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SPEED418
User Manual
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HT instruments SPEED418 User Manual

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ISO410 - SPEED418 - COMBI419 - COMBI420
User manual
400 Series
Copyright HT ITALIA 2012 Release EN 1.07 - 05/06/2012
Table of contents:
1.SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND PROCEDURES .......................................................... 4
1.1. Preliminary instructions ..................................................................................................... 4
1.2. During use ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.3. After use ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.4. Overvoltage categories - definitions .................................................................................. 5
2.GENERAL DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................... 6
2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6
2.2. Instrument operation ......................................................................................................... 6
3.PREPARATION FOR USE ........................................................................................... 7
3.1. Initial checks ...................................................................................................................... 7
3.2. Instrument power supply ................................................................................................... 7
3.3. Calibration ......................................................................................................................... 7
3.4. Storage .............................................................................................................................. 7
4.OPERATION DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................... 8
4.1. Instrument description ....................................................................................................... 8
4.2. Backlighting ....................................................................................................................... 8
4.3. Keyboard description ......................................................................................................... 9
4.4. Display description ............................................................................................................ 9
4.5. Initial screen ...................................................................................................................... 9
5.MAIN MENU ............................................................................................................... 10
5.1. AUTO ÷ PWR .................................................................................................................. 10
5.2. SET – Instrument settings ............................................................................................... 10
5.2.1. Language ............................................................................................................................... 10
5.2.2. Auto power off ........................................................................................................................ 11
5.2.3. Nominal voltage ..................................................................................................................... 11
5.2.4. Frequency .............................................................................................................................. 11
5.2.5. System ................................................................................................................................... 11
5.3. MEM ................................................................................................................................ 11
6.ELECTRICAL SYSTEM TEST .................................................................................... 12
6.1. AUTO .............................................................................................................................. 12
6.1.1. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 14
6.2. LOWOHM: Continuity test of earth leads with 200mA .................................................... 16
6.2.1. CAL mode .............................................................................................................................. 18
6.2.2. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 19
6.3. M: Measurement of the insulation resistance ............................................................... 21
6.3.1. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 23
6.4. RCD: Test on A-type and AC-type RCDs ........................................................................ 25
6.4.1. AUTO mode ........................................................................................................................... 27
6.4.2. x½ mode ................................................................................................................................ 28
6.4.3. x1, x2, x5 mode ...................................................................................................................... 29
6.4.4. mode ................................................................................................................................. 29
6.4.5. RA mode ................................................................................................................................ 30
6.4.6. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 31
6.5. LOOP: Measurement of Line/Loop impedance ............................................................... 35
6.5.1. P-N mode ............................................................................................................................... 37
6.5.2. P-P mode ............................................................................................................................... 38
6.5.3. P-PE mode in TT or TN systems ........................................................................................... 39
6.5.4. P-PE mode in IT systems ...................................................................................................... 40
6.5.5. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 40
6.6. R
6.6.1. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 45
15mA: measurement of the total earth resistance through the socket-outlet ............. 43
A
6.7. 123: Phase sequence test ............................................................................................... 48
6.7.1. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 51
7.AUXILIARY MEASUREMENTS .................................................................................. 52
7.1. AUX: real time measurement of the environmental parameters ..................................... 52
7.1.1. dB mode ................................................................................................................................. 53
EN - 1
7.1.2. AIR, RH, TMP °F, TMP °C, Lux mode ................................................................................... 54
7.1.3. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 54
7.2. LEAK: real time measurement of the leakage current through an external clamp .......... 55
7.2.1. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 56
8.MAINS ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 57
8.1. PWR: real time measurement of the mains parameters ................................................. 57
8.1.1. PAR mode .............................................................................................................................. 58
8.1.2. HRM V ane HRM I mode ....................................................................................................... 58
9.MEMORY ................................................................................................................... 59
9.1. How to save a measure ................................................................................................... 59
9.1.1. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 59
9.2. Saved data management ................................................................................................ 60
9.2.1. How to recall a measure ........................................................................................................ 60
9.2.2. How to delete the last measure or all of them ....................................................................... 61
9.2.3. Description of anomalous results ........................................................................................... 61
10.CONNECTING THE INSTRUMENT TO A PC ............................................................ 62
11.MAINTENANCE .......................................................................................................... 63
11.1.General ............................................................................................................................ 63
11.2.Battery replacement ........................................................................................................ 63
11.3.Instrument cleaning ......................................................................................................... 63
11.4.End of life ........................................................................................................................ 63
12.SPECIFICATIONS ...................................................................................................... 64
12.1.Technical feratures .......................................................................................................... 64
12.2.Safety Specification ......................................................................................................... 68
12.2.1. General .................................................................................................................................. 68
12.2.2. Reference standards for verification measurements ............................................................. 68
12.2.3. AUX ........................................................................................................................................ 68
12.3.General characteristics .................................................................................................... 68
12.4.ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................. 68
12.4.1. Environmental working conditions ......................................................................................... 68
12.5.Accessories ..................................................................................................................... 68
13.SERVICE .................................................................................................................... 69
13.1.Warranty conditions ......................................................................................................... 69
13.2.Service ............................................................................................................................ 69
14.PRACTICAL REPORTS FOR ELECTRICAL TESTS ................................................. 70
14.1.Continuity measurement on protective conductors ......................................................... 70
14.1.1. Purpose of the test ................................................................................................................. 70
14.1.2. Installation parts to be checked ............................................................................................. 70
14.1.3. Allowable values .................................................................................................................... 70
14.2.Insulation resistance measurement ................................................................................. 71
14.2.1. Purpose of the test ................................................................................................................. 71
14.3.Check of the circuit separation ........................................................................................ 74
14.3.1. Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 74
14.3.2. Purpose of the test ................................................................................................................. 74
14.3.3. Installation parts to be checked ............................................................................................. 74
14.3.4. Allowable values .................................................................................................................... 74
14.4.Working test of RCDS ..................................................................................................... 76
14.4.1. Purpose of the test ................................................................................................................. 76
14.4.2. Installation parts to be checked ............................................................................................. 76
14.4.3. Allowable values .................................................................................................................... 76
14.4.4. Note ........................................................................................................................................ 76
14.5.Test of RCD tripping current ............................................................................................ 77
14.5.1. Purpose of the test ................................................................................................................. 77
14.5.2. Installation parts to be checked ............................................................................................. 77
14.5.3. Allowable values .................................................................................................................... 77
14.5.4. Note ........................................................................................................................................ 77
14.6.Measurement of short-circuit impedance ........................................................................ 78
14.6.1. Purpose of the test ................................................................................................................. 78
EN - 2
14.6.2. Installation parts to be checked ............................................................................................. 78
14.6.3. Allowable values .................................................................................................................... 78
14.7.Fault loop impedance measurement ............................................................................... 78
14.7.1. Purpose of the test ................................................................................................................. 78
14.7.2. Installation parts to be checked ............................................................................................. 78
14.7.3. Allowable values .................................................................................................................... 78
14.8.Earth resistance measurementin TT systems ................................................................. 79
14.8.1. Purpose of the test ................................................................................................................. 79
14.8.2. Installation parts to be checked ............................................................................................. 79
14.8.3. Allowable values .................................................................................................................... 79
14.9.Voltage and current Harmonics ....................................................................................... 80
14.9.1. Theory .................................................................................................................................... 80
14.9.2. Limit values for harmonics ..................................................................................................... 80
14.9.3. Presence of harmonics: causes ............................................................................................. 81
14.9.4. Presence of harmonics: consequences ................................................................................. 82
14.10.Power and Power Factor definition ................................................................................. 82
14.10.1.Note ........................................................................................................................................ 83
14.10.2.Conventions on powers and power factors ........................................................................... 83
EN - 3
1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND PROCEDURES
This instrument has been designed in compliance with directives IEC/EN61557-1 and IEC/EN61010-1 regarding electronic measuring instruments. Before and while measuring, carefully follow the instructions below:
Do not perform voltage or current measurements in humid environments. Do not perform measurements near explosive gas or material and fuels or in dusty
environments.
Avoid contact with the circuit tested if no measurement is being performed. Avoid contact with exposed metal parts, test terminals not in use, circuits, etc. Do not perform any measurement if instrument anomalies are detected, such as
deformations, breaks, leakage of substances, no display reading, etc.
Pay special attention when measuring voltages above 25V in special environments
(building yards, swimming pools...) and above 50V in ordinary environments, as there is a risk of electric shock.
Only use original HT accessories.
In this manual, following symbols are used:
CAUTION: Follow the instructions given in this manual; improper use may damage the instrument, its components or create dangerous situations for the operator.
DC or AC voltage or current.
Unidirectional pulsating voltage or current.
1.1. PRELIMINARY INSTRUCTIONS
This instrument has been designed for use in the environmental conditions specified in
§ 12.2.1 and § 12.4.1. Do not use in different environmental conditions.
The instrument may be used for measuring and verifying the safety of electrical
systems. Do not use on systems exceeding the limit values specified in § 12.2.1.
We recommend following the ordinary safety rules aimed at: your protection against
dangerous currents, the instrument’s protection against improper use.
Only the accessories provided with the instrument guarantee compliance with safety
standards. They must be in good conditions and must be replaced, if necessary, with identical models.
Check that batteries are correctly inserted. Before connecting the test leads to the circuit being tested, check that the desired
function has been selected.
1.2. DURING USE
We recommend carefully reading the following recommendations and instructions:
CAUTION
Failure to comply with the CAUTIONs and/or instructions may damage the instrument and/or its components or cause dangers for the operator.
Before changing function, disconnect the test leads from the circuit tested. When the instrument is connected to the circuit tested, never touch any lead, even if
not in use
EN - 4
Avoid measuring resistance with external voltages; although the instrument is protected,
an excessive voltage may cause damage.
While measuring current, place the clamp toroid as far as possible from the conductors
not involved in measurement, as the magnetic field they produce could interfere with the measuring operations.
During current measurement, place the conductor as much as possible in the middle of
the toroid so as to optimize precision.
While measuring voltage, current, etc., if the value of the quantity being tested remains
unchanged, check and, if necessary, disable the STOP function.
CAUTION
The symbol indicates the charge level. When there are five bars next to the battery symbol, it means that batteries are fully charged; a decrease in the number of bars to " " indicates that the batteries are almost low. In this case, interrupt tests and replace the batteries
according to the indications given in § 11.2. The instrument is able to keep
data stored also with no batteries.
1.3. AFTER USE
When measuring operations are completed, turn off the instrument by pressing and holding the ON/OFF key for a few seconds. Should the instrument remain unused for a long time, remove batteries and follow the indications given in § 3.4.
1.4. OVERVOLTAGE CATEGORIES - DEFINITIONS
Standard IEC/EN61010-1 (Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use, Part 1: General requirements) defines what a measurement category (usually called “overvoltage category”) is. At § 6.7.4: Measuring circuits it says:
Circuits are divided into the following measurement categories:
Measurement category IV is for measurements performed at the source of the low-
voltage installation.
Examples are electricity meters and measurements on primary overcurrent protection devices and ripple control units
Measurement category III is for measurements performed in the building installation.
Examples are measurements on distribution boards, circuit breakers, wiring, including cables, bus-bars, junction boxes, switches, socket-outlets in the fixed installation, and equipment for industrial use and some other equipment, for example, stationary motors with permanent connection to fixed installation
Measurement category II is for measurements performed on circuits directly
.
.
connected to the low voltage installation.
Examples are measurements on household appliances, portable tools and similar equipment
Measurement category I is for measurements performed on circuits not directly
connected to MAINS
Examples are measurements on circuits not derived from MAINS, and specially protected (internal) MAINS-derived circuits. In the latter case, transient stresses are variable; for that reason, the norm requires that the transient withstand capability of the equipment is made known to the user
.
.
.
EN - 5
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
2.1. INTRODUCTION
The instrument you purchased, if used in compliance with the instructions given in this manual, will guarantee accurate and reliable measures. This manual covers following products: ISO410, SPEED418, COMBI419, COMBI420. The differences in model characteristics are described in the following table:
Function ISO410 SPEED418 COMBI419 COMBI420
AUTO LOW M RCD and Ra 15mA LOOP 123 AUX LEAKAGE POWER
 
