HP D3000 User Manual

HP D3600/D3700 Disk Enclosure User Guide

Abstract
This guide describes the D3600/D3700 12Gb SAS disk enclosure. Installation, cabling, configuration, and troubleshooting procedures are included.
HP Part Number: 734753-001 Published: March 2014 Edition: First
The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.
WARRANTY STATEMENT: To obtain a copy of the warranty for this product, see the warranty information website:
http://www.hp.com/go/storagewarranty
Revision History
DescriptionDateEdition
Initial release. Described server connect environments.March 2014First

Contents

1 Hardware..................................................................................................7
Overview................................................................................................................................7
D3600 Large Form Factor disk enclosure chassis...........................................................................7
LFF Front view......................................................................................................................8
Drive bay numbering.......................................................................................................8
Rear view...........................................................................................................................8
D3700 Small Form Factor disk enclosure chassis...........................................................................9
SFF Front view.....................................................................................................................9
Drive bay numbering.....................................................................................................10
Rear view.........................................................................................................................10
Disk drives.............................................................................................................................11
Disk drive LEDs..................................................................................................................11
Disk drive blanks...............................................................................................................11
Front status and UID module....................................................................................................12
Front UID module LEDs.......................................................................................................12
Unit identification (UID) button........................................................................................13
Power supply module..............................................................................................................13
Power supply module LED...................................................................................................13
Fan module...........................................................................................................................14
Fan module LEDs...............................................................................................................14
I/O module...........................................................................................................................15
I/O module LEDs...............................................................................................................15
Rear power and UID module....................................................................................................16
Unit identification (UID) button.............................................................................................16
Powering on......................................................................................................................16
Cables..................................................................................................................................16
Cables to connect HP D3600/D3700 to any HP 6Gb SAS initiator..........................................16
Cables to connect HP D3600/D3700 with any HP Smart Array 12Gb SAS initiator....................16
2 Technical specifications.............................................................................17
Physical specifications.............................................................................................................17
Power and environmental specifications.....................................................................................17
Acoustic noise levels...............................................................................................................17
3 Deployment types.....................................................................................18
4 Installation...............................................................................................19
Installation overview................................................................................................................19
Required items.......................................................................................................................19
Preliminary tasks....................................................................................................................20
Determining who will install and configure the disk enclosure...................................................20
Confirming support for your hardware and software components.............................................20
Signing up to automatically receive advisories, notices, and other messages..............................21
Confirming warranty support and finding out about related services.........................................21
Gathering and recording information...................................................................................21
Planning the storage configuration.......................................................................................21
System and performance expectations..............................................................................22
Striping methods...........................................................................................................22
RAID levels...................................................................................................................22
Disk drive sizes and types..............................................................................................23
Spare disks..................................................................................................................23
Array sizing.................................................................................................................24
Preparing the site...................................................................................................................25
Contents 3
Racking the disk enclosure.......................................................................................................26
Rack installation best practices.............................................................................................26
Rack Installation procedures................................................................................................26
Installing disk drives in the enclosure.........................................................................................29
Disk drive options..............................................................................................................29
Disk drive guidelines..........................................................................................................29
Installing a disk drive..........................................................................................................29
Installing SAS controllers or controller enclosures.........................................................................31
Preparing the server................................................................................................................31
Connecting SAS cables and power cords..................................................................................32
Overview..........................................................................................................................32
Cabling best practices........................................................................................................32
Connecting SAS cables to the server or controller enclosure.....................................................33
Connecting SAS cables to cascaded disk enclosures...............................................................34
Connecting power cords.....................................................................................................35
Powering on the disk enclosure.................................................................................................36
Power on best practices......................................................................................................36
Power on procedures..........................................................................................................36
Verifying the operating status of the disk enclosures.....................................................................37
5 Configuration...........................................................................................38
Configuration overview............................................................................................................38
Supported software tools.........................................................................................................38
6 Operation and management......................................................................39
Powering on disk enclosures.....................................................................................................39
Power on procedures..........................................................................................................39
Powering off disk enclosures.....................................................................................................39
Updating disk enclosure firmware.............................................................................................39
7 Cabling examples....................................................................................41
Single-domain example...........................................................................................................42
Dual domain example.............................................................................................................43
8 Troubleshooting........................................................................................44
