HP 1744A User Manual

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OPERATORS GUIDE

OSCILLOSCOPE

1744A

HEWLETT PACKARD

SAFETY SUMMARY

The following general safety precautions must be observed during operation of this instrument. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the instrument. Hewlett-Packard Company assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply with these requirements.

GROUND THE INSTRUMENT.

minimize shock hazard, the instrument chassis and cabinet must be connected to an electrical ground. The

instrument is equipped with a three-conductor ac power cable. The power cable must either be plugged into an approved three-contact outlet or used with a three-contact to two-contact adapter with the grounding wire

(green) firmly connected to an electrical ground (safety ground) at the power outlet. The power jack and mating plug of the power cable meet International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) safety standards.

DO NOT OPERATE IN AN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE.

Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or fumes. Operation of any electrical instrument in such an environment constitutes a definite safety hazard.

DO NOT REMOVE INSTRUMENT COVERS.

Operating personnel must not remove instrument covers. Component replacement and internal adjustments

must be made by qualified maintenance personnel.Service instructions for this instrument are provided in a separate Operating and Service Manual.

DANGEROUS PROCEDURE WARNINGS.

Warnings such as the example below, precede potentially dangerous procedures throughout this manual!

Instructions contained in the warnings must be followed.

WARNING

Dangerous voltages, capable of causing death, are present in this instrument.

Use extreme caution when handling, installing or operating.

OPERATORS GUIDE

MODEL 1744A

OSCILLOSCOPE

Operators Guide Part Number 01744-90902 Microfiche Part Number 01744-90802

HEWLETT

1900 GARDEN OF THE GODS ROAD, COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO, U.S.A.

PACKARD COMPANY/COLORADO SPRINGS DIVISION

1978

PRINTED: AUGUST 1978

Table of Contents

Model 1744A

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GeneralInformation

Description AccessoriesFurnished Accessories and Options Available

Preparationfor Use ................................ 8

PowerCord PowerRequirements Controlsand Connectors

Turn-on Procedure ................................ 18

Checking Instrument Performance

TraceAlignment Astigmatismand Focus ProbeCompensation VerticalAccuracy Check SweepTime Accuracy TriggerSelection Table

ObtainingBasic Displays

NormalSweep Display MagnifiedSweep Display DelayedSweep Display MixedSweep Display X-Y Display

Variable Persistance - Storage Operation

AutoErase AutoStore Mode ContinuousScan

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20 21 21 21 21 21 23 24 25 25 26 26 26 28

1 8 8

8 9

EliminatingFlicker Storinga Trace Display Brightness Control

MeasurementTechniques

Introduction

VoltageMeasurements Absolute Voltage Measurements Peak-to-peak Voltage Measurements Average Voltage Measurements Amplitude Comparison Measurements Method1 Method2 CommonMode Rej ection

Time-interval Measurements

PeriodMeasurements

Repetition Rate or Frequency Measurements .... 38

Transition Time Measurements DelayedSweep

Measuring Phase Difference by Time Delay ..... 43

Avs B Phase Measurements

Triggering

TriggerView ... Eliminating Multiple Triggering an

ComplexWaveforms .......................... 47

Measuring CRT Writing Speed .................... 48

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31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36

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Model 1744A

Operators Guide

MODEL 1744A OPERATORS GUIDE

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

GENERAL INFORMATION.

This Operators Guide will acquaint you with the Model 1744A features, capabilities, accessories, power require- ments, and controls. To aid in operating the oscillo- scope, initial turn-on instructions, calibration proce- dures, and a performance check are provided. Detailed explanations in the Applications Section show how you can use varied capabilities of the 1744A to best ad- vantage in a variety of electrical measurements. Speci- fiications and general characteristics for the 1744A are listed in tables 1 and 2. Service information is available in a separate service manual.

DESCRIPTION.

The Hewlett-Packard Model 1744A is a dual-channel,

100-MHz, delayed-sweep variable persistence storage oscilloscope designed for single-shot transients and low duty cycle waveform analysis in the bench or field environment. The writing speed specification of 1800 cm/µs permits full screen capture of transients at the maximum slew rate of the vertical amplifier system. The

dual-channel dc to 100 MHz vertical deflection system has 12 calibrated deflection factors from 5 mV/div to 20 V/div. A maximum sensitivity of 1 mV/div to 30 MHz is provided an both channels by means of a 5X vertical magnification feature. Selectable input impedance of 50 ohms or 1 megohm permits selection of that impedance which best meets measurement requirements. The hori-

zontal deflection system has calibrated sweep rates from 2 s/div to 0.05 µs/div and delayed sweep rates from 20 ms/div to 0.05 gs/div. A 10X magnifier expands all sweeps by a factor of 10 and extends the fastest sweep to 5 ns/div. In alternate or chop modes, a trigger-view control will display three signals: the channel A signal, the channel B signal, and the trigger signal. This allows you to correlate time between the trigger signal and the channel A and channel B signals. In trigger-view operation, center screen represents the trigger threshold point, allowing you to see the triggering level location. With the A VS B control, an X-Y mode of operation is possible. The channel A input (Y-axis) is plotted versus the channel B input (X-axis).

A trigger-view control provides capability for observing

the channel A signal, channel B signal, and an external

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

Table 1. Specifications

VERTICAL AMPLIFIERS (2)

Bandwidth and Rise Time at all deflection factors from 0°C to +55°C.

BANDWIDTH: DC-Coupled:

input modes.

AC-Coupled:

divider probes.

BANDWIDTH LIMIT:

20 MHz.

RISE TIME:

of a 5 div input step.

DEFLECTION FACTOR Ranges:

in 1, 2, 5 sequence, accurate within 3%.

Vernier:

extends maximum deflection factor to at least 50 V/div. UNCAL light indicates when vernier is not in CAL position.

POLARITY:

pushbutton.

INPUT RC (selectable) AC or DC: 50 Ohm: MAXIMUM INPUT AC or DC:

(p-p ac at 1 kHz or less).

3 dB down from 6 div reference signal.

dc to 100 MHz in both 50f1 and 1 Mn

approx 10 Hz to 100 MHz; 1 Hz with 10:1

mits upper bandwidth to approx

<3.5 ns, measured from 10% to 90% points

5 mV/div to 20 V/div (12 calibrated positions)

continuously variable between all ranges,

channel B may be inverted, front panel

1 MCi ±2% shunted by approx 20 pF.

50n ±3%.

250 V (dc + peak ac at 1 kHz or less) or 500 V

50 Ohms: 5 A+B OPERATION

Amplifler: bandwidth and deflection factors are un-

changed; channel B may be inverted for A-B opera- tion.

Differential (A-B) Common Mode:

dB from dc to 20 MHz. Common mode signal ampli- tude equivalent to 6 divisions with one vernier adjusted for optimum rejection.

V rms.

CMRR is at least 20

VERTICAL MAGNIFICATION (X5)

BANDWIDTH: DC-Coupled:

AC-Coupled:

RISE TIME:

5 div input step).

DEFLECTION FACTOR:

and 10 mV/div deflection factor settings by a factor of 5 for a maximum sensitivity of 1 mV an channels A and B.

3 dB down from 6 div reference signal. dc to approx 30 MHz. approx 10 Hz to 30 MHz.

-<12 ns (measured from 10% to 90% points of

increases sensitivity of the 5

TRIGGER SOURCE

Selectable from channel A, channel B, composite, or line frequency.

CHANNEL A: all display modes triggered by channel A

signal.

Mode! 1744A

Operators Guide

Table 1. Specifications (Cont'd)

CHANNEL B:

all display modes triggered by channel B

signal.

COMPOSITE:

all display modes triggered by displayed signal except in Chop. In Chop mode, trigger signal is derived from channel A.

LINE FREQUENCY:

trigger signal is derived from

power line frequency.

TRIGGER VIEW

Displays internal or external trigger signal. In Alter- nate or Chop mode, channel A, channel B, and the trigger signals are displayed. In Channel A or B mode, Trigger View overrides that channel. Internal trigger signal amplitude approximates vertical sig-

nal amplitude. External trigger signal deflection factor is approx 100 mV/div or 1 V/div in EXT =10. Triggering point is approx center screen. With id- entically timed signals to a vertical input and the external trigger input, trigger signal delay is <3.5 ns.

MAIN AND DELAYED TIME BASES

RANGES

Main: 50 ns/div to 2 s/div (24 ranges) in 1, 2, 5 sequence.

Delayed:

sequence.

50 ns/div to 20 ms/div (18 ranges) in 1, 2 5

Accuracy:

Sweep Time/Div

50 ns to 20 ms

*Add 1% for 50 ms to 2 s ranges.

MAIN SWEEP VERNIER:

(over center 8 div)

*Accuracy X1

±3% ±4% 0°C to +15°C

±2% ±3%

Temp Range

X10

±3% +15°C to +35°C ±4% +35°C to +55°C

continuously variable be- tween all ranges, extends slowest sweep to at least 5 s/div. UNCAL light indicates when vernier is not in CAL position.

MAGNIFIER (X10):

expands all sweeps by a factor of

10, extends fastest sweep to 5 ns/div.

CALIBRATED SWEEP DELAY

DELAY TIME RANGE:

settings of 100 ns to 2 s (minimum delay 150 ns).

DIFFERENTIAL TIME MEASUREMENT ACCURACY:

Main Time Base Setting

100 ns/div to 20 ms/div

50 ms/div to 2 s/div

*Add 1% from 0°C to +15°C and +35°C to +55°C.

0.5 to 10 X Main Time/Div

*Accuracy

(

15°C

+35°C)

±(0.5% +0.1% of full scale)

±(1% +0.1% of füll scale)

Operators Guide

DELAY JITTER:

delay in each step from +15°C to +35°C; <0.005% (1 part in 20 000) from 0°C to +15°C and +35°C to

+55°C.

<0.002% (1 part in 50000) of maximum

TRIGGERING

INTERNAL:

division or more vertical deflection, increasing to 1 division of vertical deflection at 100 MHz in all display modes (required signal level is increased by 2 when in Chop mode and by 5 when X5 vertical magnifier is used). Triggering on Line frequency is also selectable.

EXTERNAL:

more increasing to 100 mV p-p at 100 MHz (required signal level is increased by 2 when in Chop mode).

EXTERNAL INPUT RC:

prox 20 pF.

MAXIMUM EXTERNAL INPUT:

kHz or less) or 500 V (p-p ac at 1 kHz or less).

LEVEL and SLOPE Internal:

of the displayed waveform.

External:

either slope of the trigger signal, +10 V to -10 V in divide by 10 mode (=10).

COUPLING:

dc to 25 MHz on signals causing 0.3

dc to 50 MHz on signals of 50 mV p-p or

approx 1 Mfl shunted by ap-

250 V (dc + peak ac at 1

at any point on the positive or negative slope

continuously variable from +1 V to -1 V on

AC, DC, LF REJ, or HF REJ.

Table 1. Specifications (Cont'd)

AC:

attenuates signals below approx 20 Hz.