     
Tab. 1: Characteristics of 400 Series models
   
2.2. INSTRUMENT OPERATION
The instrument can perform following tests (compatibly with the characteristics described in the table above):
AUTO Test which automatically performs the following test sequence: total
earth resistance through socket, tripping time of the differential switch, insulation resistance between phase and earth.
LOW Continuity test of earth conductors, protective conductors and equipotential
conductors with test current higher than 200mA and open circuit voltage between 4V and 24V.
M Insulation resistance measurement with a direct test voltage of 50V, 100V,
250V, 500V or 1000V.
RCD Measurement of following parameters on A-type ( ) and AC-type ( )
general and/or selective differential switches: tripping time, tripping current, contact voltage (Ut), total earth resistance (RA).
LOOP Measurement of line impedance and fault loop impedance with
calculation of the assumed fault current.
Ra 15mA
Measurement of total earth resistance with 15mA without causing the
differential protections’ tripping.
123 Indication of the phase sequence.  AUX Measurement of the environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, air
speed, lighting and noise level) by means of optional probes.
LEAKAGE Function for measuring leakage current in real time by means of an
(optional) HT96U clamp.
POWER Real-time displaying the values of the electrical quantities in a single-
phase system and the harmonic analysis of voltage and current up to the 49
th
harmonic with THD% calculation.
EN - 6
3. PREPARATION FOR USE
3.1. INITIAL CHECKS
Before shipment, the instrument’s electronics and mechanics have been carefully checked. All possible precautions have been taken in order for the instrument to be delivered in optimum conditions. However, we recommend rapidly checking the instrument in order to detect possible damage occurred during transport. Should you detect anomalies, please immediately contact the dealer.
It is also recommended to check that the package contains all parts indicated in § 12.5. In case of discrepancies, please contact the dealer. Should it be necessary to return the instrument, please follow the instructions given in § 13.
3.2. INSTRUMENT POWER SUPPLY
The instrument is battery supplied. For battery type and life, see § 12.3.
The symbol " battery symbol, it means that batteries are fully charged; a decrease in the number of bars to "
" indicates that the batteries are almost low. In this case, interrupt tests and
replace the batteries according to the indications given in § 11.2.
The instrument is able to keep data stored also with no batteries.
For the insertion of batteries, follow the indications given in § 11.2.
The instrument is provided with advanced algorithms to maximize the batteries’ life. In particular:
the instrument automatically turns off the display’s back lighting after ca. 5 seconds. in order to increase battery autonomy, should the voltage supplied by batteries be too
low, the instrument disables the display’s back-lighting function.
3.3. CALIBRATION
The instrument’s technical specifications are those described in this manual. Its performance is warranted for one year from the date of purchase.
3.4. STORAGE
In order to guarantee precise measures, after the instrument has remained stored for a long time under extreme environmental conditions, wait for the instrument to return to normal conditions (see the environmental specifications listed in § 12.4.1).
" indicates the charge level. When there are five bars next to the
EN - 7
4. OPERATION DESCRIPTION
4.1. INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION
CAPTION:
1. Inputs
2. Display
3. Connector for optoisolated cable
4. ,, , / ENTER key
5. GO/STOP key
6. SAVE key
7. ON/OFF key
8. HELP key
9. ESC/MENU key
Fig. 1: Description of the front part of the instrument
CAPTION:
1. Connector for remote probe
2. E, N, P inputs
3. In1 input
Fig. 2: Description of the upper part of the instrument
CAPTION:
1. Connector for optoisolated cable
Fig. 3: Description of the instrument’s side
4.2. BACKLIGHTING
During instrument operation, a further short pressing of the key turns on the display’s backlighting (if battery voltage level is sufficiently high). In order to preserve battery efficiency, backlighting automatically turns off after ca. 20 seconds.
A frequent use of back lighting reduces the batteries’ life.
EN - 8
4.3. KEYBOARD DESCRIPTION
The keyboard includes following keys:
ON/OFF key to switch on/off the instrument ESC key to exit the selected menu without confirming
MENU key to activate menu management
    keys to move the cursor through the different screens in order to select the desired programming parameters
ENTER key to confirm the modifications and the selected programming
parameters and to select the function from the menu
GO key to start measurements STOP key to stop measurements
SAVE key to save the measured values HELP key (long pressure) to display an indicative scheme of the connections
between the instrument and the system being tested in the function set
key (short pressure) to turn on the display’s backlighting
4.4. DISPLAY DESCRIPTION
The display is a graphic module with a resolution of 128 x 128 dots. The display’s first line indicates the type of active measurement and the battery charge indicator
LOW
-.--
R+ R-
-.-- -.--
--- mA --- mA
4.5. INITIAL SCREEN
When turning on the instrument the instrument displays an initial screen for a few seconds. It displays the following:
the instrument’s model the manufacturer’s name the serial number (SN:) of the instrument the firmware version (FW:) in the instrument's memory the date of calibration (Calibration:).
Then, the instrument switches to the last function selected.
Measuring…
AUTO
Func Lim CAL
1.00
COMBI 420
HT ITALIA
SN: 12345678
FW: 1.20 Calibration: 02/03/2012
0.12
EN - 9
5. MAIN MENU
Pressing the MENU/ESC key in any allowable condition of the instrument displays the
following screen, in which the instrument may be set, the saved measures can be displayed and the desired measuring function may be set.
MENU
AUTO : Ra, RCD, M LOW M RCD : RCD test LOOP : impedance Ra : earth res. 123 : PH sequence AUX : environment LEAK : leakage curr. PWR : analyzer
MEM : memory
5.1. AUTO ÷ PWR
By selecting one of the measurements listed between AUTO and PWR with the cursor, compatibly with the characteristics reported in Tab. 1, and confirming selection with
ENTER, the desired measurement is accessed.
5.2. SET – INSTRUMENT SETTINGS
Move the cursor to SET by means of the arrow keys (,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently, the displays shows
the screen which allows accessing the various instrument settings.
The settings will remain valid also after switching off the instrument.
: continuity
: insulation
SET : settings
SET
Language Auto power off Nominal V Frequency
System
5.2.1. Language
Move the cursor to Language by means of the arrow keys (,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently, the displays
shows the screen which allows setting the instrument language.
Select the desired option by means of the arrow keys (,).
To store settings, press the ENTER key, to exit the changes made, press the ESC key.

VAL
LNG
Italiano English Español Deutsch Français Svenska
Norsk Dansk

VAL
EN - 10
5.2.2. Auto power off
Move the cursor to Auto power off by means of the arrow keys (,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently, the
displays shows the setting screen which allows enabling/disabling the auto power off of the instrument after a period of 5 minutes inactivity.
OFF
ON 5 min
OFF
Select the desired option by means of the arrow keys (,).
To store settings, press the ENTER key, to exit the changes made, press the ESC key.

VAL
5.2.3. Nominal voltage
Move the cursor to Nominal V by means of the arrow keys (,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently, the displays
shows the screen which allows setting the value of the voltage to be used for calculating the prospective short-circuit current.
VNOM
Vp-n=230V Vp-p=400V
Vp-n=240V Vp-p=415V
Select the desired option by means of the arrow keys (,).
To store settings, press the ENTER key, to exit the changes made, press the ESC key.

VAL
5.2.4. Frequency
FREQ
Move the cursor to Frequency by means of the arrow keys (,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently, the displays
shows the screen which allows setting the value of the mains frequency.
50 Hz
60 Hz
Select the desired option by means of the arrow keys (,).
To store settings, press the ENTER key, to exit the changes made, press the ESC key.

VAL
5.2.5. System
Move the cursor to System by means of the arrow keys (,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently, the display
shows the screen which allows selecting the type of electric power supply system.
SYS
TT/TN system
IT system
Select the desired option by means of the arrow keys (,).
To store settings, press the ENTER key, to exit the changes made, press the ESC key.