If the enclosure does not initialize.............................................................................................44
Diagnostic steps.....................................................................................................................44
Is the enclosure front fault LED amber?..................................................................................44
Is the enclosure rear fault LED amber?...................................................................................45
Is the System Health LED amber?..........................................................................................45
Is the power supply LED amber?..........................................................................................45
Is the I/O module fault LED amber?......................................................................................45
Is the fan LED amber?.........................................................................................................46
Recognizing disk drive failure...................................................................................................47
Effects of a disk drive failure................................................................................................47
Compromised fault tolerance...............................................................................................47
Factors to consider before replacing disk drives.....................................................................47
Automatic data recovery (rebuild)........................................................................................48
Time required for a rebuild.............................................................................................48
Failure of another drive during rebuild.............................................................................49
Handling disk drive failures............................................................................................49
9 Replacement procedures...........................................................................50
Customer self repair (CSR).......................................................................................................50
Parts-only warranty service..................................................................................................50
Best practices for replacing hardware components......................................................................50
Verifying component failure.................................................................................................50
4 Contents
Identifying the spare part....................................................................................................50
Replaceable parts...................................................................................................................50
Replacing the failed component................................................................................................51
Replacement instructions..........................................................................................................51
Hardware components............................................................................................................52
10 Support and other resources.....................................................................54
Contacting HP........................................................................................................................54
Before you contact HP........................................................................................................54
HP contact information.......................................................................................................54
Subscription service............................................................................................................54
Documentation feedback....................................................................................................54
Related information.................................................................................................................55
Websites..........................................................................................................................55
Document conventions and symbols..........................................................................................55
Customer self repair................................................................................................................55
Rack stability..........................................................................................................................56
11 Regulatory compliance notices..................................................................57
Regulatory compliance identification numbers............................................................................57
Federal Communications Commission notice..............................................................................57
FCC rating label................................................................................................................57
Class A equipment........................................................................................................57
Modifications....................................................................................................................57
Cables.............................................................................................................................57
Battery replacement notices.....................................................................................................58
RoHS material content declarations...........................................................................................60
China RoHS material content declaration..............................................................................60
India RoHS material content declaration................................................................................60
Turkey RoHS material content declaration..............................................................................60
Ukraine RoHS material content declaration............................................................................60
Regulatory notices..................................................................................................................60
Canadian notice (Avis Canadien)........................................................................................60
Class A equipment........................................................................................................60
European Union notice.......................................................................................................60
Japanese notices................................................................................................................61
VCCI-A notice...............................................................................................................61
Japanese power cord statement......................................................................................61
Korean notices...................................................................................................................61
Class A equipment........................................................................................................61
Taiwanese notices..............................................................................................................61
BSMI Class A notice......................................................................................................61
Chinese notice..............................................................................................................61
Recycling notices....................................................................................................................62
English notice....................................................................................................................62
Bulgarian notice................................................................................................................62
Czech notice.....................................................................................................................62
Danish notice....................................................................................................................62
Dutch notice......................................................................................................................62
Estonian notice..................................................................................................................63
Finnish notice....................................................................................................................63
French notice.....................................................................................................................63
German notice..................................................................................................................63
Greek notice.....................................................................................................................63
Hungarian notice...............................................................................................................64
Italian notice.....................................................................................................................64
Contents 5
Latvian notice....................................................................................................................64
Lithuanian notice................................................................................................................64
Polish notice......................................................................................................................64
Portuguese notice...............................................................................................................65
Romanian notice................................................................................................................65
Slovak notice.....................................................................................................................65
Spanish notice...................................................................................................................65
Swedish notice..................................................................................................................65
Turkish notice....................................................................................................................66
Index.........................................................................................................67
6 Contents