LF Reject (Main Sweep):

approx 4 kHz.

HF Reject (Main Sweep):

approx 4 kHz.

CALIBRATED MIXED TIME BASE

Dual time base in which the main time base drives the First portion of sweep and the delayed time base completes the sweep at the faster delayed sweep. Also operates in single sweep mode. Accuracy, add 2% to main time base accuracy.

B OPERATION

BANDWIDTH Channel A (Y-AXIS): Channel B (X-AXIS): DEFLECTION FACTOR:

calibrated positions) in 1, 2, 5 sequence.

PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHANNELS:

to 100 kHz.

CATHODE-RAY TUBE AND CONTROLS

Z-AXIS INPUT (INTENSITY MODULATIONS):

X50 ns width pulse blanks trace of any intensity

usable to 10 MHz for normal intensity. Input R, 1 kf1 ±10%. Maximum input ±20 V (dc ± peak ac).

Model 1744A

attenuates signals below

attenuates signals above

same as channel A. dc to 5 MHz.

5 mV/div to 20 V/div (12

<3°, dc

+4 V,

Model 1744A

PERSISTENCE Variable: STORAGE WRITING SPEED:

6 x 8 div (with viewing hood).

STORAGE TIME Display Mode: Store Mode: Wait Time: ERASE TIME:

approx 100 ms to 1 minute.

>,1800 cm/µs over center

at least 10 s at 22°C.

at least 30 s at 22°C.

at least 60 s at 22°C.

approx 300 ms.

GENERAL

REAR PANEL OUTPUTS:

V to >+2.5 V capable of supplying approx 5 mA.

main and delayed gates, +0.8

Table 1. Specifications (Cont'd)

AMPLITUDE CALIBRATOR (0°C to +55°C)

Output Voltage

Rise Time

Frequency

POWER:

VA max.

WEIGHT: net, 13.8 kg (30.4 lb); shipping, 16.6 kg (36.6

lb).

OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

Temperature:

Humidity: Altitude: Vibration:

0.254 mm (0.010 in.) excursion, 10 to 55 Hz.

100,120, 220, 240 Vac, ±10%, 48 to 440 Hz;100

to 4600 m (15 000 ft).

Operators Guide

1 V

p-p into <-1 MSl

0.1 V p-p into 50f1 1 1

0°C to +55°C.

to 95% relative humidity at +40°C.

vibrated in three planes for 15 min. each with

0.1 µs

approx 1.4 kHz

±1%

Operators Guide

VERTICAL DEFLECTION

VERTICAL DISPLAY MODES

Channel A; channel B; channels A and B displayed alternately on successive sweeps (ALT); channels A and B displayed by switching between channels at an approximate 250 kHz rate with blanking during switching (CHOP); channel A plus channel B (al- gebraic addition); and trigger view.

DELAY LINE:

view leading edge of input pulse without advanced trigger.

INPUT COUPLING:

ground. Ground position disconnects input connect- or and grounds amplifier input.

input signals are delayed sufficiently to

selectable AC or DC, 50(1 (dc), or

HORIZONTAL DISPLAY MODES

Main, main intensified, mixed, delayed, mag X10, and A vs B.

TRIGGERING

MAIN SWEEP

Normal: sweep is triggered by internal or external

signal.

Automatic:

input signal. Above 45 Hz, triggering is same as normal. For stable triggering at approx 45 Hz and below, use Normal trig

bright baseline displayed in absence of

gering.

Table 2. General Characteristics

Single: automatically switches triggering to Normal

and the sweep occurs once with same triggering as Normal, reset pushbutton arms sweep and lights indicator. Single sweep is also initiated with Erase pushbutton, sweep is armed after the erase cycle.

DELAYED SWEEP (SWEEP AFTER DELAY) Auto:

delayed sweep automatically starts at end of

delay.

Trig:

delayed sweep is armed and triggerable at end of

delay period.

TRIGGER HOLDOFF (Main Sweep):

holdoff time in all ranges.

CATHODE-RAY TUBE AND CONTROLS

TYPE: Hewlett-Packard, 12.7 cm (5 in.) rectangular

CRT, post accelerator, approx 7.5 kV accelerating potential, aluminized P31 phosphor.

GRATICULE: 8

nonparallax graticule, 0.2 subdivision marking on major horizontal and vertical axes, with markings for rise time measurements. Graticule illumination is achieved with Persistence control set to minimum.

BEAM FINDER:

of setting of horizontal and vertical controls.

OPERATING MODES:

and auto erase.

REAR PANEL CONTROLS:

and display brightness.

DIMENSIONS:

Model 1744A

increases sweep

x 10 div (1 div = 0.72 cm) internal,

returns trace to CRT screen regardless

write, store, display, auto store,

astigmatism, trace align,

see outline

drawing.

Model 1744A

NOTES:

Table 2. General Characteristics (Contil)

DIMENSIONS ARE FOR GENERAL

INFORMATION ONLY. IF DIMENSIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR BUILDING SPECIAL ENCLOSURES, CONTACT YOUR HP FIELD ENGINEER.

DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETRES AND (I

NCHES).

Operators Guide

33513 3 1

1847 a1

B71T

REAR

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

trigger signal on the same display when operating in ALT or CHOP modes. Automatic storage is provided for capturing single-shot data that occurs at random times. Automatic erase allows continuously repeated erase cycles with continuously variable viewing time between erase cycles. The CRT screen has 8 x 10 major divisions (0.72 cm/div) on an internal graticule.

ACCESSORIES FURNISHED.

A blue light filter, front-panel cover, power cord, vinyl accessory storage pouch, two 10:1 divider probes, a

metal mesh contrast filter, a B-scan jumper filter,

and a collapsible viewing hood are provided with the 1744A.

ACCESSORIES AND OPTIONS AVAILABLE.

Several divider probes are available with various voltage division ratios and cord lengths. Refer to 1744A Operat- ing and Service Manual for model or part numbers.

Option 001

power cord.

Option 090

supplied. You may specify other probes that are more suitable for your requirements.

Option 091

the two divider probes normally supplied.

Option

the two divider probes normally supplied.

has a fixed power cord in lieu of detachable

deletes the two 10:1 divider probes normally

supplies two Model 10042A probes in lieu of

092

supplies two Model 10040A probes in lieu of

Option

the two divider probes normally supplied.

Option 580

dicating compliance with CSA Bulletin 556B. (Cana- dian Standards Association)

Option

uals instead of one. A camera adapter permits use of an oscilloscope camera

with the 1744A. Various testmobiles are available which

accept the 1744A and provide convenient, mobile stands for the oscilloscope. Refer to 1744A Operating and Service Manual for model numbers.

096

supplies two Mode! 10006D probes in lieu of

supplies instrument with CSA Label in-

910

furnishes two Operating and Service Man-

PREPARATION FOR USE.

WARNING

Read the Safety Summary at the front of this

guide before installing or operating the in-

strument.

POWER CORD.

The power cord required depends on the ac input voltage and the country in which the instrument is to be used. Figure 1 illustrates standard power receptacle (wall outlet) configurations. The HP part number shown above each receptacle drawing specifies the power cord equipped with the appropriate mating plug for that

Mode! 1744A

Operators Guide

HP POWER CABLE PART NUMBERS

8120-1692

OPTION 902

•___

8120-1703

OPTION 900

INPUT POWER RECEPTACALE TYPES

Figure 1. Power Receptacles

receptacle. If the appropriate power cord is not included with your instrument, notify the nearest HP Sales/ Service Office and a replacement cord will be provided.

8120-2296

OPTION 906

8120-1369

OPTION 901

8120-1521

STANDARD

POWER REQUIREMENTS.

The oscilloscope requires a power source of 100,120, 220, or 240 volts ac ±10%, single phase 48 to 440 Hz that can deliver at least 100 VA.

LAUTION

Instrument damage may result if the line voltage selection switch is not correctly set for the proper input power source.

The instrument is normally set at the factory for 120 V operation. To operate the instrument from any other ac power source, proceed as follows:

Verify that 1744A power cable is not connected

to a power source.

Stand instrument an rear-panel legs and use blade-type screwdriver to position power selector switch- es through opening in bottom cover (figure 2 shows switches set for 120 V operation).

For 220 V -240 V inputs, replace fuse Fl with 0.5 A slow-blow fuse supplied with instrument (HP Part No. 2110-0202).

Connect 1744A input power Gable to input power

source.

Operators Guide

Figure 2. Line Voltage Selection Switch Settings

100

100V I

—240V

120]

—arm

I I

1741A-036-ß1-77

CONTROLS AND CONNECTORS.

Front- and rear-panel photographs (see figure 32) are

located at the rear of this guide on a fold-out page for

easy reference while you are reading any section. Con-

trol and connector descriptions have index numbers that are keyed to the panel photographs. The following paragraphs provide detailed descriptions of control and connector functions. Refer to the Applications Section for information an using the Model 1744A.

Mode! 1744A

CRT CONTROLS

0 LINE OFF/ON. Switch turne power on and off.

Indicator lights when power is ON.

BEAM FIND. Restricts the display to the view- ing area regardless of control settings. Permits the operator to determine what action is ne-

cessary to return the beam to the viewing area

(reduce input signal amplitude, change deflec- tion factor, increase intensity, change position controls, etc.).

Q BEAM INTENSITY. Determines intensity of the

electron beam as it writes on the storage mesh.

Q FOCUS. Adjusts the writing beam for sharp,

well-defined trace. Keep FOCUS adjusted to avoid internal CRT damage.

AUTO ERASE/AUTO

button to select either AUTO STORE or AUTO ERASE mode of operation. Respective lamps light to indicate which mode is selected. The AUTO ERASE lamp is green. AUTO ERASE. In auto erase, the 1744A operates in a repetitive single-shot mode, even when a continuous signal is available. This mode is

STORE.Two-functionpush-

Model 1744A

Operators Guide

also helpful during setup for capture of single-

shot events by making it easier to obtain timum focus and intensity for a particular sig- nal. In addition, if you are viewing more than one trace, such as two or three channels, the

1744A will wait for the required number of sweeps to be displayed before automatically erasing the display. Operating at high drive levels in variable persistence and storage modes may cause the storage mesh to retain residual i

mages. These residual images may appear as a cluttered display when BRIGHTNESS 0 is at or near maximum. Residual traces are conven-

iently removed by operating the 1744A in the auto erase mode for a few minutes with IN- TENSITY Q fully ccw.

NOTE

Pressing ERASE Q terminates the AUTO ERASE cycle allowing the erator to vary the cycle time at slower rates.

AUTO STORE.

Used to set up the 1744A for

applications requiring capture of random sin-

gle-shot events. AUTO STORE is selected by

Op-

pressing SINGLE m, AUTO STORE Q, and WRITE 0 to prevent self-triggering. When the random event occurs, the 1744A automati- cally triggers, sweeps and switches from WRITE mode to STORE mode. To capture another

event, press write 0 and RE SET m or ERASE 0 to arm trigger circuit. AUTO STORE allows the operator to capture high-speed, single-shot, random transients. After triggering occurs the 1744A switches to store. At slower writing rates, the time the operator can view the image before it fades will increase. Therefore, it is to the operator's advantage to use the lowest BRIGHTNESS setting in viewing and storing traces.

