Honeywell E3Point User Manual
GasBook
Honeywell Gas Detection
1
Introduction
The Gas Book is intended to offer
a simple guide to
anyone considering the
use of xed and portable
gas detection equipment.
The aim has been to provide a complete
and comprehensive introduction to the
subject– from detailing the principles of
detection that different devices employ to
providing information on certications
and application suitability.
A diverse variety of applications
and processes increasingly involve
the use and manufacture of highly
dangerous substances, particularly
ammable, toxic and Oxygen gases.
Inevitably, occasional escapes of
gas occur, which create a potential
hazard to the industrial plants, their
employees and people living nearby.
Worldwide incidents, involving
asphyxiation, explosions and loss of
life, are a constant reminder of this
problem.
2
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n most industries, one of the key parts of any safety plan for reducing
risks to personnel and plant is the use of early warning devices such
as gas detectors. These can help to provide more time in which to take
I
remedial or protective action. They can also be used as part of a total,
integrated monitoring and safety system which may include various other
safety aspects including fire detection and emergency process shutdown.
Gas detection can be divided into two overriding categories; fixed gas
detection and portable gas detection. As the name might suggest, fixed gas
detection represents a static type of detection system for flammable, toxic
and Oxygen gas hazards and is designed to monitor processes, and protect
plant and assets as well as personnel on-site.
Portable gas detection is designed specifically to protect personnel from
the threat of flammable, toxic or Oxygen gas hazards and is typically a
small device worn by an operator to monitor the breathing zone. Many sites
incorporate a mix of both fixed and portable gas detection as part of their
safety philosophy, but the suitability of which type to use will depend on
several factors, including how often the area is accessed by personnel.
Contents
Section Subject Page Section Subject Page
1 Introduction 2
2 Honeywell Gas Detection brands 4-5
3 What is gas? 6
4 Gas hazards 7
5 Flammable gas hazards 8
Flammable limit 9
Flammable gas properties 10-11
Flammable gases data 12-19
6 Toxic gas hazards 20
Workplace exposure limits 21
Toxic exposure limits 22-25
Toxic gases data 26-29
7 Asphyxiant (Oxygen deciency) hazard 30
8 Oxygen enrichment 31
9 Typical areas that require gas detection 32-35
10 Principles of detection 36
Combustible gas sensor 36
Catalytic sensor 36
Speed of response 37
Sensor output 37
Calibration 38
Infrared gas detector 39
Open path ammable infrared gas detector 40
Electrochemical cell sensors 41
Photo Ionised Detection (PID) 42
Chemcassette
Comparison of gas detection techniques 43
11 Selecting gas detection 44-45
12 Maximising time and efciency 46-47
13 Communications protocols 48-49
14 Fixed gas detection from Honeywell 50-51
15 Portable gas detectors 52
Why are portable gas detectors so important? 54
Breathing zone 55
Typical gases requiring portable detection 55
Portable gas detector types 56
Operational modes of a gas detector 56
Features and functionality 57
Accessories 58
Alarms and status indication 59
Typical applications for portable gas detectors 60
Conned spaces 60-61
Marine 62
Water treatment industry 63
Military 64-65
Hazardous Material (HAZMAT)
emergency response 66
Oil and gas (on and offshore) 67
PID Information 68
Measuring Solvent, Fuel and VOC Vapour
in the workplace environment 68-71
Maintaining portable gas detection 72
Reducing the cost of device testing 73
How to perform a manual bump test 73
Portable gas detectors from Honeywell 74-75
16 North American hazardous area standards
and approvals 76
North American Ex marking and
area classication 77
17 European hazardous area standards
and approvals 78-79
®
sensor 42
18 ATEX 80-81
19 Area classication 86-87
20 Apparatus design 88-89
21 Apparatus classication 90-91
22 Ingress protection of enclosures 92-93
23 Safety integrity levels (SIL) 94-95
24 Gas detection systems 96-97
Location of sensors 98-99
Typical sensor mounting options 100
Typical system congurations 100-101
25 Installation 102
26 Gas detection maintenance and ongoing care 106-109
27 Glossary 110-113
IEC Standards 82-83
Equipment markings 84-85
3
2
Honeywell Gas
Detection brands
At Honeywell Analytics our key focus is our customers. We believe that the evolution
of gas detection should be driven by the people using our equipment, rather than
engineers deciding the needs of industry. With this in mind, we listen to what our
customers want, rene our solutions to meet changing demands and we grow as our
customers grow to ensure we are able to provide an added value service that meets
individual requirements.
Working with Industry…
since the birth of gas detection
ith 50 years experience in the industry, we have been
inuential in gas detection since the very beginning.
Many of our historic products set new benchmarks
W
use and innovation. Today, our product lines have evolved to meet
the requirements of diverse industries and applications, delivering
comprehensive solutions designed to drive down the cost of gas
detection, whilst providing enhanced safety.
for gas detection in terms of performance, ease of
Our Technical Support Centre and Product Application and Training
Specialists, eld engineers and in-house engineering support represent
some of the very best the industry has to offer, providing over 1,100
years cumulative expertise, allowing us to deliver local business
support on a corporate scale.
4 www.honeywellanalytics.com / www.gasmonitors.com
GAS
FACT
The word gas was
coined in 1650–60 by
J. B. van Helmont
(1577–1644), a Flemish
chemist. It comes from
the Greek word
for chaos.
W Technologies by Honeywell is a World leader in the gas
detection industry with a strong commitment to providing
customers with high performance, dependable portable
B
service and ongoing support.
We design, manufacture and market innovative portable gas detection
solutions for a wide variety of applications and industries, with options
to suit all budgets and hazard monitoring requirements.
Our comprehensive range includes options from single gas units that
require no ongoing maintenance, to feature-rich multi-gas devices that
deliver additional value-added functionality.
As a leading expert in the eld of portable gas detection, we provide
customised on-site/eld based training to meet specic customer
needs and application support to assist customers with the selection
and integration of solutions that are entirely t for purpose.
When it comes to device care, we also offer cost-effective benchmark
support and maintenance through our comprehensive approved
partner network.
products that are backed up by exceptional customer
Delivering value added solutions at
affordable prices for 25 years
BW Technologies by Honeywell was originally established in 1987
in Calgary, Canada. Over the last 25 years, we have been bringing
innovative gas detection solutions to market that add value, enhance
safety and help to reduce the ongoing cost of portable gas detection.
With ofces all over the World, and a diverse and talented team of
industry experts on hand to provide support to customers, we offer a
large corporate infrastructure supported by locally focused teams that
have a unique understanding of industry and applications as well as
regional needs.
5
3
What is
Gas?
The name gas comes from the word
chaos. Gas is a swarm of molecules
moving randomly and chaotically,
constantly colliding with each other
and anything else around them. Gases
ll any available volume and due to the
very high speed at which they move will
mix rapidly into any atmosphere
in which they are released.
Vehicle engines
combust fuel
and Oxygen and
produce exhaust
gases that
include Nitrogen
Oxides, Carbon
Monoxide and
Carbon Dioxide.
Different gases are all around
us in everyday life. The air we
breathe is made up of several
different gases including
Oxygen and Nitrogen.
Air Composition
The table
gives the
sea-level
composition
of air (in
percent by
volume at the
temperature of
15°C and the
pressure of
101325 Pa).
Name Symbol Percent by Volume
Nitrogen N2 78.084%
Oxygen O
Argon Ar 0.934%
Carbon Dioxide CO
Neon Ne 0.001818%
Methane CH
2 20.9476%
2 0.0314%
4 0.0002%
Helium He 0.000524%
Krypton Kr 0.000114%
Hydrogen H
Xenon Xe 0.0000087%
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2 0.00005%
4
Gas
Hazards
There are three main
types of gas hazard:
Gases can be lighter,
heavier or about the same
density as air. Gases
can have an odour or
be odourless. Gases
can have colour or be
colourless. If you can’t
see it, smell it or touch it,
it doesn’t mean that it is
not there.
