hnc V3.3 Programming Guide

Century

Century Star

Star

Star Milling

Milling

Milling CNC

CNC

CNC System

System

Programming

Programming Guide

Guide

V

V 3.3

December

December ,

Wuhan

Wuhan Huazhong

Huazhong

Huazhong Numerical

Numerical

Numerical Control

3.3

3.3 ,

2007

,

2007

, 2007

2007

Control

Control Co.,

Co.,

Co., Ltd

Ltd

Preface

Organization

Organization of

1. General

2. Preparatory Function

3. Interpolation Function

4. Feed Function

5. Coordinate System

6. Spindle Speed Function

7. Tool Function

8. Miscellaneous Function

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

10. Comprehensive Programming Example

11. Custom Macro

Applicability

This Programming Guide is applicable to the following CNC system:

HNC-18iM/19iM v4.0

of

documentation

of

documentation

of documentation

documentation

HNC-18xp/M

HNC-19xp/M

HNC-21MD/22MD v05.62.07.10

Internet

Internet Address

http://www.huazhongcnc.com/

Address

i

Table of Contents

Table

Table of

Preface ............................................................................................................................................. i

1 General ................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Preparatory Function (G code) ............................................................................................. 20

3 Interpolation Functions ......................................................................................................... 24

4 Feed Function ....................................................................................................................... 43

5 Coordinate System ................................................................................................................ 51

of

Contents

of

Contents

of Contents

Contents

1.1 CNC Programming ..................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Interpolation ................................................................................................................ 4

1.2.1 Linear Interpolation ........................................................................................ 4

1.2.2 Circular Interpolation ...................................................................................... 4

1.2.3 Helical Interpolation ....................................................................................... 5

1.3 Feed Function ............................................................................................................. 6

1.4 Coordinate System ...................................................................................................... 7

1.4.1 Reference Point ............................................................................................... 7

1.4.2 Machine Coordinate System ........................................................................... 8

1.4.3 Workpiece Coordinate System ........................................................................ 9

1.4.4 Setting Two Coordinate Systems at the Same Position ................................ 10

1.4.5 Absolute Commands ..................................................................................... 11

1.4.6 Incremental Commands ................................................................................ 12

1.4.7 Polar Coordinates .......................................................................................... 13

1.5 Spindle Speed Function ............................................................................................ 14

1.6 Tool Function ............................................................................................................ 15

1.6.1 Tool Selection ............................................................................................... 15

1.6.2 Tool Offset .................................................................................................... 15

1.7 Miscellaneous Function ............................................................................................ 17

1.8 Program Configuration ............................................................................................. 18

1.8.1 Structure of an NC Program ......................................................................... 18

1.8.2 Main Program and Subprogram .................................................................... 19

2.1 G code List ................................................................................................................ 21

3.1 Positioning (G00) ..................................................................................................... 25

3.2 Single Direction Positioning (G60) .......................................................................... 26

3.3 Linear Interpolation (G01) ........................................................................................ 27

3.4 Circulation Interpolation (G02, G03) ....................................................................... 29

3.5 Helical Interpolation (G02, G03) .............................................................................. 35

3.6 Virtual Axis (G07) and Sine Interpolation ................................................................ 38

3.7 Tapping (G34) ........................................................................................................... 40

4.1 Rapid Traverse (G00) ............................................................................................... 44

4.2 Cutting Feed (G94, G95) .......................................................................................... 45

4.3 Dwell (G04) .............................................................................................................. 46

4.4 Exact Stop (G09, G61) ............................................................................................. 47

4.5 Cutting Mode (G64) ................................................................................................. 49

5.1 Reference Position Return (G28) .............................................................................. 52

5.2 Auto Return from Reference Position (G29) ............................................................ 53

5.3 Setting a Workpiece Coordinate System (G92) ........................................................ 55

5.4 Selecting a Machine Cooridinate System (G53) ....................................................... 56

5.5 Selecting a Workpiece Coordinate System (G54~G59) ............................................ 57

5.6 Plane Selection (G17, G18, G19) ............................................................................. 59

5.7 Absolute and Incremental Programming (G90, G91) ............................................... 60

5.8 Dimension Selection (G20, G21, G22) ..................................................................... 62

ii

Table of Contents

5.9 Polar Coordinates ..................................................................................................... 63

6 Spindle Speed Function ........................................................................................................ 66

7 Tool Function ........................................................................................................................ 67

7.1 Tool Selection and Tool Offset (T code) ................................................................... 68

7.2 Tool Radius Compensation (G40, G41, G42) ........................................................... 69

7.3 Tool Length Compensation (G43, G44, G49) .......................................................... 74

7.4 RTCP (Rotation Tool Center Point Programming) ................................................... 76

8 Miscellaneous Function ........................................................................................................ 77

8.1 M code List ............................................................................................................... 78

8.2 CNC M-Function ...................................................................................................... 79

8.2.1 Program Stop (M00) ..................................................................................... 79

8.2.2 Optional Stop (M01) ..................................................................................... 79

8.2.3 End of Program (M02) .................................................................................. 79

8.2.4 End of Program with return to the beginning of program (M30) ................. 79

8.2.5 Subprogram Control (M98, M99) ................................................................. 80

8.3 PLC M Function ....................................................................................................... 81

8.3.1 Spindle Control (M03, M04, M05) ............................................................... 81

8.3.2 Tool Selection (M06) .................................................................................... 81

8.3.3 Coolant Control (M07, M08, M09) .............................................................. 81

9 Functions to Simplify Programming .................................................................................... 82

9.1 Mirror Image (G24, G25) ......................................................................................... 83

9.2 Scaling (G50, G51) ................................................................................................... 85

9.3 Coordinate System Rotation (G68, G69) .................................................................. 87

9.4 Canned Cycles .......................................................................................................... 89

9.4.1 Return to the Initial Point/R point Level (G98, G99) ................................... 90

9.4.2 High-speed Peck Drilling Cycle (G73) ......................................................... 91

9.4.3 Left-hand Tapping Cycle (G74) .................................................................... 93

9.4.4 Fine Boring Cycle (G76) .............................................................................. 95

9.4.5 Drilling Cycle, Spot Drilling (G81) .............................................................. 97

9.4.6 Drilling Cycle, Counter Boring Cycle (G82) ................................................ 99

9.4.7 Peck Drilling Cycle (G83) .......................................................................... 101

9.4.8 Tapping Cycle (G84) .................................................................................. 103

9.4.9 Boring Cycle (G85) .................................................................................... 105

9.4.10 Boring Cycle (G86) .................................................................................... 107

9.4.11 Back Boring Cycle (G87) ........................................................................... 109

9.4.12 Manual Boring Cycle (G88) ........................................................................ 111

9.4.13 Boring Cycle (G89) ..................................................................................... 113

9.4.14 Canned Cycle Cancel (G80) ....................................................................... 114

9.5 Summary ................................................................................................................. 115

10 Custom Macro ............................................................................................................ 121

10.1 V ariables ................................................................................................................. 122

10.1.1 Type of Variables ........................................................................................ 122

10.1.2 System Variables ........................................................................................ 123

10.2 Constant .................................................................................................................. 130

10.3 Operators and Expression ....................................................................................... 131

10.4 Assignment ............................................................................................................. 132

10.5 Selection statement

IF,

ELSE,ENDIF ..................................................................... 133

10.6 Repetition Statement WHILE, ENDW ................................................................... 134

10.7 Macro Call .............................................................................................................. 135

10.8 Example .................................................................................................................. 137

iii

1. General

1

General

1

General

1

1 General

General

This chapter is to introduce the basic concepts in Computerized Numerical Control (CNC)

system: HNC-21M /22 M, HNC-18iM/19iM, HNC-18xp/M, HNC-19xp/M.

1

1.1

CNC

1.1

CNC

1.1

1.1 CNC

CNC Programming

To

operate CNC machine tool, the first step is to understand the part drawing and produce a

program manual script. The procedure for machining a part is as follows (Figure 1.1):

1) Read drawing

2) Produce the program manual script

3) Input the program manual script by using the machine control panel

4) Manufacture a part

Programming

1. General

2

1. Reading drawing

1. General

R

B

1

10 0

2. Programming

%3308 (the origin is on A) N1 G92 X0 Y0 Z50 N2 M03 S500 N3 G00 X-31 N4 Z5 N5 G01 Z-3 F40 … .

3. Inputting program

8

A

7 0

Y-26

1

6

8

4. Manufacturing

Workpiece

Figure 1 . 1 The workflow of operation of CNC machine tool

3

1. General

1.2

Interpolation

1.2

Interpolation

1.2

1.2 Interpolation

Interpolation

Interpolation refers to an operation in which the machine tool moves along the workpiece

parts. There are five methods of interpolation: linear, circular, helical, parabolic, and cubic.

Most CNC machine can provide linear interpolation and circular interpolation. The other

three methods of interpolation (helical, parabolic, and cubic interpolation) are usually used

to manufacture the complex shapes, such as aerospace parts.

1.2.1

1.2.1 L

Linear interpolation refers to the tool movement along a straight line.

1.2.2

1.2.2 Circular

Figure 1.3 shows a tool movement along an arc.

L

inear

L

inear

L inear

inear Interpolation

Circular

Circular Interpolation

Interpolation

Figure 1 . 2 Linear Interpolation

tool

workpiece

tool

workpiece

Figure 1 . 3 Circular Interpolation

Note:

In this manual, it is assumed that tools are moved against workpieces.

4

1. General

1.2.3

1.2.3 Helical

Helical interpolation can be used to manufacture threads on a workpiece.

Helical

Helical Interpolation

Interpolation

Figure 1 . 4 Helical Interpolation

5

1. General

1.3

Feed

1.3

Feed

1.3

1.3 Feed

Feed Function

- Feed refers to an operation in which the tool moves at a specified speed to cut a

workpiece.

- Feedrate refers to a specified speed, and numeric is used to specified the fe e drate .