VAL
5.3. MEM
By selecting MEM with the cursor and confirming selection with ENTER, the memory
management is accessed (§ 9).
EN - 11
6. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM TEST
Press (short pressure) the key to activate the display’s backlighting should it be difficult to read the display.
Press (long pressure) the HELP key to display an indicative scheme of the
connections between the instrument and the system being tested in the function set
Should more help screens be available for the same function, use the and keys to scroll them.
6.1. AUTO
This function enables performing an automatic sequence of tests, including the main tests regarding the electric safety of a system, i.e.:
measurement of earth resistance through socket-outlet measurement of RCD tripping time measurement of insulation resistance between phase and earth
Press the ESC key to exit the on-line help and go back to the selected
measurement.
CAUTION
Testing the RCD’s tripping time causes the RCD’s tripping. Therefore, check that there are NO users or loads connected downstream of the RCD being tested which could be damaged by a system downtime.
Disconnect all loads connected downstream of the RCD as they could produce leakage currents further to those produced by the instrument, thus invalidating the results of the test
Fig. 4: Instrument connection through shuko cable
Fig. 5: Instrument connection by means of single cables and remote probe
EN - 12
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to AUTO in the main menu by means of the arrow keys (,) and confirm with ENTER.
Subsequently the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side.
AUTO
Ra = ---- Trcd = ----ms RP-Pe = ----M
30mA
IdN RCD UL VNom
50V 500V
Use the , keys to select the parameter to be modified, and the , keys
2.
to modify the parameter value.
It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
IdN
The virtual IdN key allows setting the nominal value of the RCD’s
tripping current, which may be: 10mA, 30mA, 100mA, 300mA,
500mA, 650mA
CAUTION
Make sure to select the correct value when setting the RCD’s test current. If setting a current higher than the nominal current of the device being tested, the RCD would be tested at a current higher than the correct one, thus facilitating a faster tripping of the switch
RCD
The virtual RCD key enables the selection of the RCD type, which
may be: AC, AC S , A, A S (the options A, A S are not available if
the electrical system set is IT)
CAUTION
When activating the test option for selective RDCs (symbol S), the time interval between the tests is 60 seconds (30 seconds for tests with ½IdN). The instrument display shows a timer indicating the time remaining before the instrument can automatically perform the test.
UL
The virtual UL key allows setting the limit value of contact voltage
for the system being tested, which may be: 25V, 50V
VNom
The virtual VNom allows setting the value of test voltage for insulation
measurement, which may be: 50V, 100V, 250V, 500V, 1000V
3. Insert the green, blue and black connectors of the three-pin shuko cable into the corresponding input leads E, N and P of the instrument. As an alternative, use the single cables and apply the relevant alligator clips to the free ends of the cables. It is also possible to use the remote probe by inserting its multipolar connector into the input lead P. Connect the shuko plug, the alligator clips or the remote probe to the electrical mains according to Fig. 4 and Fig. 5
4.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
probe. The instrument will start the automatic test sequence.
EN - 13
A
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the
5. Once the test is completed, if all measured values are correct, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal and displays the message “OK”, which signals that the test has been completed successfully, and a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
6.
test leads of the instrument from the mains.
AUTO
Ra = 49.1 Trcd = 24ms RP-Pe > 999M
OK
30mA 50V 500V
IdN RCD UL VNom
Value of earth resistance
Value of the RCD’s tripping time
Value of the phase-to-earth insulation resistance
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the
SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
6.1.1. Description of anomalous results
1. The instrument detects a resistance higher than the calculated limit value UL/IdN (1666Ω @ UL=50V and IdN=30mA) or higher than
AUTO
Ra = 1789 Trcd = ----ms RP-Pe = ----M
Value of earth resistance
the full scale value. A screen similar to the one reported here to the side is displayed, a long acoustic signal is given and the automatic test
NOT OK
30mA 50V 500V
IdN RCD UL VNom
is interrupted
2. The instrument detects that the RCD trips out of its limit time, or does not trip at all. screen similar to the one reported here to the side is
AUTO
Ra = 1789 Trcd > 999ms RP-Pe = ----M
displayed, a long acoustic signal is given and the automatic test is interrupted
3. If the measured phase-to-
30mA 50V 500V
IdN RCD UL VNom
AUTO
earth insulation value is lower than the set limit, the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported
Trcd > 999ms RP-Pe = 0.01M
NOT OK
Ra = 1789
here to the side and gives a long acoustic signal
30mA 50V 500V
IdN RCD UL VNom
NOT OK
Value of earth resistance
Value of the RCD’s tripping time
Value of earth resistance
Value of the RCD’s tripping time
Value of the phase-to-earth insulation resistance
EN - 14
4.
5. If the instrument detects that the phase and neutral leads are inverted, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Rotate the shuko
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
AUTO
Ra = ---- Trcd = ----ms RP-Pe = ----M
plug or check the connection of the single cables
REVERSE P-N
30mA 50V 500V
6. If the instrument detects that the phase and earth leads are inverted, the message reported here to the side is displayed. check the
IdN RCD UL VNom
AUTO
Ra = ---- Trcd = ----ms RP-Pe = ----M
connection of the cables
REVERSE P-PE
30mA 50V 500V
7. If the instrument detects a phase-to-neutral voltage and a phase-to-earth voltage lower than the limit, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check that the system being tested is energized
8. If the instrument detects a phase-to-neutral voltage or a phase-to-earth voltage higher than the limit, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check that the instrument is not phase-to­phase connected
IdN RCD UL VNom
AUTO
Ra = ---- Trcd = ----ms RP-Pe = ----M
Low voltage
30mA 50V 500V
IdN RCD UL VNom
AUTO
Ra = ---- Trcd = ----ms RP-Pe = ----M
High voltage
30mA 50V 500V
IdN RCD UL VNom
The phase and neutral conductors are inverted
The phase and earth conductors are inverted
Insufficient voltage
High voltage detected
9.
The previous anomalous results cannot be saved
EN - 15
6.2. LOWOHM: CONTINUITY TEST OF EARTH LEADS WITH 200mA
This function is performed in compliance with standard IEC/EN61557-4 and allows measuring the resistance of protective and equipotential conductors. The following operating modes are available:
CAL compensation of the resistance of the cables used for measurement. The
instrument automatically subtracts the value of cable resistance from the measured resistance value. It is therefore necessary that this value is measured
(by means of the CAL function) each time the test cables are changed or
extended
AUTO the instrument performs two measurements with inverted polarity and displays
the average value of the two measures. Recommended mode for continuity test
R+ measurement with positive polarity and with the possibility of setting a test
duration time. In this case, the operator may set a measuring time long enough to be able to move the protective conductors while the instrument is performing the test, in order to detect a possible bad connection
R- measurement with negative polarity and with the possibility of setting a test
duration time. In this case, the operator may set a measuring time long enough to be able to move the protective conductors while the instrument is performing the test, in order to detect a possible bad connection.
CAUTION
The continuity test is performed by supplying a current higher than 200mA in case the resistance is not higher than ca. 10 (including resistance of the test cables saved in the instrument as offset after performing the calibration procedure). For higher resistance values, the instrument performs the test with a current lower than 200mA.
Fig. 6: Instrument connection by means of single cables and remote probe
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to LOW in the main menu by means of the arrow keys (,) and confirm with ENTER.
Subsequently the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side.
EN - 16
LOW
----
R+ R-
---- ----
---mA ---mA
CAL
4.00
Func Lim CAL
----
Use the , keys to select the parameter to be modified, and the ,
2.
keys to modify the parameter value.
It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
Func
The virtual Func key allows setting the measuring mode of
the instrument, which may be: CAL, AUTO, R+, R-
Lim
The virtual Lim key allows setting the maximum continuity
limit, which may have the following values: 1.00, 2.00,
3.00, 4.00, 5.00
3. Insert the blue and black connectors of the single cables into the corresponding input leads N and P of the instrument. Apply the relevant alligator clips to the free ends of the cables. It is also possible to use the remote probe by inserting its multipolar connector into the input lead P.
4. Should the length of the cables provided be insufficient for the measurement to be performed, extend the blue cable.
5.
Select the CAL mode to compensate the resistance of the cables used for measuring
according to the instructions given in § 6.2.1.
Use the arrow keys , to select the virtual Func key and set the desired
6.
test mode by means of the arrow keys , .
It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
CAUTION
Before connecting the test leads, make sure that there is no voltage at the ends of the conductor to be tested.
7. Connect the test leads to the ends of the conductor to be tested as in Fig. 6.
CAUTION
Always make sure, before any test, that the compensation resistance
8.
value of the cables is referred to the cables currently used. In case of doubt, repeat the cable calibration procedure as in 6.2.1.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
probe. The instrument will start the measurement.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the conductor under test.
In case the R+ or R- mode has been selected, pressing the GO/STOP
9.
key on the instrument or the START key on remote probe stops the test
before the set time has elapsed.
EN - 17
10. By using the AUTO mode,
LOW
once test is completed, in case the average value
0.25
between R+ and R- is lower than the set limit, the instrument gives a double
R+ R-
0.26 0.24 212mA 213mA
acoustic signal which signals the positive result of the test and displays a screen similar to the one reported here to
AUTO
Func Lim CAL
the side
11. By using the R+ or R- mode,
LOW
4.00
0.21
once test is completed, in case the detected value is lower than the set limit, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal which signals
0.25
212mA 1s
the positive result of the test
4.00
1s
0.21
and displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
12.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
R+
Func Lim Temp CAL
6.2.1. CAL mode
Average value between R+ and R-
Values of the test currents for R+ and R-
Values of R+ and R-, respectively
Value of resistance R+ (or R-)
Values of test current and test time
Fig. 7: Calibration of single cables and remote probe
Use the arrow keys , to select the virtual Func key and set the CAL test
1.
mode by means of the arrow keys , .
It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
2. Short the leads of the measurement cables as in Fig. 7 making sure that the
conductive parts of alligator clips are well in contact.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
3.
probe. The instrument starts the calibration procedure of the cables immediately followed by the verification of the compensated value.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is performing measurement. If message “Waiting verify” appears on the
display, the instrument is verifying the calibrated value. During this whole stage, do not unshort the test leads of the instrument.
EN - 18
4. Once calibration is comple-
ted, in case the detected value is lower than 5, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal which signals the positive result of the test and displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
LOW
----
R+ R-
---- ----
---mA ---mA
CAL
Func Lim CAL
4.00
0.21
Value of the calibrated resistance
5. In order to delete the compensation resistance value of the cables, it is necessary to
perform a cable calibration procedure with a resistance higher than 5 at test leads (e.g. with open test leads).
6.2.2. Description of anomalous results
1. By using the AUTO, R+ or R-
mode, in case the detected value is higher than the set limit, the instrument gives a long acoustic signal and displays a screen similar to
LOW
5.92
R+ R-
5.92 5.91 210mA 210mA
the one reported here to the side
AUTO
2. By using the AUTO, R+ or R-
mode, in case the detected value is higher than the full scale, the instrument gives a long acoustic signal and displays a screen similar to
Func Lim CAL
LOW
>99.9
R+ R­ >99.9 >99.9
---mA ---mA
the one reported here to the side
3. By using the AUTO, R+ or R-
mode, if the instrument detects a resistance which prevents a current of 200mA to circulate, it gives a long acoustic signal and displays
AUTO
Func Lim CAL
LOW
20.0
R+ R-
20.0 20.0 157mA 157mA
a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
4.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
AUTO
Func Lim CAL
R > LIM
4.00
I < 200mA
4.00
I < 200mA
4.00
0.21
0.21
0.21
EN - 19
5. If the instrument detects a
voltage value higher than 10V at the input leads, the screen reported here to the side is displayed
6. In case it was detected that
the calibrated resistance is higher than the measured resistance increased by
0.05 (R
CAL>RMEAS
+0.05),
the instrument gives a long
LOW
----
R+ R-
---- ----
---mA ---mA
AUTO
Func Lim CAL
LOW
0.00
R+ R-
0.00 0.00 214mA 214mA
acoustic signal and displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
7. By using the CAL mode, if
the instrument detects a resistance higher than 5 at input leads, a screen similar to the one reported here to the side is displayed, and the
AUTO
Func Lim CAL
LOW
----
R+ R-
---- ----
---mA ---mA
instrument remains in the condition of no resistance calibrated
8. By using the CAL mode,
verifying the calibrated value at the end of the CAL procedure, if the condition: R
CAL
≤ R
MEAS
≤ R
+ 0.05Ω
CAL
is not met, a screen similar
CAL
Func Lim CAL
LOW
1.98
R+ R-
1.98 1.98 210mA 210mA
to the one reported here to the side is displayed, and the instrument remains in the condition of no resistance calibrated
CAL
Func Lim CAL
Vin > Vlim
4.00
CAL > RES
4.00
Reset value
4.00
Not correct
4.00
0.21
0.21
0.21
----
9.
The previous anomalous results cannot be saved
EN - 20
6.3. M: MEASUREMENT OF THE INSULATION RESISTANCE
This function is performed according to standard IEC/EN61557-2 and allows measuring the insulation resistance between the active conductors and between each active conductor and the earth. The following operating modes are available:
MAN in this mode, the test continues until the GO/STOP key on the instrument (or the
START key on the remote probe) is held. If the GO/STOP key (or the START
key of the remote probe) is pressed and immediately released, the test has a duration of 2 seconds. Recommended mode for insulation test
TMR in this mode, the operator may set a measuring time long enough to be able to
move the test lead onto the conductors being tested, while the instrument is performing the test. For the whole measurement duration, the instrument will give a short acoustic signal every 2 seconds (in order to have a stable reading of resistance, it is recommended to wait at least two acoustic signals before moving the test lead to another conductor). While measuring, if insulation resistance reaches a lower value than the set limit, the instrument will give a
continuous acoustic signal. To stop the test, press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on the remote probe again.
Fig. 8: Instrument connection by means of single cables and remote probe
Fig. 9: Instrument connection through shuko cable
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to M
in the main menu by means of the arrow keys
(,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently
the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side.
M
---M
----V ---s
MAN 500V 0.50M
Func VNom Lim
EN - 21
2.
Use the , keys to select the parameter to be modified, and the , keys to modify the parameter value.
It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
Func
The virtual Func key allows setting the measuring mode of the
instrument, which may be: MAN, TMR
VNom
The virtual VNom key allows setting the test voltage, which may
have the following values: 50V, 100V, 250V, 500V, 1000V
Lim
The virtual Lim key allows setting the minimum insulation limit,
which may have the following values: 0.05M, 0.10M, 0.23M,
0.25M, 0.50M, 1.00M, 100M
Temp
Only in TMR measuring mode, the virtual Temp key allows setting
the test duration time that may range between 10 and 999 seconds
3. We suggest setting the value of the voltage supplied while measuring and the
minimum limit to consider the measure correct according to the prescriptions of the reference standard (§ 14.2).
4. Insert the green and black connectors of the single cables into the corresponding input
leads E and P of the instrument. Apply the relevant alligator clips to the free ends of the cables. It is also possible to use the remote probe by inserting its multipolar connector into the input lead P.
5. Should the length of the cables provided be insufficient for the measurement to be
performed, extend the green cable.
CAUTION
Before connecting the test leads, make sure that there is no voltage at the ends of the conductors to be tested. Disconnect any cable not strictly involved in measurement and moreover check that no cable is connected to In1 input.
6. Connect the test leads to the ends of the conductors to be tested as in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9.
7.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
probe. The instrument will start the measurement.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the conductors under test, as the circuit being tested could remain charged with a dangerous voltage due to the stray capacitances of the system
8. Regardless of the operating mode selected, the instrument, at the end of each test,
applies a resistance to the output leads to discharge the stray capacitances in the circuit
EN - 22
In case the TMR mode has been selected, pressing the GO/STOP key on
9.
10. Should the measured value
be higher than the set limit, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal and displays the message “OK” which signals the positive result of the test and a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
11. Should the measured value
be higher than the full scale (§ 12.1), the instrument gives a double acoustic signal and displays the message “OK” which signals the positive result of the test and a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
12.
the instrument or the START key on remote probe stops the test before the
set time has elapsed.
M
578M
526V 15s
OK
MAN 500V 0.50M 15s
Func VNom Lim Temp
M
> 999M
526V 2s
OK
MAN 500V 0.50M
Func VNom Lim
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the
SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
6.3.1. Description of anomalous results
1. Should the instrument not be
able to generate the nominal voltage, at the end of the test, it gives a long acoustic signal and displays and a screen similar to the one
M
0.01M
64V 6s
reported here to the side
MAN 500V 0.50M
2. If the measured insulation
value is lower than the set limit, the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side and gives a long acoustic signal
Func VNom Lim
M
0.19M
526V 2s
MAN 500V 0.50M
Func VNom Lim
Not correct
Not correct
Insulation resistance
Applied test voltage and test duration time
Insulation resistance
Applied test voltage and test duration time
EN - 23
3.
4. If the instrument detects a
voltage of about 10V on the upper input leads, it displays the message reported here to the side and stops measurement
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
M
---M
----V ---s
Vin > Vlim
MAN 500V 0.50M 15s
Func VNom Lim Temp
5.
The previous anomalous result cannot be saved
EN - 24
6.4. RCD: TEST ON A-TYPE AND AC-TYPE RCDS
This function is performed in compliance with standard IEC/EN61557-6 and allows measuring the tripping time and the current of the system’s RCDs. The following operating modes are available:
AUTO the instrument performs measurement automatically with a leakage current
equal to half, once or five times the set value of nominal current and with a leakage current in phase with the positive and negative half-wave of the mains voltage. Recommended mode for RDC test
x½ the instrument performs measurement with a leakage current equal to half the
set value of nominal current
x1 the instrument performs measurement with a leakage current equal to once the
set value of nominal current
x2 the instrument performs measurement with a leakage current equal to twice the
set value of nominal current
x5 the instrument performs measurement with a leakage current equal to five times
the set value of nominal current
the instrument performs measurement with an increasing leakage current. This
test could be performed to determine the real tripping current of the RCD
RA the instrument performs measurement with a leakage current equal to half the
set value of nominal current in order not to trip the RCD and measuring the contact voltage and the total earth resistance.
CAUTION
Testing an RCD causes the RCD’s tripping. Therefore, check that there are NO users or loads connected downstream of the RCD being tested which could be damaged by a system downtime.
If possible, disconnect all loads connected downstream of the RCD as they could produce leakage currents further to those produced by the instrument, thus invalidating the results of the test.
Fig. 10: Instrument connection for 230V single-phase or double-phase RCD test through
shuko cable
Fig. 11: Instrument connection for 230V single-phase or double-phase RCD test by means
of single cables and remote probe
EN - 25
Fig. 12: Instrument connection for 400V + N + PE three-phase RCD test by means of
single cables and remote probe
Fig. 13: Instrument connection for 400V + N (no PE) three-phase RCD test by means of
single cables and remote probe
Fig. 14: Instrument connection for 400V + PE (no N) three-phase RCD test by means of
single cables and remote probe
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to RCD
in the main menu by means of the arrow keys
RCD
(,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently
the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side.
---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=0.0V VP-N=230V VP-Pe=230V
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
Use the , keys to select the parameter to be modified, and the , keys
2.
to modify the parameter value.
It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
Func
The virtual Func key allows setting the measuring mode of the
instrument, which may be: AUTO, x½, x1, x2, x5, , RA
IdN
The virtual IdN key allows setting the nominal value of the RCD’s
tripping current, which may be: 10mA, 30mA, 100mA, 300mA,
500mA, 650mA
0°
EN - 26
RCD
The virtual RCD key enables the selection of the RCD type, which
may be: AC, AC S , A, A S (the options A, A S are not available if
the electrical system set is IT)
UL
The virtual UL key allows setting the limit value of contact voltage
for the system being tested, which may be: 25V, 50V
3. Should you have any doubt regarding the correct value, we suggest setting the limit
value for contact voltage to 25V, as it is the lowest limit (for safety reasons).
4. Insert the green, blue and black connectors of the three-pin shuko cable into the
corresponding input leads E, N and P of the instrument. As an alternative, use the single cables and apply the relevant alligator clips to the free ends of the cables. It is also possible to use the remote probe by inserting its multipolar connector into the input lead P. Connect the shuko plug, the alligator clips or the remote probe to the electrical mains according to Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13 and Fig. 14.
6.4.1. AUTO mode
5.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
probe. The instrument will start the measurement.
6. The instrument performs the following six tests referred to nominal current:
IdN x ½ with 0° phase (the RCD must not trip) IdN x ½ with 180° phase (the RCD must not trip) IdN x 1 with 0° phase (the RCD must trip, reset the switch) IdN x 1 with 180° phase (the RCD must trip, reset the switch) IdN x 5 with 0° phase (the RCD must trip, reset the switch) IdN x 5 with 180° phase (the RCD must trip, end of test).
7. The test has a positive result if all tripping times comply with what indicated in Tab. 5.
The test has a negative result when one of the value is out of range.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
5. The “AUTO” test is not available for 500mA and 650mA A-type RCDs.
6. While performing the test,
the instrument supplies a leakage voltage according to the multiplier and to the phase indicated on the display. From the third test
RCD
0° 180° x1/2 >999ms >999ms
x1 28ms ---ms x5 ---ms ---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
on, the RDC should trip and, subsequently, the operator will have to reset it
AUTO 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
RESUME RCD
Tripping times of the RCD at the different currents provided for in the test
The operator is asked to resume the RCD
EN - 27
7. Once test is completed, in
case all six tests have had a positive result, the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
RCD
0° 180° x1/2 >999ms >999ms
x1 28ms 31ms x5 8ms 10ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
RCD OK
AUTO 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
8.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
Tripping times (expressed in ms)
6.4.2. x½ mode
As an alternative:
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on
5.
the remote probe once. The instrument will start measuring with a “0°” type current, injecting a current in phase with the positive half-wave of voltage.
Or:
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument twice or the START key
5.
on the remote probe before the hyphens disappear. The instrument will start measuring with a “180°” type current, injecting a current in phase with the negative half-wave of voltage.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
6. If the RCD does not trip, the
instrument gives a double acoustic signal which signals the positive result of the test and then displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
7.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
RCD
> 999ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V
0° or 180° type current
0°
Tripping time of the RCD
VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
RCD OK
x1/2 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
Detected value for contact voltage Ut compared to the nominal value of the set residual current
EN - 28
6.4.3. x1, x2, x5 mode
As an alternative:
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on
5.
the remote probe once. The instrument will start measuring with a “0°” type current, injecting a current in phase with the positive half-wave of voltage.
Or:
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument twice or the START key
5.
on the remote probe before the hyphens disappear. The instrument will start measuring with a “180°” type current, injecting a current in phase with the negative half-wave of voltage.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
6. The “x5” test is not available for 500mA and 650mA A-type RCDs
7. When the RCD trips and
RCD
separates the circuit, if the tripping time is within the limits reported in Tab. 5, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal which signals the positive result of the test and then displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
8.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
29ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
RCD OK
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
0° or 180° type current
0°
Tripping time of the RCD
Detected value for contact voltage Ut compared to the nominal value of the set residual current
6.4.4.
The standard defines the tripping times for RCDs at nominal current. The
mode
mode is used to detect the tripping time at tripping current (which could also be lower than the nominal voltage).
As an alternative:
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on
5.
remote probe once. The instrument will start measuring with a “0°” type current, injecting a current in phase with the positive half-wave of voltage.
Or:
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument twice or the START key
5.
on the remote probe before the hyphens disappear. The instrument will start measuring with a “180°” type current, injecting a current in phase with the negative half-wave of voltage.
EN - 29
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
6. According to standard EN61008, the test for selective RCDs requires an interval of 60 seconds between the tests. The mode is therefore unavailable for selective RCDs, both of A and of AC type.
7. While performing the test,
RCD
the instrument supplies an increasing leakage voltage and displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
8. When the RCD trips and
18mA
> 300ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
Measuring...
30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
RCD
separates the circuit, if the tripping time and current is within the limits reported in Tab. 5, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal which signals the positive result of the test and then displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the
27mA
27ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
RCD OK
30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
0° or 180° type current
0°
Test current
the RCD under test did not trip at the displayed test current
0° or 180° type current
0°
Tripping current of the RCD
Tripping time at the tripping current of the RCD under test
side
9.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the
SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
6.4.5. RA mode
In RA mode, the contact voltage and the total earth resistance are measured by supplying a leakage voltage equal to half the value of the set nominal current in order to prevent the RCD from tripping.
5.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
probe. The instrument will start the measurement.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
EN - 30
6. After the test is completed, if
RCD
the measured resistance value matches the nominal current and the set limit contact voltage, RA<Ul/IdN (1666Ω @ UL=50V and
39
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
IdN=30mA), the instrument gives a double acoustic signal and displays the
RA 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
message “OK”, which signals that the test has been completed successfully, and displays a screen similar to
OK
Value of total earth resistance
Detected value for contact voltage Ut compared to the nominal value of the set residual current
the one reported here to the side
7.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the
SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
6.4.6. Description of anomalous results
1. By using the RA mode, if the
RCD
instrument detects a contact voltage higher than the set limit, it displays the message reported here to the side. Check the efficiency of the
39
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=58.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
protective conductor and the earthing
RA 30mA 50V
2. If the RCD trips in a time
Func IdN RCD UL
RCD
NOT OK
exceeding the limits reported
Dangerous contact voltage
0°
in Tab. 5, the instrument gives a long acoustic signal which signals the negative result of the test and then displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side. Check that the set type of RCD matches the type of
487ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=221V VP-Pe=221V
TIME NOT OK
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
The tripping time is not compliant with Tab. 5
RCD being tested
3. If the RCD does not trip within the maximum duration
RCD
0°
of the test, the instrument gives a long acoustic signal which signals the negative result of the test and then displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side. Check that the set type of RCD matches the type of
>999ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=221V VP-Pe=221V
TIME NOT OK
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
The RCD did not trip within the maximum duration of the test
RCD being tested
EN - 31
4. If the selective RCD trips in a time lower than the minimum
RCD
0°
limit reported in Tab. 5, the instrument gives a long acoustic signal which signals the negative result of the test
97ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=221V VP-Pe=221V
and then displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side. Check that the set type of RCD matches
Func IdN RCD UL
TIME NOT OK
x1 30mA
S
the type of RCD being tested
5. If, during a test in mode,
RCD
the RCD trips in a time exceeding the maximum duration time provided for the test, the instrument gives a long acoustic signal which signals the negative result of the test and then displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
6. If, during a test in mode,
27mA
> 300ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
TIME NOT OK
30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
RCD
the RCD does not trip, the instrument gives a long acoustic signal which signals the negative result of the test and then displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
7.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
8. If the instrument detects that
> 42mA
> 300ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
CURRENT NOT OK
30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
RCD
the phase and neutral leads
The tripping time is not compliant with Tab. 5
50V
0°
The tripping time is not conform
0°
The tripping time is not conform
0°
are inverted, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Rotate the shuko plug or check the connection of the single cables
---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe= 1V
REVERSE P-N
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
The phase and neutral conductors are inverted
EN - 32
9. If the instrument detects that the phase and earth leads
RCD
0°
are inverted, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check the connection of the cables
10. If the instrument detects a
---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N= 1V VP-Pe=231V
REVERSE P-PE
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
RCD
phase-to-neutral voltage and
0°
a phase-to-earth voltage lower than the limit, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check
---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N= 1V VP-Pe= 1V
that the system being tested is energized
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
11. If the instrument detects a
RCD
Low voltage
phase-to-neutral voltage or a
0°
phase-to-earth voltage higher than the limit, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check that the
---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=281V VP-Pe=280V
instrument is not phase-to­phase connected
12. If the instrument detects a
High voltage
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
RCD
phase-to-neutral voltage
0°
lower than the minimum limit, it does not perform the test and displays the message reported here to the side.
