HP TS-3793/U Service and user manual

TM 11-6625-2969-14&P

TECHNICAL MANUAL

OPERATOR’S, ORGANIZATIONAL, DIRECT SUPPORT

AND GENERAL SUPPORT MAINTENANCE MANUAL

(INCLUDING REPAIR PARTS AND SPECIAL TOOLS LISTS)

POWER METER TS-3793/U

(HEWLETT-PACKARD MODEL 436A)

(NSN 6625-01-033-5050)

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

9 MAY 80

SAFETY STEPS TO FOLLOW IF SOMEONE
IS THE VICTIM OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

DO NOT TRY TO PULL OR GRAB THE lNDl-

VIDUAL

IF POSSIBLE, TURN OFF THE ELECTRICAL
POWER

IF YOU CANNOT TURN OFF THE ELECTRICAL
POWER, PULL, PUSH, OR LIFT THE PERSON TO
SAFETY USING A WOODEN POLE OR A ROPE
OR SOME OTHER INSULATING MATERIAL

SEND FOR HELP AS SOON AS POSSIBLE

AFTER THE INJURED PERSON IS FREE OF CON­TACT WITH THE SOURCE OF ELECTRICAL

SHOCK, MOVE THE PERSON A SHORT
DISTANCE AWAY AND IMMEDIATELY START

ARTIFICIAL RESUSCITATION

This manual includes copyright material reproduced by permission of the HEWLETT-PACKARD Company.

TM 11-6625-2969-14&P

TECHNICAL MANUAL

HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

No. 1l-6625-2969-14&P)

W

ASHINGTON

, DC,

9 May 1980

OPERATOR’S, ORGANIZATIONAL,

DIRECT SUPPORT AND GENERAL SUPPORT

MAINTENANCE MANUAL

(INCLUDING REPAIR PARTS

AND SPECIAL TOOLS LISTS)

POWER METER TS-3793/U

(HEWLETT-PACKARD MODEL 436A)

(NSN 6625-01-033-5050)

REPORTING OF ERRORS

You can improve this manual by recommending improvements using DA Form 2028-2 located in the back
of the manual. Simply tear out the self-addressed form, fill it out as shown on the sample, fold it where shown,
and drop it in the mail.

If there are no blank DA Forms 2028-2 in the back of your manual, use the standard DA Form 2028

(Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) and forward to the Commander, US Army Com-

munications and Electronics Materiel Readiness Command, ATTN: DRSEL-ME-MQ, Fort Monmouth, NJ

07703.

In either case a reply will be furnished direct to you.

SERIAL NUMBER

This manual applies directly to instruments with serial numbers prefixed 1606A,
1611A and 1629A.
With changes described in section VII, this manual also applies to instruments with
serial numbers prefixed 1447A, 1448A, 1451A, 1501A, 1503A, 1504A, 1505A,
1538, and 1550A.
For additional important information about serial numbers, see INSTRUMENTS
COVERED BY MANUAL in section I.

This manual is an authentication of the manufacturer’s commercial literature which, through usage, has been found to
cover the data required to operate and maintain this equipment. Since the manual was not prepared in accordance with
military specifications, the format has not been structured to consider levels of maintenance.

i

Model 436A

CONTENTS

Section

0

INSTRUCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-1

0-1

Scope

0-2

Indexes of Publications . . . . . 0-1

0-3

Forms and Records . . . . . . . . 0-1

0-4

0-5

Administrative Storage . . . . . 0-1

0-6

Destruction of Army Electronics

GENERAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . 1-1

I
1-1.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1-6.

Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1-8.

Instruments Covered by Manual . . . . . . 1-1

1-14. Description . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1-18. Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1-19.
1-22.
1-24.

1-27. Accessories Supplied . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1-29. Equipment Required but not Supplied. . . . 1-4

1-31. Equipment Available . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1-34. Recommended Test Equipment . . . . . . 1-4

1-36. Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . 1-4

II

2-1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-3. Initial Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-5. Preparation for Use . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-6. Power Requirements . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-8. Line Voltage Selection . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-10. Power Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-12.

2-14. Interconnections . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2-18.

2-21. Operating Environment. . . . . . . . 2-2

2-23. Bench Operation . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2-25.

2-28. Storage and Shipment . . . . . . . . . 2-3

2-29.
2-31.

III OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3-1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3-4. Panel Features. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3-6. Operator’s Maintenance . . . . . . . . 3-1

3-8. Operator’s Checks . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3-10. Local Operating Instructions . . . . . . . 3-1

3-12. Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus Remote

3-14.

3-18. DataMessages. . . . . . . . . . .3-20

3-21. Receiving Data Messages . . . . . . .3-20

3-32. Sending Data Messages from the Power

Input-Output Options . . . . . . . . 1-3

Cable Options. . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

Remote Control Options . . . . . . . 1-4

INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

Circuit Options . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

Mating Connectors . . . . . . . . . 2-2

Rack Mounting . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

Environment . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Packaging. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Operation . . . . . . . . . . . .3-20

Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . .3-20

Meter . . . . . . . . . . . .3-24

Page

0-1

0-1

0-1

Contents

Section

3-40.
3-42.
3-44.
3-46.
3-48.

3-50.
3-52.

3-54.
3-56.
3-58.
3-60.

3-62. Remote BCD Interface Operation . . . . . 3-29

3-65.
3-67.

3-73. Power Measurement Accuracy . . . . . 3-37

3-75. Sources of Error and Measurement .

3-81.

3-86.

IV
4-1.
4-3.
4-5.
4-7.
4-10.
4-11.
4-12.
4-13.

V
5-1.
5-4.
5-10.
5-12.
5-14.
5-16.
5-17.
5-18.

5-19.
5-20.
5-21.

5-22.

VI
6-1.
6-3.
6-5.
6-7.

Receiving the Trigger Message . . .

Receiving the Clear Message . . . .

Receiving the Remote Message . . .

Receiving the Local Message . . . .

Receiving the Local Lockout and Clear

Lockout Set Local Messages . . .
Receiving the Pass Control Message .
Sending the Required Service Message .
Sending the Status Byte Message . .

Sending the Status Bit Message . . .

Receiving the Abort Message . . . .

Test of HP-IB Operation . . . . .

Output Data Format . . . . . . . . 3-36

BCD Remote Programming . . . . . . 3-36

Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37

Corrections for Error . . . . . . . . 3-38

Calculating Total Uncertainty . . . . . 3-38

PERFORMANCE TESTS . . . . . . . . 4-1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Equipment Required . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Test Record . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Performance Tests . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Zero Carryover Test . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Instrument Accuracy Test . . . . . . . . 4-3

Calibration Factor Test . . . . . . . . 4-6

Power Reference Level Test . . . . . . . 4-7

ADJUSTMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Equipment Required . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Factory Selected Components . . . . . . 5-1

Adjustment Locations . . . . . . . . . 5-1

DC Offset Adjustment . . . . . . . . . 5-2

Auto Zero Offset Adjustment . . . . . . 5-3

Spike Balance Adjustment . . . . . . . 5-4

Multivibrator Adjustment . . . . . . . . 5-5

A-D Converter and Linear Meter Adjustment. . 5-6
Power Reference Oscillator

Frequency Adjustment . . . . . . . . 5-8

Power Reference Oscillator Level

Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

REPLACEABLE PARTS . . . . . . . . 6-1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

Replaceable Parts List . . . . . . . . . 6-1

Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . 6-1

. . . . 3-29

. . . . 3-29

. . . . 3-29

. . . .

. . . .

. . . . 3-29

. . . 3-29

. . . . 3-29

.. . . 3-29

. . .

. . . . 3-29

iii

Page

3-29

3-29

3-29

Contents

CONTENTS (Cont’d)

Section

6-10. Parts Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6-12. Direct Mail Order System . . . . . . . . 6-1

6-13 Cross Reference Index . . . . . 6-21

MANUAL CHANGES . . . . . . . . . 7-1

VII
7-1.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

Manual Changes . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7-3.
7-6.

Manual Change Instructions . . . . . . . 7-1

VIII

SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1

8-1.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

8-3.

Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . 8-1

8-9.

Recommended Test Equipment . . . . . 8-5

8-11.

Service Adds . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5

8-16.

Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5

8-17.
8-19.

Factory Selected Components . . . . 8-5

Disassembly and Reassembly Procedures . 8-5

Page

APPENDIXES

Model 436A

Section

8-24. Basic Circuit Descriptions . . . . . . . 8-7

8-25. Linear Integrated Circuits . . . . . . 8-7

8-30. Digital Integrated Circuits and Symbols . 8-7

8-55. Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . .

8-59. Standard Instrument Checkout . . . .

8-64.
8-68.
8-70. Block Diagram Circuit Descriptions . . .
8-71.
8-75.
8-87.
8-114.
8-117.

8-130. Data Mode Operation . . . . . .

8-155. Service Sheet 5 . . . . . . . . .

HP-IB Instrument Checkout . . . . .

BCD Instrument Checkout . . . . .

Service Sheet 1 . . . . . . . . .

Service Sheet 2 . . . . . . . . .

Service Sheet 3 . . . . . . . . .

Service Sheet 4 . . . . . . . . .

Command Mode Operation . . . . .

Page

8-16
8-16
8-69
8-117
8-123
8-123

8-124
8-128
8-150
8-150
8-153
8-163

APPENDIX A.

B.

Section I.

II.

APPENDIX C.

D.

Section I.

II.

III.

IV.

APPENDIX E.

Figure

HP Model 436A Power Meter and Accessories

1-1.

Supplied . . . . . . . . . . .1-0

Line Voltage Selection . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-1.

Power Cable HP Part Numbers Versus

2-2.

Mains Plugs Available . . . . . . . 2-2

Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus Connection . 2-6

2-3.

BCD Interface Connection. . . . . . . 2-7

2-4.

Front and Rear Panel Controls, Connectors,

3-1.

and Indicators. . . . . . . . . . 3-2

Operator’s Checks . . . . . . . . . 3-6

3-2.

Operating Instructions . . . . . . . . 3-16

3-3.

Power Meter Response Curve (Settling Time for

3-4.

Analog Circuits) . . . . . . . . . 3-26

Measurement Timing Flow Chart (Settling

3-5.

Time for Digital Circuitry) . . . . . 3-27

Operating Program Simplified Flow Chart. . 3-28

3-6.

References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Components of End Item List

Introduction

Integral Components of End Item . . . . . . . . . . B-2

Additional Authorization List
Maintenance Allocation

Introduction

Maintenance Allocation Chart

Tools and Test Equipment Requirements .. .. .. D-5

Remarks (N/A)
Expendable Supplies and Materials List (N/A)

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Figure

3-7. Test of HP-IB Operation Flowchart . . . 3-30

3-8. 436A Quick Programming Guide . . . . 3-31

3-9. Calculating Measurement Uncertainties . . 3-42
3-10. The Effect of Power Sensor Mismatch

3-11. Calculating Measurement Uncertainty

4-1.
4-2.
4-3.
4-4.

5-1.
5-2.
5-3.
5-4.
5-5.

Page A-1

B-1

(N/A)

D-1
D-3

Page

on Measurement Accuracy . . . . . . 3-44

(Uncertainty in dB Known) . . . . . 3-45

Zero Carryover Test Setup. . . . . . . 4-2

Instrument Accuracy Test Setup . . . . 4-4

Calibration Factor Test Setup . . . . . 4-6

Power Reference Level Test Setup . . . . 4-8

DC Offset Adjustment Setup . . . . . . 5-2

Auto Zero Offset Adjustment Setup . . . 5-3

Spike Balance Adjustment Setup . . . . 5-4

Multivibrator Adjustment Setup . . . . . 5-5

A-D Converter and Linear Meter

Adjustment Setup . . . . . . . . 5-6

iv

Model 436A

Figure

Power Reference Oscillator Frequency

5-6.

Adjustment Setup . . . . . . .

Power Reference Oscillator Level

5-7.

Adjustment Setup . . . . . . .

Cabinet Parts . . . . . . . . . .

6-1.

Schematic Diagram Notes . . . . . .

8-1.

Front Panel Removal . . . . . . .

8-2.

Operational Amplifier Functional Circuits.

8-3.

Dual D-Type Flip-Flop . . . . . . .

8-4.

Four-Bit Bistable Latch. . . . . . .

8-5.

Dual J-K Master/Slave Flip-Flop and Gate

8-6.

Pulse Timing. . . . . . . . .

Dual J-K Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop . . .

8-7.

Programmable Counters . . . . . .

8-8.

3-Line to 8-Line Decoder . . . . . .

8-9.

8-Input Data Selector (Multiplexer) . . .

8-10.

LED Display Driver . . . . . . . .

8-11.

Numeric Display . . . . . . . . .

8-12.

MOS and TTL ROMs . . . . . . .

8-13.

Power Meter Operating Cycle . . . . .

8-14.

Operating Program Flow Chart . . . .

8-15.

HP-IB Verification Program

8-16.

(HP 9830A Calculator) . . . . . .

HP-IB Verification Program

8-17.

(HP 9820A Calculator) . . . . . .

Analog-to-Digital Converter Simplified

8-18.

Diagram and Waveforms . . . . .

HP-IB Listen Handshake Timing . . . .

8-19.

Data Valid Status Generator Timing . .

8-20.

Overall Block Diagram . . . . . . .

8-21.

AC Gain, A-D Converter and Display

8-22.

Circuits Block Diagram . . . . . .

Controller and Counters Block Diagram .

8-23.

HP-IB (Option 022) Circuit Block Diagram

8-24.

BCD Interface (Option 024) Circuit

8-25.

Block Diagram . . . . . . . .

AlAl Display Assembly Component

8-26.

Locations . . . . . . . . . . . 8-177

A1A2 Pushbutton Assembly

8-27.

Component Locations . . . . . . . 8-177

Front Panel Assembly

8-28.

Schematic Diagram . , . . . . . . 8-177

A2 AC Gain Assembly Component, Test

8-29.

Point, and Adjustment Locations . . . 8-179

ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont’d)

Page

Figure
8-30. AC Gain Assembly Schematic Diagram . .

5-8

8-31. A1A3 CAL FACTOR % Switch Assembly

Component Locations . . . . . . .

5-9

8-32. A3 A-D Converter Assembly

Components, Test Point, and

6-18

8-2
8-6
8-8
8-9
8-9

8-33. A-D Converter Assembly

8-34. A4 Counter Relative Assembly

8-35. Counter Relative Assembly

Adjustment Locations . . . . . . .

Schematic Diagram . . . . . . . .

Component and Test Point

Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Schematic Diagram . . . . . . . .

8-10
8-10
8-11
8-12
8-13
8-14
8-15
8-15
8-17
8-25

8-70

8-36. A5 Controller Assembly Component

and Test Point Locations . . . . . .

8-37. Controller Assembly

Schematic Diagram . . . . . . . .

8-38. A6 HP-IB (Option 022) Control

Assembly Component and

Test Point Locations . . . . . . .

8-39. HP-IB (Option 022) Control Assembly

Schematic Diagram . . . . . . . .

8-40. A7 HP-IB (Option 022) Input/Output

Assembly Component and Test

Point Locations . . . . . . . . .

8-41. HP-IB (Option 022) Input/Output Assembly

Schematic Diagram . . . . . . . .

8-95

8-42. A6 BCD Interface Control (Option 024)

Assembly Component and

8-126
8-151
8-160
8-167

8-43. BCD Interface Control (Option 024)

8-44. A8 Power Reference Oscillator Assembly

Test Point Locations . . . . . . .

Assembly Schematic Diagram . . . .

Component, Test Point, and

8-169

8-171
8-173

8-175

8-45. Power Reference Oscillator Assembly

8-46. A9 Power Supply Rectifier and Regulator

Adjustment Locations . . . . . . .

Schematic Diagram . . . . . . . .

Assembly Component and

Test Point Locations . . . . .

8-47. Rear Panel Mounted Power Supply

Component Locations . . . . .

8-48. Power Supply Rectifier and Regulator

Assembly Schematic Diagram . .
8-49. Rear View of Front Panel (Removed) .
8-50. Top Internal View Standard Instrument
8-51. Top Internal View HP-IB or

BCD Interface . . . . . . .

-

Contents

Page

8-179

8-181

8-181

8-181

8-183

8-183

8-185

8-185

8-186

8-187

8-189

8-189

8-191

8-191

8-193

8-193

. . 8-195

. . 8-195

8-195

. .
. . 8-197

8-197

. .

. . 8-197

v

Contents

Table

1-1.
1-2.

2-1.
2-2.

3-1.
3-2.
3-3.

3-4.

3-5.

3-6.

3-7.
3-8.

4-1.

4-2.

TABLES

Page

Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

Recommended Test Equipment . . . . . . 1-5

Circuit Options . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

USA Standard Code for Information

Interchange (ASCII) . . . . . . . . 2-5

Message Reference Table . . . . . . . . 3-21

Measurement Sequence . . . . . . . . 3-22

Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus

Input Program Codes . . . . . . . . 3-23

Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus

Output Data String . . . . . . . . . 3-25

Power Meter Remote Access Time to

First Output Data Character . . . . . . 3-26

Power Meter Output Data Printout for

HP 5055A Digital Recorder . . . . . . 3-36

BCD Output Data Codes . . . . . . . . 3-39

BCD Programming Commands . . . . . . 3-41

Zero Carryover Autorange Digital

Readout Results . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

Instrument Accuracy Test Results . . . . . 4-5

Model 436A

Table
4-3.

Instrument Accuracy Test Results

for dB [REF] Mode . . . . . . . . 4-5

4-4.

Calibration Factor Test Results . . . . . . 4-7

Performance Test Record . . . . . . . . 4-10

4-5.

Factory Selected Components . . . . . . 5-2

5-1.
6-1.

Reference Designators and Abbreviations . .

Replaceable Parts . . . . . . . . .

6-2.
6-3.

Code List of Manufacturers . . . . . .

Manual Changes by Serial Number . . . .

7-1.
8-1.

Logic Levels and Power Requirements . . .

8-2.

Program Mnemonic Descriptions . . . .

8-3.

Standard Instrument Checkout . . . . .

8-4.

HP-IB Circuit Troubleshooting . . . . .

8-5.

BCD Interface Option 024 Checkout . . .

8-6.

Operating Program Description . . . . .

8-7.