Q PERSISTENCE/VIEW TIME.

Two-function po- tentiometer to vary persistence or viewing time of signal, depending an operating mode selected.

PERSISTENCE.

Variable persistence allows you to adjust the trace retention for optimum dis- play when viewing low repetition rate, fast rise time signals. By adjusting persistence to match the sweep rate, you can cause the trace to refresh and provide a continuous display of hard-to-view signals such as low duty-cycle pulse trains.

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

VIEW TIME.

VIEW TIME control establishes the time that the trace is retained on the display before another erase cycle is initiated.

Q ERASE.

cycle to remove stored traces from the CRT

storage mesh. Inoperative when STORE/DIS- PLAY indicators are on to prevent accidental erasure of the stored signal. In auto store mode,

ERASE may be pressed to arm the trigger cir- cuit.

Q BRIGHTNESS.

mages. Store time is inversely proportional to BRIGHTNESS setting, BRIGHTNESS is also used in the WRITE p mode to vary the writing

rate.

Q WRITE.

signals on the display in storage and variable

persistence operation. WRITE lamp lights when WRITE is selected.

STORE/DISPLAY.

when the 1744A is operating in the WRITE 0 mode stores the trace being written, and lights the STORE lamp. Pressing the pushbutton

In AUTO ERASE Q mode, the

Pushbutton which initiates the erase

Adjusts brightness of stored

Conditions the 1744A to write applied

Engaging this pushbutton

again causes both STORE and DISPLAY lamps to light and displays the stored trace on screen. Brightness of the display is increased by rotat- ing the BRIGHTNESS the trace has been examined, press the push- button again to enter STORE mode to achieve longest store time.

VERTICAL AMPLIFIER CONTROLS

m CAL 1 V.

square-wave signal with a frequency of ap- proximately 1.4 kHz (100 mV p-p when ter- minated in 50 ohms).

® 1".

ground.

CHAN A (B) VOLTS/DIV.

deflection factor in a 1, 2, 5 sequence from 0.005 V/div to 20 V/div, accurate within 3% with vernier m in CAL detent.

Vernler.

flection factor between calibrated ranges. Ver- nier range is at least 2.5:1.

Provides a 1 V peak-to-peak (±1%)

Provides convenient front-panel chassis

Provides continuous control of the de-

control cw. After

Selects the vertical

Mode! 1744A

UNCAL.

or CHAN B) is out of CAL detent. Indicates that

VOLTS/DIV setting is uncalibrated.

Coupling.

pedance for the vertical amplifiers. In the AC position, the dc component of the input signal is blocked. The lower 3-dB limit is approximately 10 Hz.

GND.

amplifier, and the amplifier input is grounded.

DC.

to the vertical amplifier. The input impedance is approximately 1 megohm shunted by 20 pF.

50fl.

input impedance is 5051. Pull the lever forward and down to select this position. Do not apply more than 5 V rms to the input connector.

INPUT.

nals to the channel A (Y) or channel B (X) amplifier. Impedance and coupling are select- able by m. Do not apply more than 250 V (dc + peak ac at 1 kHz or less) or more than 500 V (p-p ac at 1 kHz or less).

POSN $ .

display.

Lights when Vernier (either CHAN A

Selects the input coupling and im-

The input Signal is disconnected from the

All elements of the input signal are passed

The input signal is dc coupled, and the

BNC connector to apply external sig-

Controls the vertical position of the

Operators Guide

ALT.

Channel A and B signals are displayed

alternately an consecutive sweeps. m ®

Channel

A +

A. Displays the channel A input signal.

Displays the channel B input signal.

Pressing both channel A m and channel

B ® displays the algebraic sum of the channel

A and channel B input signals. If the channel B display is inverted (press CH B INVT m), an A minus B display results.

CHOP.

Channel A and B signals are displayed simultaneously by switching between channels at 250-kHz rate.

TRIGGER

signal as the trigger signal when INT

A. Selects a sample of the channel A

/EXTm

is INT.

TRIGGER

When in INT m, a sample of the channel B signal is selected as the trigger signal.

CO M P.

When display mode is set for channel A,

channel B, A + B, or ALT, and both ® and

m are pressed, the sweep is triggered by the

displayed signal. When display is set to CHOP, sweep is triggered by channel A signal only.

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

TRIG VIEW.

ger signal with approximately the same sensi- tivity indicated on the corresponding channel VOLTS/DIV ® control. A selected external trigger signal is displayed with a fixed sensi- tivity of approximately 100 mV/div with INT/

EXT m set to EXT (1 V/div if EXT = 10 ® engaged). TRIGGER LEVEL ® positions the trigger signal vertically about the center

horizontal graticule line. Center screen indi- cates the trigger threshold level with respect to the trigger signal. In ALT m or CHOP modes, three signals appear on the same dis- play: channel A, the selected trigger signal (at center screen), and channel B, with no need for erasing between each display. This is extremely useful in applications such as digital circuits where it is necessary to use external trigger sources to maintain proper timing relation- ships and to know the time relationship of the trigger signal to the displayed events. TRIG

VIEW is also helpful in establishing discrete trigger levels.

m MAG

five times, and increases the maximum sensi- tivity to 1 mV/div. The bandwidth is decreased to 30 MHz.

Displays the selected internal trig-

X5.

Magnifies the vertical presentation

BW LIMIT.

A and channel B to approximately 20 MHz.

CH B 1 NVT.

signal. In A + B m & ® mode, pressing CH B INVT m results in an A minus B display.

MAIN TIME BASE CONTROLS

m & m POSITION 4P.

ments position the trace horizontally.

MAIN TRIGGER LEVEL.

level on the input trigger signal where the main sweep is triggered. With external trigger sig- nals, the trigger level is continuously variable from +1.0 V to -1.0 V on either slope of the input trigger signal; +10 V to -10 V in EXT = 10

m mode. With internal trigger signals, the

trigger level control selects any point on the displayed vertical waveform.

POS/NEG.

select either the positive or negative slope of the trigger signal as the starting point for the sweep.

LF REJ.

signals below approximately 4 kHz. This is

Attenuates internal or external trigger

Reduces the bandwidth of channel

Inverts the polarity of the channel B

Coarse m and FINE m adjust-

Selects the voltage

Two-position pushbutton used to

Model 1744A

Operators Guide

useful to condition high-frequency signals for best synchronization by eliminating unwanted low-frequency signals such as power line inter- ference.

HF REJ.

signals above approximately 4 kHz. This is

useful to condition low-frequency signals for best synchronization by eliminating unwanted high-frequency signals such as RF.

LINE.

m removes all EXT m input or INT m dis-

played signals from the trigger circuit and applies a power line frequency signal for trig-

gering.

® AC/DC.

applied to the trigger circuit. The DC position must be selected for signals below approxi- mately 20 Hz.

INT/EXT.

vertical signal chosen by the TRIGGER source

® or m while EXT selects the signal at the

EXT TRIGGER m input for application to the main trigger circuit. Internal signals from dc to 25 MHz displaying 0.3-div amplitude or more are sufficient for stable triggering, increasing

Attenuates internal or external trigger

Selecting both LF REJ ® and HF REJ

Selects ac or dc coupling of the signal

INT selects a sample of the internal

to 1 div of amplitude at 100 MHz. Externally applied signals 50 mV p-p from dc to 50 MHz, increasing to 100 mV p-p at 100 MHz are suf- ficient for stable triggering.

EXT

10.

Attenuates EXT TRIGGER m input

signal by a factor of 10.

EXT TRIGGER.

ger input. Input impedance is approximately

one megohm shunted by approximately 20 pF.

Do not apply more than 250 V (dc + peak ac at 1

kHz or less) or 500 V (p-p ac at 1 kHz or less).

AUTO/NORM.

out). A free-running sweep provides a bright display in the absence of a trigger signal. A trigger signal input (internal or external) of 45

Hz or more overrides AUTO operation and sweep triggering is the same as in the NORM

mode.

RESET.

trigger circuit in the single-sweep mode. After RESET, the sweep can be triggered by an in- ternal trigger signal or by rotating the TRIG- GER LEVEL control ® through zero. RESET lamp lights to indicate circuit is armed for next

Momentary pushbutton that arms the

BNC connector for external trig-

AUTO sweep mode (pushbutton

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

trigger signal. Pressing ERASE 0 will also

reset the sweep.

SINGLE.

triggering as in NORM. After each sweep, the trigger circuit raust be manually RESET m. SINGLE must also be pressed in conjunction with WRITE 0 and AUTO STORE 0 to con- dition the 1744A for AUTO STORE operation.

MAG X10.

times, and expands the fastest sweep time to 5 ns/div, maintaining a sweep accuracy within 3% at room temperature.

UNCAL.

is out of the CAL detent, and indicates that the sweep is not calibrated.

MAIN TIME/DIV.

main sweep rate, which is indicated by the numbers displayed in the knob skirt opening. Sweep accuracy is within 2% (unmagnified) at room temperatures.

SWEEP VERNIER.

ment of main sweep TIME/DIV between cali- brated positions, extending the slowest sweep to 5 s/div.

Sweep occurs once with the same

Magnifies the horizontal display 10

Lights when SWEEP VERNIER m

The inner knob controls the

Provides continuous adjust-

TRIGGER HOLDOFF.

tween sweeps and aid triggering an complex displays such as digital words.

CO MAIN.

play. Sweep rate and triggering are selected by the main-sweep controls m - m.

A VS B.

channel A input (Y-axis) plotted versus channel B input (X-axis). Vertical positioning is ad-

justed by channel A POSN m, and horizontal

positioning is adjusted by POSITION m and FINE m.

DLY'D. Selects delayed sweep for horizontal display.

MIXED.

horizontal display. The first portion of the sweep is at the main sweep rate, and the second portion of the sweep (starting point chosen by DELAY ® is at the delayed-sweep rate. See Mixed Sweep Display under Obtaining Basic Displays for more information.

Selects main sweep for horizontal dis-

Selects an X-Y mode of operation with

DELAYED TIME BASE CONTROLS

Selects main and delayed sweeps for the

Increases the time be-

Model 1744A

DLY'D TIME/DIV.

The outer rotating ring selects the delayed sweep rate, which is indicated by the marker an the ring. Sweep accuracy is the same as with MAIN TIME/DIV m. An inter-

lock is incorporated so the delayed sweep is

always faster than the main sweep. When rotated from the OFF position in the MAIN mode, a portion of the main sweep is intensified in brightness indicating the length and delayed position of the delayed sweep with respect to the main sweep.

DELAY.

The DELAY control provides a vari- able delay time from 0.5 to 10 X the MAIN TIME/DIV m settings of 100 ns to 2 s. See the Application Section for more information.