- Feed function refers to an operation to control the fe e drate .

Function

m m/min

F

workp iece

T

able

Figure 1 . 5 Feed Function

For example:

F150.0 //feed the tool at 150mm/min, while the workpiece makes one turn

Tool

6

1.4

Coordinate

1.4

Coordinate

1.4

1.4 Coordinate

Coordinate System

System

1. General

1.4.1

1.4.1 Reference

Reference point is a fixed position on CNC machine tool, which is determined by cams and

measuring system. Generally, it is used when the tool is required to exchange or the

coordinate system is required to set.

There are two ways to move to the reference point:

- Manual reference position return: The tool is moved to the reference point by operating

Reference

Reference Point

Point

Reference Position

Tool

workp iece

Table

Figure 1 . 6 Reference Point

the button on the machine control panel. It is only used when the machine is turned on.

- Automatic reference position return: It is used after the manual reference position return

has been used. In this manual, this would be introduced.

7

1. General

+

X

+

X

+

Y

＇

+Z+

Y

+

Z

+Y+

C

+

Z

＇

+A +

B

+

C

+ X +Y +

Z

+

A

+

B

+

X

＇

1.4.2

1.4.2 Machine

Machine

Machine Coordinate

Coordinate

Coordinate System

System

The coordinate system is set on a CNC machine tool. Figure 1.7 is a machine coordinate

system of milling machine, and shows the direction of axes:

Zm

Ym

M

Figure 1 . 7 Machine Coordinate System

In general , three basic linear coordinate axes of motion are X,

Xm

Y,

Z. Moreover, X,

Y,

Z axis

of rotation is named as A, B, C cor respond ently. Due to different types of milling machine,

the axis direction can be decided by following the rule – “ three finger rule ” of the right

hand.

Figure 1 . 8 “ three finger rule ”

- The thumb points the X axis. X axis controls the cross motion of the cutting tool.

“ +X ” means that the tool is away from the spindle centerline

- T he index points the Y axis. Y axis is usually a virtual axis.

- T he middle finger points the Z axis. Z axis controls the motion of the cutting tool.

“ +Z ” means that the tool is away from the spindle.

8

1. General

1.4.3

1.4.3 Workpiece

The coordinate system is set on a workpiece. The data in the NC program is from the

workpiece coordinate system.

Example: Those three points can be defined on workpiece coordinate system:

Workpiece

Workpiece Coordinate

P1 corresponds to X20 Y35

Coordinate

Coordinate System

Figure 1 . 9 Workpiece Coordinate System

System

Z+

X-

W

Y-

Z-

Y+

X+

P2 corresponds to X50 Y60

P3 corresponds to X70 Y20

Y

P2

P1

60

35

20

50

70

Figure 1 . 10 Example of defining points on workpiece coordinate system

P3

X

9

1. General

1.4.4

1.4.4 Setting

When a workpiece is set on the table, the positional relation between machine coordinate

system and workpiece coordinate system are set.

According to the command program based on the workpiece coordinate system, the tool

moves on the coordinate system specified by CNC, and cuts a workpiece.

Setting

Setting Two

Two

Coordinate

Two

Coordinate

Two Coordinate

Coordinate Systems

Coordinate system specified by the CNC established on the table

Figure 1 .11Setting two coordinate systems at the same position

Systems

Systems at

Y

workpiece

Table

at

the

at

at the

Same

the

Same

the Same

Same Position

Coordinate system on part drawing established on the work-piece

X

Position

10

1. General

1.4.5

1.4.5 Absolute

The absolute dimension describes a point at “ the distance from zero point of the coordinate

system ” .

E xample: These three point in absolute dimensions are the following:

Absolute

Absolute Commands

P1 corresponds to X20 Y35

P2 corresponds to X20 Y60

P3 corresponds to X70 Y20

60

Commands

35

20

Y

P2

P1

P3

X

20

50

70

Figure 1 . 12 Absolute Dimension

11

1. General

1.4.6

1.4.6 Incremental

The incremental dimension describes a distance from the previous tool position to the next

tool position.

Example: These three point in incremental dimensions are the following:

Incremental

Incremental Commands

P1 corresponds to X20 Y35 //with reference to the zero point

P2 corresponds to X30 Y20 //with reference to P1

P3 corresponds to X20

Commands

Y-35

Y

20

15

20

P1

//with reference to P2

P2

P3

3020

20

X

Figure 1 . 13 Incremental Dimension

12

1. General

1.4.7

1.4.7 Polar

Beside the “ Cartesian coordinate system ” , another way to specify coordinates is “ polar

coordinates ” . The polar coordinate method is useful only if there is radius and angle

measurements on a workpiece.

Example: Two points P1 and P2 with reference to the pole are described as follows.

Polar

Polar Coordinates

Coordinates

Y

30

Pole

P2

P1

60

75 °

100

15

30 °

X

Figure 1 . 14 Polar Coordinates

P1 corresponds to radius=100 plus angle=30 °

P2 corresponds to radius=60 plus angle=75 °

13

1. General

1.5

Spindle

1.5

Spindle

1.5

1.5 Spindle

Spindle Speed

The cutting speed (v) refers to the speed of the tool with respect to the workpiece when the

workpiece is cut. The unit of the cutting speed is m/min. As for the CNC, the cutting speed

can be specified by the spindle speed (N) in min-1.

The formula to get the spindle speed is:

Speed

Speed Function

Spindle speed N

Figure 1 . 15 Cutting Speed and Spindle Speed

Function

-1

m in

workpiece

T

Tool

Tool diameter

D mm

V: Cutting speed m/min

able

v

N

∗=1000

D

π

N: the spindle speed

v: cutting speed

D: diameter value of the workpiece

Example: When the diameter of workpiece is 100mm, and the cutting speed is 80m/min,

v

then the spindle speed:

N

=

∗

=

D

The constant surface speed refers to the speed even when the workpiece diameter is changed,

and the CNC changes the spindle speed. At this time, the spindle speed is the cutting speed.

8010001000

∗

≈

100

∗

ππ

mr

/250

14

1.6

Tool

1.6

Tool

1.6

1.6 Tool

Tool Function

Function

1. General

1.6.1

1.6.1 Tool

It is necessary to select a suitable tool when drilling, tapping, boring or the like is performed.

As it is shown in Figure 1.16, a number is assigned to each tool. Then this number is used in

the program to specify that the corresponding tool is selected.

1.6.2

1.6.2 Tool

When writing a program, the operator just use the workpiece dimensions according to the

dimensions in the part drawing. The tool nose radius center and the tool length are not taken

Tool

Selection

Tool

Selection

Tool Selection

Selection

Tool

Offset

Tool

Offset

Tool Offset

Offset

01

02

Figure 1 . 16

Tool

Tool number

Selection

into account. However, when machining a workpiece, the tool path is affected by the tool

geometry. There are two kinds of tool offset: tool length compensation and tool radius

compensation.

Length

Radius

Figure 1 . 17 Length compensation and Radius compensation

15

1. General

 Tool Length Compensation

There are two kind of ways to specify the value of tool length compensation.

- Absolute value of tool compensation (the distance between tool tip and machine

reference point)

- Incremental value of tool compensation (the distance between tool tip and the

standard tool)

Tool Radius Compensation



Figure 1. 18 shows the difference between the programmed contour and the corrected tool

path.

Programmed contour

Corrected tool path

Figure 1 . 18 Difference between programmed contour and corrected tool path

16

1. General

1.7

Miscellaneous

1.7

Miscellaneous

1.7

1.7 Miscellaneous

Miscellaneous Function

Miscellaneous function refers to the operation to control the spindle, feed, and coolant. In

general, it is specified by an M code.

When a move command and M code are specified in the same block, there are two ways to

execute these commands:

1) Pre-M function

M command is executed before the completion of move command

2) Post-M function

M command is executed after the completion of move command.

The sequence of the execution depends on the specification of the machine tool builder.

Function

17

1. General

Program

1.8

Program

1.8

Program

Program Configuration

1.8

1.8.1

1.8.1 Structure

As it is shown in Figure 1.19, an NC program consists of a sequence of NC blocks

block is one of machining steps. Commands

Structure

Structure of

- Format of program

Configuration

of

an

NC

of

an

of an

an NC

%1000

N01 G91 G00 X50 Y60

N10 G01 X100 Y500 F150 S300 M03

N...... ;COMMENT

N200 M30

Figure 1 . 19 Structure of an NC Program

program

program name

name

Program

NC

Program

NC Program

Program

Commands

Commands in each block are the instruction.

Program

Program block

Command character

blocks

blocks . Each

The program name must be specified in the format OXXXX (X could be letters or

numbers).

program

- Format of program

T he program number should be started with %XXXX or OXXXX (X could be numbers

only).

- Format of blocks

A

block starts with the program block number.

N.. G.. X … Y …

program

program number

blocks

Program block number

number

Program block

F..

Feed Function

Coordinate - Dimension word

Preparatory function

Figure 1 . 20 Structure of Block

M.. S..

Spindle function

Miscellaneous function

18

end

Instruction 1

Instruction 2

Instruction n

Instruction n+1

Follow the direction

of the subprogram

Instruction 1

Instruction 2

Return to the main program

Main program

Subprogram

of

- Format of end

The last block should contain M02 or M03 to indicate the end of program.

- Format of Comments

All information after the “ ; ” is regarded as comments.

All information between “ ( ) ” is regarded as comments.

end

end of

Comments

program

of

program

of program

program

1. General

1.8.2

1.8.2 Main

There are two type of program: main program and subprogram. The CNC operates

according to the main program. When a execution command of subprogram is at the

execution line of the main program, the subprogram is called. When the execution of

subprogram is finished, the system returns control to the main program.

Main

Main Program

Program

Program and

and

Subprogram

and

Subprogram

and Subprogram

Subprogram

Note:

Main program and its subprogram must be written in a same file with a different program

codes.