Up/Down Count Control Logic Steering . .

8-8.

Function Decoder Clock Selection . . . .

Programming Command Logic

8-9.

Operating Summary . . . . . . . .

Power Meter Talk HP-IB Output

8-10.

Data Format . . . . . . . . . . 8-161

Page

. ..6-2
. .6-4
. 6-19

. .7-1
. .8-9

.8-20
.8-52
.8-99
.8-117
.8-130

8-145

.8-155

8-155

SERVICE SHEETS

Service Sheet

1

Overall Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-166

2 AC Gain, A-D Converter, and Display Circuits

Block Diagram (A1A1, A2, A3) . . . . . . . .8-168

3 Controller and Counters Block Diagram

(A1A2, A4, A5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-170

4 HP-IB (Option 022) Circuit Block

Diagram (A6, A7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-172

5 BCD Interface (Option 024) Circuit

Block Diagram (A6, A7). . . . . . . . . . . . .8-174

Front Panel Assembly (A1A1, A1A2) . . . . . . .8-176

6

7 AC Gain Assembly (A2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-178

Page

Service Sheet
8

A-D Converter Assembly (A1A3, A3) . . . . . . .8-180

9

Counter Relative Assembly (A4) . . . . . . . . . .8-182

10

Controller Assembly (A5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-184

HP-IB (Option 022) Control Assembly (A6) . . .8-186

11

HP-IB (Option 022) Input/Output

12

Assembly (A7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-188

BCD Interface Control (Option 024)

13

Assembly (A6, A7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-190

Power Reference Oscillator Assembly (A8). . . .8-192

14

Power Supply Rectifier and Regulator

15

Assembly (A9, A10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-194

Page

vi

Model 436A

Safety Considerations

SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

GENERAL

This product and related documentation must be
reviewed for familiarization with safety markings
and instructions before operation. This product has
been designed and tested in accordance with inter­national standards.

SAFETY SYMBOLS

Instruction manual symbol: the

product will be marked with this
symbol when it is necessary for
the user to refer to the instruc­tion manual (refer to Section II
of this manual.

Indicates hazardous voltages.

Indicates earth (ground) terminal.

The WARNING sign denotes a
hazard. It calls attention to. a
procedure, practice, or the like,
which, if not correctly performed
or adhered to, could result in
personal injury. Do not proceed
beyond a WARNING sign until
the indicated conditions are fully
understood and met.

The CAUTION sign denotes a
hazard. It calls attention to an
operating procedure, practice, or
the like, which, if not correctly
performed or adhered to, could
result in damage to or destruc­tion of part or all of the product.
Do not proceed beyond a CAU­TION sign until the indicated
conditions are fully understood
and met.

SAFETY EARTH GROUND

This is a Safety Class I product (provided with a
protective earthing terminal). An uninterruptible

safety earth ground must be provided from the
main power source to the product input wiring ter­minals, power cord, or supplied power cord set.
Whenever it is likely that the protection has been
impaired, the product must be made inoperative
and be secured against any unintended operation.

BEFORE APPLYING POWER

Verify that the product is configured to match the
available main power source per the input power
configuration instructions provided in this manual.

If this product is to be energized via an auto-trans-

former make sure the common terminal is con­nected to the neutral (grounded side of mains
supply).

SERVICING

Any servicing, adjustment, maintenance,

or repair of this product must be per­formed only by qualified personnel.

Adjustments described in this manual

may be performed with power supplied

to the product while protective covers
are removed. Energy available at many
points may, if contacted, result in per­sonal injury.

Capacitors inside this product may still

be charged even when disconnected from

its power source.

To avoid a fire hazard, only fuses with

the required current rating and of the
specified type (normal blow, time delay,

etc.) are to be used for replacement.

vii

SECTION 0

INSTRUCTIONS

TM ll-6625-2969-14&P

0-1.

operation and maintenance instructions.
TS-3793/U is referred to as the Hewlett-Packard Model 436A Power Meter.

0-2.

whether there are new editions, changes, or additional publications pertain-

ing to the equipment.

modification work orders (MWO’S) pertaining to the equipment.

0-3.

forms, records, and reports which are to be used by maintenance personnel
at all levels of maintenance are listed in and prescribed by TM

NAVSUPINST 4030.29/AFR 71-13/MCO P4030.29A and DSAR 4145.8.

SCOPE .

This manual describes Power Meter TS-3793/U (fig. 1-1) and provides

Throughout this manual, the

INDEXES OF PUBLICATIONS.

a.

DA Pam 310-4.

b.

DA Pam 310-7.

FORMS AND RECORDS.

a.

Reports of Maintenance and Unsatisfactory Equipment. Maintenance

Refer to the latest issue of DA Pam

Refer to DA Pam 310-7 to determine whether there are

310-4

to determine

38-750.

Report of Packaging and Handling Deficiencies. Fill out and forward

b. Report of Packaging Improvement Report) as prescribed in AR 700-58/

c. Discrepancy in Shipment Report (DISREP) (SF 361). Fill out and

forward Discrepancy in Shipment Report (DISREP) (SF 361) as prescribed in

AR 55-38/NAVSUPINST 4610.33A/AFR 75-18/MCO P4610.19B and DSAR 4500.15.

0-4.

Instructions for preparing EIR’s are provided in TM 38-750, The

Maintenance Management System. EIR’s should be mailed directly to

Commander, US Army Communications and Electronics Materiel Readiness
Command and Fort Monmouth, ATTN:

A reply will be furnished directly to you.

0-5.

shall be in accordance with TM 740-90-1.

0-6.

accordance with TM 750-244-2.

REPORTING OF EQUIPMENT IMPROVEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS (EIR).

EIR’s will be prepared using DA Form 2407, Maintenance Requiest.

Army

DRSEL-ME-MQ, Fort Monmouth, NJ 07703.

ADMINISTRATIVE STORAGE.

Administrative storage of equipment issued to and used by Army

DESTRUCTION OF ARMY ELECTRONICS MATERIEL.

Destruction of Army Electronics materiel to prevent enemy use shall be in

activities

0-1

General Information

Model 436A

1-0

Figure 1-1. HP Model 436A Power Meter and Accessories Supplied

Model 436A

General Information

SECTION I

GENERAL INFORMATION

1-1. INTRODUCTION

1-2. This manual provides information pertaining
to the installation, operation, testing, adjustment
and maintenance of the HP Model 436A Power
Meter.

1-3. Figure 1-1 shows the Power Meter with
accessories supplied.

1-4. Packaged with this manual is an Operating
Information Supplement. This is simply a copy of
the first three sections of this manual. This
supplement should be kept with the instrument for
use by the operator. Additional copies of the

Operating
ordered through your nearest Hewlett-Packard
office. The part numbers are listed on the title page
of this manual.

1-5. On the title page of this manual, below the

manual part number, is a “Microfiche” part
number. This number may be used to order

4x6-inch microfilm transparencies of the manual.

The microfiche package also includes the latest
Manual Changes supplement as well as all pertinent

Service Notes.

1-6. SPECIFICATIONS

1-7. Instrument
Table 1-1. These specifications are the performance
standards or limits against which the instrument
may be tested.

1-8. INSTRUMENTS COVERED BY MANUAL

1-9. Power Meter Options 002, 003, 009, 010,
011, 012, 013, 022, and 024 are documented in
this manual. The differences are noted in the
appropriate location such as OPTIONS in Section
I, the Replaceable Parts List, and the schematic
diagrams.

Information Supplement may be

specifications

are listed in

number prefix(es) as listed under SERIAL
NUMBERS on the title page.

1-11. An instrument manufactured after the
printing of this manual may have a serial prefix
that is not listed on the title page. This unlisted
serial prefix indicates that the instrument is
different from those documented in this manual.
The manual for this instrument is supplied with a
yellow Manual Changes supplement that contains
change
differences.

1-12. In addition to change information, the
supplement may contain information for cor­recting errors in the manual. To keep this manual
as current and accurate as possible, Hewlett­Packard recommends that you periodically request
the latest Manual Changes supplement. The
supplement for this manual is keyed to the
manual’s print date and part number, both of
which appear on the title page. Complimentary
copies
Hewlett-Packard.

1-13. For information concerning a serial number
prefix not listed on the title page or in the Manual
Changes supplement, contact your nearest Hewlett­Packard office.

1-14. DESCRIPTION

1-15. The Power Meter is a precision digital­readout instrument capable of automatic and
manual measurement of RF and Microwave power
levels. It is designed for interconnection with a
compatible Power Sensor (refer to Table 1-1,

Specifications) to form a complete power measure­ment system. The frequency and power range of
the system are determined by the particular Power

Sensor selected for use. With the Power Sensors
available, the overall frequency range of the system
is 100 kHz to 18 GHz, and the overall power range

is -70 to +35 dBm.

information

of the supplement are available from

that

documents

the

1-10. This instrument has a two-part serial
number. The first four digits and the letter
comprise the , serial number prefix. The last five
digits form the sequential suffix that is unique to
each instrument. The contents of this manual
apply directly to instruments having the same serial

1-16. Significant operating features of the Power

Meter are as follows:

●

Digital Display:

seven-segment LED, plus a sign when in the

dBm or dB (REL) mode. It also has under- and

The display is a four-digit,

1-1

General Information

Model 436A

Table 1-1. Specifications

SPECIFICATIONS

Frequency Range:

100 kHz to 18 GHz (depending on power sensor used).

Power Range:

(display calibrated in watts, dBm, and dB relative to
reference power level).

With 8481A, 8482A, or 8483A sensors:

50 dB with 5
full scale ranges of –20, –10, O, 10, and 20 dBm

(l0pW

to 100 mW).

With 8481H or 8482H sensors:

45 dB with 5 full scale

ranges of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 35 dBm (1 mW to 3W).

With 8484A sensor:

50 dB with 5 full scale ranges of

-60, -50, -40, -30, and -20 dBm (1 nW to

10/Jw).

Accuracy:

Instrumentation1:

Watt mode: ±0.5%.
dBm mode: ±0.02 dB ±0.001 dB/°C.
dB [REL] mode2: ±0.02 dB ±0.001 dB/°C.

Zero:

Automatic, operated by front panel switch.

Zero set:

±0.5% of full scale on most sensitive range.

typical, ±1 count on other ranges.

Zero carry over:

±0.2% of full scale when zeroed on

the most sensitive range.

Noise

(typical, at constant temperature, peak change
over any one-minute interval): 20 pW (8484A);
40 nW (8481A, 8482A, 8483A); 4 pW (8481H,

8482H).

Drift

(1 hour, typical, at constant temperature after
24-hour warm-up); 20 pW (8484A); 10 nW (8481A,
8482A, 8483A); 1.0 0W (8481H, 8482 H).

Power Reference:

Internal 50 MHz oscillator with
Type N Female connector on front panel (or rear
panel, Option 003 only).

Power output: 1.00 mW.

Factory set to ±0.7%, traceable to the National
Bureau of Standards.
Accuracy: ±1.2% worst case (±0.9% rss) for one
year (0°C to 55°C).

Response Time:

(0 to 99% of reading, five time constants)
Range 1 (most sensitive) <10 seconds.

Range 2
Range 3-5

<1 second
<100 milliseconds.

(Typical, measured at recorder output).

Cal Factor:

16-position switch normalizes meter reading to ac­count for calibration factor or effective efficiency,
Range 85% to 100% in 1% steps.

Cal Adjustment:

Front panel adjustment provides capability to adjust
gain of meter to match power sensor in use.

Recorder Output:

Proportional to indicated power with 1 volt corre-

sponding to full scale and 0.316 volts to -5 dB;

kfl

output impedance, BNC connector.

1

RF Blanking Output:

Open collector TTL; low corresponds to blanking

when auto-zero mode is engaged.

Display:

Digital display with four digits, 20% over-range capa-

bility on all ranges. Also, uncalibrated analog peak-

ing meter to see fast changes.

Power Consumption:

100, 120, 220, or 240 V + 5%, -10%, 48 to 440 Hz,

less than 20 watts (<23 watts with Option 022, or

024).

Dimensions:

134 mm High (5-1/4 inches).
213 mm Wide (8-3/8 inches).
279 mm Deep (11 inches).

Net Weight:

4.5 kg (10 lbs).

1-2

1

Includes sensor non-linearity. Add +1.5 -1.0% on top range when using the 8481A, 8482A, or 8483A power sensors.

2

Specifications are for within range measurements. For range-to-range accuracy add the range uncertainties.

Model 436A

General Information

DESCRIPTION (cont’d).

overrange indicators.
overrange capability

There is a 20 percent
in all ranges.

Large
10 mm (0.375 inch) digits are easy to see even
in a high glare environment.

● Auxiliary Meter:

Complements the digital
display by showing fast changes in power level.
Ideal for

“peaking”

transmitter output or

other variable power devices.

● Choice of Display in Watts, dBm or dB:

Absolute power can be read out in watts or
dBm. Relative power measurements are made
possibile with the dB [REF] switch. Pressing
this switch zeros the display for any applied
input power and any deviation from this
reference is shown in dB with a resolution of
±0.01 dB. This capability is particularly useful
in frequency response testing.

●

Power Units and Mode Annunciator:

annunciator

provides

error-free

The units

display
interpretation by indicating appropriate power
units in the watt mode. The mode annunciator
indicates the mode of operation: dBm, dB
(REL), ZERO or REMOTE.

● Completely Autoranging: The Power Meter

automatically switches through its 5 ranges to
provide completely

“hands off” operation.
The RANGE HOLD switch locks the Power
Meter in one of its ranges when autoranging is

not desired.

● Automatic Sensor Recognition: The Power

Meter continually decodes the sensitivity of
the Power Sensor to which it is connected.
This information is then used to automatically
control the digital display decimal point
location and, when WATT MODE operation is
selected, to light the appropriate power units
annunciator.

●

Auto Zero:

Zeroing the meter is accomplished
by merely depressing the SENSOR ZERO
switch and waiting until the display shows all
zeros before releasing it. The meter is ready to
make measurements as soon as the zero light
in the mode annunciator goes off.

●

RF Blanking Output:

Open collector TTL; low
corresponds to blanking when the sensor zero
is engaged, ” May be used to remove the RF
input signal connected to the power sensor.

● Calibration Accuracy: A 1.00 mW, 50 MHz

reference output is available at the front panel

for calibrating the Power Meter and the Power
Sensor as a system. Calibration is accomp­lished using the CAL ADJ and CAL FACTOR
% controls. The CAL ADJ control compen­sates for slight differences in sensitivity
associated with a particular type of Power
Sensor and the CAL FACTOR % control
compensates for mismatch losses and effective
efficiency over the frequency range of the
Power Sensor.

● Recorder Output:

Provides a linear output
with respect to the input power level. For
each range, a +1.00 Vdc output corresponds
to a full scale input power level. Refer to
Table 1-1, Specifications, for the full-scale
range values associated with the various types

of Power Sensors available.

1-17. Two programming interfaces are available as
options for the Power Meter - a Hewlett-Packard
Interface Bus (HP-IB) Option 022; and a BCD

Interface, Option 024. Both interfaces allow full
remote control of all the power meter functions
(CAL FACTOR can be programmed to either

100% or the CAL FACTOR which has been
manually set on the front panel). These options
may be added by the user at a later time as his
requirements grow.

1-18. OPTIONS

1-19. Input-Output Options

1-20. Option 002.

A rear panel input connector is
connected in parallel with the front panel input
connector.

1-21. Option 003. A rear panel input connector

replaces the standard front panel input connector;
a rear panel POWER REF OUTPUT connector
replaces the standard front panel connector.

1-22. Cable Options

1-23. A 1.5

metre (5 ft.) Power Sensor Cable is
normally supplied. The 1.5 metre cable is omitted
with any cable option. The options and cable
lengths are shown in the table below.

Option

009
010
011
012
013

I

Cable Length

3.0 m (10 ft)

6.1 m (20 ft)

15.2 m (50 ft)

30.5 m (100 ft)

61.0 m (200 ft)

1-3

General Information

Model 436A

1-24. Remote Control Options

1-25. Options 022 and 024 add remote interface
capability to the Power Meter. Option 022 is
compatible with the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus
(AH1, C0, DC2, DT1, L2, LE0, PP0, RL2, SH1,
SR0, T3, TE0); Option 024 uses dedicated
input/output lines to enable remote programming

and to provide parallel, BCD-coded output data.

1-26. Option 022 or 024 may be ordered in kit

form under HP part numbers 00436-60035 and
00436-60034 respectively. Each kit contains a
control assembly printed-circuit board, an input/
output assembly printed circuit board, and a data

cable for interconnection.

1-27. ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED

1-28. The accessories supplied with the Power

Meter are shown in Figure 1-1.

a.

The 1.5 metre (5 ft.) Power Sensor Cable,
HP 00436-60026, is used to couple the Power
Sensor to the Power Meter. The 1.5 metre cable is

omitted with any cable option.

b. The line power cable may be supplied in

one of four configurations. Refer to the paragraph

entitled Power Cables in Section II.

c. An alignment tool for adjusting the CAL

ADJ front panel control (HP Part No. 8710-0630).

1-29. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED BUT NOT

SUPPLIED

1-30. To form a complete RF power measurement
system, a Power Sensor such as the HP Model
8481A must be connected to the Power Meter via
the Power Sensor cable.

1-31.

EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE

1-32.

The HP Model 11683A Range Calibrator is
recommended for performance testing, adjusting,
and troubleshooting the Power Meter. The Power
Meter’s range-to-range accuracy and auto-zero

operation can easily be verified with the Calibrator.
It also has the capability of supplying a full-scale

test signal for each range.

1-33. Two extender boards (HP Part Numbers

5060-0258, and 5060-0990; 24 and 44 pins
respectively) enable the Power Meter printed
circuit assemblies to be accessed for service. Rubber
bumpers (HP Part No. 0403-0115) should be in­stalled on the extender boards to prevent the boards
from touching.

1-34. RECOMMENDED TEST EQUIPMENT

1-35. The test equipment shown in Table 1-2 is
recommended for use during performance testing,
adjustments,
optimum performance of the Power Meter, the
specifications of a substitute instrument must
equal or exceed the critical specifications shown in
the table.

1-36. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

1-37. The Power Meter is a Safety Class I
instrument. This instrument has been designed
according to international safety standards.