---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N= 1V VP-Pe=231V
Check the efficiency of the neutral conductor
13. If the instrument detects an
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
RCD
MISSING N
extremely high earth
0°
resistance, so that it deems the earth conductor or the earthing absent, it does not perform the test and displays
---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=231V VP-Pe=160V
the message reported here to the side. Check the efficiency of the protective conductor and the earthing
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
MISSING-PE
The phase and earth conductors are inverted
Insufficient voltage
High voltage detected
Missing neutral conductor
Inefficient earthing
EN - 33
14. If the instrument detects that, in case the test should be
RCD
0°
performed, a contact voltage higher than the set limit would build up in the system being tested, it does not perform the
---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=0.0V VP-N=231V VP-Pe=231V
test and displays the message reported here to the side. Check the efficiency of the protective conductor and the
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
earthing
15. If the RCD trips while
RCD
Ut > Ulim
performing the preliminary
0°
The instrument detects a dangerous contact voltage
checks (automatically performed by the instrument before performing the selected test), the instrument
---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=0.0V VP-N=231V VP-Pe=231V
displays the message reported here to the side. Check that all loads connected downstream of the RCD being tested are disconnected and that the set value for IdN matches the RCD
Func IdN RCD UL
RCD TRIPPED
x1 30mA 50V
RCD tripped during preliminary checks
being tested
16. If, after repeated tests, the instrument has overheated,
RCD
0°
the message reported here to the side is displayed. Wait for this message to disappear before performing
---ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=231V VP-Pe=231V
other tests
Hot temperature
x1 30mA 50V
Func IdN RCD UL
Overheated instrument
17.
The previous anomalous results cannot be saved
EN - 34
6.5. LOOP: MEASUREMENT OF LINE/LOOP IMPEDANCE
This function is performed according to standard IEC/EN61557-3 and allows measuring the line impedance, the earth fault loop impedance and the prospective short circuit current. The following operating modes are available:
P-N the instrument measures impedance between the phase conductor and the
neutral conductor and calculates the prospective phase-to-neutral short circuit current
P-P the instrument measures impedance between two phase conductors and
calculates the prospective phase-to-phase short circuit current
P-PE the instrument measures the fault loop impedance and calculates the
prospective fault current
CAUTION
The measurement of line impedance or fault loop impedance involves the circulation of a maximum current according to the technical specifications of the instrument (§ 12.1). This could cause the tripping of possible magnetothermal or differential protections at lower tripping currents.
Fig. 15: Instrument connection for 230V single-phase or double-phase P-N line impedance
and P-PE fault loop impedance measurement through shuko cable
Fig. 16: Instrument connection for 230V single-phase or double-phase P-N line impedance
and P-PE fault loop impedance measurement through single cables and remote probe
Fig. 17: Instrument connection for 400V + N + PE three-phase P-N line impedance and
P-PE fault loop impedance measurement through single cables and remote probe
EN - 35
Fig. 18: Instrument connection for 400V + N + PE three-phase P-P line impedance
measurement by means of single cables and remote probe
Fig. 19: Instrument connection for 400V + PE (no N) three-phase P-PE fault loop
impedance measurement through single cables and remote probe
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to LOOP in the main menu by means of the arrow keys (,) and confirm with ENTER.
Subsequently the instrument displays a screen
LOOP
----
----A
similar to the one reported here to the side.
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
0°
Use the , keys to select the parameter to be modified, and the , keys
2.
to modify the parameter value.
It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
Func
The virtual Func key allows setting the measuring mode of the
instrument, which may be: P-N, P-P, P-PE
UL
The virtual UL key, active only when an IT electrical system and the P-PE mode have been set (§ 5.2.5), allows setting the limit value of
contact voltage for the system being tested, which may be: 50V,
25V
Mod.
The virtual UL key, not active when an IT electrical system and the P-PE mode have been set (§ 5.2.5), allows setting the instrument’s
operating mode, which can be: STD, Z2
ICAL
The virtual ICAL key, active only when the Z2Ω mode has been selected with the MOD key, allows selecting the assumed short­circuit or fault current displayed. Following values are available:
IkMax3Ph, IkMin3Ph, IkMax2Ph, IkMin2Ph, IkMaxP-N, IkMinP­N, IkMaxP-PE, IkMinP-PE, IkSTD
P-PE STD
Func Mod.
EN - 36
RMT
The virtual RMT key, active only when the Z2Ω mode has been selected with the MOD key, displays the serial number and the FW version of the remote unit IMP57
3. If possible, disconnect all loads connected downstream of the measured point, as the impedance of these users could distort the test results.
LOOP
4. Use the virtual Mod. key to set the STD test mode. Should you perform high-resolution tests, recommended near MT/BT transformers, we suggest using the Z2 mode, which implies the use of the optional accessory
----
----A
IMP57. Upon the selection of the Z2 mode, the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side. Connect accessory IMP57 to the
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
instrument by means of the serial optical cable and perform the measurements as described in the relevant user manual.
P-N
Func Mod.
Z2
5. Insert the green, blue and black connectors of the three-pin shuko cable into the corresponding input leads E, N and P of the instrument. As an alternative, use the single cables and apply the relevant alligator clips to the free ends of the cables. It is also possible to use the remote probe by inserting its multipolar connector into the input lead P. Connect the shuko plug, the alligator clips or the remote probe to the electrical mains according to Fig. 15, Fig. 16, Fig. 17, Fig. 18 and Fig. 19.
6.5.1. P-N mode
6.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
probe. The instrument will start the measurement.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
7. Once test is completed, if the
LOOP
measured impedance value is lower than the full scale, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal and then displays a screen
1.07
215A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
similar to the one reported here to the side
P-N STD
Func Mod.
Measured impedance value
Prospective short circuit current
P-N and P-PE measured voltages
EN - 37
Formula used for calculating the prospective short circuit current:
8.
where: ZPN is the measured phase-to-neutral impedance U U U
9.
is the nominal phase-to-neutral voltage
N
= 127V if V
N
= 230V or UN = 240V (§ 5.2.3) if V
N
P-N meas
≤ 150V
P-N meas
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the
SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
6.5.2. P-P mode
6.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
probe. The instrument will start the measurement.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
7. Once test is completed, if the
LOOP
measured impedance value is lower than the full scale, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal and then displays a screen
0.57
701A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-P=402V VP-Pe=230V
similar to the one reported here to the side
P-P STD
Formula used for calculating the prospective short circuit current:
8.
Func Mod.
where: ZPP is the measured phase-to-phase impedance U U U U
9.
is the nominal phase-to-phase voltage
N
= 127V if V
N
= 230V or UN = 240V (§ 5.2.3) if 150V < V
N
= 400V or UN = 415V (§ 5.2.3) if V
N
P-P meas
≤ 150V
P-P meas
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
U
I
CC
N
Z
PN
> 150V
Measured impedance value
Prospective short circuit current
P-P and P-PE measured voltages
U
N
I
CC
P-P meas
≤ 265V
Z
PP
> 265V
EN - 38
6.5.3. P-PE mode in TT or TN systems
As an alternative:
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on
6.
remote probe once. The instrument will start measuring with a “0°” type current, injecting a current in phase with the positive half-wave of voltage
Or:
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument twice or the START key
6.
on the remote probe before the hyphens disappear. The instrument will start measuring with a “180°” type current, injecting a current in phase with the negative half-wave of voltage
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
7. Once test is completed, if the measured impedance value is lower than the full scale, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal and then displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
Formula used for calculating the prospective fault current:
8.
LOOP
1.07
215A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=230V VP-Pe=230V
P-PE STD
Func Mod.
0° or 180° type current
0°
Measured impedance value
Prospective short circuit current
P-P and P-PE measured voltages
I
CC
U Z
PE
N
where: ZPE is the measured fault impedance U U U
is the nominal phase-to-earth voltage
N
= 127V if V
N
= 230V or UN = 240V (§ 5.2.3) if V
N
P-PE meas
≤ 150V
P-PE meas
> 150V
9. In TT systems, the impedance value measured by the instrument may only be referred to the value of the total earth resistance. Therefore, in compliance with the prescriptions of standard CEI64-8, the measured value may be taken as the value for the system’s earth resistance
10.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
EN - 39
6.5.4. P-PE mode in IT systems
6.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
probe. The instrument will start the measurement.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
7. Once test is completed, if the
LOOP
measured contact voltage value is lower than the set limit, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal and then displays a screen
63mA
Ut=19.7V
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=230V VP-Pe=230V
similar to the one reported here to the side
8.
P-PE 25V IT
Func UL
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the
SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
6.5.5. Description of anomalous results
1. If the instrument detects an
LOOP
impedance higher than the full scale, at the and of the test it displays the screen reported here to the side and gives a long acoustic signal
2.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
3. If the instrument detects that
>199.9
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-P=402V VP-Pe=230V
P-P STD
Func Mod.
LOOP
the phase and neutral leads are inverted, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Rotate the shuko plug or check the connection
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=228V VP-Pe= 1V
of the single cables
REVERSE P-N
P-N STD
Func Mod.
First earth fault current
Measured contact voltage value
P-N and P-PE measured voltages
Impedance value higher than the full scale
P-P and P-PE measured voltage
The phase and neutral conductors are inverted
EN - 40
4. If the instrument detects that
LOOP
the phase and earth leads are inverted, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check the connection of the cables
5. If the instrument detects a
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N= 1V VP-Pe=231V
REVERSE P-PE
P-N STD
Func Mod.
LOOP
phase-to-neutral voltage and a phase-to-earth voltage lower than the limit, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N= 1V VP-Pe= 1V
that the system being tested is energized
P-N STD
6. If the instrument detects a
Func Mod.
LOOP
Low voltage
phase-to-neutral voltage or a phase-to-earth voltage higher than the limit, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check that the
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=281V VP-Pe=280V
instrument is not phase-to­phase connected
7. If the instrument detects a
High voltage
P-N STD
Func Mod.
LOOP
phase-to-neutral voltage lower than the minimum limit, it does not perform the test and displays the message reported here to the side.
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N= 1V VP-Pe=231V
Check the efficiency of the neutral conductor
8. If the instrument detects an
P-N STD
Func Mod.
LOOP
MISSING N
extremely high earth resistance, so that it deems the earth conductor or the earthing absent, it does not perform the test and displays
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=231V VP-Pe=160V
the message reported here to the side. Check the efficiency of the protective conductor and the earthing
P-N STD
Func Mod.
MISSING-PE
The phase and earth conductors are inverted
Insufficient voltage
High voltage detected
Missing neutral conductor
Inefficient earthing
EN - 41
9. By using the P-PE mode, if the instrument detects that, in case the test should be performed, a contact voltage higher than the set limit would build up in the system
LOOP
0°
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=231V VP-Pe=231V
being tested, it does not perform the test and displays the message reported here
P-PE STD
Func Mod.
to the side. Check the efficiency of the protective conductor and the earthing
10. If, after repeated tests, the
LOOP
Ut > Ulim
instrument has overheated, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Wait for this message to disappear before performing other tests
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=231V VP-Pe=231V
Hot temperature
P-N STD
Func Mod.
Dangerous contact voltage
Overheated instrument
11.
The previous anomalous results cannot be saved
EN - 42
6.6. RA 15MA: MEASUREMENT OF THE TOTAL EARTH RESISTANCE THROUGH THE SOCKET-OUTLET
This function is performed in compliance with standards IEC/EN61557-6 and allows measuring the impedance of the fault loop, comparable to the overall earth resistance in TT systems. One single operating mode is available.
CAUTION
The measurement of the overall earth resistance involves the circulation of a current between phase and earth according to the technical specifications of the instrument (§ 12.1). This could cause the tripping of possible protections at lower tripping currents.
Fig. 20: Instrument connection for 230V single-phase or double-phase P-PE fault loop
impedance measurement through shuko cable
Fig. 21: Instrument connection for 230V single-phase or double-phase P-PE fault loop
impedance measurement through single cables and remote probe
Fig. 22: Instrument connection for 400V + N + PE three-phase P-PE fault loop impedance
measurement through single cables and remote probe
Fig. 23: Instrument connection for 400V + PE (no N) three-phase P-PE fault loop
impedance measurement through single cables and remote probe
EN - 43
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to Ra in
the main menu by means of the arrow keys
(,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently
the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side.
Ra
-----
----A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
50V
UL
Use the arrow keys ,  to set the limit value of contact voltage for the
2.
system being tested, which may be: 50V, 25V. It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
3. If possible, disconnect all loads connected downstream of the measured point, as the impedance of these users could distort the test results.
4. Insert the green, blue and black connectors of the three-pin shuko cable into the corresponding input leads E, N and P of the instrument. As an alternative, use the single cables and apply the relevant alligator clips to the free ends of the cables. It is also possible to use the remote probe by inserting its multipolar connector into the input lead P. Connect the shuko plug, the alligator clips or the remote probe to the electrical mains according to Fig. 20, Fig. 21, Fig. 22 and Fig. 23.
5.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
probe. The instrument will start the measurement.
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
6. Once test is completed, if the measured impedance value is lower than the full scale, the instrument gives a double acoustic signal and then displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
Ra
1.07
215A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
50V
UL
Measured impedance value
Prospective fault current
P-N and P-PE measured voltages
EN - 44
U
Formula used for calculating the prospective fault current:
7.
I
CC
N
Z
PE
where: ZPE is the measured fault impedance U U U
is the nominal phase-to-earth voltage
N
= 127V if V
N
= 230V or UN = 240V (§ 5.2.3) if V
N
P-PE meas
≤ 150V
P-PE meas
> 150V
8. In TT systems, the impedance value measured by the instrument may only be referred to the value of the total earth resistance. Therefore, in compliance with the prescriptions of standard CEI64-8, the measured value may be taken as the value for the system’s earth resistance
9.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the
SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
6.6.1. Description of anomalous results
1. If the instrument detects an
Ra
impedance higher than the full scale, at the and of the test it displays the screen reported here to the side and gives a long acoustic signal
2. If the instrument detects an
>1999
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=230V VP-Pe=230V
NOT OK
50V
UL
Ra
Impedance value higher than the full scale
P-P and P-PE measured voltages
impedance higher than the limit value calculated as
/30mA (1666Ω@
U
LIM
U
=50V, 833Ω@U
LIM
=25V,
LIM
it displays the screen reported here to the side and gives a long acoustic signal
3.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
4. If the instrument detects that
1789
0.1A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
50V
UL
Ra
NOT OK
impedance value is higher than the limit value calculated as U
LIM
/30mA
the phase and neutral leads are inverted, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Rotate the shuko plug or check the connection of the single cables
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=228V VP-Pe= 1V
REVERSE P-N
50V
UL
The phase and neutral conductors are inverted
EN - 45
5. If the instrument detects that
Ra
the phase and earth leads are inverted, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check the connection of the cables
6. If the instrument detects a
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N= 1V VP-Pe=231V
REVERSE P-PE
50V
UL
Ra
phase-to-neutral voltage and a phase-to-earth voltage lower than the limit, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N= 1V VP-Pe= 1V
that the system being tested is energized
50V
7. If the instrument detects a
UL
Ra
Low voltage
phase-to-neutral voltage or a phase-to-earth voltage higher than the limit, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Check that the
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=281V VP-Pe=280V
instrument is not phase-to­phase connected
8. If the instrument detects a
High voltage
50V
UL
Ra
phase-to-neutral voltage lower than the minimum limit, it does not perform the test and displays the message reported here to the side.
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N= 1V VP-Pe=231V
Check the efficiency of the neutral conductor
50V
UL
MISSING N
The phase and earth conductors are inverted
Insufficient voltage
High voltage detected
Missing neutral conductor
EN - 46
9. If the instrument detects an
Ra
extremely high earth resistance, so that it deems the earth conductor or the earthing absent, it does not perform the test and displays
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=231V VP-Pe=160V
the message reported here to the side. Check the efficiency of the protective
50V
UL
conductor and the earthing
10. If the instrument detects that,
Ra
in case the test should be performed, a contact voltage higher than the set limit would build up in the system being tested, it does not
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=231V VP-Pe=231V
MISSING-PE
0°
perform the test and displays the message reported here to the side. Check the
50V
UL
efficiency of the protective conductor and the earthing
11. If, after repeated tests, the
Ra
Ut > Ulim
instrument has overheated, the message reported here to the side is displayed. Wait for this message to disappear before performing
----
---A
FRQ=50.0Hz VP-N=231V VP-Pe=231V
other tests
Hot temperature
50V
UL
Inefficient earthing
Dangerous contact voltage
Overheated instrument
12.
The previous anomalous results cannot be saved
EN - 47
6.7. 123: PHASE SEQUENCE TEST
This function is performed in compliance with standards IEC/EN61557-7 and allows testing the phase sequence by direct contact with parts under voltage (no cables with insulating sheath). The following operating modes are available:
1T one test lead mode  2T two test leads mode.
Fig. 24: Instrument connection for measuring the phase sequence with one lead, phase 1 connection
Fig. 25: Instrument connection for measuring the phase sequence with two leads, phase 1 connection
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to 123
in the main menu by means of the arrow keys
(,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently
the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side.
123
---
1T
Func
Use the arrow keys ,  to set the measuring mode of the instrument,
2.
which may be: 1T, 2T. It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
3. Insert the blue and black connectors of the single cables into the corresponding input leads N and P of the instrument. Apply the relevant alligator clips to the free ends of the cables. It is also possible to use the remote probe by inserting its multipolar connector into the input lead P. Connect the alligator clips, the probes or the remote probe to the electrical mains according to Fig. 24 and Fig. 25.
4.
Press the GO/STOP key on the instrument or the START key on remote
probe. The instrument will start the measurement.
EN - 48
CAUTION
If message “Measuring…” appears on the display, the instrument is
performing measurement. During this whole stage, do not disconnect the test leads of the instrument from the mains.
5. The instrument switches to
123
stand-by mode and displays the screen reported here to the side until the test lead detects a voltage higher than the minimum limit value
6. When the instrument detects
---
Waiting phase 1
1T
Func
123
Waiting for phase 1
a voltage higher than the minimum limit value on the test lead, the instrument displays the screen reported here to the side and starts measuring the first voltage. The instrument gives a long acoustic signal until input voltage is present
7. Once acquisition is
---
Measuring…
1T
Func
123
Measuring phase 1
completed, the instrument switches to stand-by mode and displays the screen reported here to the side until the test lead detects again a voltage higher than the minimum limit value
1--
Waiting phase 2
1T
Func
Waiting for phase 2
8. Move the black test lead to the second voltage of the sequence tested as in Fig. 26 and Fig. 27.
Fig. 26: Instrument connection for measuring the phase sequence with one lead, phase 2 connection
EN - 49
Fig. 27: Instrument connection for measuring the phase sequence with two leads, phase 2 connection
9. When the instrument detects
123
a voltage higher than the minimum limit value on the test lead, the instrument displays the screen reported here to the side and starts measuring the second voltage. The instrument gives a long acoustic signal until input voltage is present
10. Once acquisition is completed, if the instrument has detected a correct phase sequence, it displays 123 and the message OK. It also gives a double acoustic signal
11. Once acquisition is completed, if the instrument has detected two voltages in phase, it displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side and gives a double acoustic signal
12.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
1--
Measuring…
1T
Func
123
123
OK
1T
Func
123
11-
OK
1T
Func
Measuring phase 2
Correct phase sequence
Phase conformity
EN - 50
6.7.1. Description of anomalous results
1. Once acquisition is
123
completed, if the instrument has detected an uncorrect phase sequence, it displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side and gives a long acoustic signal
2.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
3. If between the acquisition of
132
NOT OK
1T
Func
123
the first and second voltage a time higher than the limit time has elapsed, the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported
1--
here to the side and gives a long acoustic signal
1T
4. If, during voltage acquisition,
Func
123
Time out
the instrument detects an input voltage higher than the maximum limit value, it displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side and stops measuring
---
2T
Func
Vin > Vmax
5.
The previous anomalous results cannot be saved
Correct phase sequence
EN - 51
7. AUXILIARY MEASUREMENTS
7.1. AUX: REAL TIME MEASUREMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
By means of external transducers, this function allows measuring the following environmental parameters:
AIR air speed by means of air-speed transducer  RH air humidity by means of humidity transducer  TMP °F air temperature in °F by means of thermometric transducer  TMP °C air temperature in °C by means of thermometric transducer  dB acoustic pressure by means of sound level transducer  Lux lighting by means of luxmetric transducer  VOLT input voltage (without applying any transduction constant)
Fig. 28: Connection between an
environmental probe and the instrument
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to AUX
in the main menu by means of the arrow keys
Fig. 29: Connection between the sound level
probe and the instrument
(,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently
the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side. Except in dB mode, the instrument measures and shows on the display the instant value of the input
parameter in real time, and RUN appears in
the right bottom part of the display
Use the , keys to select the parameter to be modified, and the , keys
2.
to modify the parameter value.
It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
Func
The virtual Func key allows setting the the type of environmental
measurement to perform, which may be: AIR, RH, TMP °F, TMP
°C, dB, Lux, VOLT
FS
The virtual FS key, active only when the Lux mode has been selected with the Func key, allows selecting the clamp full scale
among the values: 20, 2k, 20k
AUX
In1 = 7.08 Lux
Lux LX 20
Func FS
RUN
EN - 52
7.1.1. dB mode
3. Connect the sound level probe to the instrument’s optical input by means of the optical cable
4.
Press the GO/STOP key. The instrument starts
measuring the acoustic pressure. The following values are displayed: SPL acoustic pressure
AUX
SPL ---- dB
Peak ---- dB
Peak acoustic pressure peak Duration time elapsed since the
beginning of the recording
5.
Press the GO/STOP key again. The instrument
stops measuring and displays the following values: Leq equivalent level of acoustic
Duration 0000:00:00
dB
Func
AUX
Leq ---- dB
Peak ---- dB
pressure
Peak acoustic pressure peak Duration duration of the recording
Duration 0000:00:00
dB
Func
6.
The equivalent level of the acoustic pressure is defined as:
Leq
log10
T
1
2
dtP
i
T
0
10
2
P
0
where: P0 is the reference pressure, ca. 2105 Pa P
In praxis, the following formula is used:
where: L N
is the instant pressure of the acoustic range
i
N
1
Leq
is the sampled level [dB]
i
is the number of samples measured for the Li level
i
i
log10
10
N
N
i
10
10
L
i
N is the number of samples measured
7. Please note that Lep, the personal exposure level, is defined as the equivalent level of the acoustic range a person is exposed to during a normal workshift (8 hours). "Lep" coincides therefore with "Leq" calculated for 8 hours.
8.
Once recording is completed, measures can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
EN - 53
7.1.2. AIR, RH, TMP °F, TMP °C, Lux mode
3. Insert the connector of the probe being used into the instrument input In1 making sure that the probe connected and the set measurement unit correspond
4.
Press the GO/STOP key. The instrument stops updating the measured value and STOP
appears on the right bottom part of the display. Press the same key again to restart the measurement and the real-time display of the instant value of the input parameter. In this
case, RUN appears on the right bottom part of
AUX
In1 = 7.08 Lux
the display.
5.
Measures can be saved, both in RUN and in STOP mode, by pressing the
SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
Lux LX 20
Func FS
STOP
7.1.3. Description of anomalous results
1. In AIR, RH, TMP °F, TMP
AUX
°C, Lux or VOLT mode, if the instrument measures an input value higher than the full scale, it displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side. Check that the full scale selected on the instrument matches the full scale on the transducer
2.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
3. “DB” sound mode only: when starting recording without the
In1 > 20.00 kLux
Lux Lx 20k
Func FS
AUX
SPL ---- dB
Measured value higher than the instrument’s full scale
sound level probe being connected to the instrument,
Peak ---- dB
a screen similar to the one on the side will be shown
Durata 0000:00:00
NO HT55
dB
Func
The instrument does not find the sound level transducer HT55
4.
The previous anomalous result cannot be saved
EN - 54
7.2. LEAK: REAL TIME MEASUREMENT OF THE LEAKAGE CURRENT THROUGH AN EXTERNAL CLAMP
Using an external clamp, this function allows measuring the leakage current.
Fig. 30: Indirect measurement of leakage current in three-phase systems
Fig. 31: Direct measurement of leakage current in three-phase systems
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to LEAK in the main menu by means of the arrow keys (,) and confirm with ENTER.
LEAK
I = 00.0 A
Subsequently the instrument measures in real time and displays, in a screen similar to the one reported here to the side, the instant value
of the input parameter, and RUN appears on
the right bottom part of the display
2.
Use the arrow keys ,  to select the clamp full scale among the values:
Imax = 00.0 A
100A
FS
RUN
1A, 10A, 30A, 100A, 200A, 300A, 400A, 1000A, 2000A, 3000A. the
changes made to the FS value will also be applied to the PWR function (§
8.1). It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
3. The FS set on the instrument has always to match the one on the clamp being used. For the leakage current, the instrument and the clamp are generally set to FS=1A
4. Insert the clamp connector into the instrument input In1
5. For indirect measurements of the leakage current, connect the external clamp according to Fig. 30. For direct measurements of the leakage current, connect the external clamp according to Fig. 31 and disconnect possible additional earth connections which could influence the test results
EN - 55
CAUTION
Possible additional earth connections could influence the measured value. For the difficulty of this measurement and the sometimes real difficulty in removing the clamps, we recommend performing the measurement indirectly.
6.
Press the GO/STOP key. The instrument stops updating the measured value and STOP
appears on the right bottom part of the display. Press the same key again to restart the measurement and the real-time display of the instant value of the input parameter. In this
case, RUN appears on the right bottom part of
the display
7.
The results displayed can be saved, both in RUN and in STOP mode, by
pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the
ENTER key (§ 9.1)
7.2.1. Description of anomalous results
1. If the instrument detects that
LEAK
the current is higher than the one of the set full scale, the screen on the side will be displayed. Check that the full scale selected on the instrument matches the full scale on the transducer
2.
The results displayed can be saved by pressing the SAVE key twice or the
SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
I > 100.0 A Imax > 100.0 A
100A
FS
RUN
LEAK
I = 47.0 A Imax = 86.4 A
100A
FS
Measured value higher than the instrument’s full scale
STOP
EN - 56
8. MAINS ANALYSIS
8.1. PWR: REAL TIME MEASUREMENT OF THE MAINS PARAMETERS
This function allows measuring the voltage of the electrical mains and of the relevant harmonics. Using an external clamp, it is also possible to measure the current and the relevant harmonics as well as other electrical parameters such as power, power factor, etc. The following operating modes are available:
PAR measurement of electrical parameters such as current, voltage, power, power
factor, etc.
HRM V measurement of voltage harmonics HRM I measurement of current harmonics
Fig. 32: Instrument connection for single-phase, double-phase or three-phase measurements
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to PWR
in the main menu by means of the arrow keys
(,) and confirm with ENTER. The
instrument measures in real time and displays, in a screen similar to the one reported here to the side, the instant value of the input
parameters, and RUN appears on the right
bottom part of the display
PWR
V = 230.8 V I = 27.2 A f = 50.0 Hz P = 5.09 kW S = 6.28 kVA Q = 2.14 kVAR pf = 0.94 i dpf = 0.94 i
PAR 100A 4005
Func FS TYPE
RUN
Use the , keys to select the parameter to be modified, and the , keys
2.
to modify the parameter value.
It is not necessary to confirm the selection with ENTER.
Func
The virtual Func key allows setting the measuring mode of the
instrument, which may be: PAR, HRM V, HRM I
FS
The virtual FS key, active only when the PAR mode has been selected with the Func key, allows selecting the clamp full scale
among the values: 1A, 10A, 30A, 100A, 200A, 300A, 400A, 1000A, 2000A, 3000A. The changes made to the FS value will also
be applied to the LEAK function (§ 7.2). If the FS 100A has been set, it's possible to select the clamp model: Type = "4005"
PAG
(HT4005) or "STD" (Standard clamp).
The virtual FS key, active only when the HRM V or the HRM I mode has been selected with the Func key, allows scrolling down the bar graph of the harmonics window by window. Following
options are available: h02÷h08, h09÷h15, h16÷h22, h23÷h29,
h30÷h36, h37÷h43, h44÷h50
EN - 57
hxx
The virtual FS key, active only when the HRM V or the HRM I mode has been selected with the Func key, allows increasing or
decreasing the ordinal harmonic number whose value is displayed
3. Insert the clamp connector into the instrument input In1
4.
Staple the phase to be tested. Insert both the black and blue connectors of the single cables into the relative P and N instrument input leads. Insert the relative alligator clips
into the free end of the cables and connect the test leads to the test ends of the conductor to be tested as in Fig. 32. The arrow on the clamp must point in the direction of the power flow, i.e. from generator to load
8.1.1. PAR mode
5.
Press the GO/STOP key. The instrument stops updating the measured values and STOP
appears on the right bottom part of the display. Press the same key again to restart the measurement and the real-time display of the instant values of the input parameters. In this
case, RUN appears on the right bottom part of
the display
6.
The results displayed can be saved, both in RUN and in STOP mode, by
pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the ENTER key (§ 9.1)
PWR
V = 230.8 V I = 27.2 A f = 50.0 Hz P = 5.09 kW Q = 2.14 kVAR S = 6.28 kVA pf = 0.94 i dpf = 0.94 i
PAR 100A 4005
Func FS TYPE
8.1.2. HRM V ane HRM I mode
8.
Press the GO/STOP key. The instrument stops updating the measured value and STOP
PWR
appears on the right bottom part of the display. Press the same key again to restart the measurement and the real-time display of the instant value of the input parameter. In this
case, RUN appears on the right bottom part of
the display
7.
The results displayed can be saved, both in RUN and in STOP mode, by
pressing the SAVE key twice or the SAVE key and, subsequently, the
ENTER key (§ 9.1)
h02 = 10.0 % thdV = 11.5 %
HRM V
Func PAG hxx
 