1 Hardware

Overview

The HP 12Gb SAS disk enclosures are available in two models:
D3600: supports up to 12 Large Form Factor (LFF) SAS drives for a maximum capacity of 7.2
TB with 600 GB SAS drives, 48 TB with 4 TB SAS MDL, or 4 TB SATA MDL drives.
D3700: supports up to 25 Small Form Factor (SFF) SAS drives for a maximum capacity of 30
TB with 1.2 TB SAS drives, 25 TB with 1 TB SAS MDL, or 1 TB SATA MDL drives. The D3700 also supports 12G SAS and SATA Solid State Drives (SSD).
D3700 SFF EnclosureD3600 LFF Enclosure
NOTE: Each enclosure is shipped with an optional digital rain bezel which customers can install
as needed. The graphics in this guide are portrayed without the bezel for clarity.
NOTE: Depending on your disk enclosure model and controller installation environment, one or
more disk enclosures can be cascaded from the disk enclosure that is connected to the controller. For more information, see the QuickSpecs for the disk enclosure, available on the D3000 website.
The enclosure and its components are detailed in the following sections:
“D3700 Small Form Factor disk enclosure chassis” Page 9
“D3600 Large Form Factor disk enclosure chassis” Page 7
“Disk drives” Page 11
“Front status and UID module” Page 12
“Power supply module” Page 13
“Fan module” Page 14
“I/O module” Page 15
“Rear power and UID module” Page 16
“Cables” Page 16

D3600 Large Form Factor disk enclosure chassis

Each HP D3600 enclosure includes the following standard components:
D3600 base enclosure with redundant power supplies and fan modules
Two integrated 12Gb SAS I/O Modules
Rack mounting hardware kit
Two 0.5m SAS-HD cables
Optional digital rain bezel
Overview 7

LFF Front view

2. System Health LED
Drive bay numbering
Disk drives mount in bays on the front of the enclosure. Bays are numbered sequentially from top to bottom and left to right. A drive-bay legend is included on the left bezel.
3. UID push button1. Disk drive in bay 1

Rear view

NOTE: The I/O modules for both the HP D3600 LFF and HP D3700 SFF enclosures share the
same layout.
8 Hardware
NOTE: A pull tab is provided for
label placement.

D3700 Small Form Factor disk enclosure chassis

Each HP D3700 enclosure includes the following standard components:
D3700 base enclosure with redundant power supplies and fan modules
Two integrated 12Gb SAS I/O Modules
Rack mounting hardware kit
Two 0.5m SAS-HD cables
Optional digital rain bezel

SFF Front view

7. Rear system health LED4. I/O module B1. Metal cover with fan module ID
8. Power supply5. Fan2. Fan
9. Power supply6. Rear UID button3. I/O module A
2. System Health LED
3. UID push button1. Disk drive in bay 16
D3700 Small Form Factor disk enclosure chassis 9
Drive bay numbering
Disk drives mount in bays on the front of the enclosure. Bays are numbered sequentially from top to bottom and left to right.

Rear view

NOTE: The I/O modules for both the HP D3600 LFF and HP D3700 SFF enclosures share the
same layout.
NOTE: A pull tab is provided for label
placement.
7. Rear system health LED4. I/O module B1. Metal cover with fan module ID
8. Power supply5. Fan2. Fan
9. Power supply6. Rear UID button3. I/O module A
10 Hardware

Disk drives

A variety of disk drive models are supported for use, including dual-ported and single-ported models. For more information, see the QuickSpecs for the disk enclosure, available on the D3000 website.
Disk drives are hot-pluggable.

Disk drive LEDs

Two LEDs indicate drive status.
NOTE: Both the HP D3600 LFF and D3700 SFF drive carrier system use I2C communication for
drive authentication, failure and configuration info, activity animation and enhanced LEDs.
DefinitionStatusIndicatorLocation
Solid blue1 Locate
Solid white3. Do not remove
Off
Solid green4. Drive status
Flashing green
Flashing amber/green
Flashing amber
The drive is being identified by a host application.
Drive activityRotating green2. Activity ring
No drive activityOff
Do not remove the drive. Removing the drive causes one or more of the logical drives to fail.
Drive is safe to remove. Will not cause a logical drive to fail.
The drive is a member of one or more logical drives.
The drive is rebuilding or performing a RAID migration, stripe size migration, capacity expansion, or logical drive extension, or is erasing
The drive is a member of one or more logical drives and predicts the drive will fail.
The drive is not configured and predicts the drive will fail.

Disk drive blanks

To maintain the proper enclosure air flow, a disk drive or a disk drive blank must be installed in each drive bay. The disk drive blank maintains proper airflow within the disk enclosure.
Off
The drive has failed.Solid amber
The drive is not configured by a RAID controller.
Disk drives 11

Front status and UID module

The front status and UID module includes status LEDs and a unit identification (UID) button.