Figure 1 . 21 Main program and subprogram

19

2

Preparatory

2

Preparatory

2

2 Preparatory

Preparatory Function

There are two types of G code: one-shot G code, and modal G code.

Type

Type Meaning

One-shot G code The G code is only effective in the block in which it is specified

Modal G code The G code is effective until another G code is specified.

Example : G01 and G00 are modal G codes.

N10 G01 X 100;

Meaning

Function

Function (G

Table 2 1 Type of G code

(G

(G code)

code)

2. Preparatory Function

N20 Y200 X200;

N30 X300;

N40 G00 Y100;

G01 is effective from N10 to N30

20

2.1

G

2.1

2.1 G

code

G

code

G code

code List

List

The following table is the list of G code in HNC system.

Table 2 2 G code list

G

code

G

code

G

G code

code G

G

roup

G

roup

G roup

roup function

function

2. Preparatory Function

G00

◣ G01

G02 Circular interpolation/Helical interpolation CW

G03 Circular interpolation/Helical interpolation CCW

G04 00 Dwell

G07 00 Virtual axis

G09 00 Exact stop

◣ G17

G18 ZX plane selection

G19 YZ plane selection

G20

◣ G21

G22 Input in i mpulses equivalent weight

G24

◣ G25

G28

G29 Return from reference point

01

02

08

03

00

Rapid positioning

Linear interpolation

XY plane selection

Input in inch es

Input in m etrics

Programmable mirror image

Programmable mirror image cancel

Return to reference point

G34 00 Thread tapping

G38 00 Polar Coordinates

◣ G40

G41 Cutter compensation left

G42 Cutter compensation right

G43

G44 Tool length compensation - direction

◣ G49

◣ G50

G51 Scaling

09

10

04

Cutter compensation cancel

Tool length compensation +direction

Tool length compensation cancel

Scaling cancel

21

G53 00 Machine coordinate system selection

2. Preparatory Function

22

G54

Workpiece coordinate system 1

G55 Workpiece coordinate system 2

2. Preparatory Function

G56 Workpiece coordinate system 3

11

G57 Workpiece coordinate system 4

G58 Workpiece coordinate system 5

G59 Workpiece coordinate system 6

G60 00 Single direction positioning

◣ G61

Exact stop mode

12

G64 Cutting mode

G68

Coordinate rotation

05

◣ G69

G73

Coordinate rotation cancel

High-speed drilling cycle

G74 Left-hand tapping cycle

G76 Fine boring cycle

◣ G80

Canned cycle cancel

G81 Drilling cycle , Spot drilling

G82 Drilling cycle , Counter boring cycle

G83 Peck drilling cycle

06

G84 Tapping cycle

G85 Boring cycle

G86 Boring cycle

G87 Back boring cycle

G88 Manual Boring cycle

G89 Boring cycle

◣ G90

Absolute command

13

G91 Increment command

G92 00 Setting for work coordinate system

◣ G94

Feed per minute

14

G95 Feed per r otation

◣ G98

Return to initial point in canned cycle

15

G99 Return to R point in canned cycle

23

2. Preparatory Function

Explanation:

1) G codes in 00 group are one-shot G code, while the other groups are modal G

code.

2)

3) Multiple G codes from different groups can be specified in the same block. If

means that it is default setting.

◣

multiple G codes from the same group are specified in the same block, only the

last G code specified is valid .

24

3

Interpolation

3

Interpolation

3

3 Interpolation

Interpolation Functions

This chapter would introduce:

1) Positioning Command (G00)

2) Single Direction Positioning (G60)

3) Linear Interpolation (G01)

4) Circular Interpolation (G02, G03)

5) Helical Interpolation (G02, G03)

6) Thread Tapping (G34)

Functions

3. Interpolation Function

25

3.1

Positioning

3.1

Positioning

3.1

3.1 Positioning

Positioning (G00)

Programming

G00 X_Y_Z_A_

(G00)

3. Interpolation Function

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y,Z, A Coordinate value of the end point in the absolute command or incremental

command

Function

The tool is moved at the highest possible speed (rapid traverse). I f the rapid traverse

movement is required to execute simultaneously on several axes, the rapid traverse speed is

decided by the axis which takes the most time. Thus, the tool path is nonlinear. The operator

can use this function to position the tool rapidly, to travel around the workpiece, or to

approach the tool change position.

Example

Move tool from

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

A

(20, 15) to B (90, 45) at the rapid traverse speed.

Non linear interpolation

Y

positioning

C

B

Absolute programming:

G00 X90 Z45

Incremental programming:

G00 X70 Y30

15

O

Figure 3 . 1 Positioning (Rapid Traverse)

A

20 90

50

26

X

3.2

Single

3.2

Single

3.2

3.2 Single

Single Direction

Programming

G60 X_ Y_ Z_ A_

Direction

Direction Positioning

Positioning

Positioning (G60)

(G60)

3. Interpolation Function

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y,Z, A Coordinate value of the end point in the absolute command or incremental

command

Function

At first, move the tool from the start point to the intermediate point at the rapid traverse

speed. Then, tool is moved from the intermediate point to the end point at the specified

fe e drate .

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

Start position

Overrun

intermediate point

Start position

End position

Figure 3 . 2 Single Direction Positioning (G60)

Note:

The direction and distance from the intermediate point to the end point are set by machine

parameter – single direction positioning offset. When the value of the parameter is less than

0, the direction is negative. When the value of the parameter is more than 0, the direction is

positive.

27

Temporary stop

3.3

Linear

3.3

Linear

3.3

3.3 Linear

Linear Interpolation

Programming

G01 X_ Y_ Z_ A_ F_

Interpolation

Interpolation (G01)

(G01)

3. Interpolation Function

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y,Z, A Coordinate value of the end point in the absolute command or incremental

command

F Feedrate. It is effective until a new value is specified.

Function

The tool is moved along the straight line at the specified fe e drate .

Example

Example 1

Move tool from

of

of the

1

the

parameters

the

parameters

the parameters

parameters

A

(20, 15) to B (90, 45) at the rapid traverse speed.

Y

15

O

linear interpolation

A

20 90

45

Figure 3 . 3 Linear Interpolation – Example 1

B

X

A bsolute programming

G01 X90 Y45 F800

Incremental programming

G01 X70 Y30 F800

28

Example

Example 2

2

Use the tool (Φ8) to machine a groove (3mm) on a workpiece.

8

A

R4

B

15

Figure 3 . 4 Linear Interpolation – Example 2

70

100

3. Interpolation Function

10

60

80

%3308 (the origin is on A)

N1 G92 X0 Y0 Z50

N2 M03 S500

N3 G00 X-31

Y-26

N4 Z5

N5 G01 Z-3 F40

N6 Y26 F100

N7 X31

N8

Y-26

N9 X-31

N10 G00 Z50

N11 X0 Y0

N12 M05

N13 M30

%3309 (the origin is on B)

N1 G92 X0 Y0 Z50

N2 M03 S50 0

N3 G00 X19 Y14

N4 Z5

N5 G01 Z-3 F40

N6 Y66 F100

N7 X81

N8 Y14

N9 X19

N10 G00 Z50

N11 X0 Y0

N12 M05

N13 M30

29

3.4

Circulation

3.4

Circulation

3.4

3.4 Circulation

Circulation Interpolation

Programming

Interpolation

Interpolation (G02,

(G02,

(G02, G03)

G03)

3. Interpolation Function

G02

⎫

⎧

G17

⎨ ⎩

⎧

G18

⎨ ⎩

⎧

G19

⎨ ⎩

Explanation

Explanation of

G17 The working plane is

G18 The working plane is XZ, and the infeed direction is Y

G19 The working plane is YZ, and the infeed direction is X

G02 a circular path in c lockwise direction (CW) (Figure 3.5)

G03 a circular path in counterc lockwise direction ( C CW)

G02 and G03 are defined when the working plane is specified. Figure 3.5 shows the

direction of circular interpolation.

G03

G02

G03

G02

G03

⎬ ⎭

⎫ ⎬ ⎭

X_Y_

X_ Z_

Y_ Z_

I_J_

⎧ ⎨

R_

⎩

I_ K_

⎧ ⎨

R_

⎩

J_ K_

⎧ ⎨

R_

⎩

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

⎫

F_

⎬ ⎭

⎫

F_

⎬ ⎭

⎫

F_

⎬ ⎭

XY,

and the infeed direction is Z

Y

G02

G 17

Figure 3 . 5 Direction of circular interpolation

X, Y/X,

the specific working plane. For an incremental command, the coordinate values of the

circle end point with reference to the circle starting point in the specific working plane.

Z/Y,

Z For an absolute command, the coordinate values of the circle end point in

X

G03

G02

X

30

G03

G 18

Z

G03

G02

Z

G 19

Y

3. Interpolation Function

I, J/I, K/J, K Coordinate values of the circle center point with reference to the circle

starting point in incremental command. (Figure 3.6)

Y

1

R Circle radius. When the arc is less than 180 ° (minor arc) , R is positive . If

the arc is more than 180 ° (major arc), R is negative.

F Feedrate along the circle

Function

The tool is moved along a full circle or arcs.

E nd point (X, Y)

X

Centre

Start

point

I

Figure 3 . 6 Distance from the start point to the circle centre point

X

5

3

J

E nd point (X, Z)

Z

4

Centre

Z

Start

point

I

K

2

End point

Y

Centre

(Y,

Z)

Start

point

J

K

Note:

1) When it is full circle programming, R can not be used in the program. I, J, K can

only be used in this case.

2) When it is not full circle programming, the operator can select R or I, J, K to

program. I f I, J, K, and R addresses are all specified in the program , R tak es

precedence and the other are ignored.

31

Example

Example 1

1

Use G02 to program the minor arc a and the major arc b.