1-38. This operating and service manual contains
information, cautions, and warnings which must be
followed by the user to ensure safe operation and
to retain the instrument in safe condition.

and troubleshooting. To ensure

1-4

Model 436A

General Information

Table 1-2. Recommended Test Equipment

Instrument

Type

Range Calibrator

Digital Voltmeter

Power Meter

Thermistor
Mount

Counter

Oscilloscope

Critical Specifications

Chopped dc output for each range referenced

Function: DC, resistance

Range Resistance: 200 ohms
Vdc: 100 m Vdc, 1000 mVdc, 10 Vdc, 100 Vdc

10MQ

input impedance

6-digit resolution (±0.05% of reading, +0.02% of range)

Range: 1 mW

Transfer Accuracy (input -to-output): 0.2%
SWR: 1.05,50 MHz

Accuracy:
Frequency Range: 220 Hz, 50 MHz HP 5245L A

Sensitivity: 100 m Vrms
Accuracy: 0.01%

Bandwidth: dc to 50 MHz HP 180C/ T
Vertical Sensitivity: 0.2 V/division
Horizontal Sensitivity: 1 ms/division

±0.5% at 50 MHz **

to 1 mW range

Suggested

Model

HP 11683A
HP 3490A

HP 432A

HP 478A-H75

1801A/1821A

P,A,T

P,A,T

P, A

P, A

Use *

Logic Analyzer

*P = Performance Tests; A = Adjustments; T = Troubleshooting

**Traceable to the National Bureau of Standards

Clock Input: 60 kHz
Trigger Word: 8 Bits
Bit Input: TTL

Display Word: 8 Bits

HP 1601L

T

1-5/1-6

Model 436A

Installation

SECTION II

INSTALLATION

2-1. INTRODUCTION

2-2. This section provides all information neces-

sary to install the Power Meter. Covered in the
section are initial inspection, power requirements,
line voltage selection, interconnection, circuit

options, mounting, storage, and repackaging for

shipment.

2-3. INITIAL INSPECTION

2-4.

Inspect the shipping container for damage. If
the shipping container or cushioning material is
damaged, it should be kept until the contents of
the shipment have been checked for completeness
and the instrument has been checked mechanically
and electrically. The contents of the shipment
should be as shown in Figure 1-1. Procedures for
checking electrical performance are given in
Section IV. If the contents are incomplete, if there
is mechanical damage or defect, or if the instru­ment does not pass the electrical performance test,
notify the nearest Hewlett-Packard office. If the
shipping container is damaged, or the cushioning
material shows signs of stress, notify the carrier as
well as the Hewlett-Packard office. Keep the
shipping materials for the carrier’s inspection.

2-5. PREPARATION FOR USE
2-6. Power Requirements

2-7. The Power Meter requires a power source of
100, 120, 220, or 240 Vac, +5%, -0%, 48 to
440 Hz single phase. Power consumption is approx­imately 20 watts.

2-9. Figure 2-1 provides instructions for line
voltage and fuse selection. The line voltage
selection card and the proper fuse are factory
installed for 120 Vac operation.

SELECTION OF OPERATING VOLTAGE

1. Open cover door, pull the FUSE PULL lever
end rotate to left. Remove the fuse.

2. Remove the Line Voltage Selection Card.
Position the card so the line voltage appears
at top-left corner. Push the card firmly into
the slot.

3. Rotate the Fuse Pull lever to its normal posi­tion. Insert a fuse of the correct value in the
holder. Close the cover door.

Figure 2-1. Line Voltage Selection

If this instrument is to be energized via an
autotransformer for voltage reduction,

make sure the common terminal is
connected to the earthed pole of the

power source.

2-8. Line Voltage Selection

BEFORE SWITCHING ON THIS IN-

STR UMENT, make sure the instrument is
set to the voltage of the power source.

2-10. Power Cable

BEFORE SWITCHING ON

THIS IN-

STRUMENT, the protective earth termi-

nals of this instrument must be connected
to the protective conductor of the (mains)

power cord. The mains plug shall only be

inserted in a socket outlet provided with a

protective earth con tact. The protective

action must not be negated by the use of
an extension cord (power cable) without a

protective conductor (grounding).

2-1

Installation

Model 436A

Power Cable (cont’d)

2-11. In accordance with international safety
standards, this instrument is equipped with a three­wire power cable.

When connected to an
appropriate ac power receptacle, this cable grounds
the instrument cabinet. The type of power cable
plug shipped with each instrument depends on the

8481H Power Sensors provide identical full scale
outputs in response to input signal levels of 100

milliwatts and 3 watts, respectively.

erence in their sensitivity codes is detected by the
Power Meter, however, and the Power Meter digital

readout is automatically configured to indicate the

appropriate value.

country of destination. Refer to Figure 2-2 for the

part numbers of the power cable plugs available.

2-16. Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus Option 022.

Interconnection data for Hewlett-Packard Interface
Bus Option 022 is provided in Figure 2-3. Power
Meter programming and output data format is
described in Section III, Operation.

2-17. BCD Interface Bus Option 024. Inter-

connection data for BCD Interface Option 024 is
provided in Figure 2-4. Power Meter programming

8120-1378

8120-1351

and output data format is described in Section III,
Operation.

2-18. Mating Connectors
2-19. Interface Connectors.

nectors for Options 022 and 024 are indicated in
Figures 2-3 and 2-4, respectively.

The dif-

Interface mating con-

8120-1369

8120-1689

2-20. Coaxial Connectors. Coaxial mating con-

nectors used with the Power Meter should be US
MIL-C-39012-compatible type N male or 50-ohm

Figure 2-2. Power Cable HP Part Numbers

Versus Mains Plugs Available

2-12. Circuit Options

2-13. Jumper options are available for selecting a

BNC male.

2-21. Operating Environment

2-22. The operating environment should be within
the following limitations:

filtered or unfiltered dc RECORDER OUTPUT,

for changing the TALK and LISTEN addresses

when Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus Option 022 is
installed, and for selecting the desired pro-

Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . 0°C to +55°C

Humidity . . . , . . . . . . . . . <95% relative

Altitude . . . . . . . . . .

gramming of the SENSOR ZERO function when

BCD Interface Option 024 is installed. Table 2-1
lists the factory installed jumper connections and
indicates how they may be reconnected to select
the options.

2-23. Bench Operation

2-24. The instrument cabinet has plastic feet and a
fold-away tilt stand for convenience in bench
operation. (The plastic feet are shaped to ensure
self-aligning of the instruments when stacked. ) The

2-14. Interconnections
2-15. Power Sensor.

For proper system operation,
the Power Sensor must be connected to the Power
Meter using either the Power Sensor cable supplied
with the Power Meter or any of the optional Power
Sensor cables specified in Section I. Each of these
cables employs a sensitivity line to enable the
Power Meter to determine the operating range of
the Power Sensor and thus, the true value of the
input signal. For example, the 8481A and

tilt stand raises the front of the instrument for
easier viewing of the control panel.

2-25. Rack Mounting

2-26. Instruments that are narrower than full rack
width may be rack mounted using Hewlett-Packard
sub-module cabinets. If it is desired to rack mount
one Power Meter by itself, order half-module kit,
HP Part Number 5061-0057. If it is desired to rack
mount two Power Meters side by side, order the
following items:

<4570 m (15,000 ft)

2-2

Model 436A

Installation

Rack Mounting (cont’d)

Rack Mount Flange Kit (two provided)

HP Part Number 5020-8862.

Front Horizontal Lock Links (four pro-

b.

vided) HP Part Number 0050-0515.

Rear Horizontal Lock Links (two pro-

vided HP Part Number 0050-0516.

2-27 In addition to the rack mounting hardware,
a front handle assembly (two provided) is also
available for the Power Meter. The part number is

HP 5060-9899.

2-28. STORAGE AND SHIPMENT
2-29. Environment

2-30. The instrument should be stored in a clean
dry environment. The following environmental
limitations apply to both storage and shipment:

Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . -40°C to +75°C

Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . <95% relative

Altitude . . . . . . . . . .

2-31. Packaging
2-32. Original Packaging.

<7620 m (25,000 ft)

Containers and materials
identical to those used in factory packaging are
available through Hewlett-Packard offices. If the
instrument is being returned to Hewlett-Packard
for servicing, attach a tag indicating the type of

service required,

return address, model number,
and full serial number. Also mark the container
FRAGILE to assure careful handling. In any
correspondence refer to the instrument by model
number and full serial number.

2-33. Other Packaging.

The following general
instructions should be used for re-packaging with
commercially available materials:

Wrap the instrument in heavy paper or

a.
plastic. (If shipping to a Hewlett-Packard office or
service center, attach a tag indicating the service
required, return address, model number, and full
serial number.)

b. Use a strong shipping container. A double­wall carton made of 275-lb test material is

adequate.

c.

Use enough shock-absorbing material (3
to 4-inch layer) around all sides of instrument to
provide firm cushion and prevent movement in the
container.

Protect the control panel with

cardboard.

d. Seal the shipping container securely.

Mark the shipping container FRAGILE to

e.

assure careful handling.

2-3

Installation

Model 436A

Table 2-1. Circuit Options

Assembly

A-D Converter
Assembly A3

BCD Interface
Control Assembly
A6 (Option 024)

Hewlett-Packard
Interface Bus Con­trol Assembly A6

(Option 022)

Service

Sheet

8

13

11

Jumper Functions

The factory-installed jumpers provide a filtered dc RECORDER OUTPUT
which corresponds to the average power input to the Power Sensor. If ex­ternal filtering is desired, reconnect the jumpers to provide the optional un­filtered dc RECORDER OUTPUT as shown on Service Sheet 8.

The factory-installed jumper enables the SENSOR ZERO function to be
programmed only when the REMOTE ENABLE input to the Power Meter
is low. If it is desired to program the SENSOR ZERO function independ­ently of the remote enable input, reconnect the jumper to provide +5 V
to U12C-9 as shown on Service Sheet 8.

The factory installed jumpers select TALK address M and LISTEN address

-

(minus sign) for the Power Meter. As shown on Service Sheet 11, either
of these addresses causes a high enable output at U2C-10. If it is desired
to change these addresses, refer to Service Sheet 11 and Table 2-2 and
reconnect the jumpers to decode the appropriate ASCII characters. For
example, to change to TALK address E and LISTEN address 70, the
jumpers would be reconnected as follows.

ASCII code (logic 1=0V)

DDDDDDD
1111111
0000000
7654321

M
E

-

%

Jumpers

M

-

1001101
1000101

0101101
0100101

U1B-13
U1B-12
U1B-10
U1B- 9
U2C- 9

HI01
LI02
HI03
HI04
HI05

Note: DI07 and DI06 must always be
1 and 0, respectively, for TALK address.

Note: DI07 and DI06 must always be
0 and 1, respectively, for LISTEN address.

E, % , Disconnect jumper from HI04
and reconnect to LI04.

2-4

Model 436A

Installation

Table 2-2. USA Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

NOTE

3

0 0

0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0 0

1

0 0

1

0

1

0
1 1
1 1
1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

0
1

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

2
3

4

5
6
7
8

9

10
11
12
13
14

NUL

1

SOH
STX DC2
ETX
EOT
ENQ

ACK

BEL
BS
HT
LF SUB

VT
FF
CR GS
SO

D LE
DC1

DC3
DC4
NAK

SYN

ETB
CAN
EM

ESC
FS

RS

SP
!

“
#
$ 4

%
&
‘
(
)
*

+

,

–

0

1 A
2
3

5 E

6

7
8

9

<
=
>

@

B
C S
D

F
G
H

I

J

K

L
M
N

P
Q
R

T

UI
V
w

x
Y
Z

[
\

“

‘

a
b
c
d
e
f

g
h

i

i

k

l
m
n

p
q

r
s
t

u
v
w
x

y
z

(

;

)

1 1 1

1

15

SI

US

NOTE 3

NOTE 1: HP-IB valid LISTEN addresses
NOTE 2: HP-IB valid TALK addresses
NOTE 3: Logic 1 = OV

I

?

O

NOTE 1 NOTE 2

o

DEL

2-5

Installation

Model 436A

Logic Levels

The Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus logic levels are TTL compatible,
i.e., the true (1) state is 0.0 Vdc to 0.4 Vdc and the false (0) state is

+2.5 Vdc to +5.0 Vdc.

Programming and Output Data Format

Refer to Section III, Operation.

Mating Connector

HP 1251-0293; Amphenol 57-30240.

Mating Cables Available

HP 10631A, 1.0 metre (3 ft.); HP 10631B, 2.0 metres (6 ft.)

HP 10631C, 4.0 metres (12 ft.); HP 10631D, 0.5 metre (1.5 ft.)

Cabling Restrictions

A Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus System may contain no more

1.
than 1.8 metres (6 ft.) of connecting cable per instrument.

2.

The maximum accumulative length of connecting cable for any
Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus System is 20.0 metres (65.6 ft.)

2-6

Figure 2-3. Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus Connection

Model 436A

Installation

Logic Levels

The BCD Interface logic levels are TTL
compatible, i.e., the true state is 0.0 Vdc to

0.4 Vdc and the false state is +2.5 Vdc to

+5.0 Vdc.

Figure 2-4. BCD Interface Connection

Programming and Output Data Format

Refer to Section III, Operation

Mating Connectors
Mating Cables Available

- HP 1251-0086

- HP 562A-16C

for 5055A Printer

2-7/2-8

Model 436A

Operation

SECTION Ill
OPERATION

3-1. INTRODUCTION

3-2. This section provides complete operating
information for the Power Meter. Included in the
section are a description of all front- and rear-panel
controls,
features), operator’s checks, operating instructions,
power measurement accuracy considerations, and
operator’s maintenance.

3-3. Since the power Meter can be operated locally
as well as remotely via Hewlett-Packard Interface
Bus Option 022 or BCD Remote Interface Option
024, respectively, the information in this section is
arranged accordingly. All information unique to a

particular operating configuration is designated as
such; where no distinction is made, the informa­ion is applicable to both standard and optional
instrument operation.

3-4. PANEL FEATURES

3-5. Front and rear panel features of the Power
Meter are described in Figure 3-1. This figure
contains a detailed description of the controls,
connectors and indicators.

3-6. OPERATOR’S MAINTENANCE

3-7. The only maintenance the operator should
normally perform is replacement of the primary
power fuse located within Line Module Assembly
A11. For instructions on how to change the fuse,
refer to Section II, Line Voltage Selection.

Make sure that only fuses with the required
rated current and of the specified

connectors, and

indicators (panel

type (normal blow, time delay, etc.) are

used for replacement. The use of repaired
fuses and the short-circuiting of fuse­holders must be avoided.

3-8. OPERATOR’S CHECKS

3-9. A procedure for verifying the major func­tions of the Power Meter is provided in Fig­ure 3-2.
parts: Local Operation, Remote BCD Operation,
and Remote Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus Opera­tion. For a standard instrument it is only necessary
to perform the Local Operation procedure. For
units equipped with either of the remote options,
the Local Operation procedure should be per­formed first to establish a reference against which
remote operation can be verified. Information
covering remote programming of the Power Meter
is provided in the following paragraphs, and a
Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus Verification Pro­gram is provided in Section VIII, Service.

3-10. LOCAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

The procedure is divided into three

3-11. Figure 3-3 provides general instructions for
operating the Power Meter via the front-panel
controls.

Any

interruption

of the protective
(grounding) conductor (inside or outside
the instrument) or disconnecting the

protective earth terminal is likely to make

this instrument dangerous. Intentional
interruption is prohibited.

3-1

Operation

Model 436A

FRONT AND REAR PANEL FEATURES

3-2

Figure 3-1. Front and Rear Panel Controls, Connector, and Indicators (1 of 4)

Figure 3-1.

3-3

Operation

Model 436A

FRONT AND REAR PANEL FEATURES

3-4

Figure 3-1. Front and Rear Panel Controls, Connector, and lndicators (3 of 4)

Figure 3-1.

Figure 2-1

Table 2-2

3-5

Operation

LOCAL OPERATION

Model 436A

OPERATOR’S CHECKS

3-6

BEFORE CONNECTING LINE POWER TO THIS INSTRU­MENT, ensure that all devices connected to this instrument
are connected to the protective (earth) ground.

BEFORE SWITCHING ON THIS INSTRUMENT, ensure that

the line power (mains) plug is connected to a three-conductor

line power outlet that has a protective (earth) ground. (Ground-

ing one conductor of a two-conductor outlet is not sufficient.)

Figure 3-2. Operator’s Checks (1 of 10)

Figure 3-2.

Section II

3-7

Figure 3-2.

3-8

Figure 3-2.

3-9

Operation

Model 436A

OPERATOR’S CHECKS

LOCAL OPERATION

(cont’d)

3-10

25. Set the
that the

26. Set the POWER REF switch to ON (in) and adjust the
Readout indictes –2.00 dBm.

POWER REF switch to off (out). Verify that the

Digital Readout blanks

Figure 3-2. Operator’s Checks (5 of 10)

UNDER RANGE lamp lights and

CAL ADJ control so that the

Digital

Figure 3-2.

3-11

Operation

REMOTE BCD OPERATION

Model 436A

OPERATOR’S CHECKS

(cont’d)

3-12

8.

Set the POWER REF switch to ON. Verify that the

Digital Readout blanks (1_ . _ _

pW).

OVER RANGE lamp lights and the

NOTE

Underscore (_) indicates blanked digit.

9.

Program the Power Meter to Range 3. Verify that the mW lamp lights and that the OVER
RANGE lamp goes out.

Figure 3-2. Operator’s Checks (7 of 10)

Figure 3-2.

3-13

Figure 3-2.

3-14

Figure 3-2.

Section VIII

3-15

Figure 3-3.

3-16

Figure 3-3.

Section II

3-17

Figure 3-3.

3-18

Figure 3-3.

Section II

3-19

Operation

Model 436A

3-12. HEWLETT-PACKARD INTERFACE BUS

REMOTE OPERATION

NOTE

For a quick and easy programming guide
see Figure 3-8; for detailed information
study paragraphs 3-12 through 3-61.

3-13. Hewlett-Packard Interface

Bus (HP-IB)
Option 022 adds remote programming and digital
output capability to the Power Meter. For further
information about the HP-IB, refer to IEEE Stand­ard 488 and the Hewlett-Packard Catalog. Power
Meter compatibility, programming, and data for­mat is described in detail in the paragraphs which

follow.