STOP
STOP
EN - 58
9. MEMORY
9.1. HOW TO SAVE A MEASURE
1. When the SAVE key is first pressed, as described in the
SAVE
Memory: 015
§s regarding the different measurements, the instrument displays a screen similar to the one on the side
Position: 010
Location: 194
 
P L
2. the P (place) and L (location) parameters can be used to facilitate the operator’s task in determining the point in which the measurement was carried out. These parameters values can be modified from 001 to 255, and is not bound to the memory location in which the results will be saved and which keeps increasing
3. It is not possible to set the memory location in which the measure is saved. The instrument always uses the first location available, i.e. the next location available after the last used one
First available memory location (last saved + 1)
Last P parameter set value
Last L parameter set value
4.
As an alternative:
Use the , keys to select the parameter to be modified, and the , keys to modify the parameter value.
Press the ENTER or SAVE key to save the
5. or
Or:
5.
measure. The instrument gives a double acoustic signal to confirm the saving
Press the ESC key to exit without saving
9.1.1. Description of anomalous results
1. Should you effect a saving
LEAK
procedure when all 500 memory cells are full, the
I = 47.0 A
instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
Imax = 86.4 A
FULL MEMORY
100A
FS
RUN
The whole instrument memory has already been used
EN - 59
9.2. SAVED DATA MANAGEMENT
1.
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to MEM
in the main menu by means of the arrow keys
(,) and confirm with ENTER. Subsequently
the instrument displays a screen similar to the one reported here to the side where the following are listed:
MEM the occupied memory location TIPO the kind of measurement performed P the P parameter value L the L parameter value
The different performed measurements are displayed in rising cell order (from the oldest to the most recent one). The number of used memory cells and the number of available locations is also displayed
MEM
MEM TIPO P L 001 LOW 110 096 002 LOW 110 096 003 LOW 110 096 004 LOW 110 096 005 LOW 110 096 006 LOW 110 096 007 LOW 110 096
TOT:392 FREE:108
 