3. Interpolation Function

(i) Arc a

G91 G02 X30 Y30 R30 F300

G91 G02 X30 Y30 I30 J0 F300

G90 G02 X0 Y30 R30 F300

b

R

30

a

Start point

Figure 3 . 7 Circular Interpolation – Example 1

Y

End

point

R30

X

6

G90 G02 X0 Y30 I30 J0 F300

(ii) Arc b

G91 G02 X30 Y30 R- 30 F300

G91 G02 X30 Y30 I0 J30 F300

G90 G02 X0 Y30 R- 30 F300

G90 G02 X0 Y30 I0 J30 F300

32

Example

Example 2

2

Use G02/G03 to program the full circle.

Figure 3 . 8 Circular Interpolation – Example 2

3. Interpolation Function

Y

R

30

X

O

B

A

i ） Clockwise circle from

A

to A

G90 G02 X30 Y0 I- 30 J0 F300

G91 G02 X0 Y0 I- 30 J0 F300

(ii) Counterclockwise circle from B to B

G90 G03 X0

Y-

30 I0 J30 F300

G91 G03 X0 Y0 I0 J30 F300

33

Example

Example 3

3

Use the tool (Φ8) to machine a groove (3mm) on a workpiece.

R10

20

R20

30

Figure 3 . 9 Circular Interpolation – Example 3

R20

%3314

N1 G92 X0 Y0 Z50

3. Interpolation Function

R10

N2 M03 S500

N3 G00 X10 Y30

N4 Z5

N5 G01 Z-3 F40

N6 X30

N7 G02 X38.66 Y25 R10

(N7 G02 X38.66 Y25 J-10)

N8 G01 X47.32 Y10

N9 G02 X30

(N9 G02 X30

Y-20

R20

J-10 I-17.32)

N10 G01 X0

N11 G02 X0 Y20 R20

(N11 G02 X0 Y20 J20)

N12 G03 X10 Y30 R10

(N13 G03 X10 Y30 J10)

N14 G00 Z50

N15 X0 Y0

N16 M30

34

Example

Example 4

Use the tool (Φ8) to machine a groove (3mm) on a workpiece.

%3315

N1 G92 X0 Y0 Z50

4

20

R10

R20

Figure 3 . 10 Circular Interpolation – Example 4

3. Interpolation Function

N2 M03 S500

N3 G00 X-25 Y-8.66

N4 Z5

N5 G01 Z-3 F40

N6 G02 X-25 Y8.66 R10

N7 G01 X-10 Y17.32

N8 G02 X-10 Y-17.32 R-20

N9 G01 X-25 Y-8.66

N10 G00 Z50

N11 X0 Y0

N12 M05

N13 M30

3.5

Helical

3.5

Helical

3.5

3.5 Helical

Helical Interpolation

Interpolation

Interpolation (G02,

(G02,

(G02, G03)

35

G03)

Programming

3. Interpolation Function

G02

⎫

⎧

G17

⎨ ⎩

⎧

G18 Y_F_

⎨ ⎩

⎧

G19 X_F_

⎨ ⎩

Explanation

Explanation of

G17 The working plane is

G18 The working plane is XZ, and the infeed direction is Y

G19 The working plane is YZ, and the infeed direction is X

G02 a circular path in c lockwise direction (CW) (Figure 3.5)

G03 a circular path in counterc lockwise direction ( C CW)

X, Y/X,

the specific working plane. For an incremental command, the coordinate values of the

X_Y_

⎬

G03

⎭

G02

⎫

X_Z_

⎬

G03

⎭

G02

⎫

Y_Z_

⎬

G03

⎭

Z/Y,

I_J_

⎫

⎧

⎬

⎨

R_

⎭

⎩

I_K_

⎧ ⎨ ⎩

of

the

of

the

of the

the parameters

Z For an absolute command, the coordinate values of the circle end point in

⎫ ⎬

R_

⎭

J_K_

⎫ ⎬

R_

⎭

parameters

Z_F_

L

XY,

and the infeed direction is Z

circle end point with reference to the circle starting point in the specific working plane.

I, J/I, K/J, K Coordinate values of the circle center point with reference to the circle

starting point in incremental command.

R Circle radius. When the arc is less than 180 ° (minor arc) , R is positive . If

the arc is more than 180 ° (major arc), R is negative.

Z, Y, X The coordinate value of the end point with reference to the starting point on

the third axis in the incremental command.

F Feedrate along the circle

L Number of circles on a workpiece

Figure 3 .11Helical Interpolation (G02, G03)

Function

Helical interpolation can be used to manufacture threads on the workpiece.

36

3. Interpolation Function

Example

Example 1

Use G03 to program.

Absolute programming

1

G90 G17 F300

G03 X0 Y30 R30 Z10

Z

10

O

30

Start point

X

7

Figure 3 . 12 Helical Interpolation – Example 1

End point

30

Y

Incremental programming

G91 G17 F300

G03 X-30 Y30 R30 Z10

37

3. Interpolation Function

Example

Example 2

2

Use the tool (Φ10mm) to machine a hole (the diameter is 50mm, and the height is 10mm)

on a workpiece.

R25

10

Figure 3 . 13 Helical Interpolation – Example 2

%3317

N1 G92 X0 Y0 Z30

N2 G01 Z11 X20 F200

N3 G91 G03 I-20 Z-1 L11

N4 G03 I-20

N5 G90 G01 X0

N6 G00 Z30

N7 X30

Y-50

N8 M30

38

3.6

Virtual

3.6

Virtual

3.6

3.6 Virtual

Virtual Axis

Programming

G07 X_Y_Z_A

Axis

Axis (G07)

(G07)

(G07) and

and

and Sine

Sine

Sine Interpolation

Interpolation

3. Interpolation Function

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y,Z, A One of axes is set as the virtual axis.

If it is set to 0, then that axis is the virtual axis. If it is set to 1, then that axis is the actual

axis.

Function

G07 command can be used with helical interpolation command (G02, G03). The operation

combined G07 and G02/G03 is called sine interpolation.

Note

The tool would not be moved along the virtual axis.

Example

Example 1

Use G03 to program

of

of the

1

the

parameters

the

parameters

the parameters

parameters

Y

100

G90 G00 X-50 Y0 Z0

G07 X0 G91

G03 X0 Y0 I0 J50 Z60 F800

50

Z

O

Figure 3 . 14 Sine Interpolation – Example 1

39

60

Example

Example 2

To

2

implement the sine interpolation on the working plane

Z × Z+Y × Y = R × R (R: radius)

Y=R SIN ( 2 π× X/L ) (L: the distance on Z axis for each cycle)

3. Interpolation Function

XY.

%3319

N01 G92 X0 Y0 Z0

N02 G07 Z0

N03 G19 G90 G03

N04 G07 Z1

N05 M30

Y

R5

Y.0

Y

10

5

Z

50

Figure 3 . 15 Sine Interpolation – Example 2

0

Z0 J5 K0 X20.0 F100

X

40

3.7

Tapping

3.7

Tapping

3.7

3.7 Tapping

Tapping (G34)

Programming

G34 K _ F _ P _

(G34)

3. Interpolation Function

Explanation

Explanation of

K The distance from the starting point to the bottom of the hole

F Thread lead. If it is positive , the spindle turns clockwise during tapping. If it is negative,

the spindle turns counterclockwise during tapping.

P Dwell time at the bottom of a hole. (The unit is seconds.)

Function

With this command, the operator can rigid tap a thread.

Note

1) When the spindle turns clockwise during tapping, the spindle would turn

2) When the spindle turns counterclockwise during tapping, the spindle would turn

In general, there is overshoot of the tap at the bottom of the thread during the

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

counterclockwise during retraction.

clockwise during retraction.

spindle-braking portion of the tapping cycle. It can be set by PMC parameters (Table 3-1) to

eliminate the overshoot errors.

41

Table 3 1 PMC parameters

CNC

system

CNC

system

CNC

CNC system

system PMC

#0062 Maximum spindle speed during tapping

PMC

parameters

PMC

parameters

PMC parameters

parameters

3. Interpolation Function

HNC 18/19i

#0063 Minimum spindle speed during tapping

#0064

#0065

Dwell unit for tapping

Optional dwell unit for tapping

#0017 Maximum spindle speed during tapping

#001 8 Minimum spindle speed during tapping

HNC 21/22

#001 9

#00 30

Dwell unit for tapping

Optional dwell unit for tapping

Optional dwell unit for tapping is only effective when “ dwell unit for tapping ” is assigned to

“ 0 ” . Moreover, it is not necessary to restart the system.

The following formular is to calculate the dwelled unit (X):

D = (S * S / C) * X / 10000 = L * 360 / F

D dwell amount

S spindle speed

C Transmission gear ratio

X dwell unit

L overshoot error

F thread lead

.

42

Example

Use G34 to program.

3. Interpolation Function

%0002

G92 X-20

Y-20

2-M10××

2-M10

20

12

20

Figure 3 . 16 T apping - Example

1.5

80

Z50

M03 S200

G 00 X20 Y12

Z5

G34 K-27 F1.5

G00 X100

G34 K-27 F1.5

G00 Z50

X-20

Y-20

M05

M30

43

4

Feed

4

Feed

4

4 Feed

Feed Function

This chapter would introduce:

1) Rapid Traverse

The tool is moved at the rapid traverse speed set in CNC.

2) Cutting Feed

The tool is moved at the programmed cutting feedrate.

3) Dwell

4) Exact Stop

5) Cutting Mode

Function

4. Feed Function

44

4. Feed Function

4.1

Rapid

4.1

Rapid

4.1

4.1 Rapid

Rapid Traverse

Positioning command (G00) is to move the tool at the rapid traverse speed (the highest

possible speed).

This rapid traverse speed can be controlled by the machine control panel. For more detailed

information, please refer to turning operation manual.

Traverse

Traverse (G00)

(G00)

45

4.2

Cutting

4.2

Cutting

4.2

4.2 Cutting

Cutting Feed

Programming

G94 [F_ ]

G95 [F_ ]

Feed

Feed (G94,

(G94,

(G94, G95)

G95)

4. Feed Function

Explanation

Explanation of

G94 feedrate per minute.