3-14. Compatibility

3-15. The Power Meter controls that can be pro­grammed via the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus
are the MODE and SENSOR ZERO switches. The
controls not programmable are the POWER REF
and LINE switches. The CAL FACTOR % switch
can be enabled and disabled via the interface bus

but, when enabled, the calibration factor entered
at the front-panel of the Power Meter is used.

takes to make a valid measurement, study the rest
of the information in this section.

3-21. Receiving Data Messages

3-22. The Power Meter is configured to listen (re­ceive data) when the controller places the interface
bus in the command mode (ATN and REN lines
low; IFC line high) and outputs listen address “-”
(minus sign). The Power Meter then remains con­figured to listen (accept programming inputs when
the interface bus is in the data mode) until it is un­addressed by the controller. To unaddress the
Power Meter, the controller can either send the
Abort Message (set tine IFC line low) or send the

Local Message (set the REN line high), or it can
place the interface bus in the command mode and
generate a universal unlisten command.

3-23. Data Input Format. The Power Meter does

not require any particular data input format. It is
capable of responding to each of the programming
codes listed in Table 3-3 on an individual basis.

Because it responds to these codes in the order it
receives them, we recommend that the code for

measurement rate be sent last.

3-16. In addition, specific ranges can be set and
various triggering options are available to the pro­grammer. This will be described in detail later.

3-17. The programming capability of the Power
Meter will be described in terms of the twelve bus
messages found in Table 3-1.

3-18. Data Messages

3-19. The Power Meter communicates on the bus
primarily through data messages. It receives data
messages that tell it what range to use, what mode
to use, whether or not cal factor should be en­abled, and what the measurement rate should be. It
sends data messages that tell the measurement
value, the mode and range the value was taken at,
and what the instrument’s status (see Table 3-4)
was when it took the measurement.

3-20. Table 3-2 outlines the key elements involved
in making a measurement. Indeed the Power Meter
can be programmed to make measurements via the
HP-IB by following only the sequence suggested in
the table, and briefly referring to Tables 3-3, 3-4,

(input and output data), and Fig. 3-8. However, to

take advantage of the programming flexibility built

into the Power Meter and minimize the time it

3-24. Program Codes. Table 3-3 lists the program

codes that the Power Meter responds to and the
functions that they enable. In the listen mode, the
Power Meter can handshake in 0.5

IJS.

The time re­quired for the Power Meter to respond to the pro­gramming command, however, depends on where
the Power Meter is in the operating program (see

Figure 3-6). The overall worst case time for Power

Meter response to a programming command is

2.5 seconds, the minimum response time is approx­imately 100 microseconds.

NOTE

In addition to the program codes listed
in Table 3-3, Power Meter operation will

be affected by all other program codes

shown in columns 2, 3, 4, and 5 of Table
2-2, except (SP!”#$%&*). Thus care

should be taken to address the Power
Meter to unlisten before sending these
programming commands to other instru­ments on the interface bus.

3-25. Programming the Range. Remote range pro-

gramming is slightly different than Local range

selection. For Local operation the Power Meter
auto-ranges. For Remote operation, the program
codes have provision for direct selection of the de-

3-20

Model 436A

Operation

Table 3-1. Message Reference Table

Message and Identification

Data

Trigger (DTO) No

Clear (DC2)

Remote (RL2)

Local (RL2)

Local Lockout (RL2)

Applicable

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Command and Title

T3 Talker, L2 Listener,
AH1 Acceptor Handshake
SH1 Source Handshake.

Device Trigger

DCL Device Clear

SDC Selected Device Clear

REN Remote Enable

REN Remote Disable

GTL Go to Local Power Meter does not respond to GTL

REN Remote Disable Power Meter does not respond to LLO

Power Meter changes mode, range, measure­ment rate, and Cal Factor enable or disable.
It outputs status and measurement data.

The Power Meter does not respond to a
Group Execute Trigger. However, remote
trigger capability is part of the Data mes­sage (measurement rate).

Upon receipt of DCL command, Power
Meter functions are set for Watt Mode,
Auto Range, Cal Factor Disable and Meas­urement rate Hold.

Power Meter goes to remote when addressed
to listen, and REN is true (low).

Power Meter goes to local when REN is
false (high).

command.

command.

Response

Clear Lockout/
Set Local (RL2)

Pass Control/Take
Control

Require Service

Status Byte

Status Bit

Abort

(C(3)

(SR~

(PP@)

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Complete HP-IB capability as defined in IEEE Std. 488 is AH1, CO, DC2, DTO,

LEO, PPO, RL2, SH1, SR0, T3, TEO.

REN Remote Disable

Controller Power Meter cannot act as bus controller.

SRQ Service Request

SPE Serial Poll Enable

SPD Serial Poll Disable

PP Parallel Poll

IFC Interface Clear

NOTE

Returns all devices on bus to local
operation.

Power Meter does not request service.

Power Meter does not respond to a
Serial Poll

Power Meter does not respond to a parallel
poll.

Power Meter stops talking or listening.

3-21

Operation

Model 436A

Table 3-2. Measurement Sequence

MEASUREMENT SEQUENCE

Event 1

Event 2

Event 3

Event 4

Event 5

{controller talk and Power Meter listen}, {Program Codes}

See controller manual. Program codes to configure one or more of the
Power Meter Listen address
factory set to “-” (see
Tables 2-1 and 2-2).
e.g., CMD "?U-","9D+V"

wrt “pmrd”, “9D+V”

following (see Table 3-3):

1. Range

2. Remote mode (Watt, dBm, dB [Ref]

3. Cal Factor

4. Measurement Rate (and trigger)

Response time for meter’s digital (operating program) circuitry (see Table 3-5 and Figures 3-5 and 3-6).

Meter takes measurement; data available.

Additional delay to allow analog circuits to settle; necessary only if on Range 1 (most sensitive) or if
settling time measurement rates are not being used (see Figure 3-4). Here are some suggestions: *

1.

Load reading into controller (event five) and check data string for range (look at character number 1
or check measured value).

2.

If Power Meter is on Range 1, wait 10 seconds and take another reading.

3.

If settling time measurement rates are being used and meter is not on Range 1, use the first reading.
If settling time measurement rates are not being used, determine the range and branch to an appro-

4.
priate delay: Range 2, one second; Ranges 3-5, 0.1 second.

{universal unlisten, controller listen and Power Meter talk} , {variable name}

See controller manual. Power Meter Talk address factory set to “M” (see Tables 2-1 and 2-2).

*There are other ways to ensure that readings are not affected by analog circuit settling time. Also,

these recommended delays are worst case. A thorough understanding of the material in this section
will allow you to optimize measurement time for your particular application. For example, if the
power level is not changing, the controller can average at least two consecutive readings to see if the
result is still settling.

EXAMPLE PROGRAM SEQUENCE:

Line 1 {controller talk and power meter listen}, “9D+T”

Measurement Rate: Trigger with settling time.

Cal Factor Disable (100%)

dBm

Mode

Auto Range

Line 2 {universal unlisten, controller listen and power meter talk} , {variable name}

Power meter outputs measured value to controller.

Line 3

Line 4
Line 5

Controller checks value in variable for Range 2 threshold (e.g., <-20 dBm for Model 8482A

Power Sensor). If value is below threshold, program branches to line 4. If value is above thres-

hold, program branches to line 5.

{wait 10 seconds, then go to line 1} .
{continue}.

3-22

Model 436A

Operation

Table 3-3. Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus

Input Program Codes

Function

Range

Least sensitive

Most sensitive
Auto

MODE

Watt
dB (Rel)
dB [Ref]
dBm
Sensor auto-zero

CAL FACTOR

Disable (100%)
Enable (front-panel

switch setting)

Measurement Rate

Hold

Trigger with set-

ling time

Trigger, immediate
Free Run at maxi-

mum rate

Free Run with set-

ling time

Program Codes

ASC II DECIMAL

5
4
3
2

1

9

A
B
C
D
Z

+

–

H
T

I
R

V

53
52
51
50

49
57

65
66
67
68
69

43

45

72
84

73
82

86

program steps that should be written. Specific
examples are provided later in this Section. (Refer
to Tables 3-3 and 3-4 for Power Meter input and
output strings. Refer to controller manual for
programming syntax.)

3-28. Programming Cal Factor. While the setting

of the front panel CAL FACTOR switch cannot be
remotely changed, the programmer does have a
choice. If CAL FACTOR enable is programmed,
then the Power Meter uses the Cal Factor set by
the switch. If CAL FACTOR Disable is program­med, then the Power Meter uses a Cal Factor of

100%, but the program can correct for cal factor

by computing the corrected reading from the

actual reading and the cal factor (a Cal Factor table

must be stored in an array).

3-29. Programming Measurement Rate. A feature

that is only available via remote programming is

selection of standby, triggered, or free running op­eration of the Power Meter. (During Local opera­tion, the Power Meter is allowed to free run with
approximately 133 milliseconds allowed for set­tling time between measurements.) The specific re-

mote triggering capabilities are:

a. HoId (H) - when the power meter is pro-

grammed to Hold, it is inhibited from taking
measurements and from outputting data. Thus, it

is set to a predetermined reference condition from

which a measurement can be triggered synchron-

ously to some external event.

sired range as well as for selection of the autorange
function.

b. Trigger Immediate (I) - this programming

command directs the Power Meter to make one
measurement and output the data in the minimum
possible time, then to go into Hold until the next

3-26. Programming the Mode. Remote mode pro-

gramming is similar to Local mode selection. The
sequence shown in Example 1 is recommended for
taking dB (Rel) readings from a dB [Ref] reference.

triggering command is received. It does not allow

settling time prior to the measurement.

c. Trigger with Delay (T) - this trigger com-

mand is identical to the trigger immediate com-

3-27. Programming Auto-Zero. The Power Meter is

remotely zeroed the same way it is zeroed in local.
Example 2 ahown on the next page outlines the

EXAMPLE 1 (dB Rel/dB Ref)

1 {controller talk and Power Meter listen}, “CT”

{controller talk and Power Meter listen}, “BT” Takes first reading relative to set reference

2

{universal unlisten, controller listen and Power Meter talk}, {Variable name} Power Meter outputs reading to controller

3

{controller talk and Power Meter listen} , “T”

4

5 {universal unlisten, controller listen and Power Meter talk}, {Variable name} Power Meter outputs reading to controller

mand except that it causes the Power Meter to
execute a settling-time delay subroutine before
taking a measurement and outputting data.

Sets reference at present RF input level.

Takes subsequent readings

3-23

Operation

Model 436A

Receiving Data Messages (cont’d)

d. Free run at maximum rate (R) - this pro-

gramming command is normally used for asynchro­nous operation of the Power Meter. It directs the
Power Meter to continuously take measurements
and output data in the minimum possible time. It
does not allow settling time prior to each measure-

ment.

e. Free run with delay (V) - this program-

ming command is identical to the previous com­mand except that it causes the Power Meter to exe­cute a settling-time delay subroutine prior to each
measurement.

3-30. When programming the Power Meter for
synchronous triggered operation, there are two
factors that the programmer must consider to
ensure the validity of the output measurement
data. The first factor is the time that it takes the

Power Meter to respond to a full scale change in

input power level. A typical Power Meter response
curve is shown in Figure 3-4. By comparing this
curve with the measurement timing cycle shown in

Figure 3-5 and summarized in Table 3-5, the

validity of the Power Meter output can be tabu-

lated according to operating range and triggering
interval versus change in input power level. A gen­eral summary of this information is as follows:

a. When the Power Meter is programmed for
trigger with settling time operation, sufficient time
is provided for the Power Meter to settle to the in­put power level on all ranges except Range 1

(most sensitive range). On Range 1 approximately
10 seconds (9-10 measurements) are required for

the Power Meter to settle to the input power level.

b. When the

trigger immediate

Power Meter is programmed for

operation, the desired amount of

settling time can be incorporated into the program.

3-31. Programming the Local to Remote Mode
Change.

The second factor that must be considered

when programming the Power Meter for synchron-

ous triggered operation is whether the first trigger
is sent immediately after terminating local opera-

tion. As illustrated in Figure 3-6, the Power Meter

will not respond to the first trigger following a
local to remote transition until it completes the
previously initiated measurement and display
cycle. Thus, the first data output of the Power
Meter may not be valid. The options available to
the programmer are:

1.

Send a trigger command (Data Message)
and discount the first data output. Upon
outputting the data, the Power Meter will
go to Hold and operate synchronously
starting with the next trigger command.

Wait approximately 2.5 seconds after plac-

2.
ing the Power Meter in remote and sending
the first program trigger command (Data
Message).

3.

Send a Clear Message (DCL) immediately

after placing the Power Meter in remote.

This will

restart the Power Meter operating

program.

3-32.

3-33.

Sending
Meter

The TALK ONLY/NORMAL switch

Data Messages from the Power

(see Figure 3-3) enables the Power Meter to func-

EXAMPLE 2 (Auto Zero)
1

Remove RF power from power sensor (or set it at least 20 dB below the lowest range of the sensor).

2 {controller talk and Power Meter listen}, “Z1T”

Send zero trigger program codes.

3 {universal unlisten, controller listen and Power Meter talk} , {variable name} Read measured value data from meter

(characters 4, 5, 6, and 7).

If absolute value of measured data is not <2 (0000 ± 0002) then branch to step 2; if it is, then continue. (Although

4

this step averages three seconds, it may take as long as 10 seconds to execute.)

5 {controller talk and Power Meter listen}, “9+Dl”

Send normal measurement mode program
codes.

6 {universal unlisten, controller listen and Power Meter talk} , {variabie name} Read status character (number 0) from

meter’s output data string.

7

Check status character for an auto zero loop enabled condition (character 0> decimal 84). If loop is enabled then

branch to step 5. If not, then continue. (This step takes approximately four seconds to execute.)

3-24

Model 436A

Operation

Sending Data Messages (cont’d)

tion as a basic talker or in the talk only mode. If
the basic talker function is selected, the Power
Meter is configured to talk when the controller
places the interface bus in the command mode and
outputs talk address M. The Power Meter then re­mains configured to talk (output data when the in­terface bus is in the data mode), until it is unad­dressed to talk by the controller. To unaddress the
Power Meter, the controller can either send an

Abort Message (generate an interface clear), or it
can place the interface bus in the command mode
and output a new talk address or a universal untalk
command. Examples of addressing and unaddress­ing the Power Meter to talk are provided in Table

3-2 and Figure 3-8.

3-34. Talk Only Mode. When the Power Meter

functions in the Talk Only Mode, it is automati­cally configured to TALK when the interface bus
is in the Data Mode and there is at least one listen­er. Since there can only be one talker at a time per
interface bus, this function is normally selected
only when there is no controller connected to the

system (e.g., when the Power Meter is intercon­nected to an HP 5150A recorder).

Table 3-4. Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus

Output Data String

Definition

Measured value valid
Watts Mode under Range
Over Range

Under Range dBm or dB

[REL] Mode

S

Power Sensor Auto Zero

Loop Enabled; Range 1

T

Under Range (normal for auto

A
T

zeroing on Range 1)

U
S

Power Sensor Auto Zero Loop

Enabled; Not Range 1, Under
Range (normal for auto zeroing
on Range 2-5)

Power Sensor Auto Zero Loop

Enabled; Over Range (error
condition - RF power applied
to Power Sensor; should not be)

Most Sensitive

R

A

N

G

E

Least Sensitive

1
2
3
4 L

5

Character

ASC II

P
Q

R 82
S

T 84

U

V

I
J
K

M

Decimal

80
81

83

85

86

73
74
75
76

77

3-35. Output Data Format.

The output data

format of the Power Meter is shown and described

in Table 3-4.

3-36. The output data is a fourteen character

string that is provided once at the end of each
measurement cycle. It is a good idea to read at
least part of this string into the controller after

each measurement cycle, even if it will not be used.

This will avoid the possibility of incorrect data

being read after some future measurement.

3-37. The string begins with a status character

and ends with a carriage return and a line feed.

Measured value is formatted as a real constant:

plus or minus four digits (leading zeros not sup-

pressed) followed by an exponential multiplier.

The decimal point is not provided because it is

understood that it follows the four “measured

value” digits. The two-digit exponent is always

negative.

3-38. Data Output Time. Figure 3-6 provides a

simplified flow chart of Power Meter operation.
As shown in the figure, the Power Meter operates
according to a stored program and can only output

M

Watt

O

dB REL

D

dB REF (switch pressed)

E

dBm

S

I

space (+)

G

- (minus)

N

D

I

G

I

T

A
B
C
D

SP

-

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7
8

9

65
66
67
68

32
45

48
49
50
51
42
53
54
55
56
57

3-25

Operation

Model 436A

Table 3-5. Power Meter Remote Access Time to First Output Data Character

Measurement

Triggering

Free Run at maxi­mum rate,
Trigger immediately

Mode

WATT
dBm
dB (REL)
db [REF]

Range 1 or 2

70 ms

90 ms
160 ms
160 ms

Worst Case Access

Range 3,4 or 5

70 ms

90 ms
160 ms
160 ms

Time to First Output Character

Auto Range

Compute measurement times from Figure 3-5 and
add measurement time of each range that Power
Meter steps through to delay time listed below.

From To Delay

2 1070 ms

1

1 1070 ms

2
23

Examples: Starting at block labeled “HOLD” in
Figure 3-5, worst case access time for range 1-3,
and range 3-1 changes with WATT MODE se-

lected are:

Range 1
1-2 Delay 1070 ms
Range 2 53 ms
2-3 Delay 133 ms
Range 3

133 ms

70 ms

53 ms

1379 ms 2256 ms

From To

3
4
54

Range 3
3-2 Delay 1070 ms
Range 2 33 ms
2-1 Delay 1070 ms
Range 1

Delay

2 1070 ms

3,5 133 ms

133 ms

50 ms (33+17)

33 ms

Free Run with set­tling time or Trigger
with settling time.

WATT

dBm
dB (REL)
db [REF]

1130 ms
1130 ms
1200 ms

160 ms

190 ms

190 ms

260 ms

160 ms

Compute worst case Auto Range access times

from Figure 3-5.