DELAYED TRIGGER LEVEL.

level on the input trigger signal where the delayed sweep is triggered. With external trig- ger Signals, the trigger level is continuously

variable from +1.0V to -1.0V on either slope of

the input trigger signal; +10 V to -10 V in

EXT = 10 m mode. With internal trigger sig- nals, the trigger level selects any point on the displayed vertical waveform.

Selects the voltage

SWEEP AFTER DELAY AUTO/TRIG.

method of starting the delayed sweep when in main intensified, delayed, or mixed mode

eration. In AUTO (pushbutton released), de- layed sweep starts immediately after the delay interval, which is the product of the DELAY ® dial reading (div) and the MAIN TIME/ DIV m reading. In TRIG (pushbutton pressed), the delayed trigger circuit is armed after the delay interval and delayed sweep must be trig- gered by either an internal or external trigger

signal. See pulse jitter in the Application Sec- tion for more information.

POS/NEG.

AC/DC.

INT/EXT.

EXT = 10.

EXT TRIGGER.

Refer to POS/NEG ®.

Refer to AC/DC ®.

Refer to INT/EXT m.

Refer to EXT = 10 ®.

Refer to EXT TRIGGER m.

Operators Guide

Selects the

Op-

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

REAR PANEL CONTROLS

DISPLAY BRIGHTNESS.

NORMAL position, the CRT floodgun is pulsed

on and off. In MAX position, the CRT floodgun

is always on.

Z-AXIS INPUT.

put of a signal to modulate CRT beam intensity.

TRACE ALIGN.

to the horizontal graticule lines.

ASTIGMATISM.

cd spot. (Interacts with FOCUS 0.)

Line Input.

MAIN GATE OUTPUT.

output of approximately +2.5 V coincident with the main gate.

DLY'D GATE OUTPUT.

output of approximately +2.5 V coincident with the delayed gate.

LINE FUSE.

A BNC connector allowing In-

Aligns horizontal trace parallel

Controls roundness of display-

Power cord connector.

AC power-input fuse.

When switch is in

Provides a rectangular

TURN-ON PROCEDURE

WARNING

Before you turn on the oscilloscope:

Read safety summary at front of this guide;

Observe all safety precautions;

Be sure power selector switches are set properly for power source you are using to avoid instrument damage;

Familiarize yourself with controls and connectors by reading Controls and Con- nectors section and referring to panel illustrations at back of this guide.

To turn on the Model 1744A, follow these steps to avoid

CRT damage and achieve a useful display.

1. Turn all control knobs to 12 o'clock position except: PERSISTENCE/VIEW TIME 0, BEAM IN- TENSITY Q, and BRIGHTNESS 0 fully ccw, all VERNIERS m, m to CAL (detent) position, TRIGGER HOLDOFF D to MIN, and MAIN TIME/DIV fully cw.

2. All pushbuttons should be disengaged except DISPLAY A m, TRIGGER A ®, and MAIN D.

Model 1744A

Engage LINE 0 switch; LINE indicator lamp

should light.

Press WRITE 0 pushbutton; WRITE indicator

lamp should light.

Press ERASE Q pushbutton.

After CRT warmup, increase BEAM INTEN- SITY 0 to comfortable viewing level; adjust FOCUS 0 for sharpest trace.

NOTE

The 1744A is equipped with a high perfor- formance CRT using an expansion storage technique. Because of this technique and

under certain operating conditions a second-

ary trace will appear an screen. This secondary trace is called "write through" and is a normal characteristic of the expansion storage tech- nique. To minimize write through, reduce beam intensity.

CHECKING INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE.

LAUTION

The CRT is capable of very high writing speed.

Operators Guide

When operating at high intensity setting, write gun electrons may start charging the storage mesh faster than floodgun electrons can discharge it. If this happens, a slow- moving trace or spot may become extremely bright, outlined by a dark area. Should you observe this condition, immediately turn

BEAM INTENSITY fully ccw and press AUTO ERASE 0. Allow the instrument to operate in this mode for 5 minutes to remove the residual trace. Otherwise, the CRT may be permanently damaged.

You can make a few checks and simple adjustments to ensure that the Model 1744A is operating properly. If the oscilloscope is moved from one electromagnetic environ- ment to another, the trace alignment control may need adjustment to align the horizontal trace with the grati- cule. Astigmatism and focus controls may need adjustment to obtain the sharpest display. Probe com- pensation may be required because the total input resistance and capacitance varies slightly from one

oscilloscope to another.

TRACE ALIGNMENT.

Obtain trace as described in initial turn-on

procedure.

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

With vertical POSN m, align trace with center

graticule line.

Using nonmetallic alignment tool, adjust

3. TRACE ALIGN m (on rear panel) until trace aligns with horizontal graticule line.

ASTIGMATISM AND FOCUS.

Select A VS B m and set BEAM INTENSITY

to low level.

Position spot near center of CRT with POSN m

and POSITION m controls.

Adjust FOCUS 0 and ASTIGMATISM m (on

3. rear panel) for smallest, round spot.

PROBE COMPENSATION.

Perform initial turn-on procedure.

Connect divider probe cable to channel A IN-

PUT

connector.

Connect probe tip to CAL 1 V m output.

Set channel A input coupling m to DC position.

Set main TIME/DIV m for horizontal display

of at least two full square waves.

Set channel A VOLTS/DIV ®for square-wave

display with two or three divisions of vertical deflection.

Adjust TRIGGER LEVEL ®for stable display.

B. Adjust divider probe compensation for correct

display (see figure 3).

OVERSHOOT

CORRECT

UNDERSHOOT

1740A-003

Figure 3. Probe Compensation

Model 1744A

Operators Guide

VERTICAL ACCURACY CHECK.

Accomplish initial turn-on procedure.

Connect CAL 1 V m output to channel A

INPUT D using BNC to banana plug adapter and test

lead with alligator

Set channel A input coupling m to DC position.

position.

should be five major divisions (±4%).

SWEEP TIME ACCURACY.

channel A INPUT m connector.

set one marker on second left vertical graticule line.

Set channel A VOLTS/DIV ® to 0.2 V/DIV

Set main TIME/DIV m to 0.2 mSEC position.

Square-wave amplitude of displayed waveform

Accomplish initial turn-on procedure.

Apply an accurate 0.5 µSEC time mark signal to

Set main TIME/DIV m to 0.5 µSEC position.

Using horizontal POSITION m, ®i controls,

Clip.

Time markers should line up approximately

with each vertical graticule line across CRT.

Marker on tenth graticule (second from right

side of CRT) of CRT should be within 0.16 division.

TRIGGER SELECTION TABLE.

Table 3 will help you in determining whether a trigger mode is unusable, usable, good, or the best mode for various signal conditions.

OBTAINING BASIC DISPLAYS.

To familiarize yourself with the 1744A, you may wish to use the following procedures for producing some basic displays. Start by referring to the turn-on procedure and

control settings. In addition,

® Channel A VOLTS/DIV mChannel A Vernier mChannel A Coupling m MAIN TIME/DIV ® DELAY

NORMAL SWEEP DISPLAY.

Connect 10:1 divider probe (provided with

1744A) between channel A INPUT m and CAL 1 V m

output.

........................

set

controls as follows:

............

.................

............

0.05

CAL

0.5 mSEC fully ccw

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

Table 3. Display and Trigger Selection Table

TRIGGER SELECTION

SIGNAL CONDITIONS

I. Single Signals

Applied to Channel A or B

II. Time Related Signals

Applied to Channels A & B

III. Nontime Related

Signals Applied to Channels A & B

Assume time related signal applied.

Time relation displayed.

No time relation displayed.

If COMP is selected in CHOP, switching

overrides and selects A.

Signal is only displayed on one channel.

DISPLAY MODE

A or B

ALTS or CHOP

ALT

CHOP

A+B (A-B)

ALT

OKZ

Triggers on algebraic sum

signals.

Usable trigger mode.

Good trigger mode.

Best trigger mode.

Unusable trigger mode.

OKZ

OK2

COMP

NG3

OK6

or difference of

EXT

OK'

OK2

oha

Model 1744A

Connect divider probe grounding strap to

ground post ®.

Adjust main TRIGGER LEVEL ® for stable

display.

Adjust channel A POSN m to align base of

square wave on center graticule line.

Observe square-wave display of five to nine positive going Pulses with amplitude of two divisions (see figure 4).

MAGNIFIED SWEEP DISPLAY.

Accomplish normal sweep display procedure.

Using horizontal POSITION m, place wave-

form to be magnified on center graticule line.

Engage MAG X10 m pushbutton.

Adjust horizontal POSITION mi for precise

placement of magnified display (see figure 5).

Operators Guide

Figure 4. Normal Display

1740A-004

1740A-005

Figure 5. Magnified Display

Operators Guide

DELAYED SWEEP DISPLAY.

Accomplish normal sweep display procedure.

Set delayed TIME/DIV ®to 50 µSEC position.

Observe portion of square wave that is intensified.

Adjust BEAM INTENSITY 0 for comfortable

viewing level.

Ensure SWEEP AFTER DELAY m is in AUTO

position.

NTENSIFIED

Model 1744A

Adjust DELAY ® clockwise until intensified

portion of trace is over area tobe investigated (see figure

6).

Engage DLY'D m pushbutton. Note intensified portion of trace is now displayed across entire CRT (see figure 7).

NOTE

Other pulses in the pulse train may be ob- served by varying the position of the DELAY control ®.

Figure 6. Normal Display With Intensified Area

1740A-007

Figure 7. Delayed Sweep Display

Model 1744A

MIXED SWEEP DISPLAY.

Accomplish normal sweep display procedure.

Set delayed TIME/DIV ®to 50 µSEC position.

Adjust BEAM INTENSITY Q for comfortable

viewing level.

Adjust DELAY ® clockwise until intensified

portion of waveform is in second half of CRT (see figure

8).

Operators Guide

1740A-009

Figure 9. Mixed Sweep Display

5. Engage MIXEDm pushbutton. Verify that first portion of display is at main TIME/DIV m sweep rate and second portion is at delayed TIME/DIV ® sweep

rate (see figure 9).

X-Y DISPLAY.

Engage A VS B m pushbutton.

NTENSI FI ED

1740A-008

Figure B. Normal Display With Intensified Area

2. Keep the beam intensity low with no deflection.

Apply vertical (Y-axis) signal to channel A

INPUT m.

Operators Guide

Apply horizontal (X-axis) signal to channel B

INPUT W.

NOTE

Model 1744A

up to 15 seconds, automatically erases, resets the sweep, then repeats the cycle. The display time is adjustable

from 600 ms to 15 s by the VIEW TIME control. To store

a waveform, engage the STORE pushbutton.

Channel A POSN m will adjust vertical Posi- tion of the waveform. Horizontal POSITION m will adjust the horizontal position.

Adjust channel A and channel B VOLTS/DIV

® controls as required.

If display is not visible, engage BEAM FIND Q to locate display. Make necessary control adjustments to center display an CRT.