On linear axis, the unit of feedrate is mm/min, or in/min.

On rational axis, the unit of feedrate is degree/min.

G95 feedrate per revolution

The unit of feedrate is mm/rev, or in/rev.

Note:

1) G94 is the default setting

2) G95 is only used when there is spindle encoder.

Function

The feedrate can be set by G94 or G95.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

46

4.3

Dwell

4.3

Dwell

4.3

4.3 Dwell

Dwell (G04)

Programming

G04 P_

(G04)

4. Feed Function

Explanation

Explanation of

P dwell time (specified in seconds)

Function

It can be used to interrupt machining to get the smooth surface. I t can be used to control the

groove cutting, drilling, and turning path.

Example

Use G04 to get the smooth surface.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

Z

X

2

4

Figure 4 . 1 Dwell – Example

%0004

G92 X0 Y0 Z0

G91 F200 M03 S500

G43 G01 Z-6 H01

G04 P5

G49 G00 Z6 M05 M30

47

4.4

Exact

4.4

Exact

4.4

4.4 Exact

Exact Stop

Programming

G09

G61

Stop

Stop (G09,

(G09,

(G09, G61)

G61)

4. Feed Function

Explanations

Explanations of

The tool is moved to the end point of a block, then the position of the end point is checked.

Then, the next block is proceeded.

The difference between G09 and G61 is that G09 is one-shot G code. A nd G61 is modal G

code.

Function

G09 or G61 can be used to machine a sharp edge.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

Y

(2)

(1)

Figure 4 . 2 Exact Stop (G09/G61) – tool path from block (1) to block (2)

Position check

X

48

Example

Use G61 to program.

%0061

G92 X0 Y0 Z0

G91 G00 G43 Z-10 H01

G41 X50 Y20 D01

G01 G61 Y80 F300

Y

100

30

2 0

50

Figure 4 . 3 Exact Stop - Example

8

4. Feed Function

X

150

X100

…

49

4.5

Cutting

4.5

Cutting

4.5

4.5 Cutting

Cutting Mode

Programming

G64

Mode

Mode (G64)

(G64)

4. Feed Function

Explanation

Explanation of

The tool is moved to the end point of a block. Then, the next block is proceeded. The tool

path is shown in the following figure.

Function

G64 command can make the tool move smoothly between two blocks.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

Y

(2)

(1)

O

Figure 4 . 4 Cutting Mode (G64) – tool path from block (1) to block (2)

X

50

Example

Use G64 to program.

%0064

G92 X0 Y0 Z0

G91 G00 G43 Z-10 H01

G41 X50 Y20 D01

G01 G64 Y80 F300

Y

100

A ctual tool path

30

2 0

15050

Figure 4 . 5 Cutting Mode – Example

9

4. Feed Function

X

X100

…

51

5

Coordinate

5

Coordinate

5

5 Coordinate

Coordinate System

This chapter would introduce:

1) Reference Position Return (G28)

2) Auto Return from Reference Position (G29)

3) Setting a Workpiece Coordinate System (G92)

4) Selecting a Machine Coordinat System (G53)

5) Selecting a Workpiece Coordinate System (G54~G59)

6) Plane Selection (G17, G18, G19)

7) Absolute and Incremental Programming (G90, G91)

8) Dimension Selection (G20, G21, G22)

9) Polar Coordinates (G38)

System

5. Coordinate System

52

5.1

Reference

5.1

Reference

5.1

5.1 Reference

Reference Position

Programming

G28 X_ Y_ Z_ A_

Position

Position Return

Return

Return (G28)

(G28)

5. Coordinate System

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y,Z, A Coordinate values of the intermediate point in absolute command/incremental

command

Function

The tool is moved to the intermediate point rapidly, and then returned to the reference point.

Note:

1) In general, G28 is used to change tools or cancel the mechanical error. Tool radius

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

R(Reference position)

B(Intermediate position)

A(Start position for Reference position return)

Figure 5 . 1 Reference Position Return (G28)

compensation and tool length compensation should be cancelled when G28 is

executed.

2) G28 can not only make the tool move to the reference point, but also can save the

intermediate position to be used in G29.

3) When the power is on and manual reference position return is not available, G28 is

same as the maunaul reference position return. The direction of this reference

position return (G28) is set by the axis parameter – reference approach direction.

4) G28 is one-shot G code.

53

5.2

Auto

5.2

Auto

5.2

5.2 Auto

Auto Return

Programming

G29 X_ Y_ Z_ A_

Return

Return from

from

from Reference

Reference

Reference Position

5. Coordinate System

Position

Position (G29)

(G29)

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y,Z, A Coordinate value of the end point in absolute command/incremental

command

Function

The tool is moved rapidly from the intermediate point defined in G28 to the end point. Thus,

G29 is generally used after G28 is defined.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

R(Reference position)

B(Intermediate position)

C(Destination of return from the reference position)

Figure 5 . 2 Auto Return from Reference Position (G29)

Note:

G29 is one-shot G code.

54

Example

5. Coordinate System

Use G28, G29 command to program the track shown in. It moves from the starting point

to the intermediate point B , and then return s to the reference point R. At last, it moves from

the reference point R to the end point C through the intermediate point B.

R

Reference position

11

Intermediate point

C

X

10

70

50

30

…

G91 G28 X100 Y20 ;A

Y

B

A

30

Figure 5 . 3 Reference Position – Example

B

R

→

130 180

A

M06 T02 ;Changing the tool

G29 X50

…

Y-

40 ;R

B

C

→

55

5.3

Setting

5.3

Setting

5.3

5.3 Setting

Setting a

Programming

G92 X_ Y_ Z_ A_

a

Workpiece

a

Workpiece

a Workpiece

Workpiece Coordinate

Coordinate

Coordinate System

5. Coordinate System

System

System (G92)

(G92)

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y,Z, A Coordinate values of the tool position in the workpiece coordinate system.

Functions

G92 can set a workpiece coordinate system based on the current tool position (X_ Y_ Z_

A_ ).

Example

Use G92 to set a workpiece coordinate system.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

Z

20.0

Y

30.0

X

30.0

G92 X30.0 Y30.0 Z20.0

Figure 5 . 4 Setting a Workpiece Coordinate System – Example

56

5.4

Selecting

5.4

Selecting

5.4

5.4 Selecting

Selecting a

Programming

G53 X_ Y_ Z_ A_

a

Machine

a

Machine

a Machine

Machine Cooridinate

Cooridinate

Cooridinate System

5. Coordinate System

System

System (G53)

(G53)

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y,Z, A Absoulte coordinate values of a point in the machine coordinate system.

Function

A

machine coordinate system is selected, and the tool moves to the position at the rapid

traverse speed.

Note:

1) Absolute values must be specified in G53. The incremental values would be

2) G53 is one-shot G code.

of

the

of

the

of the

the parameters

ignored by G53.

parameters

57

5.5

Selecting

5.5

Selecting

5.5

5.5 Selecting

Selecting a (G54~G59)

(G54~G59)

Programming

54

G

⎫

⎧

⎪

55

G

⎪

56

G

⎪

⎪ ⎨

G

⎪ ⎪

G

⎪ ⎪

G

⎩

⎬

57

⎪ ⎪

58

⎪ ⎪

59

⎭

X_ Y_ Z_ A_

a

Workpiece

a

Workpiece

a Workpiece

Workpiece Coordinate

Coordinate

5. Coordinate System

Coordinate

Coordinate System

System

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y,Z, A Coordinate values of the point with reference to the origin of machine in

absolute command

Function

There are six workpiece coordinate system to be selected. If one coordinate system is

selected, the tool is moved to a specified point.

Note:

1) The workpiece coordinate system must be set before using these commands

2) Reference position must be returned before these commands (G54~G59) are

3) G54 is the default setting.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

(G54~G59). The workpiece coordinate system can be set by using the MDI panel.

For detailed information, please refer to the milling operation manual.

executed.

58

Example

5. Coordinate System

Select one of workpiece coordinate system, and the tool path is Current point→A

Origin

-186.327

Y

40

G54

O

1

Figure 5 . 5 Workpiece Coordinate System – Example

-117.452

Y

30

A

G59

X

30

B

O

X

30

2

Machine

-63.948

-98.359

% 1000

N01 G54 G00 G90 X 30 Y4 0

N02 G59

N03 G00 X30 Y 30

N04 G54

N05 X0 Y0

B.

→

N06 M30

59

5.6

Plane

5.6

Plane

5.6

5.6 Plane

Plane Selection

Programming

G17

G18

G19

Selection

Selection (G17,

(G17,

(G17, G18,

G18,

G18, G19)

G19)

5. Coordinate System

Explanation

Explanation of

G17 working plane is

G18 working plane is ZX , infeed direction is Y

G19 working plane is YZ , infeed direction is X

Function

The working plane is specified and used for tool radius compensation and circular

interpolation.

Note:

Move command is not related with the plane selection. For example, in the command G17

G01 Z10, Z axis does still move.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

XY,

infeed direction is Z

60

5.7

Absolute

5.7

Absolute

5.7

5.7 Absolute

Absolute and G91)

G91)

Programming

G90 X_ Y_ Z_ A_

G91 X_ Y_ Z_ A_

and

and Incremental

Incremental

Incremental Programming

5. Coordinate System

Programming

Programming (G90,

(G90,

Explanation

Explanation of

G90 Absolute programming

X,Y,Z, A Coordinate values of the point with reference to the origin of programming

G91 Incremental programming

X,Y,Z, A Coordinate values of the point with reference to the previous position

Function

The tool is moved to the specified position.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

61

5. Coordinate System

Example

Move the tool from point 1 to point 2 through point 3, and then return to the current point.