Flammable
RISK OF FIRE
AND/OR EXPLOSION
e.g.
Methane,
Butane, Propane
Toxic
RISK OF
POISONING
e.g.
Carbon Monoxide,
Hydrogen, Chlorine
Natural Gas (Methane) is used
in many homes for heating
and cooking.
Asphyxiant
RISK OF
SUFFOCATION
e.g.
Oxygen deciency. Oxygen
can be consumed or
displaced by another gas
!
7
7
5
Flammable
Gas Hazards
Combustion is a fairly simple
chemical reaction in which
Oxygen is combined rapidly
with another substance
resulting in the release of
energy. This energy appears
mainly as heat – sometimes
in the form of ames.
The igniting substance is
normally, but not always, a
Hydrocarbon compound and
can be solid, liquid, vapour
or gas. However, only gases
and vapours are considered
in this publication.
(N.B. The terms
‘ammable’, ‘explosive’,
and ‘combustible’
are, for the purpose
of this publication,
interchangeable).
The Fire
Triangle
The process of combustion can be
represented by the well known re triangle.
Three factors are always needed to cause
combustion:
A SOURCE OF
IGNITION
1
OXYGEN
2
FUEL IN THE FORM
3
OF A GAS
OR VAPOUR
In any re protection system,
therefore, the aim is to always
remove at least one of these three
potentially hazardous items.
AIR
FIRE
FUEL
HEAT
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Flammable Limit
There is only a limited band of gas/air concentration which
will produce a combustible mixture. This band is specic
for each gas and vapour and is bounded by an upper level,
known as the Upper Explosive Limit (or the UEL) and a
lower level, called the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL).
Limits of Flammability
TOO RICH
GAS
FACT
High levels of O2 increase
the ammability of materials
and gases – at levels such
as 24%, items such as
clothing can spontaneously
combust!
100% v/v gas
0% v/v air
t levels below the LEL, there is
insufcient gas to produce an
explosion i.e. the mixture is too
A
the mixture has insufcient Oxygen i.e. the
mixture is too ‘rich’. The ammable range
therefore falls between the limits of the LEL
and UEL for each individual gas or mixture of
gases. Outside these limits, the mixture is not
capable of combustion. The Flammable Gases
Data on page 12 indicates the limiting values
for some of the better-known combustible
gases and compounds. The data is given for
gases and vapours at normal conditions of
pressure and temperature.
‘lean’, whilst above the UEL,
FLAMMABLE
RANGE
TOO LEAN
An increase in pressure, temperature or
Oxygen content will generally broaden the
ammability range.
In the average industrial plant, there would
normally be no gases leaking into the
surrounding area or, at worst, only a low
background level of gas present. Therefore the
detecting and early warning system will only
be required to detect levels from 0% of
gas up to the lower explosive limit. By the
time this concentration is reached,
shut-down procedures or site clearance
should have been put into operation. In fact
this will typically take place at a concentration
UEL
(upper explosive limit)
LEL
(lower explosive limit)
0% v/v gas
100% v/v air
of less than 50% of the LEL value, so that an
adequate safety margin is provided.
However, it should always be remembered
that in enclosed or unventilated areas, a
concentration in excess of the UEL can
sometimes occur. At times of inspection,
special care needs to be taken when operating
hatches or doors, since the ingress of air from
outside can dilute the gases to a hazardous,
combustible mixture.
(N.B LEL/LFL and UEL/UFL are, for the purpose of this
publication, interchangeable).
9
Flammable Gas
Properties
Ignition Temperature
Flammable gases also have a temperature where ignition
will take place, even without an external ignition source
such as a spark or ame. This temperature is called the
Ignition Temperature. Apparatus for use in a hazardous
area must not have a surface temperature that exceeds the
Ignition Temperature. Apparatus is therefore marked with a
maximum surface temperature or T rating.
FLASH POINT (F.P. °C)
The ash point of a ammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which the surface of the
liquid emits sufcient vapour to be ignited by a small ame. Do not confuse this with Ignition
Temperature as the two can be very different:
Gas / Vapour Flash Point °C Ignition Temp. °C
Methane <-188 595
Kerosene 38 210
Bitumen 270 310
To convert a Celsius temperature into Fahrenheit: Tf = ((9/5)*Tc)+32 E.g. to convert -20 Celsius into Fahrenheit, first multiply the Celsius
temperature reading by nine-fifths to get -36. Then add 32 to get -4°F.
VAPOUR DENSITY
Helps determine sensor placement
The density of a gas/vapour is compared with air
When air = 1.0:
Vapour density < 1.0 will rise
Vapour density > 1.0 will fall
Gas/Vapour Vapour Density
Methane 0.55
Carbon Monoxide 0.97
Hydrogen Sulphide 1.45
Petrol Vapour 3.0 approx
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GAS
FACT
It’s not just gas that holds
a potential threat - dust
can also be explosive!
Examples of explosive
dusts include polystyrene,
cornstarch and iron.
11
11
Flammable Gases Data
Molecular
WeightFormulaCAS NumberCommon Name
Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 CH3CHO 44.05 20 1.52 –38 4.00 60.00 74 1,108 204
Acetic acid 64-19-7 CH3COOH 60.05 118 2.07 40 4.00 17.00 100 428 464
Acetic anhydride 108-24-7 (CH3CO)2O 102.09 140 3.52 49 2.00 10.30 85 428 334