REC PAG CANC
TOT
2.
Use the , keys to select the parameter to be modified, and the , keys to modify the parameter value.
REC
The virtual REC key scrolls down the measurements displayed one by one thus allowing the selection of the one to be recalled
PAG
The virtual PAG key scrolls down the measurement displayed in each page (by groups of 7 measurements) thus allowing a faster selection of the measure to be recalled
CANC
The virtual CANC key allows deleting the last or all the measures
stored in the memory. Following options are available: ULT, TOT
9.2.1. How to recall a measure
3.
By means of the REC and PAG virtual keys select the measure to display. Pressing the
ENTER key the instrument will display the
selected measure and its info
RCD
0° 180° x1/2 >999ms >999ms
x1 28ms 31ms x5 8ms 10ms
FRQ=50.0Hz Ut=1.4V VP-N=228V VP-Pe=228V
AUTO 30mA 50V
RCD OK
Func IdN RCD UL
4.
5.
Press the ESC key to go back to the saved measures list
Press the ESC key to go back to the the main menu
EN - 60
9.2.2. How to delete the last measure or all of them
3.
By means of the CANC virtual key select LST or TOT whether you want to delete the last measure or all the measures in the memory.
Subsequently, press the ENTER key. The
instrument asks for a confirmation of the deletion by displaying a screen similar to the one reported here to the side
As an alternative:
4.
Press the ENTER key to confirm
deletion of the measures. In case all the measures in the instrument are deleted, a screen similar to the one reported here to the side is displayed
Or:
CLR
DELETE ALL?
ENTER confirm ESC cancel
MEM
MEM TYPE P L 001 LOW 110 096 002 LOW 110 096 003 LOW 110 096 004 LOW 110 096 005 LOW 110 096 006 LOW 110 096 007 LOW 110 096
TOT:000 FREE:500
 
REC PAG CANC
TOT
5.
4.
Press the ESC key to go back to the saved measures list
Press the ESC key to go back to the the main menu
9.2.3. Description of anomalous results
1. In case there is no measure saved and the instrument’s memory is accessed, a screen similar to the one reported here to the side is displayed. No key is active, except for the ESC key to return to the menu instrument management menu
MEM MEM TIPO P L 001 LOW 110 096 002 LOW 110 096 003 LOW 110 096 004 LOW 110 096 005 LOW 110 096 006 LOW 110 096 007 LOW 110 096
TOT:000 FREE:500
 