Examples: Starting at block labeled “HOLD” in
Figure 3-5; worst case access times for range 1-3

and range 3-1 with WATT MODE selected are:

1-3 (1070 + 53, + 1070 + 53 + 133 + 53) = 2432 ms
3-1 (133 + 33 + 1070 + 33 + 1070 + 33) = 2372 ms.

3-26

Figure 3-4. Power Meter Response Curve (Settling Time for Analog Circuits)

Model 436A

Operation

Figure 3-5. Measurement Timing Flow Chart (Settling Time for Digital Circuitry)

3-27

Operation

Model 436A

Note: The decidon blocks labeled HOLD
operation,
programmed,

,ital

when the Power Meter is programmed for external
after receiving a trigger in the listen mode.

When

readout is

hold ie programmed,

the decEsion is

updated.

The

no,

dectsion

starting

then

the

when a

Figure 3-6. Operating Program Simplified Flow Chart

3-28

are associated

decision is

trigger is

reverts

to

yes until

triggering,

with both hold

always yes. When

received

and

receipt of

it

wiEl

provide outPut

and externaE triggered

triggered operation

continuing

the

next

unitl

the

trigger. Thus,

data OIIIY

is

dig-

Model 436A

Operation

Sending Data Messages (cont’d)

data after taking a measurement. Thus, when the
interface bus is placed in the data mode after the

Power Meter has been addressed to talk, the time
required to access the first output data character
depends on where the Power Meter is in the

operating program, and on how the Power Meter
has been previously programmed (see Programming

Codes above.) Worst case access times for each of

the Power Meter operating configurations are listed

in Table 3-5.

3-39. After the first output character is sent, the

remaining characters are sent at either a 10-kHz

rate (infinitely fast listener) or at the receive rate

of the slowest listener.

3-40. Receiving the Trigger Message

3-41. The Power Meter has no provision for re-

sponding to a Trigger Message (bus command GET).

Power Meter triggering is done with the Data Mes-

sage (through the Measurement Rate Program
Codes).

3-42. Receiving the Clear Message

3-48. Receiving the Local Lockout and Clear

Lockout Set Local Messages

3-49. The Power Meter does not respond to the
Local Lockout Message (LLO bus command). It

responds to the Clear Lockout/Set Local Message

in that when the REN bus line goes false, it will

revert to local operation.

3-50. Receiving the Pass Control Message

3-51. The Power Meter has no provision for oper­ation as a controller.

3-52. Sending the Required Service Message

3-53. The Power Meter does not have provision
for requesting service.

3-54. Sending the Status Byte Message

3-55. The Power Meter does not respond

to a

Serial Poll.

3-56. Sending the Status Bit Message

3-57. The Power Meter does not respond

to a

Parallel Poll.

3-43. The Power Meter has provision for respond­ing to the DCL bus command but not the SDC bus
command. Upon receipt of the DCL command, the
Power Meter operating program is reset causing the
Power Meter to enter the Hold state shown at the
top of Figure 3-6, and the HP-IB circuits are con­figured to provide Watt Mode, Auto Range, and
Cal Factor Disable outputs.

3-44. Receiving the Remote Message

3-45. When the Power Meter recieves the Remote
Message (REN line low) it completes the rest of its
current measurement cycle (see Figure 3-6) and
then goes to remote. See the Local to Remote
Mode Change (paragraph 3-31) for information
about how to program the local to remote mode
change.

3-46. Receiving the Local Message

3-47. The Power Meter does not respond to the

GTL (go to local) bus command. It reverts to local

operation when the REN (remote enable) bus

line goes false (high).

3-58. Receiving the Abort Message

3-59. When the Power Meter receives an Inter­face Clear command (IFC), it stops talking or
listening.

3-60. Test of HP-IB Operation

3-61. Figure 3-7 outlines a quick check of the
436A remote functions. This gives the user two
alternatives for testing the power meter: 1, write
a program corresponding to Figure 3-7 for a quick
check or 2, use the program in Section VIII for
complete testing and troubleshooting.

3-62. REMOTE BCD INTERFACE OPERATION

3-63. BCD Option 024 adds remote programming
and digital output capability to the Power Meter.
There are two basic methods for operating the
Power Meter with this option. It can be operated
locally with an external instrument used to record

output data, or it can be operated remotely by

sending remote programming inputs to the Power

Meter.

3-29

Operation

Model 436A

3-30

Figure 3-7. Test of HP-IB Operation Flowchart

Model 436A

Operation

436A QUICK PROGRAMMING GUIDE

This guide will help set up and program simple HP-IB instrumentation systems, thereby freeing you
from making an in-depth study of system design and BASIC or HPL programming languages.

THE SYSTEM:

I.

* HP-IB cables shown with dotted lines are used only if the Source and Device under test are programmable.

** Signal Source and Device under Test may be the same, e.g., checking Sig. Gen. Flatness.

II.

THE PROGRAM: If the power meter is the only part of the system to be programmed, use
the program statements in the order given. For more complex systems or programs, include
statements derived from the information in the optional (dashed line) flow chart boxes.
When it is necessary to write more statements, refer to Table 3-2.

Figure 3-8. 436A Quick Programming Guide (1 of 5)

3-31

Operation

Model 436A

436A QUICK PROGRAMMING GUIDE (Cont’d)

page 8-34

page 8-34

page 8-33

page 8-33

3-32

Figure 3-8. 436A Quick Programming Guide (2 of 5)

Model 436A

Operation

Figure 3-8. 436A Quick Programming Guide (3 of 5)

3-33

Operation

Model 436A

436A QUICK PROGRAMMING GUIDE (cont’d)

(HPL)

“pmz”

Subroutines for 9825

- Power meter zero subroutine

“pmz”:
“remove source":dsp “disconnect sensor from source";stp

wrt "pmrd", "Z1T"; fmt 2,3x,f5.0;red “pmrd.2”,Z

“verify zero”

:if abs(Z)>2;gto "remove source"

"unzero":wrt "pmrd", "9+AI";fmt 3,b;red "pmrd.3",Z
“verify unzero”: if Z>34;gto “unzero”
“preset/ret”:wrt "pmrd","9D+V";ret

“pmr”

- Power meter read subroutine

“pmr”:

fmt 1,1x,b,1x,f5.0,1x,f3.0

O

+R

for X=1 to 20
wrt “pmrd”, “9D+V”
wait (R=73) 4000

red “pmrd.1’’,R,P,E

if X=1;g to “P1”

if abs(P-S)>l;gto “P1”

P10”E+P;ret

"P1":P+S

next X
dsp “power meter not settled”

Note:

The next statement should be

should be used.

"end"

:end,

or if another subroutine follows then a

gto “end”

3-34

Figure 3-8. 436A Quick Programming Guide (4 of 5)

Model 436A

Operation

436A QUICK PROGRAMMING GUIDE (cont’d)

Subroutines for 9830 (BASIC)

Figure 3-8. 436A Quick Programming Guide (5 of 5)

3-35

Operation

Model 436A

REMOTE BCD INTERFACE OPERATION
(cont’d)

3-64. Figure 3-3 provides instructions for operat­ing the Power Meter with the BCD option installed.
In order to follow these instructions, the operator
must be familiar with Power Meter programming
and output data format. This information is pro­vided in detail in the paragraphs which follow.

NOTE

The Power Meter BCD option is designed
to interface directly with an HP 5055A

Digital Recorder. When it is used with

this recorder, it can only be operated in
the Local mode (unless a special cable is

fabricated), as the BCD interface bus

lines that are normally used to program
the Power Meter, are used instead to pre-

set the digital recorder print format. In

the paragraphs which follow, differences
in Power Meter output data format for

digital recorder and “universal” interfac-

ing are noted as applicable.

3-65. Output Data Format

3-66. When the Power Meter is interfaced with an

HP 5055A Digital Recorder, the output data print-

out is as described in Table 3-4. When the Power

Meter is interfaced with other controller or re-

corder instruments, data format is selected by the

user. Refer to Table 3-5 for a description of the

function and coding of the Power Meter output

data lines.

3-67. BCD Remote Programming

3-68. Remote programming of the Power Meter
is enabled when a 0.0 to +0.4 Vdc level is applied
to remote enable input line J7-21. The Power
Meter controls that can be programmed remotely
are the MODE and SENSOR ZERO switches. The
controls not programmable are the POWER REF
and LINE switches. The CAL FACTOR % switch
can be enabled and disabled via the remote inter­face but, when enabled, the calibration factor
entered at the front panel of the Power Meter is
used.

NOTE

Jumper options are provided to enable
remote programming of the SENSOR
ZERO switch when the remote enable in-

put is high (+2.5 to +5.0V level is applied

to J7-21). See Section II, Installation.

3-69. Remote range programming is slightly

different than Local Range selection. For Local

operation, a particular range is selected by allowing

the Power Meter to autorange to the desired range,

then pressing the RANGE HOLD switch to hold
the range. For Remote operation, the programming

codes have providion for direct selection of the

desired range as well as selection of the autorange

function.

3-70. An additional feature that is only available

via remote programming is selection of standby,

triggered, or free running operation of the Power

3-36

Table 3-6. Power Meter Output Data Printout for HP 5055A Digital Recorder

Column Interpretation

1 (right)
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10 (left) Exponent Tens Digit

Intrepret measured value as
XXXX . 10

Units Digit
Tens Digit
Hundreds Digit
Thousands Digit
Sign

Range*
Mode**
Status***
Exponent Units Digit

*Range Code

**Mode Decode

***Status

1 = Range 1 (most sensitive)
2 = Range 2
3= Range 3
4 = Range 4
5 = Range 5 (least sensitive)

V = dB [REF]
A = dB (REL)

$2=

Watts

* = dBm

0 = In Range
1 = Underrange (WATT Mode)
2 = Overrange
3 = Underrange (dBm Mode)
4 = ZERO Mode

Model 436A

Operation

BCD Remote Programming (cont’d)

Meter. (During Local operation, the Power Meter is
allowed to free run with approximately 133 milli­seconds allowed for settling time between measure­ments.) The specific remote triggering capabilities
are:

Hold -

a.

when the power meter is pro-

trigger with settling time operation, sufficient time
is provided for the Power Meter to settle to the
input power level on all ranges except range 1. On
range 1 approximately 10 seconds (0-10 measure­ments) are required for the Power Meter to settle

grammed to Hold, it is inhibited from taking
measurements and from outputting data. Thus, it is
set to a predetermined reference condition from

which a measurement can be triggered synchrously

trigger immediate operation, the desired amount of
settling time can be incorporated into the operat­ing program.

to some external event.

b. Trigger Immediate - this programming

command directs the Power Meter to make one

3-72. The programming codes that the Power
Meter will respond to are listed in Table 3-8.

measurement and output the data in the minimum
possible time, then to go into Hold until the next

Triggering command is recieved. It does not allow
settling time prior to the measurement.

3-73. POWER MEASUREMENT ACCURACY

3-74. A power measurement is never free from

error or uncertainty. Any RF system has RF losses,

c.

Trigger
command is identical to the trigger immediate
command except that it causes the Power Meter to
execute a settling-time delay subroutine before
taking a measurement and outputting data.

with Delay - this trigger

mismatch
instrumentation
uncertainty. Measurement errors as high as 50% are
not only possible, they are highly likely unless the
error sources are understood and, as much as
possible, eliminated.

d. Free run at maximum rate - this
programming
asynchronous operation of the Power Meter. It

directs the Power Meter to continuously take
measurements and output data in the minimum
possible time. It does not allow settling time prior

to each measurement.

command is normally used for

3-75. Sources of Error and Measurement Uncer­tainty

3-76. RF Losses. Some of the RF power that
enters the Power Sensor is not dissipated in the
power sensing elements. This RF loss is caused by
dissipation in the walls of waveguide power

e.

Free run with Delay - this programming
command is identical to the previous command
except that it causes the Power Meter to execute a

sensors, in the center conductor of coaxial power
sensors, in the dielectric of capacitors, connections

within the sensor, and radiation losses.
settling-time delay subroutine prior to each
measurement.

3-77. Mismatch. The result of mismatched impe-

dances between the device under test and the
3-71. When programming the Power Meter for
synchronous triggered operation, there are two

factors that the programmer must consider to
ensure the validity of the output measurement data.
The first factor is the time that it takes the Power

Meter to respond to a full scale change in input

power level. A typical Power Meter response curve

is shown in Figure 3-4. By comparing this curve

with the measurement timing cycle shown in

Figure 3-6 and summarized in Table 3-5, the
validity of the Power Meter output can be

tabulated according to operating range and

triggering interval - versus change in input power

level. A general summay of this information is as

follows:

power sensor is that some of the power fed to the
sensor is reflected before it is dissipated in the
load. Mismatches affect the measurement in two
ways. First, the initial reflection is a simple loss
and is called mismatch loss. Second, the power
reflected from the sensor mismatch travels back up
the transmission line until it reaches the source.
There, most of it is dissipated in the source
impedance, but some of its re-reflected by the
source mismatch. The re-reflected power returns to
the power sensor and adds to, or subtracts from,
the incident power. For all practical purposes, the
effect the re-reflected power has upon the power
measurement is unpredictable. This effect is called
mismatch uncertainty.

When the Power Meter is programmed for

a.

b. When the Power Meter is programmed for

losses,

mismatch

uncertainty and

uncertainy,

calibration

3-37

Operation

Model 436A

Sources of Error and Measurement Uncertainty

(cont’d)

3-78. Instrumentation Uncertainty. Instruments:

tion uncertainty describes the ability of the meter­ing circuits to accurately measure the dc output

from the Power Sensor’s power sensing device. In
the Power Meter this error is ± 0.5% for Ranges 1
through 5. It is important to realize, however, that
these uncertainty specifications do not indicate

overall measurement accuracy.

3-79. Power Reference Uncertainty. The output

level of the Power Reference Oscillator is factory

set to 1 mW ± 0.70% at 50 MHz. This reference is

normally used to calibrate the system, and is,

therefore, a part of the system’s total measurement

uncertainty.

3-80. Cal Factor Switch Resolution Error. The

resolution of the CAL FACTOR % switch

contributes a significant error to the total

measurement because the switch has 2% steps. The

maximum error possible in each position is ± 0.5%

ment and record the reading. Use the reflection
coefficient, magnitude and phase angle from the
table supplied with the Power Sensor to calculate
the corrected power level.

b. Set the CAL FACTOR % switch to the
nearest position above and below the correction
factor given on the table. Interpolating between
the power levels measured provides the corrected
power level.

3-86. Calculating Total Uncertainty

3-87. Certain errors in calculating the total
measurement uncertainty have been ignored in this
discussion because they are beyond the scope of
this manual. Application Note AN-64, “Microwave

Power Measurement”, delves deeper into the calcu-

lation of power measurement uncertainties. It is
available, on request, from your nearest HP office.

3-88. Known Uncertainties. The known uncer-

tainties which account for part of the total power
measurement uncertainty are:

3-81. Corrections for Error

3-82. The two correction factors basic to power
meters are

calibration factor and effective
efficiency. Effective efficiency is the correction
factor for RF losses within the Power Sensor.
Calibration factor takes into account the effective
efficiency and mismatch losses.

3-83. Calibration factor is

expressed as a
percentage with 100% meaning the power sensor
has no losses. Normally the calibration factor will
be 100% at 50 MHz, the operating frequency of
the internal reference oscillator.

3-84. The Power Sensors used with the Power
Meter have individually calibrated calibration
factor curves placed on their covers. To correct for
RF and mismatch losses, simply find the Power
Sensor’s calibration factor at the measurement
frequency from the curve or the table that is
supplied with the Power Sensor and set the CAL
FACTOR % switch to this value. The measurement
error due to this error is now minimized.

3-85. The CAL FACTOR % switch resolution
error of ± 0.5% may be reduced by one of the
following methods:

a.

Instrumentation uncertainty

± 0.02 dB (Range 1 through 5).

Power reference uncertainty

b.

± 0.03 dB.

c. CAL FACTOR switch resolution ±0.5% or

±0.02 dB.

The total uncertainty from these sources is ±1.7%
or ±0.07 dB.

3-89. Calculating Mismatch Uncertainty. Mismatch

uncertainty is the result of the source mismatch

interacting with the Power Sensor mismatch. The
magnitude of uncertainty is related to the magni­tudes of the source and Power Sensor reflection
coefficients, which can be calculated from SWR.

Figure 3-9 shows how the calculations are to be

made and Figure 3-10 illustrates mismatch uncer­tainty and total calculated uncertainty for two

cases. In the first case, the Power Sensor’s SWR =

1.5, and in the second case, the Power Sensor’s

SWR = 1.26. In both cases the source has a SWR of

2.0. The example shows the effect on power

measurement accuracy a poorly matched power

sensor will have as compared to one with low

mismatch.

Leave the CAL FACTOR % switch on

a.

100% after calibration, then make the measure-

3-38

3-90. A faster, easier

tainty is to use the

way to find mismatch uncer­HP Mismatch Error (uncer-

Model 436A

Operation

Calculating Total Uncertainty (cont’d)

tainty) Limits/Reflectometer Calculator. The
calculator may be obtained, on request, from your
nearest Hewlett-Packard office by using HP Part

Number 5952-0448.

3-91. The method of calculating measurement
uncertainty from the uncertainty in dB is shown
by Figure 3-11. This method would be used when

the initial uncertainty calculations were made with
the Mismatch Error/Reflectometer Calculator.

NOTE

The BCD output data levels are TTL compatible. A false

(0) state is defined as 0.0 to +0.4 Vdc and a true state is
defined as +2.5 to +5.0 Vdc

Table 3-7. BCD Output Data Codes (1 of 2)

Function

MEASURED VALUE - The Power Meter format for outputting

the measured value is SIGN, Four BCD DIGITS, and a negative

EXPONENT. It is interpreted as:

± XXXX

Code

NOTES

Pin numbers refer to connec-

tor J7 on the rear panel.