Y

G90 programming

%0001

M03 S500

N01 G92 X0 Y0 Z10

N02 G01 X20 Y15

N03 X40 Y45

N04 X60 Y25

N05 X0 Y0 Z10

N06 M30

45

25

15

O

20

Figure 5 . 6 Absolute and Incremental Programming – Example

2

3

1

40

X

60

G91 programming

%0001

M03 S500

N01 G92 X0 Y0 Z10

N02 G91 G01 X20 Y15

N03 X20 Y30

N04 X20

Y-20

N05 G90 X0 Y0

N06 M30

62

5.8

Dimension

5.8

Dimension

5.8

5.8 Dimension

Dimension Selection

Programming

G20

G21

G22

Selection

Selection (G20,

(G20,

(G20, G21,

G21,

G21, G22)

G22)

5. Coordinate System

Explanation

Explanation of

G20: Inch input

G21: Metric input

G22: I mpulses equivalent weight input

The units of linear axis and circular axis are shown in the following table

Metric system (G21) Mm Degree

Function

Depending on the part drawing, the workpiece geometries can be programmed in metric

measures, inches, or i mpulses equivalent weight .

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

Table 5 1

Inch system (G20) Inch Degree

Pulse system (G22) I mpulses equivalent weight I mpulses equivalent weight

. Unit of Linear axis and Circular axis

Linear axis Circular axis

63

5.9

Polar

5.9

Polar

5.9

5.9 Polar

Polar Coordinates

Programming

G38 X_ Y_

G01 AP=_ RP=_

G02 / G03 AP=_ RP=_ R_

Coordinates

5. Coordinate System

Explanation

Explanation of

G38 Setting a polar coordinate system

X, Y Coordiante value of the pole in the workpiece coordinate system

AP Polar angle

RP Polar radius

R Circle radius

Function

The polar coordinate method is useful only if there is radius and angle measurements on a

workpiece.

Note

These commands can be used with commands of workpiece coordinate system.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

64

Example

Example 1

1

Use polar coordinates command to program.

R42

Figure 5 . 7 Polar Coordinates – Example 1

%3326

G92 X 0 Y 0 Z 10

5. Coordinate System

50

84

G00 X -50

Y

-60

G00 Z -3

G01 G41 X -42 D 01 F 1000

Y0

G38 X 0 Y 0

G02 AP=0 RP=42 R42

G01

Y

-50

X -50

G00 G40

Y

-60

Z10

G00 X0 Y0

M30

65

5. Coordinate System

Example

Example 2

2

W hen the tool is turning clockwise, the polar radius increases 2mm as the the polar angle

increases 10 ° .

50

42

Figure 5 . 8 Polar Coordinate – Example 2

%0001

G54 G00 X -15

G00 Z -3

G01 G41 X 0 D 01 F 1000

Y50

G38 X 42 Y 50

#0=180

#1=42

while #0 gt 0

G01 AP=[#0] RP=[#1]

#0=#0-10

#1=#1+2

Endw

G01 AP=0 RP=78

Y 0

X -15

G00 G40

Y

-15

Y

-15 Z 10

Z10

M30

66

6. Spindle Speed Function

6

Spindle

6

Spindle

6

6 Spindle

Spindle Speed

Spindle function controls the spindle speed (S), the unit of spindle speed is r/min. S is modal

G code command; it is only available when the spindle is adjustable. Spindle speed

programmed by S code can be adjusted by overrides on the machine control panel.

Speed

Speed Function

Function

67

7

Tool

7

Tool

7

7 Tool

Tool Function

This chapter would introduce:

1) Too selection and Tool offset (T code)

2) Tool radius compensation (G40, G41, G42)

Function

7.

Tool

Function

68

7.1

Tool

7.1

Tool

7.1

7.1 Tool

Tool Selection

Programming

T XX XX

Selection

Selection and

and

and Tool

Tool

Tool Offset

Offset

Offset (T

(T

code)

(T

code)

(T code)

code)

7.

Tool

Function

Explanation

Explanation of

XX Tool number (two digits). The number of tool depends on manufacture’s

configuration.

XX Tool offset number (two digits). It corresponds to the specific compensation value.

Functions

To

select the desired tool, T command makes the turret turn, selects a cutter, and calls the

compensation value.

Note:

1) T command is only effective when it is used with tool move command, such as

2) When T command and tool move command are in the same program block, T

3) The same tool can have different compensation values. F or example, T0101,

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

G00.

command is executed at first.

T0102, T0103 are possible.

4) Different tool can have same compensation values. For example, T0101, T0201,

and T0301 are possible.

69

7.2

Tool

7.2

Tool

7.2

7.2 Tool

Tool Radius

Programming

G

17

⎧

⎫

G

⎪ ⎨

⎪ ⎩

⎧

⎪

G

⎪

18

⎬

⎨

G

⎪

G

19

⎩

⎭

G

Radius

Radius Compensation

40

⎫

G

00

⎧

⎪ ⎬

41

⎨

G

01

⎩

⎪

42

⎭

Compensation

Compensation (G40,

⎫

X _ Y_ Z_ D_

⎬ ⎭

(G40,

(G40, G41,

G41,

G41, G42)

G42)

7.

Tool

Function

Explanation

Explanation of

G17 Tool radius compensation on plane XY

G18 Tool radius compensation on plane ZX

G19 Tool radius compensation on plane YZ

G40 Deactivate tool radius compensation

G41 Activate tool radius compensation, tool operates in machining operation to the left

of the contour.

G42 Activate tool radius compensation, tool operates in machining operation to the

right of the contour.

cutter’s rotation

direction

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

cutter’s move direction

cutter’s

rotation

direction

cutter’s move direction

(a) Cutter compensation left (b) Cutter compensation right

Figure 7 . 1

X,Y,Z Coordinate values of the end point. It is the point where the tool radius

compensation is activated or deactivated.

D There are two ways to specify the value of D.

D01~D99 Each c ode corresponds to the different values of the tool radius



compensation .

 #100~#199 Variable of radius compensation

Tool

Radius Compensation

70

7.

Tool

Function

These commands can control the tool radius compensation to get the equidistant tool paths

for different tools.

Note:

1) G40, G41, and G42 must be used with G00 or G01.

2) Changing the plane of tool radius compensation can only be done when there is no

compensation.

71

7.

Tool

Function

Example

Example 1

Use the tool radius compensation, and program for the part shown in Fig ure 7.2. The dashed

line stands for the actual tool path.

1

%3322 G92 X − 10 Y − 10 Z50

G90 G17

-10

start point

Figure 7 . 2

Y

30

⑤

20

10

①

⑦

-10

Tool

Radius Compensation – Example 1

E

⑥

12

A

②

13

10

D

R

10

B

14

30 40

④

C

15

③

X

G42 G00 X4 Y10 D01

Z2 M03 S900

G01 Z-10 F800

X30

G03 X40 Y20 I0 J10

G02 X30 Y30 I0 J10

G01 X10 Y20

Y5

G00 Z50 M05 G40 X − 10 Y − 10

M0 2

72

Example

Example 2

7.

Tool

Function

2

Use the tool (diameter is

Figure 7 . 3

%3323

N1 G92 X-40 Y50 Z50

N2 M03 S500

N4 G01 Z-3 F400

N5 G01 G41 X5 Y30 D01 F40

8). The depth of cutting is 3mm.

Φ

R10

20

R20

30

Tool

Radius Compensation – Example 2

R10

R20

N6 X30

N7 G02 X38.66 Y25 R10

(N7 G02 X38.66 Y25 J-10)

N8 G01 X47.32 Y10

N9 G02 X30

(N9 G02 X30

Y-20

R20

I-17.32 J-10)

N10 G01 X0

N11 G02 X0 Y20 R20

(N11 G02 X0 Y20 J20)

N12 G03 Y40 R10

(N12 G03 Y40 J10)

N13 G00 G90 G40 X-40 Y50

N14 G00 Z50

N15 M30

73

Example

Example 3

7.

Tool

Function

3

Use the tool (diameter is

80

%3322 (female die)

N1 G92 X-10

Y-10

Z50

N2 M03 S500

N3 Z5

N4 G00 X25 Y20

Φ

60

10

Figure 7 . 4

8). The depth of cutting is 3mm.

R10

15

Tool

Radius Compensation – Example 3

70

100

%3323 (male die)

N1 #101=4

N2 G92 X-10

N3 M03 S500

N4 Z5

Y-10

Z50

N5 G01 Z-3 F40

N6 G41 Y30 D01 f100

N7 G03 Y10 R10

N8 G01 X75

N9 G03 X85 Y20 R10

N10 G01 Y60

N11 G03 X75 Y70 R10

N12 G01 X25

N13 G03 X15 Y60 R10

N14 G01 Y20

N15 G03 X23 Y12 R8

N16 G01 Z10

N17 G00 G40 X25 Y20

N18 G0 Z50

N19 M30

N5 G01 Z-3 F40

N6 G41 X15 D101 f100

N7 Y60

N8 G02 X25 Y70 R10

N9 G01 X75

N10 G02 X85 Y60 R10

N11 G01 Y20

N12 G02 X75 Y10 R10

N13 G01 X25

N14 G02 X15 Y20 R10

N15 G01 Z10

N16 G00 G40 X0 Y0

N17 G0 Z50

N18 M30

74

7.3

Tool

7.3

Tool

7.3

7.3 Tool

Tool Length

Programming

G

17

⎧

⎫

⎪

G

⎨ ⎪

G

⎩

⎧

⎪

18

⎬

⎨

⎪

19

⎭

⎩

Length

Length Compensation

43

G

⎫

G

⎧

⎪

44

G

⎬

⎨

G

⎩

⎪

49

G

⎭

Compensation

Compensation (G43,

00

⎫

X_Y_Z_H_

⎬

01

⎭

(G43,

(G43, G44,

G44,

G44, G49)

G49)

7.

Tool

Function

Explanation

Explanation of

G17 XY plane selection (c ompensate for the difference in tool length along Z axis )

G18 ZX plane selection (compensate for the difference in tool length along Y axis)

G19 YZ plane selection (compensate for the difference in tool length along X axis)

G43 Positive offset

G44 Negative offset

G49 Deactivate the tool length compensation

X,Y,Z Coordinate value of the end point

H H00~H99: Each c ode corresponds to the different values of the tool length

compensation .