Front UID module LEDs

N/A1. HDD in Bay 1
Fault conditionsOperating conditionStartup conditionIndicator
Solid greenSolid green2. System Health LED
The UID is a locator LED activated by pressing the rear or the front UID buttons.3. UID
Flashing amber:
non-critical error.
Solid amber: critical
failure.
12 Hardware
Unit identification (UID) button
The unit identification (UID) button helps locate an enclosure and its components. When the UID button is activated, the UID indicators on the front and rear of the enclosure are illuminated. There is a UID button in the front panel, and another in the rear panel of the enclosure.
NOTE: A remote session from the management utility can also illuminate the UID.
To turn on the UID light, press the UID button. The UID light on the front and the rear of the
enclosure will illuminate solid blue.
To turn off an illuminated UID light, press the UID button. The UID light on the front and the
rear of the enclosure will turn off.

Power supply module

Two power supplies provide the necessary operating voltages to all controller enclosure components. If one power supply fails, the remaining power supply is capable of operating the enclosure. (Replace any failed component as soon as possible.)

Power supply module LED

One LED provides module status information.
DescriptionLED statusLED color
No powerOffOff
Normal, no fault conditionsSolidGreen
Power supply module 13

Fan module

Fan modules provide cooling necessary to maintain proper operating temperature within the controller enclosure.
If one fan fails, the system still runs, but HP recommends replacing the module. If two fans fail (either one complete module, or one fan per module) the system shuts down.

Fan module LEDs

Fault conditionsOperating conditionStartup conditionIndicator
OffOffBlue1. Fan UID
One bi-color LED provides module status information.
Solid amberSolid greenSolid green2. Health/Status
OffOffBlue3. System UID
14 Hardware

I/O module

The I/O module provides the interface between the disk enclosure and the host. Each I/O module has two ports that can transmit and receive data for bidirectional operation.

I/O module LEDs

LEDs on the I/O module provide status information about each I/O port and the entire module.
NOTE: The following image illustrates LEDs on the I/O module.
The rear power and UID module includes status LEDs, a 7–segment display for status codes, and a unit identification (UID) button.
Fault conditionsOperating conditionStartup conditionIndicator
OffBlinking or solid green1. Port Link
3. 7–segment display
Solid amberOff2. Port Error
OffA number, representing the box number, or an error/warning code.
OffOffBlue4. UID
OffSolid greenBlinking green5. Health
Blinking or solid amberOff6. Fault
I/O module 15

Rear power and UID module

Unit identification (UID) button

The unit identification (UID) button helps locate an enclosure and its components. When the UID button is activated, the UID on the front and rear of the enclosure are illuminated.
NOTE: A remote session from the management utility can also illuminate the UID.
To turn on the UID light, press the UID button. The UID light on the front and the rear of the
enclosure will illuminate solid blue. (The UID on cascaded storage enclosures are not illuminated.)
To turn off an illuminated UID light, press the UID button. The UID light on the front and the
rear of the enclosure will turn off.

Powering on

Power is applied to the enclosure chassis upon plugging the unit into a live power source. There is no power on/standby button.

Cables

These disk enclosures use cables with mini-SAS connectors for connections to the host and to additional cascaded disk enclosures.
Use supported SAS cables with mini-SAS connectors. A variety of SAS cables and cable lengths are supported for use with this disk enclosure. For more information, see the QuickSpecs for the disk enclosure, available on the D3000 website.

Cables to connect HP D3600/D3700 to any HP 6Gb SAS initiator

Part numberName
691971-B21HP 0.5m External Mini SAS HD to Mini SAS
Cable
716189-B21HP 1.0m External Mini SAS HD to Mini SAS
Cable
716191-B21HP 2.0m External Mini SAS HD to Mini SAS
Cable
716193-B21HP 4.0m External Mini SAS HD to Mini SAS
Cable
NOTE: This includes the following devices
HP P421 and P822 controllers
HP Smart Array H221 and H222 host bus adaptors
HP Smart Array P721m (for Blade-attach)
HP 6Gb SAS Switch

Cables to connect HP D3600/D3700 with any HP Smart Array 12Gb SAS initiator

16 Hardware
Part numberName
716195-B21HP 1.0m External SAS-HD Cable
716197-B21HP 2.0m External SAS-HD Cable
716199-B21HP 4.0m External SAS-HD Cable