Acetone 67-64-1 (CH3)2CO 58.08 56 2.00 <–20 2.50 13.00 80 316 535
Acetonitrile 75-05-8 CH3CN 41.05 82 1.42 2 3.00 16.00 51 275 523
Acetyl chloride 75-36-5 CH3COCl 78.5 51 2.70 –4 5.00 19.00 157 620 390
Acetylene 74-86-2 CH=CH 26 -84 0.90 gas 2.30 100.00 24 1,092 305
Acetyl fluoride 557-99-3 CH3COF 62.04 20 2.14 <–17 5.60 19.90 142 505 434
Acrylaldehyde 107-02-8 CH2=CHCHO 56.06 53 1.93 –18 2.80 31.80 65 728 217
Acrylic acid 79-10-7 CH2=CHCOOH 72.06 139 2.48 56 2.90 85 406
Acrylonitrile 107-13-1 CH2=CHCN 53.1 77 1.83 –5 2.80 28.00 64 620 480
Acryloyl chloride 814-68-6 CH2CHCOCl 90.51 72 3.12 –8 2.68 18.00 220 662 463
Allyl acetate 591-87-7 CH2=CHCH2OOCCH3 100.12 103 3.45 13 1.70 10.10 69 420 348
Allyl alcohol 107-18-6 CH2=CHCH2CH 58.08 96 2.00 21 2.50 18.00 61 438 378
Allyl chloride 107-05-1 CH2=CHCH2Cl 76.52 45 2.64 –32 2.90 11.20 92 357 390
Ammonia 7664-41-7 NH3 17 -33 0.59 gas 15.00 33.60 107 240 630
Aniline 62-53-3 C6H6NH2 93.1 184 3.22 75 1.20 11.00 47 425 630
Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 C6H5CHO 106.12 179 3.66 64 1.40 62 192
Benzene 71-43-2 C6H6 78.1 80 2.70 –11 1.20 8.60 39 280 560
1-Bromobutane 109-65-9 CH3(CH2)2CH2Br 137.02 102 4.72 13 2.50 6.60 143 380 265
Bromoethane 74-96-4 CH3CH2Br 108.97 38 3.75 <–20 6.70 11.30 306 517 511
1,3 Butadiene 106-99-0 CH2=CHCH=CH2 54.09 -4.5 1.87 gas 1.40 16.30 31 365 430
Butane 106-97-8 C4H10 58.1 -1 2.05 gas 1.40 9.30 33 225 372
Isobutane 75-28-5 (CH3)2CHCH3 58.12 -12 2.00 gas 1.30 9.80 31 236 460
Butan-1-ol 71-36-3 CH3(CH2)2CH2OH 74.12 116 2.55 29 1.40 12.00 52 372 359
Butanone 78-93-3 CH3CH2COCH3 72.1 80 2.48 –9 1.50 13.40 45 402 404
But-1-ene 106-98-9 CH2=CHCH2CH3 56.11 -6.3 1.95 gas 1.40 10.00 38 235 440
But-2-ene (isomer not stated) 107-01-7 CH3CH=CHCH3 56.11 1 1.94 gas 1.60 10.00 40 228 325
Butyl acetate 123-86-4 CH3COOCH2(CH2)2CH3 116.2 127 4.01 22 1.20 8.50 58 408 370
n-Butyl acrylate 141-32-2 CH2=CHCOOC4H9 128.17 145 4.41 38 1.20 9.90 63 425 268
Butylamine 109-73-9 CH3(CH2)3NH2 73.14 78 2.52 –12 1.70 9.80 49 286 312
Isobutylamine 78-81-9 (CH3)2CHCH2NH2 73.14 64 2.52 –20 1.47 10.80 44 330 374
Isobutylisobutyrate 97-85-8 (CH3)2CHCOOCH2CH(CH3)2 144.21 145 4.93 34 0.80 47 424
Butylmethacrylate 97-88-1 CH2=C(CH3)COO(CH2)3CH3 142.2 160 4.90 53 1.00 6.80 58 395 289
Tert-butyl methyl ether 1634-04-4 CH3OC(CH3)2 88.15 55 3.03 –27 1.50 8.40 54 310 385
n-Butylpropionate 590-01-2 C2H5COOC4H9 130.18 145 4.48 40 1.00 7.70 53 409 389
Butyraldehyde 123-72-8 CH3CH2CH2CHO 72.1 75 2.48 –16 1.80 12.50 54 378 191
Isobutyraldehyde 78-84-2 (CH3)2CHCHO 72.11 63 2.48 –22 1.60 11.00 47 320 176
Carbon disulphide 75-15-0 CS2 76.1 46 2.64 –30 0.60 60.00 19 1,900 95
Carbon monoxide 630-08-0 CO 28 -191 0.97 gas 10.90 74.00 126 870 805
Carbonyl sulphide 463-58-1 COS 60.08 -50 2.07 gas 6.50 28.50 100 700 209
Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 C6H5Cl 112.6 132 3.88 28 1.30 11.00 60 520 637
1-Chlorobutane 109-69-3 CH3(CH2)2CH2Cl 92.57 78 3.20 –12 1.80 10.00 69 386 250
2-Chlorobutane 78-86-4 CH3CHClC2H5 92.57 68 3.19 <–18 2.00 8.80 77 339 368
1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane 106-89-8 OCH2CHCH2Cl 92.52 115 3.30 28 2.30 34.40 86 1,325 385
Chloroethane 75-00-3 CH3CH2Cl 64.5 12 2.22 gas 3.60 15.40 95 413 510
2-Chloroethanol 107-07-3 CH2ClCH2OH 80.51 129 2.78 55 4.90 16.00 160 540 425
Chloroethylene 75-01-4 CH2=CHCl 62.3 -15 2.15 gas 3.60 33.00 94 610 415
Chloromethane 74-87-3 CH3Cl 50.5 -24 1.78 gas 7.60 19.00 160 410 625
1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 513-36-0 (CH3)2CHCH2Cl 92.57 68 3.19 <–14 2.00 8.80 75 340 416
3-Chloro-2-methylprop-1-ene 563-47-3 CH2=C(CH3)CH2Cl 90.55 71 3.12 –16 2.10 77 478
5-Chloropentan-2-one 5891-21-4 CH3CO(CH2)3Cl 120.58 71 4.16 61 2.00 98 440
1-Chloropropane 540-54-5 CH3CH2CH2Cl 78.54 37 2.70 –32 2.40 11.10 78 365 520
2-Chloropropane 75-29-6 (CH3)2CHCl 78.54 47 2.70 <–20 2.80 10.70 92 350 590
Chlorotrifluoroethyl-ene 79-38-9 CF2=CFCl 116.47 -28.4 4.01 gas 4.60 84.30 220 3,117 607
-Chlorotoluene 100-44-7 C6H5CH2Cl 126.58 4.36 60 1.10 55 585
Boiling
Point °C
Relative
Vapourisation Density
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References: BS EN 60079-20-1 (supersedes 61779) Electrical apparatus for the detection and
measurement of flammable gases-Part 1: General requirements and test methods. NIST Chemistry Web
Book June 2005 release. Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment 2003-2004.
Data may change by country
and date, always refer to local
up-to-date regulations.
Please note: Where “gas” is stated under Flash Point (F.P. C°), the compound is always in a gaseous state
and therefore does not have a FP.
Flammable Limits
F.P. °C LFL % v/v UFL % v/v LFL mg/L UFL mg/L I.T. °C
13
13
Flammable Gases Data (continued)
Molecular
WeightFormulaCAS NumberCommon Name
Cresols (mixed isomers) 1319-77-3 CH3C5H4OH 108.14 191 3.73 81 1.10 50 555
Crotonaldehyde 123-73-9 CH3CH=CHCHO 70.09 102 2.41 13 2.10 16.00 82 470 280
Cumene 98-82-8 C6H5CH(CH3)2 120.19 152 4.13 31 0.80 6.50 40 328 424
Cyclobutane 287-23-0 CH2(CH2)2CH2 56.1 13 1.93 gas 1.80 42
Cycloheptane 291-64-5 CH2(CH2)5CH2 98.19 118.5 3.39 <10 1.10 6.70 44 275
Cyclohexane 110-82-7 CH2(CH2)4CH2 84.2 81 2.90 –18 1.00 8.00 35 290 259
Cyclohexanol 108-93-0 CH2(CH2)4CHOH 100.16 161 3.45 61 1.20 11.10 50 460 300
Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 CH2(CH2)4CO 98.1 156 3.38 43 1.30 8.40 53 386 419