When used with 5055A, a four

line format is established by

the following pins:

34 (ground)
10 (measurement rate;

floats high)

35 (cal factor disable;

floats high)

Sign

space (+)

Digits

Units

Tens 101A

Hundreds

Thousands

10°A
10°B
10°C
10°D

101B
101C

1

10

D

2

10

A
102 B
102 C

2

10

D

3

10

A
103 B
103 C
103 D

PIN 9

Weight

1 1
2
4
8
1
2
4
8
1
2
4
8
1
2
4
8

0
1

Pin Number

2,
26
27

3

4
28
29

5

6
30
31

7

8

32

33

3-39

Operation

Model 436A

Table 3-7. BCD Output Data Codes (2 of 2)

Function

STATUS OUTPUTS

In Range
Underrange (WATT Mode)
Overrange
Underrange (dBm Mode)
Zero Mode

RANGE - indicates range on which last measurement made.

1 (most sensitive)
2
3
4
5 (least sensitive)

EXPONENT

Units EX0A

EXOB
EXOC

O

EX

D

Tens EX

1

A

Code

Pin 40 Pin 16 Pin 15

0
0
0
0
1

Pin 36 Pin 12

0 0
0
0
1
1

Weight

2

1

4
8
1

0 0
0
1
1
0

Pin 11

1
1
0
0

Pin

17
18
42
43
19

1
0
1
0

1

0

1

0

1

MODE

PRINT

dB [REF]
dB (REL)
WATT
dBM

Note: when used with

5055A, four line for­mat is established by
following pins:

20 (ground)
44 (ground)
45 (ground)

Pin 14

0
0
1
1

Pin 13

0
1
0

1

Note: when used with

5055A, four line format
is established by fol­lowing pins:

38 (floats high)
39 (floats high)

High to low transition

on pin 48 when output

data is valid.

3-40

Model 436A

Operation

Table 3-8. BCD Programming Commands

Commands

Remote enable

Input Pin

J7-21 When high, enables local operation of Power Meter via front-

panel controls. When low, enables remote operation of Power

Meter via programming commands listed below.

Range Bit 1

J7-24 Select Power Meter measurement range when Remote Enable
Range Bit 2 J7-25 input is low.
Range Bit 3

J7-23

*Standby range: Power Meter operating program is

held at Power Up address 000

Function

NOTE

When equipped with the BCD Option 024, the

Power Meter generates a Print command and

provides valid output data after each measure-

ment for both Local and Remote operation.

Range

0*
1

2

3
4
5

Auto

Pin 24

0
0

0
0
1
1
1

Pin 25

0
0
1

1
0
0

1

.

8

Pin 23

0
1

0
1
0

1

X (0 or 1)

Rate

Inhibit

Cal Factor

Disable

Mode Bit 1
Mode Bit 2

SENSOR
Zero Select

J7-10

J7-47

J7-35

Selects Power Meter triggering when remote enable input is low

Pin 10 Pin 47 Pin 49
Hold
Trigger Intermediate 0

Trigger with Delay 1
Free Run Fast

Free Run with Delay 1

X (0 or 1) 0

0

0

Positive-to-negative

0

1
1

When low disables front-panel CAL FACTOR % switch (same as

100% position). When high, enables switch.

J7-38
J7-39

Select mode when remote enable input is low.

Mode

dB [REF]
dB (REL)
WATT
dBm

Pin 38 Pin 39

0
1
0

0
0
1

1 1

J7-46 When low, enables power sensor auto zero circuit.

NOTE

When programming this function, allow the cir­cuit about 7 seconds to settle before applying
input power to Power Sensor. If RF input power
is applied while ZERO lamp is on, it will introduce

an offset that will affect future measurements.

X (0 or 1)
transition
X (0 or 1)

X (0 or 1)

3-41

Operation

CALCULATING MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY

1. Calculate the reflection coefficient from the given SWR.

SWR - 1

=

P

SWR + 1

Model 436A

Power Sensor #1

Power Sensor #2

Power Source

2. Calculate the relative power and percentage power mismatch uncertainties from the reflection
coefficients. An initial reference level of 1 is assumed.

Reletive Power Uncertainty

3-42

%PU =

%PU

1

%PU

2

Percentage Power Uncertainty

(PU - 1) 100% for PU >1

=

(1.138 - 1) 100%

and -(1 - PU) 100% for PU <1
and -(1 - 0.870) 100%

= (0.138) 100% and
=

13.8%

= (1.073 - 1) 100%

= (0.073) 100%
=

7.3%

Figure 3-9. Calculating Measurement Uncertainties (1 of 2)

and -13.0%
and -(1 - 0.928) 100%

and -(0.072) 100%
and -7.2%

-(0.130) 100%

Model 436A

CALCULATING MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY

3. Calculate the Measurement Uncertainty in dB.

Operation

10 [log (10) (0.870) - log (10) (1)]

= 10 [0.031]

= +0.31 dB

and

and

and
and

and
and

and
and

10 [log (8.70) - log (10)]
10 [0.94 - 1]
10 [- 0.060]

- 0.60 dB

10 [log (10) (0.928) -log (10) (1)]

10 [log (9.28) - log (10)]
10 [0.968 - 1]

10 [- 0.032]

- 0.32 dB

Figure 3-9. Calculating Measurement Uncertainties (2 of 2)

3-43

Operation

Model 436A

3-44

Figure 3-10. The Effect of Power Sensor Mismatch on Measurement Accuracy

Model 436A

Operation

CALCULATING MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY

1. For this example the known values are:

source SWR, 2.2 and power sensor SWR, 1.16.

From the Mismatch Error Calculator the mismatch uncertainty is found to be +0.24, -0.25 dB.

2. Add the known uncertainties from paragraph 3-73, (± 0.10 dB). Our total measurement uncer­tainty is +0.34, -0.35 dB.

3. Calculate the relative measurement uncertainty from the following formula:

dB =

If dB is positive then:

> P0; let P0 = 1

P

1

P

MU =

1

If dB is negative then:

P

< P0; let P1 = 1

1

4. Calculate the percentage Measurement Uncertainty.
For P

> P

1

0

%MU = (P1 - P0) 100

=

(1.081 - 1) 100

=

+8.1%

Figure 3-11. Calculating Measurement Uncertainty (Uncertainty in dB Known)

For P1 < P
%MU =

=

=

0

– P0) 100

- (P

1

- (1 - 0.923) 100

-7.7%

3-45/3-46

Model 436A

Performance Tests

SECTION IV

PERFORMANCE TESTS

4-1.

INTRODUCTION

4-2.

The procedures in

ical performance of the Power Meter using the

specifications of Table 1-1 as performance stand­ards. All tests can be performed without access to
the interior of the instrument. A simpler opera­tional test is included in Section III under Opera­tor’s Checks.

4-3. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

4-4. Equipment required for the performance tests

is listed in Table 1-2, Recommended Test Equip­ment. Any equipment that satisfies the critical
specifications given in the table may be substituted
for the recommended model(s).

4-5. TEST RECORD

4-6. Results of the performance tests may be
tabulated on the Test Record at the end of the test
procedures. The Test Record lists all of the tested
specifications and their acceptable limits. Test
results recorded at incoming inspection can be used
for comparison in periodic maintenance, trouble­shooting, and after repairs or adjustments.

this section test the electr-

4-7. PERFORMANCE TESTS

4-8. The performance tests given in this section are
suitable for incoming inspection, troubleshooting,
or preventive maintenance. During any per­formance test, all shields and connecting hardware
must be in place. The tests are designed to verify
published instrument specifications. Perform the
tests in the order given and record the data on the
test card and/or in the data spaces provided at the
end of each procedure.

NOTE

The Power Meter must have a half-hour
warmup and the line voltage must be

within +5%,

-10% of nominal if the

performance tests are to be considered

valid.

4-9. Each test is arranged so that the specification

is written as it appears in Table 1-1. Next, a
description of the test and any special instructions
or problem areas are included. Each test that
requires test equipment has a setup drawing and a
list of the required equipment. The initial steps of
each procedure give control settings required for
that particular test.

4-1

Performance Tests

4-10. ZERO CARRYOVER TEST

Model 436A

PERFORMANCE TESTS

SPECIFICATION:

DESCRIPTION:

EQUIPMENT:
PROCEDURE:

±0.2% of full scale when zeroed on the most sensitive range.
After the Power Meter is initially zeroed on the most sensitive range, the change in the

digital readout is monitored as the Power Meter is stepped through its ranges. Thus,
this test also takes noise and drift into account because noise , drift, and zero carry­over readings cannot be separated.

Figure 4-1. Zero Carryover Test Setup

Range Calibrator . . . . . . . HP 11683A

1.

Set the Power Meter switches as follows:

CAL FACTOR % . . . . . 100

POWER REF . . . . . . off (out)

MODE . . . . . . . . . WATT

RANGE HOLD . . . . .

LINE . . . . . . . . . ON (in)

off (out)

Set the Range Calibrator switches as follows:

2.

FUNCTION . . . . . . . STANDBY

POLARITY . . . . . . . NORMAL

100

RANGE . . . . . . . .

LINE . . . . . . . . .

Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 4-1.

3.

4.

Press and hold the Power Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and wait for the digital

readout to stabilize. Then verify that the Power Meter ZERO lamp is lit and that

the digital readout indicates 0.00 ± 0.02.

Power Meter is now zeroed on most sensitive range (10 p W).

Release the Power Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and wait for the ZERO lamp to

5.
go out before proceeding to the next step.

6.

Set the Range Calibrator FUNCTION switch to CALIBRATE and verify that the
Power Meter autoranges to the 100

‘7.

Set the Power Meter RANGE HOLD switch to on (in) and the Range Calibrator
FUNCTION switch to standby.

#w

ON (in)

NOTE

KW

range.

4-2

Model 436A

PERFORMANCE TESTS

4-10. ZERO CARRYOVER TEST (cont’d)

8.

Wait for the Power Meter’s digital readout to stabilize and verify that the indication
observed is within the limits shown on the table below. Then set the POWER
Meter RANGE HOLD switch to off (out).

9.

Repeat steps 6, 7, and 8 with the Range Calibrator RANGE switch set, in turn, to
1 mW, 10 mW, and 100 mW. Verify that the Power Meter autoranges properly,
and that the indication observed on each range is within the limits shown in
Table 4-1.

Table 4-1. Zero Carryover Autorange Digital Readout Results

Performance Tests

Range Calibrator

and

Power Meter

Range

10 /lw

100

/Jw

1 mW

10 mW

100 mW

4-11. INSTRUMENT ACCURACY TEST

SPECIFICATION: WATT MODE:

dBm MODE:

dB (REL) MODE:

±0.570 in Ranges 1 through 5.
±0.02 dB ±0.001 dB/°C in Ranges 1 through 5.

±0.02 dB ±0.001 dB/°C in Ranges 1 through 5.

The dB (REL) specifications are for within-range measurements.
For range-to-range accuracy, add the uncertainty associated with
the range in which the reference was entered, to the uncertainty

associated with the range in which the measurement was made.

For example, if a reference is entered in Range 1 and a measure­ment is made in Range 5, the total uncertainty is ±0.04 (Range 1

±0.02 + Range 5 ± 0.02 = ± 0.04).

Min

-0.02

-0.2

-.002

-0.02

-00.2

Results

Actual Max

0.02

0.2

.002

0.02

00.2

NOTE

DESCRIPTION:

After the Power Meter is initially calibrated on the 1 mW range, the digital readout is

monitored as the Range Calibrator is adjusted to provide reference inputs correspond­ing to each of the Power Meter operating ranges.

4-3

Performance Tests

PERFORMANCE TESTS

4-11. INSTRUMENT ACCURACY TEST (cont’d)

Figure 4-2. Instrument Accuracy Test Setup

Model 436A

EQUIPMENT:

PROCEDURE:

Range Calibrator . . . . . . . HP 11683A

1.

Set the Power Meter switches as follows:

CAL FACTOR % . . . . . 100

POWER REF . . . . . . off (out)

MODE . . . . . . . . . WATT

RANGE HOLD . . . . .

LINE . . . . . . . . .

Set the Range Calibrator switches as follows:

2.

off (out)

ON (in)

FUNCTION . . . . . . . STANDBY

POLARITY . . . . . . . NORMAL

RANGE . . . . . . . . 1mW

LINE . . . . . . . . .

3.

Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 4-2.

ON (in)

4. Press and hold the Power Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and wait for the digital
readout to stabilize. Then verify that the Power Meter ZERO lamp is lit and that
the digital readout indicates 0.00 ± 0.02.

NOTE

Power Meter is now zeroed on the most sensitive range (10 v W).

4-4

5.

Release the Power Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and wait for the ZERO lamp to
go out before proceeding to the next step.

6. Set the Range Calibrator FUNCTION switch to CALIBRATE and verify that the

Power Meter autoranges to the 1 mW range.

7.

Observe the Power Meter digital readout and, if necessary, adjust the front-panel
CAL ADJ control to obtain a 1.000 ± 0.002 indication.

NOTE

The Range Calibrator output level is adjustable in 5 dB increments.
Thus, the 3

M

W,

30p

W,

300p

W, 3 mW, and 30 mW legends on the

RANGE switch are approximations. The true outputs for these set-

tings are

3.161.t W, 31.61.JW,

316PW, 3.16 mW and 31.6 mW.

Model 436A

PERFORMANCE TESTS

4-11. INSTRUMENT ACCURACY TEST (cont’d)

Performance Tests

8.

Set the Range Calibrator RANGE switch, in turn, to 10
100 mW. Verify that the Power Meter autoranges properly and that the indication
observed on each range is within the limits specified in the table below.

Set the Power Meter MODE switch to dBm.

9.

10.

Set the Range Calibrator RANGE switch, in turn, to -20 dBm, -10 dBm, 0 dBm,

+10 dBm, and +20 dBm. Verify that the Power Meter autoranges properly and
that the indication observed on each range is within the limits specified in

Table 4-2.

Table 4-2. Instrument Accuracy Test Results

Range Calibrator

and

Power Meter

Range

10

/..lw

100

#w

1 mW

10 mW

100 mW 99.0

Results

Min Actual Max

9.95

99.5

0.995

9.95

10.05

100.5

1.005

10.05

101.0

Range Calibrator

and

Power Meter

Range

-20 dBm -20.02

-10 dBm -10.02
0 dBm -0.02

+10 dBm
+20 dBm

11. Set the Range Calibrator RANGE switch to -10 dBm.

uW,

100

Min Actual

9.98

19.96

PW,

10 mW, and

Results

-19.98

-9.98

0.02

10.02

20.04

12. Set the Power Meter MODE switch to dB [REF] and verify that the digital readout
indicates 0.00 ± 0.01.

13. Set the Range Calibrator RANGE switch, in turn, to -20 dBm, -5 dBm, and

+10 dBm. Verify that the Power Meter autoranges properly, and that the indica-

tion observed on each range is within the limits specified in Table 4-3.

Table 4-3. Instrument Accuracy Test Results for dB [REF] Mode

Range Calibrator

and

Power Meter

Ranges

-20 dBm

-5 dBm
+10 dBm

Min

-9.96
+4.96

+19.96

Results

Actual Max

-10.04
+5.04

20.04

4-5

Performance Tests

4-12. CALIBRATION FACTOR TEST

Model 436A

PERFORMANCE TESTS

SPECIFICATION:

DESCRIPTION:

PROCEDURE:

16-position switch normalizes meter reading to account for calibration factor. Range
85% to 100% in 1% steps. 100% position corresponds to calibration factor at 50 MHz.

After the Power Meter is zeroed on the most sensitive range, a 1 mW, input level is ap­plied to the Power Meter and the CAL ADJ control is adjusted to obtain a 1.000 mW

indication. Then the CAL FACTOR % switch is stepped through its 16 positions and

the digital readout is monitored to ensure that the proper indication is obtained for
each position.

Figure 4-3. Calibration Factor Test Setup

1.

Set the Power Meter switches as follows:

CAL FACTOR % . . . . . 100

POWER REF . . . . . .

off (out)

MODE . . . . . . . . . WATT

RANGE HOLD . . . . .

LINE . . . . . . . . .

off (out)

ON (in)
Set the Range Calibrator switches as follows:

2.

FUNCTION . . . . . . . STANDBY

POLARITY . . . . . . . NORMAL

RANGE . . . . . . . . 1mW

LINE . . . . . . . . .

Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 4-3.

3.

Press and hold the Power Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and wait for the digital

4.

ON (in)

readout to stabilize. Then verify that the Power Meter ZERO lamp is lit and that
the digital readout indicates 0.00 ± 0.02.

NOTE

Power Meter is now zeroed on most sensitive range (10 p W)

Release the Power Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and wait for the ZERO lamp to

5.

go out before proceeding to step 6.
Set the Range Calibrator FUNCTION switch to CALIBRATE and verify that the

6.

Power Meter autoranges to the 1 mW range.
Adjust the Power Meter CAL ADJ control to obtain a 1.000 ± 0.002 indication

7.
on the digital readout.

4-6

Model 436A

PERFORMANCE TESTS

4-12. CALIBRATION FACTOR TEST (cont’d)

8.

Set the CAL FACTOR % switch, in turn, to each position and verify that the indi­cations observed are within the limits specified in Table 4-4.

Table 4-4. Calibration Factor Test Results

Performance Tests

CAL FACTOR

Switch

Position

100

99
98
97
96
95
94
93

4-13. POWER REFERENCE LEVEL TEST

Min.

0.994

1.004

1.014

1.025

1.036

1.047

1.058

1.069

Results

Actual Max.

1.006

1.016

1.026

1.037

1.048

1.059

1.070

1.081

CAL FACTOR

Switch

Position

92

91

90

89
88
87
86
85

Min.

1.081

1.093

1.105

1.118

1.130

1.143

1.157

1.170

Results

Actual

SPECIFICATION: Internal 50 MHz oscillator factory set to 1 mW ± 0.7% traceable to the National

Bureau of Standards.
Accuracy: ±1.2% worst case (±0.9% rms) for one year (0°C to 55°C).

DESCRIPTION:

The power reference oscillator output is factory adjusted to 1 mW ± 0.7%. To achieve
this accuracy, Hewlett-Packard employs a special measurement system accurate to 0.5%
(traceable to the National Bureau of Standards) and allows for a transfer error of ±0.2%
in making the adjustment. If an equivalent measurement system is employed for veri­fication, the power reference oscillator output can be verified to 1 mW ±1.9% (±1.2%
accuracy + ±0.5% verification system error + ±0.2% transfer error = 1.9% maximum
error). The power reference oscillator can be set to ±0.7% using the same equipment
and following the adjustment procedure in paragraph 5-22. To ensure maximum accur­acy in verifying the power reference oscillator output, the following procedure provides
step-by-step instructions for using specified Hewlett-Packard test instruments of known
capability. If equivalent test instruments are used, signal acquisition criteria may vary
and reference should be made to the manufacturer’s guidelines for operating the
instruments.