REC PAG CANC
TOT
EN - 61
10. CONNECTING THE INSTRUMENT TO A PC
The instrument can be connected to a PC via a serial port or USB and an optoisolated cable. Before connecting, it is necessary to select the port to be used and the right baud rate (9600 bps) on the PC. To set these parameters, start the software and refer to the program's on-line help. The selected port must not be engaged by other devices or applications, e.g. a mouse, a modem, etc. To transfer the saved data to the PC, follow this procedure
1.
2. Connect the instrument to the PC via the optoisolated cable
Switch on the instrument by pressing the ON key
Press the MENU key, move the cursor to MEM (the communication is
3.
enabled only for MEM) in the main menu by means of the arrow keys , and confirm with ENTER
4. Use the data management software for transferring the content of the instrument memory to the PC
5.
During data transfer, the instrument displays the MEM screen. Press any key to stop
the data transfer
EN - 62
11. MAINTENANCE
11.1. GENERAL
The instrument you purchased is a precision instrument. When using and storing it, please observe the recommendations listed in this manual in order to prevent any possible damage or danger. Do not use the instrument in environments with high humidity levels or high temperatures. Do not directly expose it to sunlight. Always switch off the instrument after using it. Should the instrument remain unused for a long time, remove batteries in order to prevent liquids from leaking out of them, and the instrument internal circuits from being damaged
11.2. BATTERY REPLACEMENT
When the low battery symbol appears on the LCD display (§ 12.3) it is necessary to replace the batteries.
This operation must be carried out by skilled technicians only. Before carrying out this operation, make sure that all cables have been removed from the input leads.
1. Swicth off the instrument by pressing and holding the ON key
2. Remove the cables from the input leads
3. Unscrew the cover fastening screw from the battery compartment and remove it
4. Remove all the batteries from the battery compartment and replace with new batteries of the same type only (§ 12.3) making sure to respect the indicated polarities
5. Restore the battery compartment cover into place and fasten it by mean of the relevant screw
6. Do not disperse the used batteries into the environment. Use relevant containers for disposal
11.3. INSTRUMENT CLEANING
Use a dry and soft cloth to clean the instrument. Never use wet cloths, solvents, water, etc.
11.4. END OF LIFE
CAUTION
CAUTION: this symbol indicates that the equipment and its accessories must be
collected separately and disposed of in the right way.
EN - 63
12. SPECIFICATIONS
12.1. TECHNICAL FERATURES
Continuity test (LOW)
Range [] Resolution []
0.00 9.99
10.0 99.9
Test current >200mA DC up to 5 (include the resistance of the calibration) also with half-charged battery Generated current resolution 1mA, uncertainty (5.0%rdg + 5dgt) Open circuit test voltage 4 < V0 < 24V Function mode: AUTO: automatic inversion of polarity, buzzer ON fixed if test current < 200mA R+, R-: fixed polarity (opposite to R+ ed R-), buzzer ON fixed if test current < 200mA
0.01
0.1
Insulation resistance (M)
Test voltage [V]
50
100
250
500
1000
Open circuit test voltage < 1.25 x nominal test voltage Short circuit current < 15mA (peak) with each test voltage Generated voltage resolution: 1V, uncertainty (5.0%rdg + 5dgt) @ Rmis> 0.5% FS Nominal test current > 2.2mA with 230k @ 500V > 1mA with 1k @ other Vnom
Range [] Resolution []
0.01 9.99
10.0 49.9
50.0 99.9
0.01 9.99
10.0 99.9 100 199
0.01 9.99
10.0 99.9 100 249 250 499
0.01 9.99
10.0 99.9 100 499 500 999
0.01 9.99
10.0 99.9 100 999
1000 1999
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.1 1
0.01
0.1 1 1
0.01
0.1 1 1
0.01
0.1 1 1
Test on RCDs
Phase-neutral and phase-earth voltage range (110 240V) 10% Frequency 50Hz 0.5Hz, 60Hz 0.5Hz Nominal test current (IdN) 10mA, 30mA, 100mA, 300mA, 500mA, 650mA Contact voltage (ULIM) 25V, 50V
Tripping time (x½, x1, x2, x5, AUTO)
Multiplier [x IdN] Range [ms] Resolution [ms] Uncertainty
½, 1
2
5
RCD type AC ( ), A ( ), general and selective Nominal test current (IdN) multiplier x1, x2, x5, AUTO: uncertainty: -0%, +10% IdN multiplier x½: uncertainty: -10%, +0% IdN
1 999 general and selective 1 200 general 1 250 selective 1 50 general 1 160 selective
1
Uncertainty
(2.0rdg + 2dgt)
Uncertainty
(2.0rdg + 2dgt)
(5.0rdg + 2dgt)
(2.0rdg + 2dgt)
(5.0rdg + 2dgt)
(2.0rdg + 2dgt)
(5.0rdg + 2dgt)
(2.0rdg + 2dgt)
(5.0rdg + 2dgt)
(2.0rdg + 2dgt)
(5.0rdg + 2dgt)
(2.0rdg + 2dgt)
EN - 64
Tripping current ( )
IdN [mA] Type Range IdN [mA] Resolution [mA] Uncertainty
≤ 10
> 10
RCD type AC ( ), A ( ), general and selective Tripping time resolution 1ms, uncertainty (2.0%rdg + 2dgt)
AC
A
AC
A
(0.5 1.1) IdN (0.3 1.1) IdN (0.5 1.1) IdN (0.3 1.1) IdN
0.1IdN -0%, +10%rdg
Earth resistance (Ra)
Range [] Resolution []
1 1999
RCD type AC ( ), A ( ), general and selective Test current < ½ IdN, uncertainty: -10%, +0% IdN Contact voltage Ut range: 0 2Ut lim resolution: 0.1V uncertainty: -0%, +(5%rdg + 3dgt)
1
Uncertainty
(5.0rdg + 3dgt)
Line impedance and fault loop impedance (LOOP)
Phase-neutral and phase-earth voltage range (110 240V) 10% Phase-phase voltage range (110 415V) 10% Frequency 50Hz 0.5Hz, 60Hz 0.5Hz
TT and TN systems
Range [] Resolution []
0.01 9.99
10.0 199.9
200 1999 (phase-earth only)
Max peak test current at test voltage 3A @ 127V, 6A @ 230V, 10A @ 400V
0.01
0.1 1
Uncertainty
(5.0rdg + 3dgt)
IT systems
Range [mA] Resolution [mA] Uncertainty
5 999
Contact voltage (ULIM) 25V, 50V
1
(5.0rdg + 3dgt)
Total earth resistance (Ra)
Range [] Resolution []
0.01 9.99
10.0 199.9
200 1999 (phase-earth only)
Test current <15mA Contact voltage (ULIM) 25V, 50V Phase-neutral and phase-earth voltage range (110 240V) 10% Frequency 50Hz 0.5Hz, 60Hz 0.5Hz
0.01
0.1 1
Uncertainty
(5.0rdg + 1)
Phas sequence (123)
Phase-neutral and phase-earth voltage range (110 240V) 10% Frequency 50Hz 0.5Hz, 60Hz 0.5Hz
Leakage current (LEAK)
Range [mV] Resolution [mV] Uncertainty
1 1200.0
Max crest factor 3 Response time 10ms Frequency 50Hz 0.5Hz, 60Hz 0.5Hz
0.1
(1.0rdg + 2dgt)
EN - 65
Environmental parameters (AUX)
Parameter Range Resolution
Temperature
Humidity
DC voltage
-20.0 80.0°C
-4.0 176.0°F
0.0 100.0% RH (0.0 999.9mV)
0.1°C
0.1°F
0.1% RH
0.1mV
Transduced
signal
-20 +80mV
-4 +176mV 0 +100mV
(0.2 999.9mV)
Uncertainty
(2.0rdg + 2dgt)
0.001 20.00Lux 0.001 0.02Lux 0 +100mV
Luminance
0.1 2000Lux 0.1 2Lux 0 +100mV 1 20000Lux 0.1 2Lux 0 +100mV
Mains analisys (PWR)
Frequency measurement
Range [Hz] Resolution [Hz] Uncertainty
47.0 63.0
Voltage range 5.0 265.0 Current range 0.005 1.2 x FS
0.1
(2.0rdg + 2dgt)
Voltage measurement
Range [V] Resolution [V] Uncertainty
5.0 265.0
Max crest factor 1,5 Frequency 47.0  63.0 Hz
0.1V
(0.5rdg + 2dgt)
Voltage harmonics measurement
Range [V] Resolution [V] Order Uncertainty
0.0 265.0
Frequency fundamental 47.0 63.0 Hz
0.1V
2 15 (2.0rdg + 5dgt)
16 49 (5.0rdg + 10dgt)
Current measurement
Range [A] Resolution [A] Uncertainty
0.005 1.2 x FS
Max crest factor 3 Frequency 47.0  63.0 Hz
See Tab. 2
(1.0rdg + 2dgt)
Current harmonics measurement
Range [V] Resolution [A] Order Uncertainty
0.005 1.2 x FS
Frequency fundamental 47.0 63.0 Hz Current fundamental 0.020 x FS
See Tab. 2
2 15 (2.0rdg + 5dgt)
16 49 (5.0rdg + 10dgt)
Full scale [A] Resolution [A] Full scale [A] Resolution [A]
1 0.001 300 0.1 10 0.01 400 0.1 30 0.01 1000 1
100 0.1 2000 1 200 0.1 3000 1
Tab. 2: Clamp and instrument full scale and resolution values
EN - 66
Measurement of the active, reactive and apparent power @ Vmis>60V, cos=1, f=50.0Hz
Range [W, VAR, VA] Resolution [W, VAR, VA]
0.0 999.9
1.000 9.999 k
0.000 9.999 k
10.00 99.99 k
0.00 99.99 k
100.0 999.9 k
0.0 999.9 k
1000 9999 k
0.1
0.001 k
0.001 k
0.01 k
0.01 k
0.1 k
0.1 k 1 k
Clamp full scale
[A]
FS ≤ 1
1 < FS ≤ 10
10 < FS ≤ 100
100 < FS ≤ 3000
Uncertainty
(1.0rdg + 6dgt)
Measurement of the power factor (cos) @ Vmis>60V, f=50.0Hz
Current range [A] Range Resolution Uncertainty
0.005 0.1 x FS
0.1 1.2 x FS 1°
0.80c 1.00 0.80i
0.01
2°
EN - 67
12.2. SAFETY SPECIFICATION
12.2.1. General
Instrument safety: IEC/EN61010-1, IEC / EN61557-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7 Technical documentations: IEC/EN61187 Accessory safety: IEC/EN61010-031, IEC/EN61010-2-032
Insulation: double insulation
Pollution level: 2 Max height of use: 2000m (6562ft) Overvoltage category: CAT III 240V to earth, max 415V among inputs P, N, PE 5V to ground, max 7.2V
peak to peak
between pins of In1 Input
12.2.2. Reference standards for verification measurements
LOW (200mA): IEC/EN61557-4 M: IEC/EN61557-2 RCD: IEC/EN61557-6 LOOP P-P, P-N, P-PE: IEC/EN61557-3 Ra 15
mA
IEC/EN61557-3
123: IEC61557-7
12.2.3. AUX
Sound level measurement: IEC/EN60651:1994/A1 type 1, IEC/EN60804:1994/A2 type 1
12.3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Mechanical data
Dimensions (L x W x H): 235 x 165 x 75mm (9 x 6 x 3in) Weight (batteries included): 1250g (44ounces)
Power supply
Battery type: 6 batteries 1.5 V – LR6 – AA – AM3 – MN 1500 Low battery indication: the symbol is displayed when the battery voltage
is too low Battery life: approx >600 tests in all safety tests approx 48 hours in PWR function Auto power off: if set to ON after about 5 minutes from the last key press or
measurement the instrument turns off automatically
Miscellaneous
Display: LCD custom with backlight 73x65 mm Memory: 500 memory locations PC interface: optical port
12.4. ENVIRONMENT
12.4.1. Environmental working conditions
Reference temperature: 23° ± 5°C (73°F ± 41°F) Working temperature: 0 ÷ 40°C (32°F ÷ 104°F) Relative humidity allowed: <80%HR Storage temperature: -10 ÷ 60°C (14°F ÷ 140°F) Storage humidity: <80%HR
This instrument satisfies the requirements of Low Voltage Directive 2006/95/EC
(LVD) and of EMC Directive 2004/108/EC
12.5. ACCESSORIES
See packing list.
EN - 68
13. SERVICE
13.1. WARRANTY CONDITIONS
This instrument is guaranteed against any defect in material and manufacturing in compliance with the general sales terms and conditions. Throughout the period of guarantee all defective parts may be replaced and the manufacturer reserves the right to repair or replace the product.
If the instrument is to be returned to the after-sales service or to a dealer transportation costs are on the customer’s behalf. Shipment shall be however agreed upon. A report must always be enclosed to a rejected product stating the reasons of its return. To ship the instrument use only the original packaging material; any damage that may be due to no­original packing shall be charged to the customer. The manufacturer declines any responsibility for damages caused to persons and/or objects.
Warranty is not applied in the following cases:
Repair and/or replacement of accessories and battery (not covered by warranty) Any repair that might be necessary as a consequence of a misuse of the instrument or
of its use with no compatible devices.
Any repair that might be necessary as a consequence of improper packaging. Any repair that might be necessary as a consequence of service actions carried out by
unauthorized personnel.
Any modification of the instrument carried out without the authorization of the
manufacturer.
Use not provided for in the instrument’s specifications or in the instruction manual.
The contents of this manual may not be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the manufacturer’s authorization.
All our products are patented and their trademarks registered. The manufacturer reserves the right to modify the product specifications and prices if this is aimed at technological improvements.
13.2. SERVICE
If the instrument does not operate properly, before contacting the after-sales service check cables as well as test leads and replace them if necessary. Should the instrument still operate improperly check that the operation procedure is correct and conforms with the instructions given in this manual.
If the instrument is to be returned to the after-sales service or to a dealer transportation costs are on the customer’s behalf. Shipment shall be however agreed upon. A report must always be enclosed to a rejected product stating the reasons of its return. To ship the instrument use only the original packaging material; any damage that may be due to no­original packing shall be charged to the customer.
EN - 69
14. PRACTICAL REPORTS FOR ELECTRICAL TESTS
14.1. CONTINUITY MEASUREMENT ON PROTECTIVE CONDUCTORS
14.1.1. Purpose of the test
Check the continuity of: Protective conductors (PE), main equalizing potential conductors (EQP), secondary
equalizing potential conductors (EQS) in TT and TN-S systems
Neutral conductors having functions of protective conductors (PEN) in TN-C system.
This test is to be preceded by a visual check verifying the existence of yellow-green protective and equalizing potential conductors as well as compliance of the §s used with the standards’ requirements.
14.1.2. Installation parts to be checked
Connect one of the test lead to the protective conductor of the socket and the other to the equalising potential node of the earth installation.
Connect one of the test lead to the external mass (in this case the water pipe) and the other to the earth installation using for example the protective conductor of the closest socket.
Fig. 33: Examples for continuity measurement on conductors
Check the continuity among:
earth poles of all the plugs and earth collector or node earth terminals of class I instruments (boiler etc.) and earth collector or node main external masses (water, gas pipes etc.) and earth collector or node auxiliary external masses to the earth terminal.
14.1.3. Allowable values
The standards do not give any indication on the maximum resistance values which cannot be overcome, in order to be able to declare the positive outcome of the continuity test. The standards simply require that the instrument in use warns the operator if the test was not carried out with a current of at least 0,2A and an open circuit voltage ranging from 4 to 24V. The resistance values can be calculated according to the §s and lengths of the conductors under test, anyway if the instrument detects values of some ohm the test can be considered as passed.
EN - 70
14.2. INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
14.2.1. Purpose of the test
Check that the insulation resistance of the installation complies with the requirements of IEE 16th edition standard.
EXAMPLE OF INSULATION MEASUREMENT ON AN INSTALLATION
Fig. 34: Insulation measurements on an installation
The switches D and E are those installed near the load having the purpose of separating it from the installation. In case the above said RCDs do not exist, or they are monophase, it is necessary to disconnect the users from the installation before effecting the insulation resistance test.
A procedure indicating how to effect the insulation resistance measurement on an installation is reported in Tab. 3.
EN - 71
4
Switch situation Point under test Measurement Judgment on the installation
1.
Turn the switch A, D
and E off
2. Turn the switch B off
3.
. Turn the switch C off
5.
Effect the
measurement on
switch
Effect the
measurement on
switch
Effect the
measurement on
switch
Effect the
measurement on
switch
Effect the
measurement on
switch
A
A
B
B
C
If R
R
If R R
R
If R
If R R
R
If R
If R R
R
If R
If R R
R
If R
If RR
LIMIT
LIMIT
LIMIT
LIMIT
LIMIT
LIMIT
LIMIT
LIMIT
LIMIT
LIMIT
OK (
Proceed  2
Proceed  3
and B switches is too low, restore it and effect the measurement another time
OK (
switch is too low Proceed  4
Proceed  5
and C switches is too low, restore it and effect the measurement another time
OK (
end of the test)
The insulation level between A
end of the test)
The insulation level after B
The insulation level between B
end of the test)
The insulation level after B
switch is too low, restore it and effect the measurement another time
Tab. 3: Procedure steps for insulation measurement referred to the installation reported in Fig. 34
If the circuit is quite large the conductors running side by side make up a capacity which is to be charged by the instrument in order to carry out a correct measurement; in this case it is recommended to keep the measurement key pressed (in case a test is effected under manual mode) until the result gets stable.
When effecting measurements among active conductors it is essential to disconnect all the users (alarm lamps, intercom transformers, boilers etc) otherwise the instrument will measure their resistance instead of the installation insulation. Moreover any insulation resistance test among active conductors could damage them.
The indication "> full scale" warns that the insulation resistance measured by the
instrument is higher than the maximum resistance limit, this result is obviously far higher than the minimum limits of the above table therefore if during a test this symbol is displayed the insulation of that point is to be considered in compliance with standards.
EN - 72
ALLOWABLE VALUES
Rated circuit voltage
(V)
Test voltage
(V)
SELV and PELV* 250
Up to 500 V included, except for the above
500
Insulation resistance
(M)
0.250
1.000
circuits.
Over 500 V 1000
1.000
* In the new standards the terms SELV and PELV replace the old definitions "safety
low voltage" or "functional".
Tab. 4: Test voltage values and relative limit values
NOTE:
If the circuit is quite large the conductors running side by side make up a capacity
which is to be charged by the instrument in order to carry out a correct
measurement; in this case it is recommended to keep the GO key pressed (in case
a test is effected under manual mode) until the result gets stable.
The indication "> 1999M" or "o.r." (out of range) warns that the insulation
resistance measured by the instrument is higher than the maximum resistance limit (see technical specifications); this result is obviously far higher than the minimum limits of the above table therefore if during a test this symbol is displayed the insulation of that point is to be considered in compliance with standards.
CAUTION
When you effect measurements among active conductors it is essential to disconnect all the users (alarm lamps, intercom transformers, boilers etc) otherwise the instrument will measure their resistance instead of the installation insulation. Moreover any insulation resistance test among active conductors could damage them.
EN - 73
14.3. CHECK OF THE CIRCUIT SEPARATION
14.3.1. Definitions
A SELV system is a system of category zero or very low safety voltage featured by:
autonomous source (ex. batteries, small generator) or safety (ex. safety transformer) power supply, protection separation to other electrical systems (double or reinforced insulation or a metal screen connected to the earth) and no earthed points (insulated from the earth).
A PELV system is a system of category zero or very low safety voltage featured by:
autonomous source (ex. batteries, small generator) or safety (ex. safety transformer) power supply, protection separation to other electrical systems (double or reinforced insulation or a metal screen connected to the earth) and there are earthed points (not insulated from the earth).
A system with electrical separation is featured by: insulation transformer or autonomous
source with equivalent features (ex. generator) power supply, protection separation to other electrical systems (insulation not lower than that of the insulation transformer)and protection separation to the earth (insulation not lower than that of the insulation).
14.3.2. Purpose of the test
The test, to be effected in case the protection is realized through separation (64-8/6 612.4, SELV or PELV or electrical separation), shall check that the insulation resistance measured according to the indications below (depending on the separation type) complies with the limits reported in the table relative to the insulation measurements.
14.3.3. Installation parts to be checked SELV system (Safety Extra Low Voltage):
measure the resistance between the active parts of the circuit under test (separate)
and the active parts of the other circuits
measure the resistance between the active parts of the circuit under test (separate)
and the earth.
PELV system (Protective Extra Low Voltage):
measure the resistance between the active parts of the circuit under test (separate)
and the active parts of the other circuits.
Electrical separation:
measure the resistance between the active parts of the circuit under test (separate)
and the active parts of the other circuits
measure the resistance between the active parts of the circuit under test (separate)
and the earth.
14.3.4. Allowable values
The test result is positive when the insulation resistance indicates values higher or equal to those indicated in Tab. 4
EN - 74
EXAMPLE OF CHECKING THE SEPARATION AMONG ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Insulation or safety transformer separating the circuits
TEST BETWEEN ACTIVE PARTS Connect an instrument probe to one of the two conductors of the separated circuit and the other to one of the conductors of a non­separated circuit
TEST BETWEEN ACTIVE PARTS AND EARTH Connect an instrument probe to one of the two conductors of the separated circuit and the other to the equalizing potential node. This test must be performed for SELV circuits or circuits with electrical separation only
Equalising potential node
Fig. 35: Measurement of separation among the installation circuits
EN - 75
14.4. WORKING TEST OF RCDS
14.4.1. Purpose of the test
Check whether general and selective RCDs have been installed and adjusted properly and whether they maintain their features over the time. The check shall confirm that the RCD trips at a current IdN lower than its rated working current IdN and that the tripping time meets, depending on the case, the following conditions:
Does not exceed the maximum time provided by the standards in case of general type
RCDs (according to Tab. 5).
Is included between the minimum tripping time and the maximum one in case of
selective type RCDs (according to Tab. 5).
The RCD test effected by means of the test key is aimed at preventing “the gluing effect” from compromising the working of the RCD which has been inactive for a long time; therefore this test is effected only to verify the mechanical working of the RCD and it does not permit to declare that the RCD is complying with the standards. According to a statistical survey the periodical check, once a month, of the RCDs by means of the test key reduces by one half the RCD fault rate, this test however detects only 24% of defective RCDs.
14.4.2. Installation parts to be checked
All the RCDs shall be tested when installed. In the low voltage installations the test is recommended to grant an acceptable safety level. For the medical rooms this check shall be effected periodically every six months on all RCDs.
14.4.3. Allowable values
To compare the measurements make reference to the table reporting the limits for the tripping times. On each RCD it is necessary to effect: a test with leakage current in phase with voltage and a leakage current phase shifted by 180° with respect to the voltage. The highest time is to be considered as significant result. The test at ½IdN shall never cause the RCD tripping.
RCD type IdN x 1 IdN x 2 IdN x 5 * Description
General 0,3s 0,15s 0,04s Max tripping time in seconds
Selective S
* For nominal values IdN 30mA, the test current for 5 times is 0.25A
0,13s 0,05s 0,05s Min tripping time in seconds
0,5s 0,20s 0,15s Max tripping time in seconds
Tab. 5: Tripping times for general and selective RCDs
14.4.4. Note
In case the earth installation is not available effect the test connecting the instrument with one terminal on a conductor downstream the RCD and one terminal on the other conductor upstream the RCD itself.
EN - 76
Before effecting the test at the RCD rated current the instrument carries out a test at ½IdN to measure the contact voltage and the overall earth resistance; if during this test the RCD trips an error message is displayed. During this test the RCD may trip for three possible reasons:
the RCD tripping current is lower than ½ IdN an earth plate is already present on the installation which added to the earth generated
by the instrument causes the RCD tripping. If during measurement of contact voltage the voltage detected is higher than the safety value (50V or 25V) the test is interrupted; proceeding with the test under such conditions would mean to keep the contact voltage applied to all the metal masses connected to the earth for a too long time resulting to be dangerous.
Among the test results of the RCD tripping time also the earth resistance value Ra is displayed in , this value for the TN and IT systems is not to be considered while for the TT systems it is merely indicative.
14.5. TEST OF RCD TRIPPING CURRENT
14.5.1. Purpose of the test
Check the real tripping current of the general RCDs (it does not apply to the selective RCDs).
14.5.2. Installation parts to be checked
When facing RCDs with tripping current to be selected it is useful to effect this test to check the real RCD tripping current. For RCDs with fixed differential current this test can be effected to detect any leakage of the installation users. In case the earth installation is not available effect the test connecting one instrument’s terminal on a conductor downstream the RCD and one terminal on the other conductor upstream the RCD itself.
14.5.3. Allowable values
The tripping current shall range from ½ IdN to IdN.
14.5.4. Note
Make reference to the notes of the § 14.4.4 too. To check whether significant leakage currents are present on the installation operate as follows: after deactivating all the loads effect the tripping current measurement and take note of
the value activate the loads and effect a new measurement of the tripping current; if the RCD
trips with a lower current, the installation leakage is the difference between the two
tripping currents. If during the test the error message is displayed the installation
leakage current added to the current for contact voltage measurement (½IdN) causes
the RCD tripping.
This test is not usually performed to compare the tripping time of the switch with the limits prescribed by the standards. In this mode, the instrument detects the exact current and the differential switch’s tripping time with the tripping current. Instead, the standards refer to maximum tripping times in case the differential switch is tested with a leakage current equal to the nominal current.
EN - 77
14.6. MEASUREMENT OF SHORT-CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE
14.6.1. Purpose of the test
Check that the tripping power of the protection device is higher than the maximum fault current of the installation.
14.6.2. Installation parts to be checked
The test shall be effected in the point where the short circuit current is the highest possible, usually immediately downstream the RCD to be checked. The test shall be effected between phase and phase (Zpp) in the three phase installations and between phase and neutral (Zpn) in the single-phase installations.
14.6.3. Allowable values
Three-phase installations:
Pi
400 2
Zpp
Single-phase installations:
*
3
Pi
230
Zpn
where: P Z Z
= tripping power of the protection device
i
= impedance measured between phase and phase
pp
= impedance measured between phase and neutral
pn
14.7. FAULT LOOP IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
14.7.1. Purpose of the test
The fault loop is the circuit of the current when there is a bad isolation of the electrical system toward earth. The fault loop is composed:
transformer coil impedance the impedance of the line from the transformer to the fault the impedance of the protective conductor from the conductive part to the neutral of the
transformer.
When the instrument measures fault loop impedance, it detects the prospective fault current. So the operator can determinate if magnetothermical protection is coordinated to the protection of indirect contacts.
CAUTION
The instrument must be used to measure a fault loop impedance value which is at least ten times higher than the instrument’s resolution, so as to minimize possible errors.
14.7.2. Installation parts to be checked
The test is necessary in TN or IT electrical system without RCDs.
14.7.3. Allowable values
The following relation has to be fulfill:
ZS  Uo / Ia
ove: Uo = phase to earth voltage. Z
= impedance measured between phase and earth.
S
Ia = tripping current of the magnetothermical protection in 5 seconds.
EN - 78
14.8. EARTH RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTIN TT SYSTEMS
14.8.1. Purpose of the test
Check that the RCD is coordinated with the earth resistance value. It is not possible to assume an earth resistance value as reference limit when controlling the test result, while it is necessary to check every time that the co-ordination complies with the requirements of the standards.
14.8.2. Installation parts to be checked
The earth installation under working conditions. The check is to be effected without disconnecting the earth plates.
14.8.3. Allowable values
The earth resistance value measured shall meet the following relation:
RA < 50 / Ia
where: RA = resistance of the earth installation, the value can be set with the following
measurements:
earth resistance with three-wire volt-ampere method fault loop impedance (see (*)) two-wire earth resistance (see (**)) two-wire earth resistance in the socket (see (**)) earth resistance obtained by the measurement of contact voltage Ut (see
(**))
earth resistance obtained by the tripping time test of the RCDs (A,
AC),RCDs S (A, AC) (see (**)).
I
= tripping current in 5s of the RCD; rated tripping current of the RCD (in the
a
case of RCD S 2 IdN
50 = safety limit voltage (reduced down to 25V in special rooms )
(*) If the installation is protected by an RCD the measurement shall be effected upstream
or downstream the RCD short circuiting it to avoid its tripping.
(**) These methods provide values resulted to be indicative of the earth resistance.
EXAMPLE FOR EARTH RESISTANCE TEST
Let’s assume an installation protected by a 30 mA RCD. Let’s measure the earth resistance using one of the methods quoted above, to evaluate whether the installation resistance is complying with the standards in force and multiply the result by 0.03A (30 mA). If the result is lower than 50V (or 25V for special rooms) the installation can be considered as coordinated as it respects the above-said relation. When we face 30 mA RCDs (the most of civil installations) the maximum earth resistance allowed is 50/0.03=1666 permitting to use even simplified methods which even though they do not provide extremely precise values give a value approximate enough for the calculation of the co-ordination.
EN - 79
14.9. VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS
14.9.1. Theory
Any periodical non-sine wave can be represented as a sum of sinusoidal waves having each a frequency that corresponds to an entire multiple of the fundamental, according to the relation:
)tsin(VVv(t)
k0
1k
kk
(1)
where: V0 = average value of v(t) V V
= amplitude of the fundamental of v(t)
1
= amplitude of the kth harmonic of v(t)
k
LEGEND:
1. Fundamental
2. Third harmonic
3. Distorted waveform
Fig. 36: Effect of the sum of two multiple frequencies
In the mains voltage, the fundamental has a frequency of 50 Hz, the second harmonic has a frequency of 100 Hz, the third harmonic has a frequency of 150 Hz and so on. Harmonic distortion is a constant problem and should not be confused with short events such as sags, surges or fluctuations. It can be noted that in (1) the index of the sigma is from 1 to the infinite. What happens in reality is that a signal does not have an unlimited number of harmonics: a number always exists after which the harmonics value is negligible. The EN 50160 standard recommends
to stop the index in the expression (1) in correspondence of the 40
th
harmonic. A
fundamental element to detect the presence of harmonics is THD defined as:
40
2
V
h
h
V
2
1
THDv
This index takes all the harmonics into account. The higher it is, the more distorted the waveform gets.
14.9.2. Limit values for harmonics
EN 50160 guideline fixes the limits for the harmonic voltages, which can be introduced into the network by the power supplier. In normal conditions, during whatever period of a week, 95% if the RMS value of each harmonic voltage, mediated on 10 minutes, will have to be inferior than or equal to the values stated in Tab. 6. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the supply voltage (including all the harmonics up to 40th order) must be inferior than or equal to 8%.
EN - 80
Odd harmonics Even harmonics
Not multiple of 3 Multiple of 3
Order h Relative voltage
% Max
5 6 3 5 2 2
7 5 9 1,5 4 1 11 3,5 15 0,5 6..24 0,5 13 3 21 0,5 17 2 19 1,5 23 1,5 25 1,5
Order h Relative voltage
% Max
Order h
Relative voltage %
Max
Tab. 6: Limits for the harmonic voltages the supplier may introduce into the network
These limits, theoretically applicable only for the supplier of electric energy, provide however a series of reference values within which the harmonics introduced into the network by the users must be contained.
14.9.3. Presence of harmonics: causes
Any apparatus that alters the sine wave or uses only a part of such a wave causes distortions to the sine wave and therefore harmonics. All current signals result in some way virtually distorted. The most common situation is the harmonic distortion caused by non-linear loads such as electric household appliances, personal computers or speed control units for motors. Harmonic distortion causes significant currents at frequencies that are odd multiples of the fundamental frequency. Harmonic currents affect considerably the neutral wire of electric installations. In most countries, the mains power is three-phase 50/60Hz with a delta primary and star secondary transformers. The secondary generally provides 230V AC from phase to neutral and 400V AC from phase to phase. Balancing the loads on each phase has always represented an headache for electric systems designers. Until some ten years ago, in a balanced system, the vectorial sum of the currents in the neutral was zero or quite low (given the difficulty of obtaining a perfect balance). The devices were incandescent lights, small motors and other devices that presented linear loads. The result was an essentially sinusoidal current in each phase and a low current on the neutral at a frequency of 50/60Hz. “Modern” devices such as TV sets, fluorescent lights, video machines and microwave ovens normally draw current for only a fraction of each cycle thus causing non-linear loads and subsequent non-linear currents. All this generates odd harmonics of the 50/60Hz line frequency. For this reason, the current in the transformers of the distribution boxes contains only a 50Hz (or 60Hz) component but also a 150Hz (or 180Hz) component, a 50Hz (or 300Hz) component and other significant components of harmonic up to 750Hz (or 900Hz) and higher. The vectorial sum of the currents in a balanced system that feeds non-linear loads may still be quite low. However, the sum does not eliminate all current harmonics. The odd multiples of the third harmonic (called “TRIPLENS”) are added together in the neutral and can cause overheating even with balanced loads.
EN - 81