Cyclohexene 110-83-8 CH2(CH2)3CH=CH 82.14 83 2.83 –17 1.10 8.30 37 244
Cyclohexylamine 108-91-8 CH2(CH2)4CHNH2 99.17 134 3.42 32 1.10 9.40 47 372 293
Cyclopentane 287-92-3 CH2(CH2)3CH2 70.13 50 2.40 –37 1.40 41 320
Cyclopentene 142-29-0 CH=CHCH2CH2CH 68.12 44 2.30 <–22 1.48 41 309
Cyclopropane 75-19-4 CH2CH2CH2 42.1 -33 1.45 gas 2.40 10.40 42 183 498
Cyclopropyl methyl ketone 765-43-5 CH3COCHCH2CH2 84.12 114 2.90 15 1.70 58 452
p-Cymene 99-87-6 CH3CH6H4CH(CH3)2 134.22 176 4.62 47 0.70 5.60 39 366 436
Decahydro-naphthalene trans 493-02-7 CH2(CH2)3CHCH(CH2)3CH2 138.25 185 4.76 54 0.70 4.90 40 284 288
Decane (mixed isomers) 124-18-5 C10H22 142.28 173 4.90 46 0.70 5.60 41 332 201
Dibutyl ether 142-96-1 (CH3(CH2)3)2O 130.2 141 4.48 25 0.90 8.50 48 460 198
Dichlorobenzenes (isomer not stated)
Dichlorodiethyl-silane 1719-53-5 (C2H5)SiCl2 157.11 128 24 3.40 223
1,1-Dichloroethane 75-34-3 CH3CHCl2 99 57 3.42 –10 5.60 16.00 230 660 440
1,2-Dichloroethane 107-06-2 CH2ClCH2Cl 99 84 3.42 13 6.20 16.00 255 654 438
Dichloroethylene 540-59-0 ClCH=CHCl 96.94 37 3.55 –10 9.70 12.80 391 516 440
1,2-Dichloro-propane 78-87-5 CH3CHClCH2Cl 113 96 3.90 15 3.40 14.50 160 682 557
Dicyclopentadiene 77-73-6 C10H12 132.2 170 4.55 36 0.80 43 455
Diethylamine 109-89-7 (C2H5)2NH 73.14 55 2.53 –23 1.70 10.00 50 306 312
Diethylcarbonate 105-58-8 (CH3CH2O)2CO 118.13 126 4.07 24 1.40 11.70 69 570 450
Diethyl ether 60-29-7 (CH3CH5)2O 74.1 34 2.55 –45 1.70 36.00 60 1,118 160
1,1-Difluoro-ethylene 75-38-7 CH2=CF2 64.03 -83 2.21 gas 3.90 25.10 102 665 380
Diisobutylamine 110-96-3 ((CH3)2CHCH2)2NH 129.24 137 4.45 26 0.80 3.60 42 190 256
Diisobutyl carbinol 108-82-7 ((CH3)2CHCH2)2CHOH 144.25 178 4.97 75 0.70 6.10 42 370 290
Diisopentyl ether 544-01-4 (CH3)2CH(CH2)2O(CH2)2CH(CH3)2 158.28 170 5.45 44 1.27 104 185
Diisopropylamine 108-18-9 ((CH3)2CH)2NH 101.19 84 3.48 –20 1.20 8.50 49 358 285
Diisopropyl ether 108-20-3 ((CH3)2CH)2O 102.17 69 3.52 –28 1.00 21.00 45 900 405
Dimethylamine 124-40-3 (CH3)2NH 45.08 7 1.55 gas 2.80 14.40 53 272 400
Dimethoxymethane 109-87-5 CH2(OCH)3)2 76.09 41 2.60 –21 2.20 19.90 71 630 247
3-(Dimethylamino)propiononitrile 1738-25-6 (CH3)2NHCH2CH2CN 98.15 171 3.38 50 1.57 62 317
Dimethyl ether 115-10-6 (CH3)2O 46.1 -25 1.59 gas 2.70 32.00 51 610 240
N,N-Dimethylformamide 68-12-2 HCON(CH3)2 73.1 152 2.51 58 1.80 16.00 55 500 440
3,4-Dimethyl hexane 583-48-2 CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3 114.23 119 3.87 2 0.80 6.50 38 310 305
N,N-Dimethyl hydrazine 57-14-7 (CH3)2NNH2 60.1 62 2.07 –18 2.40 20 60 490 240
1,4-Dioxane 123-91-1 OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 88.1 101 3.03 11 1.40 22.50 51 813 379
1,3-Dioxolane 646-06-0 OCH2CH2OCH2 74.08 74 2.55 –5 2.30 30.50 70 935 245
Dipropylamine 142-84-7 (CH3CH2CH2)2NH 101.19 105 3.48 4 1.20 9.10 50 376 280
Ethane 74-84-0 CH3CH3 30.1 -87 1.04 gas 2.50 15.50 31 194 515
Ethanethiol 75-08-1 CH3CH2SH 62.1 35 2.11 <–20 2.80 18.00 73 466 295
Ethanol 64-17-5 CH3CH2OH 46.1 78 1.59 12 3.10 19.00 59 359 363
2-Ethoxyethanol 110-80-5 CH3CH2OCH2CH2OH 90.12 135 3.10 40 1.70 15.70 68 593 235
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 111-15-9 CH3COOCH2CH2OCH2CH3 132.16 156 4.72 47 1.20 12.70 65 642 380
Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 CH3COOCH2CH3 88.1 77 3.04 –4 2.00 2.80 73 470 460
Ethyl acetoacetate 141-97-9 CH3COCH2COOCH2CH3 130.14 181 4.50 65 1.00 9.50 54 519 350
Ethyl acrylate 140-88-5 CH2=CHCOOCH2CH3 100.1 100 3.45 9 1.40 14.00 59 588 350
Ethylamine 75-04-7 C2H5NH2 45.08 16.6 1.50 <–20 3.50 14.00 49 260 425
Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 CH2CH3C6H5 106.2 135 3.66 23 0.80 7.80 44 340 431
Ethyl butyrate 105-54-4 CH3CH2CH2COOC2H5 116.16 120 4.00 21 1.40 66 435
Ethylcyclobutane 4806-61-5 CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH2 84.16 2.90 <–16 1.20 7.70 42 272 212
Ethylcyclohexane 1678-91-7 CH3CH2CH(CH2)4CH2 112.2 131 3.87 <24 0.80 6.60 42 310 238
Ethylcyclopentane 1640-89-7 CH3CH2CH(CH2)3CH2 98.2 103 3.40 <5 1.05 6.80 42 280 262
Ethylene 74-85-1 CH2=CH2 28.1 -104 0.97 2.30 36.00 26 423 425
106-46-7 C6H4Cl2 147 179 5.07 86 2.20 9.20 134 564 648
Boiling
Point °C
Relative
Vapourisation Density
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Flammable Limits
F.P. °C LFL % v/v UFL % v/v LFL mg/L UFL mg/L I.T. °C
15
15
Flammable Gases Data (continued)
Molecular
WeightFormulaCAS NumberCommon Name
Ethylenediamine 107-15-3 NH2CH2CH2NH2 60.1 118 2.07 34 2.50 18.00 64 396 403
Ethylene oxide 75-21-8 CH2CH2O 44 11 1.52 <–18 2.60 100.00 47 1,848 435
Ethyl formate 109-94-4 HCOOCH2CH3 74.08 52 2.65 –20 2.70 16.50 87 497 440
Ethyl isobutyrate 97-62-1 (CH3)2CHCOOC2H5 116.16 112 4.00 10 1.60 75 438
Ethyl methacrylate 97-63-2 CH2=CCH3COOCH2CH3 114.14 118 3.90 20 1.50 70
Ethyl methyl ether 540-67-0 CH3OCH2CH3 60.1 8 2.10 gas 2.00 10.10 50 255 190
Ethyl nitrite 109-95-5 CH3CH2ONO 75.07 2.60 –35 3.00 50.00 94 1,555 95
Formaldehyde 50-00-0 HCHO 30 -19 1.03 60 7.00 73.00 88 920 424
Formic acid 64-18-6 HCOOH 46.03 101 1.60 42 18.00 57.00 190 1,049 520
2-Furaldehyde 98-01-1 OCH=CHCH=CHCHO 96.08 162 3.30 60 2.10 19.30 85 768 316
Furan 110-00-9 CH=CHCH=CHO 68.07 32 2.30 <–20 2.30 14.30 66 408 390
Furfuryl alcohol 98-00-0 OC(CH2OH)CHCHCH 98.1 170 3.38 61 1.80 16.30 70 670 370
1,2,3-Trimethyl-benzene 526-73-8 CHCHCHC(CH3)C(CH3)C(CH3) 120.19 175 4.15 51 0.80 7.00 470