Function

These command can compensate the difference between the assumed tool length in the

programming and the actual tool length.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

programming

Actual toolTool assumed during

Figure 7 . 5

Specify this distance as the value of tool length offset

Tool

Length Compensation (G43, G44, G49)

75

Example

Use the tool length compensation function to program.

#1

7.

Tool

Function

Tool assumed during programming

Y

Z

Actual tool

20

30

①

13

30

X

120 30 50

length offset

ε

= 4mm

X

②

35

3

③

18

30

④

⑥

⑨

#2

⑤

⑦

⑩

⑧

#3

12

22

11

Figure 7 . 6

%1050 G92 X0 Y0 Z0 G91 G00 X120 Y80 M03 S600 G43 Z - 32 H01 G01 Z - 21 F300 G04 P2 G00 Z21 X30

Y-50 G01 Z - 41 G00 Z41 X50 Y30 G01 Z - 25 G04 P2 G00 G49 Z57 X - 200

Y

- 60

M05 M3 0

Tool

Length Compensation - Example

76

7.

Tool

Function

7.4

RTCP

7.4

RTCP

7.4

7.4 RTCP

RTCP (

RTCP (Rotation Tool Center Point Programming) refers to the auto tool length

compensation when the spatial orientation of the tool changes.

(

Rotation

(

Rotation

( Rotation

Rotation Tool

control point

T

ool center point

Tool

Tool Center

Center

Center Point

t ool length

Point

Point Programming

Programming

Programming )

programming path

)

Figure 7 . 7 Rotation

G01 (linear interpolation), G00 (rapid positioning), and G02/G03 (circular interpolation) can

be used in the rotation tool center point programming.

G43, G44, G49 can also be used for the tool length compensation.

Tool

Center Point Programming

77

8. Miscellaneous Function

8

Miscellaneous

8

Miscellaneous

8

8 Miscellaneous

Miscellaneous Function

As it is mentioned in Chapter 1.8, there are two ways of execution when a move command

and M code are specified in the same block.

1) Pre-M function

M command is executed before the completion of move command.

2) Post-M function

M command is executed after the completion of move command

There are two types of M code: one-shot M code, and modal M code.

Type

Type Meaning

One-shot M code The M code is only effective in the block in which it is specified

Modal M code The M code is effective until another M code is specified.

Meaning

Function

Table 8 1 Type of M code

78

8.1

M

8.1

8.1 M

The following is a list of M command.

CNC

CNC M-function

code

M

code

M code

code List

M-function

M-function Type

M00 One-shot Program stop P ost-M function

M01 One-shot Optional stop P ost-M function

M02 One-shot End of program Post-M function

List

Type

Type of

of

Mode

of

Mode

of Mode

Mode Function

Table 8 2 M code List

Function

Function Pre/Post-M

8. Miscellaneous Function

Pre/Post-M

Pre/Post-M function

function

M30 One-shot

M98 One-shot C alling of subprogram Post-M function

M99 One-shot End of subprogram Post-M function

PLC

M-function

PLC

M-function

PLC

PLC M-function

M-function T ype

M03 M odal Spindle forward rotation Pre-M function

M04 M odal Spindle reverse rotation Pre-M function

M05 M odal ◣ Spindle stop Post-M function

M06 One-shot Tool Selection Post-M function

M07 M odal Number1 Coolant on Pre-M function

M08 M odal Number2 Coolant on Pre-M function

M09 M odal ◣ Coolant off Post-M function

Type

Type of

of

Mode

of

Mode

of Mode

Mode Function

End of program with return to the beginning of program

Function

Function Pre/Post-M

Pre/Post-M

Pre/Post-M function

Post-M function

function

◣ : default setting

79

8.2

CNC

8.2

CNC

8.2

8.2 CNC

CNC M-Function

M-Function

8. Miscellaneous Function

8.2.1

8.2.1 Program

M00 is one-shot M function, and it is post-M function .

The program can be stopped , so that the operator could measure the tool and the part, adjust

part and change speed manually, and so on.

When the program is stopped, the spindle is stopped and the coolant is off. All of the current

mod al information remains unchanged. Resuming program could be executed by pushing

“ Cycle Run ” button on the machine control panel .

8.2.2

8.2.2 Optional

M01 is one-shot M function, and it is post-M function.

Similarly to M00, M01 can also stop the program. All of the modal information is

maintained. The difference between M00 and M01 is that the operator must press M01

button ( ) on the machine control panel. Otherwise, the program would not be stopped

even if there is M01 code in the program.

Program

Program Stop

Optional

Optional Stop

Stop

Stop (M00)

Stop

Stop (M01)

(M00)

(M01)

8.2.3

8.2.3 End

M02 is one-shot M function, and it is post-M function.

When M02 is executed, spindle, feed and coolant are all stopped. It is usually at the end of

the last program block.

panel.

8.2.4

8.2.4 End

M30 is one-shot M function, and it is post-M function.

Similarly to M02, M30 can also stop the program. The difference is that M30 returns control

to the beginning of program.

operational panel.

End

End of

End

End of (M30)

(M30)

of

Program

of

Program

of Program

Program (M02)

To

restart the program, press “ Cycle Run ” button on the operational

of

Program

of

Program

of Program

Program with

(M02)

with

with return

To

return

return to

restart the program, press “ Cycle Run ” button on the

to

the

to

to the

80

beginning

the

beginning

the beginning

beginning of

of

of program

program

8. Miscellaneous Function

8.2.5

8.2.5 Subprogram

 End of Subprogram (M99)

M99 indicates the end of subprogram and returns control to the main program. It is one-shot

M function, and it is post-M function.



M98 is used to call a subprogram. It is one-shot M function. Moreover, it is post-M

function.

Subprogram

Subprogram Control

C alling a S ubprogram (M98)

M98 P_ L_

P program n umber of the subprogram

L repeated times of subprogram

Control

Control (M98,

(M98,

(M98, M99)

M99)

81

8.3

PLC

8.3

PLC

8.3

8.3 PLC

PLC M

M

Function

M

Function

M Function

Function

8. Miscellaneous Function

8.3.1

8.3.1 Spindle

M03 starts spindle to rotate CW at the set speed set in the program.

M04 starts spindle to rotate CCW at the set speed in the program.

M05 stops spindle.

M03, M04 are modal M code , and they are pre-M function . M05 is modal M code , and it is

post-M function . M05 is the default setting .

8.3.2

8.3.2 Tool

M06 can select a desired tool to set on the spindle.

For example, M06 T01; the tool No.01 is selected.

M06 is one-shot M code, and it is post-M function.

8.3.3

8.3.3 Coolant

M07, M08 can turn on the coolant.

M09 can turn off the coolant.

Spindle

Spindle Control

Tool

Tool Selection

Coolant

Coolant Control

Control

Control (M03,

Selection

Selection (M06)

Control

Control (M07,

(M03,

(M03, M04,

(M06)

(M07,

(M07, M08,

M04,

M04, M05)

M08,

M08, M09)

M05)

M09)

M07 and M08 are modal M code , and they are pre-M function . M09 is one-shot M code ,

and it is post-M function . Moreover, M09 is the default setting .

82

9

Functions

9

Functions

9

9 Functions

Functions to

T his chapter would introduce:

1) Mirror Image (G24, G25)

2) Scaling (G50, G51)

3) Coordinate System Rotation (G68, G69)

4) Canned Cycle

to

to Simplify

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

Simplify

Simplify Programming

Programming

83

9.1

Mirror

9.1

Mirror

9.1

9.1 Mirror

Mirror Image

Programming

G24 X_ Y_ Z_ A_

M98 P_

G25 X_ Y_ Z_ A_

Image

Image (G24,

(G24,

(G24, G25)

G25)

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

Explanation

Explanation the

G24 Activate a mirror image

X,Y,Z, A Position and axis of symmetry for producing a mirror image

M98 P_ The sequence number of subprogram for producing a image on a part

G25 Deactivate a mirror image

X,Y,Z, A Axis of symmetry for producing a mirror image

Function

These commands can be used to mirror workpiece shapes on coordinate axes.

the

parameters

the

parameters

the parameters

parameters

Mirror X

Mirror Y

Y

X

Figure 9 . 1 Mirror Image

Note

When there is only one axis of symmetry, the movement of tool for the mirror image is

opposite to the tool movement of origin image.

84

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

Example

Use the mirror image function to machine a workpiece. The distance from the tool tip to the

workpiece is 100mm. The depth of cutting is 5mm.

Y

30

R10

②

10

- 30

- 10

③

- 30

Figure 9 . 2 Mirror Image - Example

①

X

10

30

④

%0024 ; Main program G92 X0 Y0 Z0 G91 G17 M03 S600 M98 P100 ; Machining part ① G24 X0 ; The symmetry axis is Y-axis.

; The position of symmetry is X=0

M98 P100 ; Machining part

②

G24 Y0 ; The symmetry axes are X-axis and Y-axis.

; The position of symmetry is (0, 0)

M98 P100 ; Machining part ③ G25 X0 ; The symmetry Y-axis is cancelled.

; X-axis is still valid

M98 P100 ; Machining part ④ G25 X0 Y0 ; Mirror image is cancel led M30 %100 ; Subprogram ( ① ) N100 G41 G00 X10 Y4 D01 N120 G43 Z − 98 H01 N130 G01 Z − 7 F300 N140 Y26 N150 X10 N160 G03 X10 Y − 10 I10 J0 N170 G01 Y − 10 N180 X − 25 N185 G49 G00 Z105 N200 G40 X − 5 Y − 10 N210 M99

85

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

86

9.2

Scaling

9.2

Scaling

9.2

9.2 Scaling

Scaling (G50,

Programming

G51 X_Y_ Z_ P_

M98 P_

G50

(G50,

(G50, G51)

G51)

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

Explanation

Explanation of

G51 Activate the scaling

X,Y,Z, Coordinate value of scaling center point in absolute command

P Scaling magnification

M98 P_ The sequence number of subprogram for produce a shape on a part.