14.9.4. Presence of harmonics: consequences
In general, even harmonics, i.e. the 2nd, 4th etc., do not cause problems. Triple harmonics, odd multiples of three, are added on the neutral (instead of cancelling each other) thus creating a condition of overheating of the wire which is extremely dangerous. Designers should take into consideration the three issues given below when designing a power distribution system that will contain harmonic current:
the neutral wire must be of sufficient gauge the distribution transformer must have an additional cooling system to continue
operating at its rated capacity when not suited to the harmonics. This is necessary because the harmonic current in the neutral wire of the secondary circuit circulates in the delta-connected primary circuit. This circulating harmonic current heats up the transformer
phase harmonic currents are reflected on the primary circuit and continue back to the
power source. This can cause distortion of the voltage wave so that any power factor correction capacitors on the line can be easily overloaded.
The 5th and the 11th harmonic contrast the current flow through the motors making its operation harder and shortening their average life. In general, the higher the ordinal harmonic number , the smaller its energy is and therefore the impact it will have on the devices (except for transformers).
14.10. POWER AND POWER FACTOR DEFINITION
In un generico sistema elettrico, alimentato da una terna di tensioni sinusoidali, si In a standard electric installation powered by three sine voltages the following is defined:
Phase active power:
(n=1,2,3)
Phase reactive power:
(n=1,2,3)
Phase apparent power:
(n=1,2,3)
Phase power factor:
(n=1,2,3)
Total active power:
Total reactive power:
Total apparent power:
Total power factor:
P
TOT
TOT
P
F
TOT
P
F
n
n
S
n
P
TOT
S
TOT
22
PSQ
nnn
IVS
nnNn
PPPP
321
QQQQ
QPS
TOTTOTTOT
)cos(IVP
nnnNn
321
22
where: VnN = RMS value of voltage between phase n and neutral I
= RMS value of n phase current
n
fn = phase displacement angle between voltage and current of n phase
EN - 82


In presence of distorted voltages and currents the previous relations vary as follows:
Phase active power:
(n=1,2,3)
Phase reactive power:
(n=1,2,3)
Phase apparent power:
(n=1,2,3)
Phase power factor:
(n=1,2,3)
Distorted power factor
(n=1,2,3)
Total active power:
Total reactive power:
Total apparent power:
Total power factor:
dPFn = cosf1n = phase displacement between the fundamentals
n
0
k
P
F
of voltage and current of n phase
TOT
TOT
P
F
TOT
cos
22
PSQ
nnn
IVS
nnNn
n
n
QPS
TOT
TOT
k
PPPP
321
QQQQ
321
TOTTOTTOT
k
nkn
P
n
S
P
S
)(IVP
n
22
where: V I
f
= RMS value of kth voltage harmonic between n phase and neutral
kn
= RMS value of kth current harmonic of n phase
kn
= Phase displacement angle between kth voltage harmonic and kth current
kn
harmonic of n phase
14.10.1. Note
It is to be noted that the expression of the phase reactive power with non sine waveforms, would be wrong. To understand this, it may be useful to consider that both the presence of harmonics and the presence of reactive power produce, among other effects, an increase of line power losses due to the increased current RMS value. With the above given relation the increasing of power losses due to harmonics is added to that introduced by the presence of reactive power. In effect, even if the two phenomena contribute together to the increase of power losses in line, it is not true in general that these causes of the power losses are in phase between each other and therefore that can be added one to the other mathematically. The above given relation is justified by the relative simplicity of calculation of the same and by the relative discrepancy between the value obtained using this relation and the true value.
It is to be noted moreover, how in case of an electric installation with harmonics, another parameter called distorted power factor (dPF) is defined. In practice, this parameter represents the theoretical limit value that can be reached for power factor if all the harmonics could be eliminated from the electric installation.
14.10.2. Conventions on powers and power factors
As for the recognition of the type of reactive power, of the type of power factor and of the direction of the active power, the below conventions must be applied. The stated angles are those of phase-displacement of the current compared to the voltage (for example, in the first panel the current is in advance from 0° to 90° compared to the voltage):
EN - 83
Equipment under test = inductive generator Equipment under test = capacitive load
P+ = 0 Pfc+ = -1 Pfi+ = -1 Qc+ = 0
180°
Qi+ = 0
P+ = 0
Pfc+ = -1 Pfi+ = -1 Qc+ = 0
Qi+ = 0
P- = P
Pfc- = -1
Pfi- = Pf
Qc- = 0
Qi- = Q P- = P Pfc- = Pf
Pfi- = -1
Qc- = Q
Qi- = 0
90°
P+ = P Pfc+ = Pf
Pfi+ = -1
Qc+ = Q
Qi+ = 0
P+ = P
Pfc+ = -1
Pfi+ = Pf
Qc+ = 0
Qi+ = Q
270°
P- = 0 Pfc- = -1 Pfi- = -1 Qc- = 0 Qi- = 0
P- = 0 Pfc- = -1 Pfi- = -1 Qc- = 0 Qi - = 0
0°
Equipment under test = capacitive generator Equipment under test = inductive load
where:
Symbol Significance Remarks
P+ Value of the active power + Pfc+ Capacitive power factor + Pfi+ Inductive power factor + Qc+ Value of the capacitive reactive power +
Positive parameter
(user)
Qi+ Value of the inductive reactive power + P- Value of the active power ­Pfc- Capacitive power factor ­Pfi- Inductive power factor ­Qc- Value of the capacitive reactive power -
Negative parameter
(generator)
Qi- Value of the inductive reactive power -
Value Significance
P The active power (positive or negative) is defined in the panel and therefore acquires
the value of the active power in that moment
Q The reactive power (inductive or capacitive, positive or negative) is defined in the
panel and therefore acquires the value of the reactive power in that moment
Pf The power factor (inductive or capacitive, positive or negative) is defined in the panel
and therefore acquires the value of the power factor in that moment
0 The active power (positive or negative) or the reactive power (inductive or capacitive,
positive or negative) is NOT defined in the panel and therefore acquires a null value
-1 The power factor (inductive or capacitive, positive or negative) is NOT defined in the panel
EN - 84
Via della Boaria 40
48018 – Faenza (RA) - Italy
Tel: +39-0546-621002 (4 linee r.a.)
Fax: +39-0546-621144
email: ht@htitalia.it
http://www.ht-instruments.com
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