Heptane (mixed isomers) 142-82-5 C7H16 100.2 98 3.46 –4 0.85 6.70 35 281 215
Hexane (mixed isomers) 110-54-3 CH3(CH2)4CH3 86.2 69 2.97 –21 1.00 8.90 35 319 233
1-Hexanol 111-27-3 C6H13OH 102.17 156 3.50 63 1.10 47 293
Hexan-2-one 591-78-6 CH3CO(CH2)3CH3 100.16 127 3.46 23 1.20 9.40 50 392 533
Hydrogen 1333-74-0 H2 2 -253 0.07 gas 4.00 77.00 3.4 63 560
Hydrogen cyanide 74-90-8 HCN 27 26 0.90 <–20 5.40 46.00 60 520 538
Hydrogen sulphide 7783-06-4 H2S 34.1 -60 1.19 gas 4.00 45.50 57 650 270
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-penta-2-one 123-42-2 CH3COCH2C(CH3)2OH 116.16 166 4.00 58 1.80 6.90 88 336 680
Kerosene 8008-20-6 150 38 0.70 5.00 210
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 CHC(CH3)CHC(CH3)CHC(CH3) 120.19 163 4.15 44 0.80 7.30 40 365 499
Methacryloyl chloride 920-46-7 CH2CCH3COCl 104.53 95 3.60 17 2.50 106 510
Methane (firedamp) 74-82-8 CH4 16 -161 0.55 <–188 4.40 17.00 29 113 537
Methanol 67-56-1 CH3OH 32 65 1.11 11 6.00 36.00 73 665 386
Methanethiol 74-93-1 CH3SH 48.11 6 1.60 4.10 4.10 21.00 80 420
2-Methoxyethanol 109-86-4 CH3OCH2CH2OH 76.1 124 2.63 39 1.80 20.60 76 650 285
Methyl acetate 79-20-9 CH3COOCH3 74.1 57 2.56 –10 3.10 16.00 95 475 502
Methyl acetoacetate 105-45-3 CH3COOCH2COCH3 116.12 169 4.00 62 1.30 14.20 62 685 280
Methyl acrylate 96-33-3 CH2=CHCOOCH3 86.1 80 3.00 –3 1.95 16.30 71 581 415
Methylamine 74-89-5 CH3NH2 31.1 -6 1.00 gas 4.20 20.70 55 270 430
2-Methylbutane 78-78-4 (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 72.15 30 2.50 –56 1.30 8.30 38 242 420
2-Methylbutan-2-ol 75-85-4 CH3CH2C(OH)(CH3)2 88.15 102 3.03 16 1.40 10.20 50 374 392
3-Methylbutan-1-ol 123-51-3 (CH3)2CH(CH2)2OH 88.15 130 3.03 42 1.30 10.50 47 385 339
2-Methylbut-2-ene 513-35-9 (CH3)2C=CHCH3 70.13 35 2.40 –53 1.30 6.60 37 189 290
Methyl chloro-formate 79-22-1 CH3OOCC 94.5 70 3.30 10 7.50 26 293 1,020 475
Methylcyclohexane 108-87-2 CH3CH(CH2)4CH2 98.2 101 3.38 –4 1.00 6.70 41 275 258
Methylcyclo-pentadienes
Methylcyclopentane 96-37-7 CH3CH(CH2)3CH2 84.16 72 2.90 <–10 1.00 8.40 35 296 258
Methylenecyclo-butane 1120-56-5 C(=CH2)CH2CH2CH2 68.12 2.35 <0 1.25 8.60 35 239 352
2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 78-80-8 HC=CC(CH3)CH2 66.1 32 2.28 –54 1.40 38 272
Methyl formate 107-31-3 HCOOCH3 60.05 32 2.07 –20 5.00 23.00 125 580 450
2-Methylfuran 534-22-5 OC(CH3)CHCHCH 82.1 63 2.83 <–16 1.40 9.70 47 325 318
Methylisocyanate 624-83-9 CH3NCO 57.05 37 1.98 –7 5.30 26.00 123 605 517
Methyl methacrylate 80-62-6 CH3=CCH3COOCH3 100.12 100 3.45 10 1.70 12.50 71 520 430
4-Methylpentan-2-ol 108-11-2 (CH3)2CHCH2CHOHCH3 102.17 132 3.50 37 1.14 5.50 47 235 334
4-Methylpentan-2-one 108-10-1 (CH3)2CHCH2COCH3 100.16 117 3.45 16 1.20 8.00 50 336 475
2-Methylpent-2-enal 623-36-9 CH3CH2CHC(CH3)COH 98.14 137 3.78 30 1.46 58 206
4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one 141-79-7 (CH3)2(CCHCOCH)3 98.14 129 3.78 24 1.60 7.20 64 289 306
2-Methyl-1-propanol 78-83-1 (CH3)2CHCH2OH 74.12 108 2.55 28 1.40 11.00 43 340 408
2-Methylprop-1-ene 115-11-7 (CH3)2C=CH2 56.11 -6.9 1.93 gas 1.60 10 37 235 483
2-Methylpyridine 109-06-8 NCH(CH3)CHCHCHCH 93.13 128 3.21 27 1.20 45 533
3-Methylpyridine 108-99-6 NCHCH(CH3)CHCHCH 93.13 144 3.21 43 1.40 8.10 53 308 537
4-Methylpyridine 108-89-4 NCHCHCH(CH3)CHCH 93.13 145 3.21 43 1.10 7.80 42 296 534
-Methyl styrene 98-83-9 C6H5C(CH3)=CH2 118.18 165 4.08 40 0.80 11.00 44 330 445
Methyl tert-pentyl ether 994-05-8 (CH3)2C(OCH3)CH2CH3 102.17 85 3.50 <–14 1.50 62 345
2-Methylthiophene 554-14-3 SC(CH3)CHCHCH 98.17 113 3.40 –1 1.30 6.50 52 261 433
Morpholine 110-91-8 OCH2CH2NHCH2CH2 87.12 129 3.00 31 1.40 15.20 65 550 230
(isomer not stated)
26519-91-5 C6H6 80.13 2.76 <–18 1.30 7.60 43 249 432
Boiling
Point °C
Relative
Vapourisation Density
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Flammable Limits
F.P. °C LFL % v/v UFL % v/v LFL mg/L UFL mg/L I.T. °C
17
17
Flammable Gases Data (continued)
Molecular
WeightFormulaCAS NumberCommon Name
Naphtha 35 2.50 <–18 0.90 6.00 290
Naphthalene 91-20-3 C10H8 128.17 218 4.42 77 0.60 5.90 29 317 528
Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 CH3CH2NO2 123.1 211 4.25 88 1.40 40.00 72 2,067 480
Nitroethane 79-24-3 C2H5NO2 75.07 114 2.58 27 3.40 107 410
Nitromethane 75-52-5 CH3NO2 61.04 102.2 2.11 36 7.30 63.00 187 1,613 415
1-Nitropropane 108-03-2 CH3CH2CH2NO2 89.09 131 3.10 36 2.20 82 420
Nonane 111-84-2 CH3(CH2)7CH2 128.3 151 4.43 30 0.70 5.60 37 301 205
Octane 111-65-9 CH3(CH2)3CH3 114.2 126 3.93 13 0.80 6.50 38 311 206
1-Octanol 111-87-5 CH3(CH2)6CH2OH 130.23 196 4.50 81 0.90 7.00 49 385 270
Penta-1,3-diene 504-60-9 CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH3 68.12 42 2.34 <–31 1.20 9.40 35 261 361
Pentanes (mixed isomers) 109-66-0 C5H12 72.2 36 2.48 –40 1.40 7.80 42 261 258
Pentane-2,4-dione 123-54-6 CH3COCH2COCH3 100.1 140 3.50 34 1.70 71 340
Pentan-1-ol 71-41-0 CH3(CH2)3CH2OH 88.15 136 3.03 38 1.06 10.50 36 385 298
Pentan-3-one 96-22-0 (CH3CH2)2CO 86.13 101.5 3.00 12 1.60 58 445
Pentyl acetate 628-63-7 CH3COO-(CH2)4-CH3 130.18 147 4.48 25 1.00 7.10 55 387 360
Petroleum 2.80 <–20 1.20 8.00 560
Phenol 108-95-2 C6H5OH 94.11 182 3.24 75 1.30 9.50 50 370 595
Propane 74-98-6 CH3CH2CH3 44.1 -42 1.56 gas 1.70 10.90 31 200 470
Propan-1-ol 71-23-8 CH3CH2CH2OH 60.1 97 2.07 22 2.10 17.50 52 353 405
Propan-2-ol 67-63-0 (CH3)2CHOH 60.1 83 2.07 12 2.00 12.70 50 320 425