Max.

1.093

1.105

1.117

1.130

1.142

1.155

1.169

1.182

NOTE

The Power Meter may be returned to the nearest
Hewlett-Packard office to have the power reference
oscillator checked and/or adjusted. Refer to Section II,
PACKAGING.

4-7

Performance Tests

PERFORMANCE TESTS

4-13. POWER REFERENCE LEVEL TEST (cont’d)

Figure 4-4. Power Reference Level Test Setup

Model 436A

EQUIPMENT:

PROCEDURE:

Power Meter . . . . . . . . HP 432A

Thermistor Mount . . . . . . HP 478A-H75

Digital Voltmeter (DVM). . . . HP 3490A

1.

Set up the DVM to measure resistance and connect the DVM between the V
connector on the rear panel of the 432A, and pin 1 on the thermistor mount end
of the 432A interconnect cable.

Round off the DVM indication to two decimal places and record this value as the

2.

internal bridge resistance (R) of the 432A (approximately 200 ohms).

Connect the 432A to the Power Meter as shown in Figure 4-4.

3.
Set the Power Meter LINE switch to ON (in) and the POWER REF switch to off

4.
(out). Then wait thirty minutes for the 432A thermistor mount to stabilize be­fore proceeding to the next step.

Set the 432A RANGE switch to COARSE ZERO and adjust the front-panel

5.
COARSE ZERO control to obtain a zero meter indication.

Fine zero the 432A on the most sensitive range, then set the 432A RANGE switch

6.
to 1 mW.

NOTE

Ensure that DVM input leads are isolated from chassis
ground when performing the next step.

RF

4-8

7.

Set up the DVM to measure microvolt and connect the positive and negative input

leads, respectively, to the V

COMP

and V

connectors on the rear panel of the

RF

432A.
Observe the indication on the DVM. If less than 400 microvolt, proceed to the

8.
next step. If 400 microvolt or greater, press and hold the 432A FINE ZERO
switch and adjust the COARSE ZERO control so that the DVM indicates 200
microvolt or less. Then release the FINE ZERO switch and proceed to the next
step.

Round off the DVM indication to the nearest microvolt and record this value as V

9.

.

0

Model 436A

PERFORMANCE TESTS

4-13. POWER REFERENCE LEVEL TEST (cont’d)

Performance Tests

10.

Set the Power Meter POWER
observed on the DVM as V

11.

Disconnect the DVM negative input lead from the V

REF switch to ON (in) and record the indications

.

1

connector on the 432A

RP

and reconnect it to 432A chassis ground. Record the new indication observed on
the DVM a

Calculate the power reference oscillator output level (P

12.

S V

COMP

.

) from the following

RF

formula:

Where:

P

= power reference oscillator output level

RF

= previously recorded value

v

COMP

= previously recorded value

V

1

= previously recorded value

V

0

R = previously recorded value
CALIBRATION FACTOR = value for thermistor mount at 50 MHz (traceable to

the National Bureau of Standards)

Verify that the P

13.

is within the following limits:

RF

4-9

Performance Tests

Model 436A

Table 4-5. Performance Test Record (1 of 2)

Hewlett-Packard Company
Model 436A
Power Meter

Serial Number

Para.

No.

4-10.

ZERO CARRYOVER

Test

100

10

/..lw
/.lw

Tested By

Date

1 mW

10 mW

100 mW

4-11. INSTRUMENTATION ACCURACY

WATT MODE

10

/.lw

100

#w

1 mW

10 mW

100 mW

Results

Min

-0.02

-0.2

/.fw

/Jw

-0.002 mW

Actual Max

0.02

0.2

/.lw

0.002 mW

/.lw

-0.02 mW 0.02 mW

-0.2 mW

9.95

/.lw

99.5

/.lw

0.2 mW

10.05

100.5

/Jw
/.fw

0.995 mW 1.005 mW

9.95 mW 10.05 mW

99.5 mW 100.5 mW

dBm MODE

-20 dBm

-10 dBm
0 dBm -0.02 dBm 0.02 dBm

10 dBm
20 dBm 19.96 dBm 20.04 dBm

dB (REL) MODE

-20 dBm

- 5 dBm

+10 dBm

4-12. CALIBRATION FACTOR

100

99
98
97 1.025 mW
96
95
94
93

-20.02 dBm -19.98 dBm

-10.02 dBm

-9.98 dBm

9.95 dBm 10.02 dBm

-9.96 dBm -10.04 dBm
+4.96 dBm

+5.04 dBm

+19.96 dBm 20.04 dBm

0.994 mW

1.004 mW

1.014 mW

1.006 mW

1.016 mW

1.026 mW

1.037 mW

1.036 mW

1.047 mW

1.058 mW

1.069 mW

1.048 mW

1.059 mW

1.070 mW

1.081 mW

4-10

Model 436A

Performance Tests

Table 4-5. Performance Test Record (2 of 2)

Para.

No.

4-12.

4-13

Test

CALIBRATION FACTOR (cont’d)

92 1.081 mW

91

90

89
88
87

86

85

POWER REFERENCE

P

RF

Results

Min.

Actual Max

1.093 mW

1.093 mW

1.105 mW

1.118 mW

1.105 mW

1.117 mW

1.130 mW

1.130 mW 1.142 mW

1.143 mW

1.155 mW

1.157 mW 1.169 mW

1.170 mW

1.182 mW

0.981 mW 1.019 mW

4-11/4-12

Model 436A

SECTION V

ADJUSTMENTS

INTRODUCTION

5-1.

This section describes the adjustments which

5-2.

return the Power Meter to peak operating

will
condition after repairs are completed.

5-3. If the adjustments are to be considered valid,
the Power Meter must have a half-hour warmup
and the line voltage must be within +5 to -10% of
nominal.

5-4. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

5-5. Although this instrument has been designed in
accordance with international safety standards, this
manual contains information,
warnings which must be followed to ensure safe

operation and to retain the instrument in safe
condition (see Sections II and III). Service and
adjustments should be performed only by qualified

service personnel.

cautions,

and

Adjustments

5-9. Whenever it is likely that the protection
offered by fuses has been impaired, the instrument
must be made inoperative and secured against any
unintended operation.

Adjustments described herein are per­formed with power supplied to the instru-

ment while protective covers are removed.
Energy available at many points may, if
contacted, result in personal injury.

5-10. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

5-11. The test equipment required for the adjust­ment procedures is listed in Table 1-2, Recom­mended Test Equipment. The critical specifications

of substitute test instruments must meet or exceed
the standards listed in the table if the Power Meter
is to meet the standards set forth in Table 1-1,

Specifications.

Any

(grounding) conductor (inside
the instrument) or disconnection of the

protective earth terminal is likely to make

the instrument dangerous. Intentional

interruption is prohibited.

5-6. Any adjustment, maintenance, and repair of
the opened instrument with voltage applied should
be avoided as much as possible and, when inevit­able, should be carried out only by a skilled person
who is aware of the hazard involved.

5-7. Capacitors inside the instrument may still be
charged even if the instrument has been discon­nected from its source of supply.

5-8. Make sure that only fuses with the required
rated current and of the specified type (normal
blow, time delay, etc.) are used for replacement.
The use of repaired fuses and the shortcircuiting of
fuseholders must be avoided.

interruption of the

protective

or outside

5-12. FACTORY SELECTED COMPONENTS

5-13. Factory selected components are indicated
on the schematic and replaceable parts list with an
asterisk immediately following the reference desig­nator. The nominal value of the component is
listed. Table 5-1 lists the parts by reference
designator and provides an explanation of how the
component is selected, the normal value range, and
a reference to the appropriate service sheet. The
Manual Changes supplement will update any
changes to factory selected
information.

5-14. ADJUSTMENT LOCATIONS

5-15. The last foldout in this manual contains a
table which cross-references all pictorial and

schematic locations of the adjustment controls.
The accompanying figure shows the locations of
the adjustable controls, assemblies, and chassis­mounted parts.

component

5-1

Adjustments

Model 436A

ADJUSTMENTS

Table 5-1. Factory Selected Components

Reference
Designator

A2R18

A display readout of 100.0 mW if the Power

Selected For

Meter, after being properly adjusted, passes

all of the Instrumentation Accuracy Tests
specified in Section IV except for the high

range (100 mW/20 dBm)

A2R50

Adjust A2R69 FREQ (Frequency Adj) for
maximum indication on digital readout,
then check frequency of 220 Hz Multivib­rater. If out of specification (220 ± 16 Hz)
select value for A2R50 to produce maximum
indication on digital readout while 220 Hz
Multivibrator frequency is in specification.

A8R5 A Power Reference Oscillator output of

1 mW if this value falls outside the range of
adjustment available with LEVEL

ADJUST potentiometer A8R5.

Normal Value

Range

196K

(150K~ to

250Kfl

)

13.3Kf2

(1OK!2

to

17.8KC?)

7100

(7100s’2

to

7500Q)

Service

Sheet

7

7

14

5-16. DC OFFSET

REFERENCE:

DESCRIPTION:

EQUIPMENT:

PROCEDURE:

ADJUSTMENT

Service Sheet 8.

DC OFF potentiometer A3R2 is adjusted to remove any dc voltage introduced by the
dc amplifier

Figure 5-1. DC Offset Adjustment Setup

Range Calibrator . . . . . . . Hp 11683A

Set the Power Meter Switches as follows:

1.

CAL FACTOR % . . . . . 100

POWER REF . . . . . .

off (out)

MODE . . . . . . . . . WATT

RANGE HOLD . . . . .

LINE . . . . . . . . .

off (out)
ON (in)

5-2

Model 436A

5-16. DC OFFSET ADJUSTMENT (cont’d)

2.

Set the Range Calibrator switches as follows:

FUNCTION . . . . . . . CALIBRATE

POLARITY . . . . . . . NORMAL

RANGE . . . . . . . . 100mW

LINE . . . . . . . . .

3.

Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 5-1.

4.

Verify that the Power Meter autoranges to the 100 mW range, then set the RANGE
HOLD switch to ON (in).

5.

Set the Range Calibrator FUNCTION switch to STANDBY.
Remove the Power Meter top cover and adjust DC OFF potentiometer A3R2 so

6.
that the digital readout indicates 00.0 with a blinking minus sign.

Adjustments

ADJUSTMENTS

ON (in)

5-17. AUTO ZERO OFFSET ADJUSTMENT

REFERENCE: Service Sheet 8.

DESCRIPTION: ZERO OFF potentiometer A3R47 is adjusted to remove any dc offset that is intro-

duced when the SENSOR ZERO switch is pressed.

Figure 5-2. Auto Zero Offset Adjustment Setup

EQUIPMENT:
PROCEDURE: 1.

Range Calibrator . . . . . . . HP 11683A

Set the Power Meter switches as follows:

CAL FACTOR % . . . . . 100

POWER REF . . . . . . off (out)

MODE . . . . . . . . . WATT

RANGE HOLD . . . . .

LINE . . . . . . . . .

off (out)
ON (in)

2.

Set the Range Calibrator switches as follows:

FUNCTION . . . . . . . STANDBY

POLARITY . . . . . . . NORMAL

LINE . . . . . . . . .

3.

Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 5-2.

ON (in)

5-3

Adjustments

ADJUSTMENTS

5-17. AUTO ZERO OFFSET ADJUSTMENT (cont‘d)

4.

Verify that the Power Meter autoranges to the 10

Meter top cover.

If specified indication cannot be obtained in next step,
perform DC Spike Balance Adjustment. Then repeat

this procedure.

5.

Press and hold the Power Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and adjust ZERO OFF
potentiometer A3R47 so that the digital readout indicates 0.00 with blinking
minus sign.

5-18. SPIKE BALANCE ADJUSTMENT

NOTE

Model 436A

PW

range, and remove the Power

REFERENCE:
DESCRIPTION:

EQUIPMENT:

PROCEDURE:

Service Sheets 7 and 8.

A reference signal is applied to the Power Meter from the Range Calibrator to force
the sensor zero circuit to its negative extreme. The SENSOR ZERO switch is then
held pressed while BAL potentiometer A3R65 is adjusted to center the sensor zero

circuit output voltage range.

Figure 5-3. Spike Balance Adjustment Setup

Range Calibrator . . . . . . . HP 11683A

1.

Set the Power Meter switches as follows:

CAL FACTOR % . . . . 100

POWER REF. . . . . .

off (out)

MODE . . . . . . . . . WATT

RANGE HOLD . . . . .

LINE . . . . . . . . .

off (out)
ON (in)

5-4

2.

Set the Range Calibrator switches as follows:

FUNCTION . . . . . . . CALIBRATE

POLARITY . . . . . . . NORMAL

RANGE . . . . . . . .

LINE . . . . . . . . .

ON (in)

Model 436A

ADJUSTMENTS

5-18. SPIKE BALANCE ADJUSTMENT (cont’d)

3.

Remove the Power Meter top cover and adjust the front-panel CAL ADJ control

so that the digital readout indicates 100.0

4.

Press and hold the Power Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and adjust BAL poteni­ometer A3R65 so that the display readout indicates 60.0 ± 0.2

The Power Meter sensor zero circuit must be

re-zeroed as described in the following steps

before valid power measurements can be made.

5.

Set the Range Calibrator FUNCTION switch to standby. Then press the Power
Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and wait for the digital readout to stabilize.

6.

Release the Power Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and wait for the ZERO lamp to
go out.

Adjustments

PW

MW.

NOTE

5-19. MULTIVIBRATOR ADJUSTMENT

REFERENCE:
DESCRIPTION:

EQUIPMENT:

PROCEDURE: 1. Set the Power Meter switches as follows:

Service Sheet 7.
FREQ potentiometer A2R69 is adjusted to set the reference frequency of the multi-

vibrator which drives the phase detector and the FET power sensor.

Figure 5-4. Multivibrator Adjustment Setup

Range Calibrator . . . . . . . HP 11683A

Counter . . . . . . . . . . HP 5245L

CAL FACTOR % . . . . . 100

POWER REF . . . . . .

MODE . . . . . . . . . WATT

RANGE HOLD . . . . .

LINE . . . . . . . . .

off (out)
off (out)

ON (in)

5-5

Adjustments

ADJUSTMENTS

5-19. MULTIVIBRATOR ADJUSTMENT (cont’d)

Set the Range Calibrator switches as follows:

2.

FUNCTION . . . . . . . CALIBRATE

POLARITY . . . . . . . NORMAL

LINE . . . . . . . . . ON (in)

3.

Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 5-4.

4.

Remove the Power Meter top cover, adjust FREQ potentiometer A2R69 to obtain
maximum indication on the digital readout, and verify that the counter indicates
220 ± 16 Hz.

5.

Perform the Instrument Accuracy Test described in Section IV to verify overall
Power Meter accuracy. If all indications are obtained as specified, the adjustment
is complete. If any indication cannot be obtained as specified, perform the A-D
Converter and Linear Meter Adjustment.

Model 436A

5-20. A-D CONVERTER AND LINEAR METER ADJUSTMENT

REFERENCE: Service Sheets 7 and 8.
DESCRIPTION: The A-D converter circuit is adjusted to obtain the specified digital

and the meter circuit is adjusted for a corresponding indication.

Figure 5-5. A-D Converter and Linear Meter Adjustment Setup

EQUIPMENT:

Range Calibrator . . . . . . . HP 11683A

Digital Voltmeter (DVM). . . . HP 3490A

PROCEDURE:

1.

Set the Power Meter switches as follows:

CAL FACTOR %. . . . . 100

POWER REF . . . . . .

off (out)

MODE . . . . . . . . .. WATT

RANGE HOLD . . . . .

LINE . . . . . . . . .

off (out)

ON (in)

readout accuracy

5-6

Model 436A

ADJUSTMENTS

5-20. A-D CONVERTER AND LINEAR METER ADJUSTMENT (cont’d)

2.

Set the Range Calibrator switches as follows:

FUNCTION . . . . . . . STANDBY

RANGE . . . . . . ..1 mW

POLARITY . . . . . . . NORMAL

LINE . . . . . . . . . ON (in)

3.

Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 5-5.

4.

Remove the Power Meter top cover and set the DVM to the 1000 mV range.

Press the Power Meter SENSOR ZERO switch and wait for the display readout to

5.
stabilize. Then release the SENSOR ZERO switch and wait for ZERO led to go
out before proceeding to the next step.

6.

Set the Range Calibrator FUNCTION switch to CALIBRATE and adjust the
Power Meter front-panel CAL ADJ control to obtain a 1.000 Vdc indication on

the DVM.

Adjustments

7.

Adjust the Power Meter LIN potentiometer A3R37 so that the digital readout in­dicates 1.000 mW.

8.

Set the Power Meter MODE and

RANGE HOLD switches to dBm and on (in),

respectively.

NOTE

The next step sets the

A-D log threshold. When the speci­fied indication (-10.00 dBm) is obtained, the digital-read­out should be just on the verge of blanking, i.e., the readout
may randomly alternate between -10.00 and UNDER

RANGE, -1.

9.

Set the Range Calibrator RANGE switch to -10 dBm and adjust the power

meter LZR,

10.

Set the Power Meter RANGE HOLD switch to off (out) and the Range Calibrator

-

A3R59, for -10 dBm.

RANGE switch to 1 mW.

11.

Adjust Power Meter LFS potentiometer A3R48 so that the digital readout indi­cates -0.00.

12.

Set the Power Meter MODE switch to WATT and adjust MTR potentiometer
A3R17 so that the pointer is aligned half way between the last two marks on the
meter face.

5-7

Adjustments

ADJUSTMENTS

5-21. POWER REFERENCE OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY ADJUSTMENT

NOTE

Adjustment of the Power Reference Oscillator fre-

quency may also affect the output level of the

oscillator. Thus after the frequency is adjusted to

50.0 ± 0.5 MHz, the output level should be checked

as described in Section IV. A procedure for adjust-

ing the output to the specified level is provided in
the next paragraph.