G50 Deactivate the scaling

Function

This command enables the size of a shape to be changed.

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

Z

Y

X

Figure 9 . 3 Scaling

Note

Scaling is not applicable to the tool compensation. When the operator use the tool

compensation function in the program, the machine would execute the scaling before

calculating the tool offset value.

87

Example

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

Use the scaling function to scale down a triangular Δ ABC to Δ

scaling is D point (50, 50). The scaling magnification is 0.5. The starting point of tool is

50mm away from the workpiece.

’

C(50, 110)

C ’

D

A

’ B ’ C ’

B ’

Y

16

A

A(10, 30)

Z

10

6

16.2

16.1

Figure 9 . 4 Scaling – Example

%0051 ;Main program G92 X0 Y0 Z60 G91 G17 M03 S600 F300 G43 G00 X50 Y50 Z-46 H01 #51=14 M98 P100 ;Machining Δ ABC #51=8 G51 X50 Y50 P0.5 ;Scaling center (50,50)

;Scaling magnification 0.5 M98 P100 ;machining Δ G50 ;Scaling cancel G49 Z46 M05 M30

A

B (90, 30)

X

’ B ’ C ’ . The center point of

%100 ;Subprogram( Δ ABC) N100 G42 G00 X-44 N120 Z[-#51] N150 G01 X84 N160 X-40 Y80 N170 X − 44 N180 Z[#51] N200 G40 G00 X44 Y28 N210 M99

Y-88

Y-20

D01

88

9.3

Coordinate

9.3

Coordinate

9.3

9.3 Coordinate

Coordinate System

Programming

G17 G68 X_ Y_ P_

G18 G68 X_ Z_ P_

G19 G68 Y_ Z_ P_

M98 P_

G69

System

System Rotation

Rotation

Rotation (G68,

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

(G68,

(G68, G69)

G69)

Explanation

Explanation of

G17,G18, G19 One of planes (XY/ZX/YZ) is selected to be rotated.

G68 Activate the coordinate system rotation.

X, Y/X,

P Angle of rotation. T he unit is ° . T he range is 0 ≤P≤ 360 ° .

M98 P_ The sequence number of subprogram for producing a shape on a part

G69 Deactivate the coordinate system rotation.

Function

These command can rotate a programmed shape at a specified angle.

Note

1) Coordinate system rotation command is not applicable to the tool compensation

2) When coordinate system rotation command is used with scaling function, scaling

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

Z/Y,

Z Coordinate value of the center point of rotation

function. The system would rotate the coordinate system before executing the tool

offset function.

is proceeded before the rotation command.

89

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

Example

Use the rotation command to machine a part. The depth of cutting is 5mm. The starting

point is 50mm away from the workpiece.

Y

③

②

Y ’

Figure 9 . 5 Coordinate System Rotation – Example

20

45 °

O

20

10

X ’

①

10

%0068 ; Main program

N10 G92 X0 Y0 Z50

N15 G90 G17 M03 S600

N20 G43 Z-5 H02

N25 M98 P200 ; Machining

①

N30 G68 X0 Y0 P45 ; Rotation degree 45 °

X

N40 M98 P200 ; Machining ②

N60 G68 X0 Y0 P90 ; Rotation degree 90 °

N70 M98 P200 ; Machining

③

N20 G49 Z50

N80 G69 M05 M30 ; Rotation cancel

%200 ; Subprogram ( ① )

G41 G01 X20

Y-5

D02 F300

N105 Y0

N110 G02 X40 I10

N120 X30 I-5 N130 G03 X20 I − 5

N140 G00

Y-6

N145 G40 X0 Y0

90

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

N150 M9 9

9.4

Canned

9.4

Canned

9.4

9.4 Canned

Canned Cycles

To

simplify programming, the canned cycle command can execute the specific operation

using one G code, instead of several separated G commands in the program.

In general, a canned cycle consists of six operations.

Cycles

Operation 2

Point R level

Operation 1

Initial level

Operation 6

Operation 3

Operation 4

Figure 9 . 6 Sequence of canned cycle operation

1) Positioning to the initial point

2) Rapid traverse to point R

3) Hole machining

4) Operation at the bottom of hole

5) Retraction to point R

6) Retraction to the initial point

Operation 5

Rapid traverse

Feed

91

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

9.4.1

9.4.1 Return

Programming

⎧ ⎨ ⎩

Explanation

Explanation of

G98 Return to the initial point

G99 Return to point R level

T he other parameters would be explain in the specific canned cycle.

Function

Generally, G99 is used for the first drilling operation. G98 is used for the last drilling

operation.

Return

Return to

G98

⎫

G_ X_ Y_ Z_ R_ Q_ P_ I_ J_ K_ F_ L_

⎬

G99

⎭

to

the

to

to the

of

the

of

the

of the

the parameters

G98(Return to initial level) G99(Return to point R level)

Initial

the

Initial

the Initial

Initial Point/R

parameters

Point/R

Point/R point

Initial level

point

point Level

Level

Level (G98,

(G98,

(G98, G99)

G99)

Point R level

Figure 9 . 7 Return to the initial point/R point level

92

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

9.4.2

9.4.2 High-speed

Programming

⎧ ⎨ ⎩

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y Coordinate value of the hole position on XY plane in the absolute command, or the

coordinate value of the hole position with reference to the initial point on XY plane in the

incremental command

Z Coordinate value of the hole position on Z axis in the absolute command, or the

coordinate value of the hole position with reference to the point R on Z axis in the

incremental command

R Coordinate value of the point R in the absolute command, or the coordinate value

of the point R with reference to the initial point in the incremental command

Q Depth of cutting for each cutting feed in the incremental command

High-speed

High-speed Peck

G98

⎫

G73 X_ Y_ Z_ R_ Q_ P_ K_ F_ L_

⎬

G99

⎭

of

the

of

the

of the

the parameters

Peck

Peck Drilling

parameters

Drilling

Drilling Cycle

Cycle

Cycle (G73)

(G73)

P Dwell time at the bottom of a hole

K Retraction amount at each time in the incremental command

F Cutting feedrate

L Number of repeats

Initial level

Point R

q

k

G98

k

P

Point Z

Point R

q

Point R level

k

P

Point Z

G99

Figure 9 . 8 High-speed Peck Drilling Cycle

93

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

Function

This command can be used to drill a hole intermittently, so that the operator can remove the

chips during machining.

Note

1) If the value of Z/K/Q is zero, G73 would not be performed.

2) |Q|>|K|

Example

Use a tool (Φ10) to drill a hole.

Y

25

X

Z

35

Figure 9 . 9 High-speed Peck Drilling – Example

%3337

N10 G92 X0 Y0 Z80

N15 M03 S700

N20 G00 Y25

N30 G98G73G91X20G90R40P2Q-10K2Z-3L2F80

N40 G00 X0 Y0 Z80

N45 M30

4020

X

94

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

9.4.3

9.4.3 Left-hand

Programming

⎧ ⎨ ⎩

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y Coordinate value of the hole position on XY plane in the absolute command, or the

coordinate value of the hole position with reference to the initial point on XY plane in the

incremental command

Z Coordinate value of the hole position on Z axis in the absolute command, or the

coordinate value of the hole position with reference to the point R on Z axis in the

incremental command

R Coordinate value of the point R in the absolute command, or the coordinate value

of the point R with reference to the initial point in the incremental command

P Dwell time at the bottom of a hole

Left-hand

Left-hand Tapping

G98

⎫

G74 X_ Y_ Z_ R_ P_ F_ L_

⎬

G99

⎭

of

the

of

the

of the

the parameters

Tapping

Tapping Cycle

parameters

Cycle

Cycle (G74)

(G74)

F Thread lead

L Number of repeats

Function

G74 command can create a reverse thread. Tapping is performed by turning the spindle

counterclockwise. Then, the spindle turns clockwise for retraction when the tool reaches the

bottom of the hole.

Spindle C CW

Point R

G98

P

Initial level

Spindle CCW

Point Z

Spindle CW

Point R

G9 9

Point R level

P

Point Z

Spindle CW

Figure 9 . 10 Left-hand Tapping Cycle (G74)

95

Note

×

Note

If the value of Z is zero, G74 would not be performed.

Rigid

Tapping

Rigid

Tapping

Rigid

Rigid T apping

Tapping Mode

Mode

There are two ways for the rigid tapping:

1) C-axis tapping: the tapping is performed along C-axis.

2) Z-axis tapping: the tapping is performed along Z-axis.

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

The default setting is Z-axis tapping.

To

set the C-axis tapping, M29 is used (M29 is modal

M code). The format of setting the C-axis tapping is as follows:

M29 ; C-axis tapping is set as rigid tapping mode

G74 xx xxxxx ; C-axis tapping is performed

Example

Use the tool (M10 × 1) for the left-hand tapping.

Y

X

50

Z

35

X

M10

1

Figure 9 .11Left-hand Tapping – Example

%3339

N10 G92 X0 Y0 Z80 F200

N15 M04 S300

N20 G98G74X50Y40R40P10G90Z-5F1

N30 G0 0 X0 Y0 Z80

N40 M30

96

hnc V3.3 Programming Guide

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Preface

General

CNC Programming

Interpolation

Circular Interpolation

Helical Interpolation

Feed Function

Coordinate System

Reference Point

Absolute Commands

Incremental Commands

Polar Coordinates

Tool Function

Tool Selection

Tool Offset

Miscellaneous Function

Program Configuration

Interpolation Functions

Positioning (G00)

Tapping (G34)

Feed Function

Dwell (G04)

Coordinate System

Polar Coordinates

Tool Function

Miscellaneous Function

CNC M-Function

Canned Cycles