Propene 115-07-1 CH2=CHCH3 42.1 -48 gas 2.00 11.10 35 194 455
Propionic acid 79-09-4 CH3CH2COOH 74.08 141 2.55 52 2.10 12.00 64 370 435
Propionic aldehyde 123-38-6 C2H5CHO 58.08 46 2.00 <–26 2.00 47 188
Propyl acetate 109-60-4 CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 102.13 102 3.60 10 1.70 8.00 70 343 430
Isopropyl acetate 108-21-4 CH3COOCH(CH3)2 102.13 85 3.51 4 1.70 8.10 75 340 467
Propylamine 107-10-8 CH3(CH2)2NH2 59.11 48 2.04 –37 2.00 10.40 49 258 318
Isopropylamine 75-31-0 (CH3)2CHNH2 59.11 33 2.03 <–24 2.30 8.60 55 208 340
Isopropyl Chloroacetate 105-48-6 ClCH2COOCH(CH3)2 136.58 149 4.71 42 1.60 89 426
2-Isopropyl-5-methylhex-2-enal 35158-25-9 (CH3)2CH-C(CHO)CHCH2CH(CH3)2 154.25 189 5.31 41 3.05 192 188
Isopropyl nitrate 1712-64-7 (CH3)2CHONO2 105.09 101 11 2.00 100.00 75 3,738 175
Propyne 74-99-7 CH3C=CH 40.06 -23.2 1.38 gas 1.70 16.8 28 280 340
Prop-2-yn-1-ol 107-19-7 HC=CCH2OH 56.06 114 1.89 33 2.40 55 346
Pyridine 110-86-1 C5H5N 79.1 115 2.73 17 1.70 12.40 56 398 550
Styrene 100-42-5 C6H5CH=CH2 104.2 145 3.60 30 1.00 8.00 42 350 490
Tetrafluoroethylene 116-14-3 CF2=CF2 100.02 3.40 gas 10.00 59.00 420 2,245 255
2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoropropyl acrylate 7383-71-3 CH2=CHCOOCH2CF2CF2H 186.1 132 6.41 45 2.40 182 357
2,2,3,3
-Tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate
Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 CH2(CH2)2CH2O 72.1 64 2.49 –20 1.50 12.40 46 370 224
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 97-99-4 OCH2CH2CH2CHCH2OH 102.13 178 3.52 70 1.50 9.70 64 416 280
Tetrahydrothiophene 110-01-0 CH2(CH2)2CH2S 88.17 119 3.04 13 1.00 12.30 42 450 200
N,N,N’, N’-Tetramethyldiaminomethane
Thiophene 110-02-1 CH=CHCH=CHS 84.14 84 2.90 –9 1.50 12.50 50 420 395
Toluene 108-88-3 C6H5CH3 92.1 111 3.20 4 1.10 7.80 39 300 535
Triethylamine 121-44-8 (CH3CH2)3N 101.2 89 3.50 –7 1.20 8.00 51 339
1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 420-46-2 CF3CH3 84.04 2.90 6.80 17.60 234 605 714
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol 75-89-8 CF3CH2OH 100.04 77 3.45 30 8.40 28.80 350 1,195 463
Trifluoroethylene 359-11-5 CF2=CFH 82.02 2.83 27.00 502 904 319
3,3,3-Trifluoro-prop-1-ene 677-21-4 CF3CH=CH2 96.05 -16 3.31 4.70 184 490
Trimethylamine 75-50-3 (CH3)3N 59.1 3 2.04 gas 2.00 12.00 50 297 190
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 540-84-1 (CH3)2CHCH2C(CH3)3 114.23 98 3.90 –12 0.70 6.00 34 284 411
2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane 123-63-7 OCH(CH3)OCH(CH3)OCH(CH3) 132.16 123 4.56 27 1.30 72 235
1,3,5-Trioxane 110-88-3 OCH2OCH2OCH2 90.1 115 3.11 45 3.20 29.00 121 1,096 410
Turpentine C10H16 149 35 0.80 254
Isovaleraldehyde 590-86-3 (CH3)2CHCH2CHO 86.13 90 2.97 –12 1.30 13.00 60 207
Vinyl acetate 108-05-4 CH3COOCH=CH2 86.09 72 3.00 –8 2.60 13.40 93 478 425
Vinylcyclohexenes (isomer not stated)
Vinylidene chloride 75-35-4 CH2=CCl2 96.94 30 3.40 –18 6.50 16.00 260 645 440
2-Vinylpyridine 100-69-6 NC(CH2=CH)CHCHCHCH 105.14 79 3.62 35 1.20 51 482
4-Vinylpyridine 100-43-6 NCHCHC(CH2=CH)CHCH 105.14 62 3.62 43 1.10 47 501
Xylenes 1330-20-7 C6H4(CH3)2 106.2 144 3.66 30 1.00 7.60 44 335 464
45102-52-1 CH2=C(CH2)COOCH2CF2CF2H 200.13 124 6.90 46 1.90 155 389
51-80-9 (CH3)2NCH2N(CH3)2 102.18 85 3.50 <–13 1.61 67 180
100-40-3 CH2CHC6H9 108.18 126 3.72 15 0.80 35 257
Boiling
Point °C
Relative
Vapourisation Density
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Flammable Limits
F.P. °C LFL % v/v UFL % v/v LFL mg/L UFL mg/L I.T. °C
19
19
6
Toxic Gas
Hazards
Some gases are poisonous and can be dangerous to life at very low
concentrations. Some toxic gases have strong smells like the distinctive
‘rotten eggs’ smell of Hydrogen Sulphide (H
often used for the concentration of toxic gases are parts per million (ppm)
and parts per billion (ppb). For example 1ppm would be equivalent to a
room lled with a total of 1 million balls and 1 of those balls being red.
The red ball would represent 1ppm.
S). The measurements most
2
1 MILLION
BALLS
ore people die from toxic gas
exposure than from explosions
caused by the ignition of
M
noted that there is a large group of gases
which are both combustible and toxic, so
that even detectors of toxic gases
sometimes have to carry hazardous
area approval). The main reason for
ammable gas. (It should be
treating ammable and toxic gases separately
is that the hazards and regulations involved
and the types of sensor required are different.
With toxic substances, apart from the obvious
environmental problems, the main concern
is the effect on workers of
exposure to even very low
concentrations, which could be
inhaled, ingested, or absorbed
through the skin. Since adverse
effects can often result from
additive, long-term exposure,
it is important not only to
measure the concentration of
gas, but also the total time of
exposure. There are even some
known cases of synergism,
where substances
can interact and produce
a far worse effect when
combined than the separate
effect of each on its own.
Concern about concentrations of toxic
substances in the workplace focus on both
organic and inorganic compounds, including
the effects they could have on the health
and safety of employees, the possible
contamination of a manufactured end-product
(or equipment used in its manufacture) and
also the subsequent disruption of normal
working activities.