Model 436A

REFERENCE:

DESCRIPTION:

EQUIPMENT:

PROCEDURE:

Service Sheet 14.
Variable inductor A8L1 is adjusted to set the power reference oscillator output fre-

quency to 50.0 ± 0.5 MHz.

Figure 5-6. Power Reference Oscillator Frequency Adjustment Setup

Counter . . . . . . . . . . HP 5245L

1.

Set the Power Meter LINE switch to ON (in) and the POWER REF switch to off
(out).

Set up the counter to measure frequency and connect the equipment as shown in

2.
Figure 5-6.

Set the Power Meter POWER REF switch to ON (in) and observe the indication

3.

on the counter. If it is 50.0 ± 0.5 MHz, no adjustment of the power reference
oscillator frequency is necessary. If it is not within these limits, adjust the power
reference oscillator frequency as described in steps 4 through 9.

5-8

4.

Remove the Power Meter top cover.

Take care not to ground the +15V or -15V inputs to the
power reference oscillator when performing the following
steps. Grounding either of these inputs could damage the
power reference oscillator, and/or the power supply.

Grasp the power reference oscillator assembly firmly, and remove the four screws

5.
which secure it to the Power Meter chassis.

Model 436A

ADJUSTMENTS

5-21. POWER REFERENCE OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY ADJUSTMENT (cont’d)

Tilt the power reference oscillator assembly to gain access to the circuit board

6.
underneath the metal cover, and adjust A8L1 to obtain a 50.00 ± 0.5 MHz indi­cation on the counter.

Reposition the power reference oscillator on the Power Meter chassis but do not

7.
replace the mounting screws.

Observe the indication on the counter. If it is 50.0 ± 0.5 MHz, the adjustment

8.

procedure is complete. If it is not within these limits, repeat steps 6 and 7 except
offset the power reference oscillator frequency as required to obtain a 50.0 ±

0.5 MHz indication on the counter when the power reference oscillator assembly
is repositioned on the Power Meter chassis.

Replace the four screws which secure the power reference oscillator to the Power

9.

Meter chassis.

Adjustments

5-22. POWER REFERENCE OSCILLATOR LEVEL ADJUSTMENT

REFERENCE: Service Sheet 14.
DESCRIPTION: The power reference oscillator output is factory-adjusted to 1 mW ± 0.7% using a special

measurement system accurate to 0.570 (traceable to the National Bureau of Standards)
and allowing for a 0.2% transfer error. To ensure maximum accuracy in readjusting the
power reference oscillator, the following procedure provides step-by-step instructions
for using specified Hewlett-Packard instruments of known capability. If equivalent in-

struments are used, signal acquisition criteria may vary and reference should be made
to the manufacturer’s guidelines for operating the equipment.

NOTE

The Power Meter may be returned to the nearest HP
office to have the power reference oscillator checked
and/or adjusted. Refer to Section II, PACKAGING.

EQUIPMENT:

Figure 5-7. Power Reference Oscillator Level Adjustment Setup

Power Meter . . . . . . . . HP 432A

Thermistor Mount . . . . . . HP 478A-H75

Digital Voltmeter (DVM) . . . . HP 3490A

5-9

Adjustments

ADJUSTMENTS

5-22. POWER REFERENCE OSCILLATOR LEVEL ADJUSTMENT (cont’d)

Model 436A

PROCEDURE: 1.

Set up the DVM to measure resistance and connect the DVM between the V
nector on the rear panel of the 432A and pin 1 on the thermistor mount end of the
432A interconnect cable.

Round off the DVM indication to two decimal places and record this value as the in-

2.

ternal bridge resistance (R) of the 432A (approximately 200 ohms).
Connect the 432A to the Power Meter as shown in Figure 5-7.

3.

4.

Set the Power Meter LINE switch to ON (in) and the POWER REF switch to off (out).
Then wait thirty minutes for the 432A thermistor mount to stabilize before proceed­ing to the next step.

Set the 432A RANGE switch to COARSE ZERO and adjust the front-panel COARSE

5.

ZERO control to obtain a zero meter indication.

Fine zero the 432A on the most sensitive range, then set the 432A RANGE switch to

6.

1 mW.

NOTE

Ensure that the DVM input leads are isolated from chassis

ground when performing the next step.

7.

Set up the DVM to measure microvolt and connect the positive and negative inputs
leads, respectively, to the V
432A.

COMP

and V

connectors on the rear panel of the

RF

RF

con-

5-10

8.

Observe the indication on the DVM. If less than 400 microvolt, proceed to the next
step. If 400 microvolt or greater, press and hold the 432A FINE ZERO switch and
adjust the COARSE ZERO control so that the DVM indicates 200 microvolt or less.
Then release the FINE ZERO switch and proceed to the next step.

9.

Round off the DVM indication to the nearest microvolt and record this value as V
Disconnect the DVM negative input lead from the V

10,

connector on the 432A and

RF

reconnect it to chassis ground.

11.

Set the Power Meter POWER REF switch to ON (in) and record the indication ob­served on the DVM as V

Disconnect the DVM negative input lead from chassis ground and reconnect it to the

12.

V

connector on the rear panel of the 432A. The DVM is not setup to measure

RF

V

which represents the power reference oscillator output level.

1

13.

Calculate the value of V

1

.

COMP

equal to 1 milliwatt from the following equation:

.

0

Model 436A

ADJUSTMENTS

5-22. POWER REFERENCE OSCILLATOR LEVEL ADJUSTMENT (cont’d)

where:

V

= previously recorded value

0

= previously recorded value

v

COMP

-3

10

= 1 milliwatt
R = previously recorded value
EFFECTIVE EFFICIENCY = value for thermistor mount at 50 MHz (traceable to the

National Bureau of Standards).

14. Remove the Power Meter top cover and adjust LEVEL ADJUST potentiometer

A8R4 so that the DVM indicates the calculated value of V

Adjustments

.

1

TYPICAL

CALCULATIONS: 1.

ACCURACY:
DVM Measurements:
(HP 3490A -90 days, 23°C ±5°C)

Math Assumptions:
EFFECTIVE EFFICIENCY CAL (NBS):

MISMATCH UNCERTAINTY:

(Source & Mount SWR

MATH ASSUMPTIONS:

2.

Assume:

v

0

- (V1 - V0)2
V

Want:

0

2

– V

2

- V

<

1.05)

2

= (V1 - V0)

1

= -V

2

1

2

1

(V

COMP

(v

– V0) ±0.023%

l

2

+ 2V1 -V

(R)

0

2

)

±0.018%

±0.03%
±0.01%

±0.5%

±0.1%

<

±0.7%

if 2V0(V1-V0) < <2V

-4

v

COMP

(typically V

volts. If V0 <400

can be set to < 50 uV).

0

(V1 - V0) i.e., V0 << V

COMP

LLV,

error is < 0.01%.

, error is negligible.

COMP

5-11

Adjustments

ADJUSTMENTS

5-22. POWER REFERENCE OSCILLATOR LEVEL ADJUSTMENT (cont’d)

3.

TYPICAL

Derivation of Formula for V1 - V

0

CALCULATIONS
(cont’d)

Model 436A

Desired P

= 1mmW = 10

RF

-3

Let (4R) (EFFECTIVE EFFICIENCY) (10-3) = K

2

Substitute -(V
Then 0 = (V

l

- V0)2 for V

1

- VO)2 - 2V

COMP (Vl

- V

0

2

(see Math Assumptions under Accuracy)

1

- V0) + K

5-12

Model 436A

Replaceable Parts

SECTION VI

REPLACEABLE PARTS

6-1. INTRODUCTION

6-2. This section contains information for ordering
parts. Table 6-1 lists abbreviations used in the parts
list and throughout the manual. Table 6-2 lists all
replaceable parts in reference designation order.
Table 6-3 contains the names and addresses that
correspond with the manufacturers’ code numbers.

6-3. ABBREVIATIONS

6-4. Table 6-1 lists abbreviations used in the parts
list, schematics and throughout the manual. In
some cases, two forms of the abbreviation are used,
one all in capital letters, and one partial or no
capitals. This occurs because the abbreviations in
the parts list are always all capitals. However, in
the schematics and other parts of the manual,
other abbreviation forms are used with both lower
case and upper case letters.

6-5. REPLACEABLE PARTS LIST

6-6. Table 6-2 is the list of replaceable parts and is
organized as follows:

Electrical assemblies and their compo-

a.
nents in alpha-numerical order by reference
designation.

b. Chassis-mounted parts in alpha-numerical

order by reference designation.

Miscellaneous parts.

c.

The information given for each part consists of the

following:

a. The Hewlett-Packard part number.

b. The total quantity (Qty) used in the
instrument.

c. The description of the part.

d. A typical manufacturer of the part in a

five-digit code.

6-7. ORDERING INFORMATION

6-8. To order a part listed in the replaceable parts
table, quote the Hewlett-Packard part number,
indicate the quantity required, and address the

order to the nearest Hewlett-Packard office.

6-9. To order a part that is not listed in the
replaceable parts table, include the instrument
model number, instrument serial number, the
description and function of the part, and the
number of parts required. Address the order to the
nearest Hewlett-Packard office.

6-10. PARTS PROVISIONING

6-11. Stocking spare parts for an instrument is

often done to ensure quick return to service after a
malfunction occurs. Hewlett-Packard has a Spare
Parts Kit available for this purpose. The kit consists

of selected replaceable assemblies and components

for this instrument. The contents of the kit and the

Recommended Spares list are based on failure

reports and repair data, and parts support for one
year. A complimentary Recommended Spares list

for this instrument may be obtained on request

and the Spare Parts Kit may be ordered through

your nearest Hewlett-Packard office.

6-12. DIRECT MAIL ORDER SYSTEM

6-13. Within the USA, Hewlett-Packard can supply

parts through a direct mail order system. Advan-

tages of using the system are:

a.

Direct ordering and shipment from the HP

Parts Center in Mountain View, California.

b. No maximum or minimum on any mail

order (there is a minimum order amount for parts

ordered through a local HP office when the orders

require billing and invoicing).

Prepaid transportation (there is a small

c.

handling charge for each order).

d. No invoices ­tages, a check or money order must accompany
each order.

to provide these advan-

e.

The manufacturer’s number for the part.

The total quantity for each part is given only once
at the first appearance of the part number in the
list.

6-14. Mail order forms and specific ordering
information is available through your local HP
office. Addresses and phone numbers are located at
the back of this manual.

6-1

Replaceable Parts

Model 436A

Table 6-1. Reference Designations and Abbreviations (1 of 2)

REFERENCE DESIGNATIONS

A

. . . . . . . . . . .

AT. .
B. . .

BT. , . . . . . . . ..

c

“CP”lllllIllj:.aupler

CR . . . . . . . dtode; diode

DC .,.

DO .,.......

Da

A

ac

ACCBSS . . . . . accaeeory

ADJ , . . . . . .

AID

AF . . . . .

AFC, . . . . . ..autanattc

‘AGC . . . . .

~ AL

ALC . . . .

AM . . .

AMPL . . . . . .

APC, ,..

AaaY . . . . . . ..ae8etnbm

AUX . . . . . . .

~S . . . . . . . . . ..avemge

AW(3 . . . .

BAL . . . . . . . . ..

BCD . . . . . .

BD . . . . . . . . . . .. boud

BE CU

BFO . . . .

BH . . . . . . . . binder head

*KDN . . . . . .

BP . . . . . . . . .. bartdpeee

BPF .,...

Bra . . . . . . . . . . .

BWO, .,..

CAL . . . . . . .

“8EWR: :......,.

CHAN

cm . . . . . . . .. centimeter

CMO . .

COAX, . . . . . . .

attenuator; isolator;

termination

...0.. ,

thyrktor; varactor

direettortel

. . . . . . .

dgnaltng

(audtbla or vieuat);
lamp: LED

. . . . . . . . . .

... .

alternating cument

.,..

freauancy

control

. . . . . . . . . aluminum

.

control

amplttude modula-

tion

control

*uge

dectmat

. . . . . .

copper

.

Oeetllator

oesttttator

courtter-elockwtee

. . . . . . . . .

cabtnet

assembly

fan; motor

bettery

capacitor

coupler

delay

amtmeiator;

device

..ermae

adjustment

●

nalog-to-digital

audio frequency

cotttzol

automatic gabs

automatic level

..atttpltfter

automatic phase

..auxUtary

American wtre

balance

binuy coded

basyllium

beat

freauenc

breakdown

bandpau ftlter

bac~werd-wave

..caltbrate

ceramic

channel

mount

.

COSULtd

line

brass

only

E

. . . . . . . .

electricef pert
F
FL”::::::::::::”
H
HA”:::::::::”
J. . .electrical connector

(stationary Portion);

jack

K. . . . . . . . . . . .

L. . . . . . .

M
MP” ::::::: “r&~eihme%~

mecharttcaf part

COEF . . . . . .

COM . . . . . . . ..

COMP ,. ...

COMPL , . . . . .

CONN . . . . . . .

CP . . . . . .

CRT .,.

CTL . . . .

Cw . . . . .

Co w . . . . . . . .

cm.........centtmeter

D/A . . . .

da b . . . . . . . . . .

dBm . . . .

dc . . . . . . . direct current

deg , .

0

. . . . . . . . .

‘c ..,...

~F ,.. .

K
DEPC . .

DEB T . . . . . . . .

dlam. ., . . . .

y

DIA . . .

DIFF

div. , . . . . . . . . ..dtvidon

DPDT . . . . .

DR . . . . . . . . . . . . drtve

DSB, . . .

DTL . . . .

DVM
ECL .:::

EMF . ,

cathode-ray

complementary

traneiet.or logic

continuous

digttal-tc-analog

decibel refetred

to

1

mW

degree (temperature

interval or

ence)

angte )
(centigrade)

degree Fahrenheit

0 . . . . . .

depoeited

diameter (used in

Parfe list)

AMPL . . dffferentiat

arOPtifier

double-throw

double sideband

diode

Ioglc

digital

emitter coupled

logic

electromotive

miscellaneous

fuse

filter

herd ware

circulator

.

relay

colt;

tnductor

.

ABBREVIATIONS

.

coefficient

common

composition

.

complete

connector

eadmtum ptate

double-pole,

tube

wave

clockwise

decibel

diffe~

degree (ptane

degree Cefatue

degree Kelvin

carbon

detector

..diarneter

trandetor

voltmetm

force

P

R
RT” :: ::::::: “thermistor

s

T
TAB”::::::””

TC . . . . . .

TA P . . . . . . . . testpoint

EDP, . . . .

ELECT . . . . .

ENCAP , . . .

EXT ..,......

F
FET” ::: :::: “

F/F flip-flop

AH.:::::::::

FIL H . . . . . fillister head

FM

FP . . . . . . . . front pane]

FREQ . . . . . . .

FAD . . . . . . . . . . . fixed

g

GE”: :::: :::” &na%%

GHz . . . . . , . . . gigahertz

GL . . . . . . . . . . . ..gbw.s

GRD . . . . . . .

H
h
HET

HEX . . . . . . . . hexagonaf

HD . . . . . . . . . . . .. head

HDW . . . . . . .. hardware

HF . . . . . .

HA . . . . . . . . . . mercury

HI . . . . . . . . . . . ..tdgh

HP
HPF”: :::.

HR . . . . . . .

HV . . . . . . . .

Hz . . . . . . . . . . .. Hertz

IC . . . .

ID . . . . . .

IF . . , . . . .

IMPG ., . . . impregnated

irt . . . . . . . . . . . . .. inch

INCD ., . . .
INCL
INP . : :;::::...

INS . . . . . . . .

electrical

. . .

(movable portion):
plug

. . . . . .

Q

transistor: SCR;

triode thyristor

. . . . . . . . . . . .

terminet board

thermocouple

electronic

processing

encapsulated

tranrdetor

. .

frequency modulation

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

:::::: : “

high

Hewlett-Packard

IrIgh pass filter

hour (ueadin

parts

list)

highvoltage

integrated circuit

tneide diameter

intermediate

frerIuenc y

incandescent

connector

resistor

switch

transformer

data

electrolytic

external

farad

tieid-etfect

flat head

frequency

ground(ed)

henry

hour

h&&odyne

frequent y

tnclude(e)

input

insulation

u

. . . . .

integrated circuit:

v electron tube

w. . .
x

Y

INT. ..internafnternaf

kg . . . . . . . . .. kilogram

kHz
k~.:::::::::.

kV . . . . . . . . . ..lrilovolt

lb . . . . . . . . . . . .

LC . , . . . . . ,

LED . .

LF . . . . . .

LG . . . . . . . . . . . .. long

LH . . . . . . . . ..

LIM . . . . . . . . . . .. Iimit

LIN . . .

lin . . . . . . . . . . ..

LK
LO . . .

LOG . . . .

10g . . . . . . . .

LPF . . . . .

LV . . . . . . . . Iow voltage

m. . . . . .meter

mA . . . . . . . . milliampere

MAX
M~. :::: ::. .megohm
MEG ...,

MET FLM . . . . metal film

MET OX . .

MF . .

MFR . . . . . . manufacturer

reg . . . . . . . . .

MHz . . . . . . . .

mH . . . . . . . ..miUthenry

mho. , . . . . . . . . ..mho

MIN . . . . . . . .

miss . . . . .

. ..’....

MINAT . . . . . .

mm . . . . . . ..

microcircuit

All”:;;:’””

z. . .

WASH . .

voltage regulator;

breakdown

.

cable; transmission

path;

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .

wire

crystal

electric or

.

tuned

circuit

capacitance

fight-em itting

low fr:quency

linear taper (used

in perta

low;

local oscillator

logarithmic taper

(used in parts

meg

in parts

.

medium frequency;
mlcroferarl (ueed
parts list )

.

angle)

diode

socket

unit (piezo-

quartz)

cavtty;

tuned

kilohertz

kilohm

pound

inductance-

diode

left

hand

list)

linear

.

lock

washer

list)

logarithm

low

pass filter

(distance

.

maximum
(106) (used

list)

metalfic

oxide

in

mffligram

megehertz

minimum

minute (time)
mtnute

(plane

.

miniature

millimeter

)

6-2

Aft

●

bbreviatlone in the

TfOTE

parts

liet wffl be

in upper-caee.