STORAGE OPERA-

VARIABLE PERSISTENCE

TION.

The 1744A variable persistence and storage capabilities may be used through three different modes: AUTO ERASE, AUTO STORE, and continuous scan. (See table 4 for summary of operation.)

AUTO ERASE.

operation automatically sets the persistance to maximum, insuring maximum writing speed. The 1744A waits for a trigger signal, sweeps once, displays the waveform for

Selecting the AUTO ERASE mode of

The AUTO ERASE mode is useful for applications

where very fast writing speeds are required and the operator needs an updated display every few seconds.

Since the screen is erased automatically prior to each

display cycle, the waveform and its background are

presented in a high quality display. The short update

cycle (600 ms) is very helpful when immediate feedback

is desired after making adjustments to either the circuit

under test, or to the 1744A controls, such as INTEN-

SITY, focus, position, etc.

AUTO STORE MODE.

operation automatically selects maximum persistence and the NORMAL trigger mode of operation. This mode permits the maximum "wait time" for a transient and automatically places the 1744A into the STORE mode after the occurrence of the transient. This optimizes the store time of the waveform.

When using the AUTO STORE mode, the BRIGHT-

NESS control should be set to minimum (fully counter- clockwise) to ensure maximum "wait time". To view a stored signal, select DISPLAY mode and rotate the

Selecting AUTO STORE mode of

Model 1744A

MODE

AUTO ERASE

PERSISTENCE

Automatically set to maximum

Table 4. Summary of Modes of Operation

VIEW TIME

Selectable PERSISTENCE control.

STORE TIME

30 seconds if STORE mode selected im- mediately after sweep.

TRIGGER

NORMAL

AUTO

APPLICATIONS

Update of suc- cessive single-

sweep events. Always a clean display. Easy set- up of single sweep event.

Operators Guide

MAXIMUM

WRITING

SPEED

1800 cm/s

AUTO STORE

CONTINUOUS

SCAN

Automatically set to maximum

variable-100 ms minimum

10 seconds

after selection of DISPLAY mode.

Continuous-

down to 10 seconds de- pending an PERSISTENCE and BRIGHT- NESS control settings.

30 seconds, after up to 60 seconds "wait time".

30 seconds minimum after selection of Store mode.

NORMAL

(

Automati-

cally Selected

NORMAL

AUTO

Maximizes "wait" ti

me" for tran- sient; then switches into maximum store time mode (30 sec- onds minimum).

For bright display of low repetition

rate signals. For capture of non- periodic glitches.

1800 cm/µs

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

BRIGHTNESS control slowly clockwise until the stored

trace is visible. As the BRIGHTNESS control is rotated

clockwise, the operator trades viewing time for bright- ness. A step-by-step procedure to accomplish the AUTO STORE mode is as follows:

Repeat setup used in storing a trace and turn

BRIGHTNESS 0 and PERSISTENCE Q fully ccw.

Press AUTO ERASE 0 and adjust BEAM

INTENSITY p and FOCUS 0 for optimum display.

Engage CHOP ® pushbutton for multitrace,

single-shot capture.

Press AUTO STORE Q and WRITE Q push-

buttons.

Engage SINGLE m pushbutton. Model 1744A

now set up for AUTO STORE operation.

Turn main TRIGGER LEVEL ® fully ccw

Trigger circuit can be armed either by pressing

RESET m or ERASF 0. Note that RESET lamp comes

on to indicate that circuit is armed. It is good practice to arm by pressing ERASE Q, since erase cycle is initiated and ensures that previously stored traces are erased.

B. Rotate main TRIGGER LEVEL ® cw until RESET lamp goes out. Note that STORE lamp is on to show that trace has been captured and stored.

9. Press STORE m and note that DISPLAY lamp

also lights. Turn BRIGHTNESS Q slowly cw to view

trace.

CONTINUOUS SCAN.

scan mode when the WRITE mode is selected and AUTO ERASE/AUTO STORE modes are not selected. In this mode, the operator may select either AUTO or NORMAL triggering and has the full range of persistence via the PERSISTENCE control. The BRIGHTNESS con- trol may be used to enhance the writing speed. When the PERSISTENCE and BRIGHTNESS controls are fully counter-clockwise, the 1744A will never require erasure to eliminate blooming and it will operate with minimum persistence (100 ms). It is possible to store any display that occurs during the continuous scan mode by select- ing the STORE mode. Writing speed is maximized by using maximum persistence along with some clockwise rotation of the BRIGHTNESS control.

The continuous scan mode is useful for a variety of

applications. For slow sweep speeds, the use of per- sistence helps eliminate flicker and provides a contin- uous display. For fast sweep applications the PER-

The 1744A is in the continuous

Model 1744A

SISTENCE and BRIGHTNESS controls permit the viewing of glitches which occur randomly. The con-

tinuous scan mode maximizes the time that the 1744A

acquires information, therefore, optimizing the probability of capture of events which do not occur an every sweep. To obtain a variable persistence display, procced as follows:

Accomplish initial turn-on procedure.

Apply fast transition, low repetition rate signal

to channel A INPUT m connector.

Note waveform transition give very faint trace

(see figure 10).

Turn PERSISTENCE 0 slowly clockwise. Ob- serve transition portion of waveform gradually inte- grates up to bright, easily observed trace (see figure 11).

Operators Guide

uuausuuuuu

Figure 10. Fast Rise Time, Low Repetition Rate Signal

(Normal)

ELIMINATING FLICKER.

viewed at sweep speeds of approximately 2 ms/div or slower, or whenever the trigger frequency is below approximately 30 Hz. This flicker can be eliminated by adjusting persistence so that one trace is just dis- appearing as the next trace is written.

Turn PERSISTENCE control Q fully ccw. Ad-

just MAIN TIME/DIV m to 5 mSEC/DIV and press

MAG X10 m.

A trace will "flicker" when

Figure 11. Fast Rise Time, Low Rep Rate Signal

"Integrated Up" with PERSISTENCE Control

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

2. Slowly turn PERSISTENCE Q cw until flicker

ceases.

NOTE

If display "blooms" (entire screen becomes

illuminated), reduce beam intensity and press

ERASE Q until display no longer "blooms."

This may not occur until PERSISTENCE is set

to MAX.

STORING A TRACE.

to press the STORE/DISPLAY STORE indicator will light, signifying that the display has been stored. The 1744A will switch to the STORE mode of operation only after all sweeps are completed. For example, in the ALT-TRIG VIEW mode of operation (

with three waveforms displayed), the 1744A will switch to the STORE mode after the third waveform is written. To view the stored waveform(s), press the STORE/ DISPLAY switch to the DISPLAY mode of operation.

In the STORE mode of operation, the left side of the CRT will flash every second or so. This flashing is normal for the expansion- storage CRT used and has no adverse effect on the STORE mode of operation.

The procedure for storing a trace is

pushbutton again. The 1744A will then

NOTE

pushbutton. The

DISPLAY BRIGHTNESS CONTROL.

CRT display can be increased by a rear-panel switch (

DISPLAY BRIGHTNESS ment is operated with the DISPLAY BRIGHTNESS switch set to NORMAL. In this mode of operation, the CRT floodgun is pulsed on and off. Dim displays can be brightened by placing the DISPLAY BRIGHTNESS switch to its MAX position. In this mode of operation, the CRT floodgun is always on. This enhances the display with a corresponding decrease in view time.

B-SCAN.

CRT storage mesh due to too high INTENSITY setting, long exposure to repetitive signals, etc., it is best to remove these images while in B-SCAN mode of Opera- tion. To accomplish B-SCAN, proceed as follows:

When images have been deeply written on the

Set 1744A controls as follows:

BEAM INTENSITY © ............. fully ccw

PERSISTENCE/VIEW TIME

BRIGHTNESS

TRIGGER HOLDOFF

MAIN TIME/DIV DELAYED TIME/DIV

All Verniers

DISPLAYA

All others

m ....................

..........

m ).

0 ..................

m ..............

..............

Disengaged or midrange

Brightness of the

Typically, the instru-

0. . .

.............

Q ..............

CAL detent

fully ccw fully ccw

minimum

0.2 s/div OFF

Engaged

Model 1744A

Using filter accessory (HP Part No. 01744- furnished with 1744A, connect output from 1744A cali- brator m to channel A input connector m.

Adjust BEAM INTENSITY Q for medium in-

tensity (approximately eleven o'clock position).

Adjust channel A VOLTS/DIV ® control and

channel A Vernier m so that vertical deflection is slightly greater than full screen.

Allow oscilloscope to operate in this mode (B- SCAN) for one hour, checking in display mode for removal of deeply written image.

After removal of deeply written images, discon- nect filter (HP Part No. 01744-

62101)

from channel A

input connector m.

NOTE

Some deeply written images may require longer than one hour of B-SCAN operation to be

removed.

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

INTRODUCTION.

the Model 1744A Oscilloscope for various measurement

This section will assist you in using

62101)

Operators Guide

applications. In many cases, illustrations and examples

are provided for clarity. We do not attempt to cover every possible application; if you have difficulty with any procedures or if you have questions about an application not described here, please feel free to call your HP Sales/Service representative for assistance. A list of HP Sales/Service Offices is included at the rear of this Guide. When measurements are made by scaling or

interpolating an the CRT graticule, you should use five or more major divisions of display between measure- ment points. Most observers will agree, that when adequate care is used, most measurements can be kept within

±1/20

of a major division. This amounts to a

scaling error of ±1% for five divisions of separation.

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS.

Voltage measurements can be made between a point an a waveform and a zero- volt reference (absolute voltage) or between any two

points an a waveform (voltage difference). These voltage

measurements are illustrated in figure

The 1744A vertical deflection system, with positions from 5 mV/div to

V div, allows you to make

12.

calibrated

voltage measurements which are accurate within 3%.

ABSOLUTE VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS.

The follow-

ing procedure is used to make absolute voltage mea-

surements with respect to a zero-volt reference.

Operators Guide

VDIFFERENCE

Model 1744A

Set the input coupling to DC, and adjust TRIG-

GER LEVEL for a stable display. Adjust the main

TIME/DIV control as required.

Measure the distance in divisions between the reference line and the level on the waveform you want to measure. An example is shown in figure 13.

ABSOLUTE

OV REFERENCE

Figure 12. Absolute Voltage and Voltage Difference

Measurements

Connect input signal to channel A or B INPUT connector, and select channel A or B DISPLAY and TRIGGER.

Adjust the appropriate VOLTS/DIV control for

six to seven divisions of display. The vernier should be

in the CAL detent position.

Set input coupling to GND and AUTO/NORM

to AUTO.

With the appropriate POSN control, set the

trace on a graticule line to establish a zero-volt re-

ference. Do not move POSN control after the zero reference is set.

1740A-010

DIV

REFERENCE

LINE

Figure 13. Absolute Voltage Measurement

You can determine the polarity of the signal by comparing it to the reference line. If it is above the reference line, the voltage is positive; below the line it is negative.

Multiply the number of divisions in step 6 by the VOLTS/DIV setting. Include the attenuation factor if you are using a probe.

