin.
Now we will use a potentiometer to control the brightness of the LED. We
need for this:
Height
Width
Cycle
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The input of the potentiometer is analog, so we connect it to the analog
port. We connect the LED to the PWM port. A other PWM signal can
regulate the brightness of the LED.
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Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
In this experiment we will read the analog value of the potentiometer and
assign the value to the PWM port, so that a corresponding change in the
brightness of the LED can be observed. We will also display the analog
value on the screen.
int potpin = 0; // Initialises analog Pin 0
int ledpin = 11; // Initialises digital Pin 11 (PWM Output)
int val = 0; // Saves the Sensors Value
void setup() {
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT); // defines digital Pin 11 to „Output“
Serial.begin(9600); // Sets Baudrate to 9600
}
void loop() {
val = analogRead(potpin);
// reads the Analog-Value of the sensor and assigns it to „Val“
Serial.println(val); // shows the value of „Val“
analogWrite(ledpin,val/4);
// turns on the LED and sets the brightness (Max. Value: 255)
delay(10); // Waits 0,01 Seconds
}
Aer transmission of the program and when moving the potentiometer,
we can observe changes in the displayed values. We can also see an
obvious change in LED brightness.
Lesson 4: Traic lights
In the previous program we did the flashing LED experiment with only
one LED. Now it is time to do a more complicated experiment: Traic
lights.
Actually these two experiments are very similar. In this experiment we
will use 3 LEDs with dierent colors, while in the last one only one LED
was used. We need for this:
1x
Mega2560 board
1x
USB cable
1x
Red M5 LED
1x
Yellow M5 LED
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Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
1x
Green M5 LED
3x
220 Ω resistor
1x
Breadboard
4x
Jumper cable
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Since this is a situation of traic lights, the lighting time of each
individual LED should be exactly the same as in a real traic light. In this
program we will use the Arduino delay function to control the delay time.
int redled =10; // Initialises digital Pin 8
int yellowled =7; // Initialises digital Pin 7
int greenled =4; // Initialises digital Pin 4
void setup() {
pinMode(redled, OUTPUT); // Sets Pin with red LED to „Output“
pinMode(yellowled, OUTPUT);// Sets Pin with yellow to „Output“
pinMode(greenled, OUTPUT);// Sets Pin with green LED to „Output“
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(greenled, HIGH); // turns on green leed
delay(5000); // Waits 5 Seconds
digitalWrite(greenled, LOW); // turns off green LED
for(int i=0;i<3;i++) { // flashes 3x
delay(500);
digitalWrite(yellowled, HIGH); // turns on the yellow LED
delay(500);
digitalWrite(yellowled, LOW); // turns on the yellow LED
}
delay(500);
digitalWrite(redled, HIGH); // turns on the red LED
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(redled, LOW); // turns on the red LED
}
Once the file has been uploaded, the traic lights are visible. The green
light will stay on for 5 seconds and then turn o. Then the yellow light will
flash 3 times and then the red light for 5 seconds, so that a circuit is for-
med.
Lesson 5: LED hunting eect
We oen see billboards, which are equipped with coloured LEDs. These
change constantly to create dierent eects. In this experiment, a program is created which simulates the LED hunting eect. This is needed:
1x
Mega2560 board
1x
USB cable
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Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
6x
M5 LED
6x
220 Ω resistor
1x
Breadboard
13x
Jumper cable
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int BASE = 2 ; // The I/O pin for the first LED
int NUM = 6; // Amount of LEDs
void setup() {
for (int i = BASE; i < (BASE + NUM); i ++) {
pinMode(i, OUTPUT); // Set I/O pins as output
}
}
void loop() {
for (int i = BASE; i < (BASE + NUM); i ++){
digitalWrite(i, LOW); // Sets I/O pins to "low"
// switches on the LEDs one after the other
delay(200); // delay
}
for (int i = BASE; i < (BASE + NUM); i ++) {
digitalWrite(i, HIGH); // Sets I/O pins to "high"
// switches off the LEDs one after the other
delay(200); // delay
}
}
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Pascalstr. 8 47506 Neukirchen-Vluyn
Lesson 6: Key-controlled LED
I/O-Port is an interface, which can be used as input and output. So far,
we've only used it as the output. In this experiment we will try to use the
input to read the output value of the connected device. We will use a key
as input and a LED as output to get a better understanding of the I/O
functions.Key switches, which many people probably know, have a
switching value (digital value). When the switch is pressed, the circuit
closes and is in a conducting state.
For this we need:
1x
Mega2560 board
1x
USB cable
1x
Red M5 LED
1x
220 Ω resistor
1x
10 kΩ resistor
1x
Key switch
1x
Breadboard
6x
Jumper cable
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