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Workplace
Exposure
Limits
The term ‘workplace exposure limits’ or ‘occupational
hazard monitoring’ is generally used to cover the area of
industrial health monitoring associated with the exposure
of employees to hazardous conditions of gases, dust,
noise etc. In other words, the aim is to ensure that levels
in the workplace are below the statutory limits.
1 RED
BALL
100%V/V = 1,000,000ppm
1%V/V = 10,000ppm
EXAMPLE
100%LEL Ammonia = 15%V/V
50%LEL Ammonia = 7.5%V/V
50%LEL Ammonia = 75,000ppm
his subject covers both area
surveys (proling of potential
exposures) and personal
T
worn by a worker and sampling is carried out
as near to the breathing zone as possible.
This ensures that the measured level of
contamination is truly representative of that
inhaled by the worker.
It should be emphasised that both personal
monitoring and monitoring of the workplace
should be considered as important parts of an
overall, integrated safety plan. They are only
intended to provide the necessary information
about conditions as they exist in the
atmosphere. This then allows the necessary
monitoring, where instruments are
action to be taken to comply with
the relevant industrial regulations
and safety requirements.
Whatever method is decided upon, it is
important to take into account the nature of
the toxicity of any of the gases involved.
For instance, any instrument which
measures only a time-weighted average,
or an instrument which draws a sample for
subsequent laboratory analysis, would not
protect a worker against a short exposure to
a lethal dose of a highly toxic substance. On
the other hand, it may be quite normal to briey
exceed the average, Long-Term Exposure Limit
(LTEL) levels in some areas of a plant, and it
need not be indicated as an alarm situation.
Therefore, the optimum instrument system
should be capable of monitoring both short
and long-term exposure levels as well as
instantaneous alarm levels.
21
Toxic Exposure Limits
European Occupational
Exposure Limits
Occupational Exposure Limit values (OELs) are set by competent
national authorities or other relevant national institutions as limits for
concentrations of hazardous compounds in workplace air. OELs for
hazardous substances represent an important tool for risk assessment
and management and valuable information for occupational safety and
health activities concerning hazardous substances.
ccupational Exposure Limits can
apply both to marketed products
and to waste and by-products
O
The limits protect workers against health
effects, but do not address safety issues
such as explosive risk. As limits frequently
change and can vary by country, you should
consult your relevant national authorities to
ensure that you have the latest information.
Occupational Exposure Limits in the UK
function under the Control of Substances
Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH).
The COSHH regulations require the employer
to ensure that the employee’s exposure to
substances hazardous to health is either
prevented or if not practically possible,
adequately controlled.
from production processes.
concentration varies from substance to
substance according to its toxicity. The
exposure times are averaged for eight hours
(8-hour Time-Weighted Average TWA) and
15 minutes (Short-Term Exposure Limit STEL).
For some substances, a brief exposure is
considered so critical that they are set only
a STEL, which should not be exceeded even
for a shorter time. The potency to penetrate
through skin is annotated in the WEL list by
remark “Skin”. Carcinogenicity, reproduction
toxicity, irritation and sensitisation potential
are considered when preparing a proposal
for an OEL according to the present
scientic knowledge.
GAS
FACT
Hydrogen is the
lightest, most
abundant and
explosive gas on
Earth.
As of 6 April 2005, the regulations introduced
a new, simpler Occupational Exposure Limit
system. The existing requirements to follow
good practice were brought together by
the introduction of eight principles in the
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
(Amendment) Regulations 2004.
Maximum Exposure Limits (MELs) and
Occupational Exposure Standards (OESs)
were replaced with a single type of limit -
the Workplace Exposure Limit (WEL). All
the MELs, and most of the OESs, are being
transferred into the new system as WELs and
will retain their previous numerical values.
The OESs for approximately 100 substances
were deleted as the substances are now
banned, scarcely used or there is evidence
to suggest adverse health effects close to
the old limit value. The list of exposure limits
is known as EH40 and is available from the
UK Health and Safety Executive. All legally
enforceable WELs in the UK are air limit
values. The maximum admissible or accepted
www.honeywellanalytics.com / www.gasmonitors.com22
2500
2000
1500
Effects of exposure to Carbon Monoxide
1000
500
Carbon Monoxide in parts per million (ppm)
5 10 20 40 80 160
Period of exposure in minutes
= Noticeable symtoms
/ start to feel unwell
= Feeling ill
= Death
23
US Occupational
Exposure Limits
he Occupational Safety systems
in the United States vary from
state to state. Here, information is
T
Occupational Exposure Limits in the USA ACGIH, OSHA, and NIOSH.
The American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) publishes
Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC),
which were later renamed to “Threshold Limit
Values” (TLVs).
Threshold Limit Values are dened as an
exposure limit “to which it is believed nearly
all workers can be exposed day after day
for a working lifetime without ill effect”. The
ACGIH is a professional organisation of
occupational hygienists from universities
or governmental institutions. Occupational
hygienists from private industry can join as
associate members. Once a year, the different
committees propose new threshold limits
or best working practice guides. The list
of TLVs includes more than 700 chemical
substances and physical agents, as well as
dozens of Biological Exposure Indices for
selected chemicals.
given on 3 major providers of the
The ACGIH denes different TLV-Types as:
Threshold Limit Value – Time-Weighted
Average (TLV-TWA): the Time-Weighted
Average concentration for a conventional
8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek,
to which it is believed that nearly all workers
may be repeatedly exposed, day after day,
without adverse effect.
Threshold Limit Value – Short-Term
Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL): the
concentration to which it is believed that
workers can be exposed continuously for
a short period of time without suffering
from irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue
damage, or narcosis. STEL is dened as a
15-minute TWA exposure, which should not
be exceeded at any time during a workday.
Threshold Limit Value – Ceiling (TLV-C):
the concentration that should not be
exceeded during any part of the working
exposure.
There is a general excursion limit
recommendation that applies to those
TLV-TWAs that do not have STELs.
Excursions in worker exposure levels may
Occupational Exposure Limits Comparison Table
ACGIM OSHA NIOSH EH40 Meaning
Threshold Limit
Values (TLVs)
Permissible Exposure
Limits (PELs)
TLV-TWA TWA TWA TWA Long-term Exposure Limit
TLV-STEL STEL STEL STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit
TLV-C Ceiling Ceiling - The concentration that should
Excursion Limit Excursion Limit - - Limit if no STEL stated
- BEIs BEIs - Biological Exposure Indicies
24 www.honeywellanalytics.com / www.gasmonitors.com
Recommended
Exposure Levels (RELs)
Workplace Exposure
Limits (WELs)
Limit definition
(8hr-TWA reference period)
(15-minute exposure period)
not be exceeded during any
part of the working exposure
exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than
a total of 30 minutes during a workday and
under no circumstances should they exceed 5
times the TLV-TWA, provided that the
TLV-TWA is not exceeded.
ACGIH-TLVs do not have a legal force in the
USA, they are only recommendations. OSHA
denes regulatory limits. However,
ACGIH-TLVs and the criteria documents are a
very common base for setting TLVs in the USA
and in many other countries. ACGIH exposure
limits are in many cases more protective than
OSHA’s. Many US companies use the current
ACGIH levels or other internal and more
protective limits.
The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) of the US Department
of Labor publishes Permissible Exposure
Limits (PEL). PELs are regulatory limits on
the amount or concentration of a substance
in the air and they are enforceable. The initial
set of limits from 1971 was based on the
ACGIH TLVs. OSHA currently has around
500 PELs for various forms of approximately
300 chemical substances, many of which are
widely used in industrial settings. Existing
PELs are contained in a document called
“29 CFR 1910.1000”, the air contaminants
standard. OSHA uses in a similar way as
the ACGIH the following types of OELs:
TWAs, Action Levels, Ceiling Limits, STELs,
Excursion Limits and in some cases Biological
Exposure Indices (BEIs).