Mode! 1744A

Operators Guide

Voltage = 7 x 0.5

= +3.5 volts

Example: Assume the vertical distance is 7 div, the waveform is above the reference line, and the VOLTS/ DIV setting is 0.5 V/div (see figure 13). The waveform is above the reference line, so the voltage is positive.

PEAK-TO-PEAK VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS. Oscillo-

scope displays of ac voltages contain errors in amplitude due to the frequency response of the instrument. With low-Signal frequencies, there is less amplitude error. With increasing signal frequencies, the amplitude error

increases. To obtain displays with less than 10% ampli-

tude error, the frequency of the signal being measured

must be less than half of the specified bandwidth of the oscilloscope. A frequency equal to the specified band- width of the oscilloscope will display a voltage ampli- tude on the CRT that is somewhat less than the actual amplitude of the applied signal. The frequency rolloff of the instrument must be considered when making volt- age measurements with an oscilloscope. To measure the peak-to-peak voltage of an input signal, proceed as follows:

Connect the signal to the channel A or B INPUT

connector.

Set input coupling to AC and adjust main

TRIGGER LEVEL for a stable display.

Adjust vertical POSN, VOLTS/DIV, and main TIME/DIV for a centered display of at least three cycles duration and at least three divisions of amplitude. Make sure that the VOLTS/DIV vernier is in the CAL detent.

Using the vertical POSN control, place the

negative peaks of the input signal on a horizontal graticule line near the bottom of the graticule.

Using the horizontal POSITION control, place one positive peak of the signal on the center vertical graticule line.

Count the number of vertical divisions from the most negative to the most positive portions of the waveform (estimate to nearest tenth of division). (See figure 14.)

Multiply the number of divisions noted in step 6 by the setting of the VOLTS/DIV switch. If the signal is derived through a divider probe multiply the result of

this step by the attenuation factor of probe. Remember to consider the amplitude attenuation caused by the frequency rolloff of the oscilloscope.

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

Switch coupling to AC and measure the absolute

voltage to the Same point an the waveform. (See figure

15B.)

PEAK-TO- PEAK VOLTAGE

1740A-012

Figure 14. Peak-to-peak Voltage Measurement

AVERAGE VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS.

average voltage using the oscilloscope alone, proceed as

follows:

Connect the Signal to the channel A or B INPUT

connector.

Set input coupling to GND and AUTO/NORM

to AUTO. The trace level is zero volt.

Switch input coupling to DC and measure the absolute voltage at the point of interest an the wave- form. (See figure 15A.)

To measure

The difference between the first and second

voltage measurements is the average voltage.

1.5V

REFERENCE

0.5V

__J

AVERAGE VOLTAGE = 1.5V - 0.5V = 1 V

Figure 15. Average Voltage

OV REFERENCE

f-1_

1740A-013

Model 1744A

Operators Guide

AMPLITUDE COMPARISON MEASUREMENTS. METHOD NO. 1.

signal to a known (reference) amplitude, it may be helpful to use deflection factors not calibrated on the VOLTS/DIV control. With this method, a particular amplitude can be displayed by an exact number of divisions of deflection. This would be desirable when you are calibrating an instrument. You can also in- crease the accuracy of your measurements with the comparison method; the accuracy of your measurement depends on the reference signal accuracy, not on the oscilloscope accuracy.

Apply the reference voltage to the channel A INPUT connector, and set DISPLAY and TRIGGER to channel A.

Adjust main TIME/DIV control for several cycles of display and TRIGGER LEVEL for a stable display.

Set the appropriate VOLTS/DIV, vernier, and POSN controls for exactly six, seven, or eight divisions of amplitude. Do not readj ust the vernier after this step.

You should now calculate a scale factor (sf) so

the amplitude of a known signal can be verified or the

amplitude of an unknown signal can be determined.

When you are comparing an unknown

Use the following formula:

Reference Signal Amplitude (volts)

sf —

Display Amplitude in Div (Step 3)

x VOLTS/DIV Setting

Disconnect the reference signal and connect the signal to be measured. Adjust the VOLTS/DIV control for enough amplitude to make an accurate measure- ment. Note this display amplitude. Do not readjust the vernier control.

Use the following formula to calculate the am-

plitude of the signal being measured:

Amplitude = VOLTS/DIV Setting (Step 5) x sf (Step 4) x

Display Amplitude in Div (Step 5)

Example: Assume a reference signal amplitude of 40 Volts, a VOLTS/DIV setting of 5, and a display ampli- tude of six divisions.

Substituting in the formula from Step 4:

sf=

6x5

=1.3

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

Now, if the signal to be measured has a display ampli- tude of five divisions with a VOLTS/DIV setting of 2, determine the amplitude from the formula in Step 6. Amplitude = 2 VOLTS/DIV x 1.3 x 5 DIV = 13 volts.

You can also calculate an unknown signal as a per- centage of a known signal. Example: Assume the reference signal has a deflection of eight divisions. Therefore, each division represents

12.5%. If the unknown signal has a deflection of 6.2 divisions, the amplitude of the unknown signal is: UNKNOWN SIGNAL AMPLITUDE = 6.2 DIV x 12.5%/ DIV = 77.5% of the reference signal amplitude.

METHOD NO. 2.

Storage operation provides another simple method of amplitude comparison between two waveforms.

Apply the two signals of interest to the channel

A and channel B INPUT connectors.

Select DISPLAY A and TRIGGER A, and set channel A V/DIV as desired. Use MAIN sweep and set main TIME/DIV as required.

Use channel A POSN to locate trace in top half of the display area.

When desired trace is obtained in WRITE mode,

press STORE pushbutton.

Repeat steps 1 through 4 using channel B. Position trace in bottom half of graticule using channel B POSN, with WRITE pushbutton pressed.

Again press STORE.

Pressing STORE a second time and turning BRIGHTNESS cw will display both signals and retain them for comparison.

COMMON MODE REJECTION.

Frequently, signals of interest are offset by undesired dc or low-frequency ac components that prevent use of vertical ranges sensitive enough to make good measurements. Often a signal similar to the unwanted component can be connected to the opposite channel, inverted, and added algebraically to the signal of interest to cancel the unwanted com- ponent.

True dc components can usually be eliminated by selecting ac input coupling. The ability of an oscillo- scope to cancel ac common-mode signals varies with the amplitude and frequency of the signals. Very high common-mode amplitudes may not be completely can- celled. Good common-mode rejection should be achieved

Model 1744A

with common-mode signal amplitudes of up to two screen diameters (16 CRT divisions). With high-fre- quency, common-mode signals, minor components may be impossible to eliminate from the display. The lower the frequency of the common-mode signal, the better will be the common-mode rejection in the oscilloscope.

To use the common-mode rejection technique, proceed as follows:

Apply the desired signal with unwanted com- ponents to the channel A INPUT connector and a signal similar to the unwanted components to the channel B INPUT connector.

Set input coupling as required, and select ALT. Adjust the VOLTS/DIV and vernier controls so the unwanted components an the channel A and B signals are approximately equal in amplitude.

Select TRIGGER A, CH B INVT, and DISPLAY

3. A+B. With either channel A or channel B vernier control, adjust for minimum deflection of the common mode signal.

4. The resultant display will either subtract all the unwanted components in the desired signal or display the desired signal larger than the common mode signal.

Operators Guide

CH A

CH B

1740A-014

Figure 16. Channel A with Desired Signal

and Unwanted Components. Channel B

with Only Unwanted Components

A-B

Example: In figures 16 and 17 the common mode

rejection method is illustrated.

1740A-015

Figure 17. Resultant Display

Operators Guide

TIME-INTERVAL MEASUREMENTS.

PERIOD MEASUREMENTS.

Apply signal to the channel A or B INPUT

connector, and select A or B DISPLAY and TRIGGER.

Adjust the appropriate VOLTS/DIV control for five to six divisions of display, if possible, and set the main TIME/DIV control to the fastest sweep speed that

will display at least one cycle within the 8 available

divisions an the CRT.

Use appropriate vertical POSN control and

horizontal POSITION control to center the display.

Measure the horizontal distance in divisions for one cycle. The SWEEP VERNIER should be in CAL detent.

Multiply horizontal distance obtained in step 4 times the main TIME/DIV setting. If you are using the MAG X10 switch, divide the product by 10.

Use the following formula: Period = Horizontal Distance for One Cycle in Div (step

4) x MAIN TIME/DIV Setting (step 2) : Mag nifier (if used).

Model 1744A

4 D I V

1 CYCLE

1740A-017

Figure 18. Waueform Period Measurement

Example: Assume one cycle of the waveform occurs in four divisions, the MAIN TIME/DIV setting is 0.2 mSEC, and the MAG X10 switch is off (see figure 18). Substituting in the formula: Period = 4 div x 0.2 ms/div = 0.8 ms ±2% at room

temperature.

REPETITION RATE OR

FREQUENCY

MEASURE-

MENTS.

The repetition rate or frequency of a waveform is

the reciprocal of the period.

Use the procedure for period measurements to

calculate the period of your signal and take the

reciprocal to determine repetition rate or frequency.

Model 1744A

Operators Guide

Example: Using the period from the previous example of

0.8 ms, take the reciprocal to find the repetition rate or frequency.

Repetition Rate or Frequency =

1 cvcle 8x10

TRANSITION TIME MEASUREMENTS.

=0.125x10

cycle

Period

=1.25 kHz ±2%

Transition mea-

1 cycle

0.8ms

surements are normally made between the 10% and 90% points an the leading or trailing edge of the waveform.

The 1744A has 10/90% and 20/80% points conveniently

marked by lines for a five-division reference. The dots are also spaced identically to the minor division mark-

ings an the major axis to assist you in interpolation.

Apply the pulse to the channel A or B INPUT

connector, and select A or B DISPLAY and TRIGGER.

Adjust the appropriate VOLTS/DIV control and vernier for at least five divisions of amplitude and the MAIN TIME/DIV control to display enough pulse top and baseline for measurement. Spread the 10% and

90% points as far apart as possible.

Turn the horizontal POSITION control until the

10% point an the waveform interseets a 10% marking an

a vertical graticule line. The display should be centered

in the viewing ara.

Count the number of divisions until the pulse- rise Grosses the 90% markings. The SWEEP VERNIER should be in CAL detent.

Multiply the number of divisions obtained in Step 4 times the MAIN TIME/DIV setting. This is the rise time (RT). If you use the MAG X10 switch, divide the produce by 10.

Example: Assume the number of divisions between the

10% and 90% points is four and the MAIN TIME/DIV setting is 2 µSEC (see figure 19).