2 Technical specifications

Physical specifications

HP D3600 LFF: 3.44 x 17.64 x 23.54 in (8.7 x 44.8 x 59.8 cm)Height/Width/Depth
HP D3700 SFF: 3.44 x 17.64 x 21.48 in (8.7 x 44.8 x 54.6 cm)
No disk drives: 38 lb (17.2 kg)Weight
HP D3700 fully populated with SFF disk drives: 54.90 lb (24.9 kg)
HP D3600 fully populated with LFF disk drives: 60 lb (27.2 kg)

Power and environmental specifications

are for sea level. An altitude rating of 1°C per 300 m (1.8°F per 1,000 ft) to 3048 m (10,000 ft) is applicable. The upper limit might be limited by the type and number of options installed.)
humidity of 95% is based on a temperature of 45°C (113°F). Altitude maximum for storage corresponds to a pressure minimum of 70 KPa.)
Shipping
50° to 104° F (10° to 40° C)OperatingTemperature range (Temperature ratings shown
-22° to 149° F (-30° to 65° C)
NOTE: Rated 1°C per 1000 feet of elevation
to 10,000 ft.
10% to 90% relative humidity (Rh)OperatingRelative humidity (Non-operating maximum
0% to 95% relative humidity (Rh)Non-operating
Maximum wet bulb temperature
rate is 457 m/min (1500 ft/min))
specifications are maximum values and apply to worst-case conditions at full rated power supply load. The power/heat dissipation for your installation will vary depending on the equipment configuration.)

Acoustic noise levels

Listed are the declared A-Weighted sound power levels (LWAd) and declared average bystander position A-Weighted sound pressure levels (LpAm) when the product is operating in a 23°C ambient environment. Noise emissions were measured in accordance with ISO 7779 (ECMA 74) and declared in accordance with ISO 9296 (ECMA 109). The listed sound levels apply to standard shipping configurations. Additional options may result in increased sound levels.
(operating)
(non-operating)
OperatingAltitude (Maximum allowable altitude change
82.4° F (28° C)Long-term storage
101.6° F (38.7° C)Short-term storage
3048 m (10,000 ft) This value might be limited by the type and number of options installed.
9144 m (30,000 ft)Non-operating
100 to 240 VAC (Common- slot Power Supply)Input voltageInput power (Input Power and Heat Dissipation
50 to 60 Hz (Common-slot Power Supply)Input frequency
120V power source: 6ARated input current
240V power source: 3A
526WInput power (max)
LWAd= 7.0 BIdle Acoustic Noise (sound power)
LpAm - 53 dBAIdle Acoustic Noise (sound pressure)
LWAd= 7.0 BOperating Acoustic Noise (sound power)
LpAm - 53 dBAOperating Acoustic Noise (sound pressure)
Physical specifications 17

3 Deployment types

The following types of deployments are supported:
Single domain
In a single domain deployment, one path exists from the disk enclosure to the host. In a single domain deployment, only one I/O module in the disk enclosure is used
Dual domain
In a dual domain deployment, two paths exist from the disk enclosure to the host. In a dual domain deployment, both I/O modules in the disk enclosure are used. Because dual domain deployments provide two paths to the storage, access is ensured, even in the event of device, cable, or power failure. In dual domain environments, dual-port disk drives are required.
Server attached (single or dual domain)
In a server attached deployment, the disk enclosure is connected to a controller card installed in a server. Several models of controller cards are supported for use with this disk enclosure. For more information, see the QuickSpecs for the disk enclosure.
Controller enclosure attached (single or dual domain)
In a controller enclosure attached deployment, the disk enclosure is connected to a rack-mounted array controller enclosure. The controller enclosure is then connected to the server or network. Several models of array controller enclosures are supported for use with this disk enclosure. For more information, see the QuickSpecs for the disk enclosure.
NOTE: Cabling illustrations are provided elsewhere in this guide, showing a variety of example
deployments. See (page 41).
18 Deployment types

4 Installation

Installation overview

Installation steps include:
1. Locating “Required items” Page 19
2. Completing “Preliminary tasks” Page 20
3. “Preparing the site” Page 25
4. “Racking the disk enclosure” Page 26
5. “Installing disk drives in the enclosure” Page 29
6. “Connecting SAS cables and power cords” Page 32
7. “Powering on the disk enclosure” Page 36