The National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) has the statutory
responsibility for recommending exposure
levels that are protective to workers.
NIOSH has identied Recommended
Exposure Levels (RELs) for around 700
hazardous substances. These limits have
no legal force. NIOSH recommends their
limits via criteria documents to OSHA and
other OEL setting institutions. Types of
RELs are TWA, STEL, Ceiling and BEIs.
The recommendations and the criteria are
published in several different document types,
such as Current Intelligent Bulletins (CIB), Alerts,
Special Hazard Reviews, Occupational Hazard
Assessments and Technical Guidelines.
25
Toxic Gases Data
The toxic gases listed below can be detected using equipment supplied by Honeywell Gas Detection. Gas data is supplied where known.
As product development is ongoing, contact Honeywell Analytics if the gas you require is not listed.
Data may change by country and date, always refer to local up-to-date regulations.
Ammonia 7664-41-7 NH3 25 18 35 25 50 35
Arsine 7784-42-1 AsH3 0.05 0.16 0.05 0.2
Boron Trichloride 10294-34-5 BCl3
Boron Trifluoride 7637-07-2 BF3 1 (ceiling) 3 (ceiling)
Bromine 7726-95-6 Br2 0.1 0.66 0.2 1.3 0.1 0.7
Carbon Monoxide 630-08-0 CO 30 35 200 232 50 55
Chlorine 7782-50-5 Cl2 0.5 1.5 1 (ceiling) 3 (ceiling)
Chlorine Dioxide 10049-04-4 ClO2 0.1 0.28 0.3 0.84 0.1 0.3
1,4 Cyclohexane diisocyanate CHDI
Diborane 19287-45-7 B
Dichlorosilane (DCS) 4109-96-0 H2Cl2Si
Dimethyl Amine (DMA) 124-40-3 C2H7N 2 3.8 6 11 10 18
Dimethyl Hydrazine (UDMH) 57-14-7 C2H8N2
Disilane 1590-87-0 Si2H6
Ethylene Oxide 75-21-8 C2H4O 5 9.2 1.5
Fluorine 7782-41-4 F2 1 1.6 1 1.6 0.1 0.2
Germane 7782-65-2 GeH4 0.2 0.64 0.6 1.9
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) 822-06-0 C8H12N2O2
Hydrazine 302-01-2 N2H4 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.13 1 1.3
Hydrogen 1333-74-0 H2
Hydrogen Bromide 10035-10-6 HBr 3 10 3 10
Hydrogen Chloride 7647-01-0 HCl 1 2 5 8 5 (ceiling) 7 (ceiling)
Hydrogen Cyanide 74-90-8 HCN 10 11 10 11
Hydrogen Fluoride 7664-39-3 HF 1.8 1.5 3 2.5 2
Hydrogen Iodide 10034-85-2 HI
Hydrogen Peroxide 7722-84-1 H2O2 1 1.4 2 2.8 1 1.4
Hydrogen Selenide 7783-07-5 H2Se 0.05 0.2
Hydrogen Sulphide 7783-06-4 H2S 5 7 10 14 2 10
Hydrogenated Methylene Bisphenyl Isocyanate (HMDI)
Isocyanatoethyl Methacrylate (IEM) C
Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI) C12H18N2O2
Methyl Fluoride (R41) 593-53-3 CH3F
Methylene Bisphenyl Isocyanate (MDI) 101-68-8 C15H10N2O2
Methylene Bisphenyl Isocyanate -2 (MDI-2) 101-68-8 C15H10N2O2
Methylenedianiline (MDA) 101-77-9 C13H14N2 0.01 0.08
Monomethyl Hydrazine (MMH) 60-34-4 CH6N2
Naphthalene Diisocyanate (NDI) 3173-72-6 C12H6N2O2
Nitric Acid 7697-37-2 HNO3 1 2.6 2 5
CAS Number FormulaCommon Name
2H6 0.1 0.1
7H9NO3
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Ref: EH40/2005 Workplace Exposure Limits, OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.1000 tables Z-1 and Z-2 and ACGIH Threshold Limit Valves and
Biological Exposure Indices Book 2005.
EH40 Workplace Exposure Limit (WEL)
Long-Term Exposure Limit
(8-hour TWA reference period)
ppm mg/m
OSHA Permissible
Exposure Limits (PEL)
Short-Term Exposure Limit
(15-minute reference period)
3
ppm mg/m
3
Long-term Exposure Limit
(8-hour TWA reference period)
ppm mg/m
3
27
27
Toxic Gases Data (continued)
Nitric Oxide 10102-43-9 NO 25 30
Nitrogen Dioxide 10102-44-0 NO2 5 (ceiling) 9 (ceiling)
Nitrogen Trifluoride 7783-54-2 NF3 10 29
n-Butyl Amine (N-BA) 109-73-9 C4H11N 5 (ceiling) 15 (ceiling)
Ozone 10028-15-6 O3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2
Phosgene 75-44-5 COCl2 0.02 0.08 0.06 0.25 0.1 0.4
Phosphine 7803-51-2 PH3 0.1 0.14 0.2 0.28 0.3 0.4
Propylene Oxide 75-56-9 C3H6O 5 12 100 240
p-Phenylene Diamine (PPD) 106-50-3 C6H8N2 0.1 0.1
p-Phenylene Diisocyanate (PPDI) 104-49-4 C8H4N2O2
Silane 7803-62-5 SiH4 0.5 0.67 1 1.3
Stibine 7803-52-3 SbH3 0.1 0.5
Sulphur Dioxide 7446-09-5 SO2 5 13
Sulphuric Acid 7664-93-9 H2SO4 1
Tertiary Butyl Arsine (TBA)
Tertiary Butyl Phosphine (TBP) 2501-94-2 C
Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS) 78-10-4 C8H20O4Si
Tetrakis (Dimethylamino) Titanium (TDMAT) 3275-24-9 C8H24N4Ti
Tetramethyl Xylene Diisocyanate (TMXDI) C14H16N2O2
Toluene Diamine (TDA) 95-80-7 C7H10N2 50 191 150 574
Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) 584-84-9 C9H6N2O2 0.02 (ceiling) 0.14 (ceiling)
Triethyl Amine (TEA) 121-44-8 C6H15N 2 8 4 17 2.5 100
Trimethylhexamethylene Diisocyanate (TMDI) C11H18N2O2
Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) 57-14-7 C2H8N2
CAS Number FormulaCommon Name
4H11P
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EH40 Workplace Exposure Limit (WEL)
Long-Term Exposure Limit
(8-hour TWA reference period)
Short-Term Exposure Limit
(15-minute reference period)
OSHA Permissible
Exposure Limits (PEL)
Long-term Exposure Limit
(8-hour TWA reference period)
ppm mg/m
3
ppm mg/m
3
ppm mg/m
3
29
29
7
Asphyxiant
Hazard
(Oxygen Deciency)
We all need to breathe the Oxygen (O2) in air to live.
Air is made up of several different gases including
Oxygen. Normal ambient air contains an Oxygen
concentration of 20.9% v/v. When the Oxygen level
falls below 19.5% v/v, the air is considered
Oxygen-decient. Oxygen concentrations below
16% v/v are considered unsafe for humans.
100%
OXYGEN DEPLETION
CAN BE CAUSED BY:
• Displacement
• Combustion
• Oxidation
• Chemical reaction
• Bacterial action
20.9%
v/v normal
v/v O
2
16%
v/v depletion
0%
v/v O
www.honeywellanalytics.com / www.gasmonitors.com30
2
6%
v/v fatal
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