= 4 x 2 µs=8 µs

If you use the oscilloscope to measure a transition time that is near to the 1744A rise time specifications (-<3.5 ns), error correction may be required. For accurate

results, error correction should be used when the pulse transition time is four times the oscilloscope rise time or faster, Use the following formula:

(pulse) = JRT2 (observed) - R

(oscilloscope)

Example: Assume the 10% to 90% observed rise time is

7.5 ns and the oscilloscope rise time is 3.5 ns. Substituting in the formula: R

(pulse) = J75

-3.5

=6.6 ns

Operators Guide

4 D I V

140A-018

Figure 19. Rise Time Measurement

DELAYED SWEEP.

ments, delayed sweep will provide increased accuracy

and resolution. In this guide, we discuss three pro-

cedures using delayed sweep: magnification of a portion

of a complex waveform for closer investigation, mea- suring the time interval between two pulses, and mea- suring pulse jitter. The first procedure is discussed in the section: Ob- taining Basic Displays. The remaining two procedures are explained in the following paragraphs.

Delayed Sweep Time Interval Measurements.

layed sweep mode can be used to increase the accuracy

For many time-interval measure-

The de-

Model 1744A

of your timing measurements. The following measure- ment determines the time interval between two pulses displayed on the same trace. The procedure may also be used to measure the time interval between pulses from two different channels or to make time duration mea- surements an a single pulse. To demonstrate the in- crease in accuracy, a measurement will first be made using only the main time base, and then the delayed time base will be used to make the same measurement.

Apply your signal to the channel A INPUT connector, and set TRIGGER and DISPLAY to channel A.

Set input coupling as desired, and adjust VOLTS/DIV for approximately four divisions of ampli- tude.

Select INT main trigger, and MAIN sweep.

Adjust the main TIME/DIV control to display six to eight divisions between pulses, and adjust main TRIGGER LEVEL for a stable display.

Using horizontal POSITION, place the 50% point of the first pulse on a convenient graticule line and count the number of divisions to the 50% point of the second pulse (see figure 20).

Model 1744A

50%

Operators Guide

6.2 DI V

1740A-019

Figure 20. Time Interual Measurement Using Main

Time Base

6. To calculate time interval (t), use the following

formula: t = (Divisions between pulses x main TIME/DIV Example: Assume 6.2 divisions between pulses, and a main TIME/DIV setting of 0.5 mSEC. Substituting in the formula: t = (6.2 div x 0.5 ms/div) ±2% at room temperature t = 3.1 ms ±0.062 ms

Now we will use delayed sweep to make the same measurement.

Perform steps 1 through 4 of the previous pro-

cedure and select AUTO SWEEP AFTER DELAY.

1740A-020

NTENSIFIED

Figure 21. Intensified Area on First Pulse

Set the delayed TIME/DIV control as required,

and turn the DELAY control to place the intensified

portion on the first pulse (see figure 21).

Select DLY'D sweep and adjust the DELAY control so the 50% amplitude point of the first pulse is on the center vertical graticule line. Note the DELAY control reading.

Turn DELAY control clockwise until the second pulse is positioned on the same point of the center vertical graticule line. You can verify this is the correct pulse by returning to MAIN sweep and observing the intensified portion. Again note the DELAY control reading.

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

5. To calculate time interval (t), use the following

formula:

‚Second DELAY -First DELAY x main

t=(

reading

reading )TIME/DIV ±error

Example: Assume the First DELAY control reading is

1.31 and the second DELAY control reading is 7.58 with

main TIME/DIV control set to 0.5 ms/div.

Substituting in the formula:

(7.58 -1.31) x 0.5 ms/div ±error

t t = 3.14 ms ±error

The error is ±[(0.5% x t) + (0.1% x maximum delay

period)]. The maximum delay period is the main sweep

rate times the total length of the display (10 div in the

1744A). Therefore, error = ±[(0.5% x 3.14) + (0.1% x 5)] = ±0.021 ms. And,

t = 3.14 ms ±0.021 ms, an accuracy of <0.7%. For greatest

accuracy, use the fastest main sweep rate possible. This

reduces the maximum delay period.

Pulse Jitter Measurements. (Also see section on Ob- taining Basic Displays.)

Jitter is a time uncertainty in the waveform caused by random noise, or spurious, non- periodic signals. To measure jitter use the following procedure.

Apply the signal to channel A or B INPUT

connector, and select A or B DISPLAY and TRIGGER.

Adjust the appropriate VOLTS/DIV control for five or more divisions of vertical deflection, and set the main TIME/DIV control to show the complete wave- form.

AdjustTRIGGERLEVELuntilthedisplayisas

stable as possible.

Set the delayed TIME/DIV control as required, and turn the DELAY control to place the intensified display on the portion of the pulse showing jitter.

SWEEP VERNIER control should be in CAL detent

position.

Select the DLY'D mode and AUTO SWEEP

5. AFTER DELAY. The horizontal movement of the pulse is the pulse jitter. There is some inherent jitter in any delayed sweep time base, and it should be included in the measurement (jitter in the 1744A is 1:50 000, which is insignificant in most measurements). Using the hori-

zontal POSITION control, place the leading edge of the pulse an the center vertical graticule line; with the vertical POSN control center the display.

Measure horizontal displacement on the center

horizontal graticule line as shown in figure 22. This displacement times the delayed TIME/DIV setting is the pulse jitter in time.

Model 1744A

0.2 DIV

DELAY INTERVAL __^..l1

Operators Guide

VARIABLE

ARMED

D SWEEP

1740A-026

1740A-024

Figure 22. Pulse Jitter Measurement

Example: Assume the delayed TIME/DIV setting is 0.1

mSEC and the horizontal displacement is 0.2 div (see figure 22). Pule Jitter = 0.2 div x 0.1 ms/div = 0.02 ms.

Eliminating Jitter. You can eliminate jitter from the display by using the TRIG-SWEEP AFTER DELAY control. In this mode, the delayed sweep is triggered the jittering pulse after the delay interval. So by trig- gering the delayed sweep after the delay period, the effect of jitter

the display is eliminated, and you can measure pulse parameters. Remember, in this mode the DELAY dial is uncalibrated.

Figure 23. Pulse With Variable Time Duration

Viewing Pulses With Variable Time Duration. When the

time duration between the end of one pulse and the start of another pulse is variable, you can use the TRIG- SWEEP AFTER DELAY control and the DELAY dial to arm the delayed-trigger circuit after the last known pulse. The delayed sweep will now be triggered by the pulse with variable time duration and its parameters can be measured (see figure 23).

MEASURING PHASE DIFFERENCE BY TIME DELAY.

The phase difference between two Signals of the same frequency can be determined up to the frequency limita- tion of the vertical amplifier. Use the following pro- cedure:

Operators Guide

Model 1744A

Select ALT, channel A TRIGGER, and main

POS trigger.

Apply the input signal to the channel A INPUT connector and the output signal to the channel B INPUT connector. The cables or probes used must either have the Same electrical length or the delay differences must be accounted for to prevent measurement error.

Select AC input coupling for both channels, and adjust channels A and B VOLTS/DIV and vernier controls for an equal amplitude an both channels.

Adjust the main TIME/DIV and SWEEP VERNIER controls so a complete cycle for each wave- form is displayed within 8 horizontal divisions.

Using the POSN controls center both wave-

forms vertically.

Readjust SWEEP VERNIER for one complete cycle of the input signal in an exact number of major divisions. Six or eight divisions is suggested, which would equal 60°/Div and 45°/Div respectively. You can obtain additional resolution by using the MAG X10 switch. In this Gase, six divisions would equal 6°/Div and eight divisions would equal 4.5°/Div.

7. Count the number of major plus minor divisions between the reference signal .and the output signal at the point where they both Cross the center horizontal graticule line. Convert divisions to degrees and this is the phase difference.

NPUT

3 MINOR DIV =

OUTPUT

3fi

1740A-027

Figure 24. Phase Difference Measurement

Example: Assume one cycle of the input signal occurs in six divisions and there are three minor divisions be- tween the input and output waveforms (see figure 24). Since one major division equals 60°, one minor division equals 12°. Phase Difference = 3 x 12 = 36°; the output lags the input by 36°.

Model 1744A

Operators Guide

A VS B PHASE MEASUREMENTS.

The A VS B mode will allow you to measure the phase difference between two signals of the same frequency up to 100 kHz. The channel A input signal provides deflection along the Y- axis, and the channel B input signal provides deflection along the X-axis. The phase difference can be measured

from the resulting Lissajous pattern using the following procedure:

Connect one signal to the channel A and the

other to the channel B INPUT cc mectors.

Select A VS B, and adjust the channel A VOLTS/DIV control for five to six divisions of vertical deflection (Y-axis) and the channel B VOLTS/DIV control for seven to eight divisions of horizontal deflection (X-axis).

Use the channel A POSN control and the

horizontal POSITION control to center the display.

Measure distances A and B as shown in figure

25. A is the distance intersected by the trace an the center horizontal graticule line, and B is the total horizontal deflection of the trace.

8 DIV

C = D

1740A-028

Figure 25. A VS B Phase Measurement

The sine of the phase angle between the two signals is A/B. Figures 26, 27, and 28 show signals in phase, 90° out of phase, and 180° out of phase respectively. If the trace is rotating, the signals are not at the same frequency.

Example: In figure 25, A equals five divisions and B equals eight divisions. Distance C is equal to distance D. The sine of the phase difference (4) is A/B which is

0.625. Therefore: Phase Angle (4) = arc sine of

0.625=38.7°.

Operators Guide

Mode! 1744A

CI:

Figure 26. Signals in Phase

Figure 27. Signals 90

1740A-029

1740A-030

Out of Phase

1740A-031

Figure 28. Signals 1800 Out of Phase

TRIGGERING.

TRIGGER VIEW.

channel A or B trace with the trigger Signal if channel A

or B is selected as the display mode. In this type of operation, the trigger sensitivity is approximately equal

to the VOLTS/DIV setting. In the ALT or CHOP

display mode, three signals are displayed: channel A, the selected main trigger signal, and channel B. In TRIG VIEW, the Center horizontal graticule line represents the trigger threshold level with respect to the trigger signal.

The TRIG VIEW control replaces the

Model 1744A

It is frequently helpful to observe the trigger signal being applied to the external trigger input. When you use trigger view in conjunction with CHOP or ALT, both vertical channels plus the external main trigger signal

can be viewed simultaneously. This is useful in setting triggering and observing time correlation between the external trigger Signal and the channel A and B signals. The deflection factor is approximately 100 mV/div. Delayed trigger cannot be viewed by TRIG VIEW control. Example: We will now use trigger view to determine the triggering level location.

Connect the trigger signal to the main EXT TRIGGER input connector and select main EXT TRIGGER.

Select TRIG VIEW. The trigger signal will be displayed near center screen. The point where the trigger signal Grosses the center horizontal graticule is

the trigger point (see figure 29).

By adjusting the TRIGGER LEVEL control, you can

move the trigger level location. The center horizontal

graticule line indicates the trigger point. When you use

the POS position of the POS/NEG switch, the trigger circuit triggers on the positive-going portion of the trigger signal; in NEG, it triggers on the negative-going portion of the trigger signal.