Required items

Items required for installation include the following, some of which ship with the disk enclosure:
Rack mounting kit
Disk enclosure
Disk drives and drive blanks
SAS controller or controller enclosure
SAS cables
Power cables
Access to a workstation on the server
Access to the Internet
NOTE: A variety of disk drives, SAS controllers, controller enclosures, and SAS cables are
supported for use with this disk enclosure. For more information, see the QuickSpecs for the disk enclosure, available on the D3000 website.
Installation overview 19

Preliminary tasks

Planning tasks include:
“Determining who will install and configure the disk enclosure” Page 20
“Confirming support for your hardware and software components” Page 20
“Signing up to automatically receive advisories, notices, and other messages” Page 21
“Confirming warranty support and finding out about related services” Page 21
“Gathering and recording information” Page 21
“Planning the storage configuration” Page 21

Determining who will install and configure the disk enclosure

Storage management experience is required to successfully install and configure this product. If you are not familiar with installing and configuring storage array systems, HP can install this product for you. For more information, see the Business & IT Services website: http://www.hp.com/go/
services.
Different levels of assistance are available. For example, the following services might be included:
Site inspection
Verification of operating system patch levels
Customized virtual disk design
Array hardware installation and activation of optional software
Array initialization
Verification that the implemented solution meets your specifications
Availability of an HP Services Storage Specialist to answer questions during the deployment
process
Verification testing to confirm product functionality and adherence to HP installation quality
standards
On-site orientation, including highlights of basic operation and a review of documentation

Confirming support for your hardware and software components

Specific versions of hardware, firmware, software, drivers, and other components are designed to work together.
The QuickSpecs for your disk enclosure model provide an up-to-date list of supported servers, operating systems, controllers, switches, and software tools. Download and review the QuickSpecs for your disk enclosure model to confirm that the components you plan to use are supported for use with the disk enclosure.
Check the QuickSpecs before initially installing the disk enclosure and before making any changes to an existing installation. QuickSpecs are available on the D3000 disk enclosures website.
20 Installation

Signing up to automatically receive advisories, notices, and other messages

The Subscriber's Choice website includes options to register for and automatically receive, by e-mail, personalized product tips, update information, driver- and support-related advisories, and other notices for this and other HP devices. Although optional, HP recommends registering all of your HP products with Subscriber's Choice. For more information, see the Subscriber's Choice website: http://www.hp.com/go/e-updates.
To register for and automatically receive product tips, update information, driver- and support-related advisories, see the Subscriber's Choice website: http://www.hp.com/go/e-updates. Click Subscribe and follow the onscreen instructions to select all of the HP products for which you want to receive notices. While subscribing, indicate your delivery preference (HTML, text, or RSS) and frequency of delivery (as they become available, weekly, or monthly).

Confirming warranty support and finding out about related services

The standard warranty protects against product defects and some causes of downtime. You can extend your warranty with HP Care Pack Services. This portfolio of predefined packages is flexible, allowing you to extend coverage to the exact level of support required. You choose the support level that meets your business requirement, from basic to mission-critical.
Recommended service levels and appropriate related services for your particular disk enclosure model are listed on the QuickSpecs. For more information, see the Storage Services website:
http://www8.hp.com/us/en/business-services/it-services.html?compURI=1078604.

Gathering and recording information

A brief worksheet is included on the getting started instructions that is shipped with the disk enclosure. As you gather and identify the hardware and software components for your environment, use the worksheet to record information about your components and your configuration. Some information is easily obtained before installing the disk enclosure, while some of the information is created during the configuration process.
A basic worksheet is included on the poster, but HP recommends creating and keeping more detailed records.
Information recorded on the worksheet is used during the initial system setup and configuration, and is helpful for future configuration changes and troubleshooting purposes.
NOTE: If a supplier is installing or configuring your disk enclosure, provide them with the poster,
and verify that they complete the worksheet and record other important configuration and set up information.

Planning the storage configuration

Proper planning of the system storage and its subsequent performance is critical to a successful deployment of the disk enclosure. Improper planning or implementation can result in wasted storage space, degraded performance, or inability to expand the system to meet growing storage needs.
Preliminary tasks 21
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