Operators Guide

FRIGGER

PO I NT

Figure 29. Trigger Point Location

ELIMINATING MULTIPLE TRIGGERING ON COMPLEX WAVEFORMS.

triggering. To have a stable display, the period between sweeps must match the period of the waveform being displayed. In the example, the first sweep displays three bits of a four-bit word. The next sweep displays the remaining bit in the word. So on consecutive sweeps we see different portions of the saure word causing the instability in figure 30.

To eliminate the instability, the TRIGGER HOLDOFF control can be adjusted to vary the time between the end

Figure 30 shows an example of multiple

Operators Guide

1740A-033

Figure 30. Multiple Triggering with Display Instability

Mode! 1744A

of one sweep and the beginning of the next. This is the holdoff period. In the example, if you increase the holdoff period long enough, the trigger from the fourth bit is held off, which eliminates the additional sweep

that caused the display instability (see figure 31).

MEASURING CRT WRITING SPEED.

Writing speed is a rate that defines how far the electron

beam can be deflected per unit of time and still provide a stored signal for display. The writing speed of the 1744A

is specified at 1800 cm/µs, making it possible to capture

a 100 MHz, single-shot, sine wave with an amplitude of eight major divisions. Single-shot pulses eight major divisions in amplitude with transition timen as fast as

3.5 ns may also be captured. Although the 1744A must be overdriven to obtain an 8-division display at maximum bandwidth, a fully specified trace is captured and displayed within the quality area of the CRT.

With a specified writing speed of 1800 cm/µs, the maximum cw frequency that can be captured with an amplitude of eight major division can be calculated as follows:

1740A-034

Figure 31. Multiple Triggering Eliminated with

Trigger Holdoff Control

Writing Speed

= 7r

Af centimeters/µs

Where: f = frequency in megahertz.

A = peak-to-peak amplitude in centimeters.

Model 1744A

Therefore: 1800 cm/µs = (3.1416)(8 div)(0.72 cm/div) f

(3.1416)(8)(0.72)(10 6)

1800

= 99.47 MHz

To determine the writing speed necessary to capture an 8-division amplitude pulse with an observed transition time of 3.5 ns, use the following procedure:

Writing Speed =

Therefore: Writing Speed =

0.8A

0.8(div^

(

0.72 cm/div)

3.5 x 10 s

In the above example, it will be noted that the specified writing rate of the 1744A (1800 cm/µs) is more than adequate to capture pulses that approach the specified vertical deflection limits of the 1744A.

=1317 cm/ s

14 11

20 21 22

21 3

129130131142139140141

49NrnT

Operators Guide

•

Front and Rear-panel Controls and Connectors

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Medical/Calcutator onlY Sxwxh 6 Co. Place Azme B.P. 2308 SYR-Dameacus Tal' 16367 Cable' SAWAH, Damascus

TURKEY

Telekom Engineering Bureau

PO. Box 437 Beyogl u TR-letenbul

Tel 49 40 d0

Cable: TELEMATION Istanbul Telex: 23609

06/2382

Vla Fernzndo EI Catdlico, 67

dendr8

6728/32685

(08)

7320550

Stockholm

10721

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(019) (4 07 20

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Box 307

101

53933

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022) 96 0

HEWPACKAG Geneva

hpag

18 21

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49697, 14268

Medical only E.M.A. Muhendislik Kollektif Sirketi Adakale Sokak 4116 TR-Ankara Tel: 175622

Analytical unly

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Otyurek

Milli Mudafaa Cad No. 16/6

Kizilay

OB-Ankere

001 260309 Telex: 42576 azek tr

UNITED KINGDOM

Hewlett-Packard Ltd.

Kinq Sareet Lane

GB-Winnarsh, Wokingham

Banks RG11 5Aq Te1. 107341 78 d7 74 Cabie. Hewpie London Telex:847178/9

Hewlett-Packard Ltd. Tratalqar House,

Navigation Raid

Altrincharet Cheshue WA14 1NU 7e1e. (061) 928 5422 Telex: 668068

Hewlett-Packard Ltd. LYgen Court Mereward Rlse

Dudley Road

Helasowen

West Midlands

862

Tel: (021) 550 9911

Telex: 339105

Hewlett-Packard Ltd Wedge Hous 799 London Road

GB-Thwentun Heeth Surrey CR4 601

Tel: (011 684 010318 Telex 946825

Hewlett- Packard Ltd.

co Makro

Suutn Service

Wear Industnal Estate Wasnington GB-New Town, Counry Dumam

Tet Wash.ngton 464001 ext. 57/58

Hewlett-Packard Ltd

(0, Wesley St

GB-Conelelord

Wesl Yorkshue WF10 tAE Tet (09775) 50402

telex 557355

Hewlell-Packard Ltd

t. Wallace Way

GB-Hitchin

Herts Tel:(0462/ 52824156704

Telex. 825981

650

101101,000

Centre

Hewlet-Packard Ltd 2C. Avonbeg Industr,al Estate Long Mile Road Dublin 12 Tel. Dublin 509458 Telex: 30439

USSR

Hewlett-Packard

Representative Office USSR

Pokrovsky Boulevard 4/17-KW 12 Moscow 101000

0e1-294-2024 Tales 7825 hewpak so

YUGOSLAVIA

lskra-Standard/Hewlett-Packard

Miklosiceva 38NII

6,000 lu bl ana Telb: 31 58

9.32 1674

Telex: 31583 SOCIALIST COUNTRIES

NOT SHOWN PLEASE CONTACT:

ackard Ges. m.b.H

Box 7

A-t A-1205 Vienna, Austria Tel

(0222) 35 16 21 Io 27 Caöle. HEWPAK Vienna Telex: 75923

hewpak

21-6588

OTHER AREAS

80,5

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Mediterranean and Middle

Esel Opernborn 35, Kolakotron, Street

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Tet. 8080337/359/429 Cable Cable: HEWPACKSA Athens

BOR

NOT LISTED CONTACT

Hewlett-Packard S.A.

7, rue du P.O. Box

CH-1217 Meyrin 2- Geneve

1ieland

(022) 82 70 00

el:

Cable: HEWPACKSA Geneva Telex. 2 24 86

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P.O. Box 12826 Peneeeole 32575 Te) (904) 476-8422

GEORGIA P.O. Box 105005 Atlenta 30348

Tel

TW%.e10-766-4890 M

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Tel. 1404) 736-0592 P 0. Boa 2103

Warnar Robins 31098 Tel: (912) 922-0449

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INDIANA 7301 North Shadelxnd Ave. Indiane

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(317

2-1000

TWX 810-260-1797 IOWA

2d 15 Heinz

5224

Iowa

City

52240

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(319)

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KENTUCKY

Meoical Only

Atkm sAn Sguare 3901 Atkinson Dr., Suite 407 Atklnson

Louisville 40218

7e1: (502) 456-1573

LOUISIANA

P 0 Box 840 3229-39 WIlllxms Boulevard

Kenn« 70063

Tel. (504) 443-6201

MARYLAND

6707 Whites

eaRim Td-. (31) 944-5400

2 COChoke ClCher Rockville 20850

Tel TWX. 710-828-9684

MASSACHUSETTS

32 32 Hartwall Ave

212

Road

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Road

(301I 948-6370

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Leaif

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TeI (617) 861-8960 TW% 710-326-6904

MICHIGAN 23855 Research Drive Fermin

ton Hilfe, 48024

Te) (3131 476-6400

724 West Centre Ave. Kelamezao 49002

Tel: (606) 323-8362

MINNESOTA

2400N

Prior Ave. St. Paul 55113 Tel:

(612)

636-0700

MISSISSIPPI

• Jeeka

Se Service

601) 982-9363

(

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Mercy

mus 0765

07652

(201)265-5000

710-990-4951

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MISSOURI 11131 Culorado Ave Kenses CIty 64137

Tel: (816) 769-8080

TW%. 910-771-2087 1024 Executive Parkwa Y

St. Louis 63141

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NEBRASKA 7171 7171 Suite 1)0 Omans 68106 TeL (402) 392-0948

NEW JERSEY W. 120 Ce Para Tat. TW%.

rys a

Es ontown 07724 Tek(201) 542-1364

NEW MEXICO P.O. Box 11634

Station E 11300 Lomas Blvd.. Albuquery e 87123 Tet (5051 TWX 910-989-1185

156 Wyxtt Drive Lea Crucee 88001 Tel (505) 526-2484 TWX: 910-9983-0550

NEW YORK 6 Automation Lzne Computer Park Alben Tel

201 South Avenue Pou hkee

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t. TW%: 510-253-5981 650 Perinton HIII 0110, P4111 Fair Tai

5658 El MII

Syraeuse 1 TeL (315) 454-248fi TWXo. 710-541-0482

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NORTH CAROLINA P 0 1923 N High Poi T&

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16500 Sprague R.ad

Clevalend 44730

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TW%- 810-423-9430

330 Progress Rd.

Dayton 45449 Tal (513) 859-8202

2921330

12205

5 8) 458(-1550

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(14)

454-7330

14450

716)

16) 223-9950 y

321

11797

(5)6)

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Box 5188

27262

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27262

9191 885-8101

216) 243-7300

(

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Street

104) KingsmiII P414047 Colombos 43229 Tel. (614) 436-1041

OKLAHOMA P.0. Box 32008 Oklahoma City 73132 Tet. (405) 721-0200

OREGO 1789 0

LOwer

Bootes

5WN

Terry Rpad Tualatin 97062 Tel- (503) 620-3350

PENNSYLVANIA 111 Zeta Dr-

Pinabur h 15238

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1412) 782-0400

1021 Bth Avenue

P1170014

King of

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TW%: 510-660-2670 SOUTH CAROLINA

6941-0 N. Treuholm Ro C

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TENNE

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3027 Vanguard Dr Merte Memp hie 38131 Tet 1901) 346-8370

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Jet (214) 231-6101

29260

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782-6493

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Service onl Y

(615) 244-5448

Box 1270

Arapaho Rd.

(214)

600

75080

10535 Hartyin Or. Houston 77036

70) (713) 776-6400 205 Billy M

1c04

1 Road

San Antonio 78226

Tel. (512) 434-8241

UTAH

2160 South 3270 West Street Salt Lake

City 84119

Tel

(8011972-4711

VI0

764

Box 12778

-0 No. 7 Koger Exec. Center Suite 212 Nonolk 23502

Tet.(804) 461-4025/6

P.0 Box 9669 2914 Hunger

Springs Road Richmond 23228 Tel

1804) 285-3431

WASHINGTON

Bellefield Office Ph

7203-t 14

Ave

Bellevue 98004

Tet.

TW%

' Medical;Analyhcal Only Charleston

Tel

9004 West

Weal Allla 53227 Tel.

FOR U.S. AREAS NOT LISTED: Contact tue regional Office

NoRh Hollywo

Rockville Illinois Their complete

addresses are bsted above

'Service

S.E.

206

454-3971

910-443-2446

WEST VIRGINIA

1304) 345.1640 IN

West Lincoln Ave

414

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PRINTED IN U.S.A.

1 j-

HP 1744A User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual