hnc V3.3 Programming Guide

Century

Century Star

Star

Star Milling

Milling

Milling CNC

CNC

CNC System

System

Programming

Programming Guide

Guide

V

V 3.3

December

December ,

Wuhan

Wuhan Huazhong

Huazhong

Huazhong Numerical

Numerical

Numerical Control

3.3

3.3 ,

2007

,

2007

, 2007

2007

Control

Control Co.,

Co.,

Co., Ltd

Ltd

Preface

Organization

Organization of

1. General

2. Preparatory Function

3. Interpolation Function

4. Feed Function

5. Coordinate System

6. Spindle Speed Function

7. Tool Function

8. Miscellaneous Function

9. Functions to Simplify Programming

10. Comprehensive Programming Example

11. Custom Macro

Applicability

This Programming Guide is applicable to the following CNC system:

HNC-18iM/19iM v4.0

of

documentation

of

documentation

of documentation

documentation

HNC-18xp/M

HNC-19xp/M

HNC-21MD/22MD v05.62.07.10

Internet

Internet Address

http://www.huazhongcnc.com/

Address

i

Table of Contents

Table

Table of

Preface ............................................................................................................................................. i

1 General ................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Preparatory Function (G code) ............................................................................................. 20

3 Interpolation Functions ......................................................................................................... 24

4 Feed Function ....................................................................................................................... 43

5 Coordinate System ................................................................................................................ 51

of

Contents

of

Contents

of Contents

Contents

1.1 CNC Programming ..................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Interpolation ................................................................................................................ 4

1.2.1 Linear Interpolation ........................................................................................ 4

1.2.2 Circular Interpolation ...................................................................................... 4

1.2.3 Helical Interpolation ....................................................................................... 5

1.3 Feed Function ............................................................................................................. 6

1.4 Coordinate System ...................................................................................................... 7

1.4.1 Reference Point ............................................................................................... 7

1.4.2 Machine Coordinate System ........................................................................... 8

1.4.3 Workpiece Coordinate System ........................................................................ 9

1.4.4 Setting Two Coordinate Systems at the Same Position ................................ 10

1.4.5 Absolute Commands ..................................................................................... 11

1.4.6 Incremental Commands ................................................................................ 12

1.4.7 Polar Coordinates .......................................................................................... 13

1.5 Spindle Speed Function ............................................................................................ 14

1.6 Tool Function ............................................................................................................ 15

1.6.1 Tool Selection ............................................................................................... 15

1.6.2 Tool Offset .................................................................................................... 15

1.7 Miscellaneous Function ............................................................................................ 17

1.8 Program Configuration ............................................................................................. 18

1.8.1 Structure of an NC Program ......................................................................... 18

1.8.2 Main Program and Subprogram .................................................................... 19

2.1 G code List ................................................................................................................ 21

3.1 Positioning (G00) ..................................................................................................... 25

3.2 Single Direction Positioning (G60) .......................................................................... 26

3.3 Linear Interpolation (G01) ........................................................................................ 27

3.4 Circulation Interpolation (G02, G03) ....................................................................... 29

3.5 Helical Interpolation (G02, G03) .............................................................................. 35

3.6 Virtual Axis (G07) and Sine Interpolation ................................................................ 38

3.7 Tapping (G34) ........................................................................................................... 40

4.1 Rapid Traverse (G00) ............................................................................................... 44

4.2 Cutting Feed (G94, G95) .......................................................................................... 45

4.3 Dwell (G04) .............................................................................................................. 46

4.4 Exact Stop (G09, G61) ............................................................................................. 47

4.5 Cutting Mode (G64) ................................................................................................. 49

5.1 Reference Position Return (G28) .............................................................................. 52

5.2 Auto Return from Reference Position (G29) ............................................................ 53

5.3 Setting a Workpiece Coordinate System (G92) ........................................................ 55

5.4 Selecting a Machine Cooridinate System (G53) ....................................................... 56

5.5 Selecting a Workpiece Coordinate System (G54~G59) ............................................ 57

5.6 Plane Selection (G17, G18, G19) ............................................................................. 59

5.7 Absolute and Incremental Programming (G90, G91) ............................................... 60

5.8 Dimension Selection (G20, G21, G22) ..................................................................... 62

ii

Table of Contents

5.9 Polar Coordinates ..................................................................................................... 63

6 Spindle Speed Function ........................................................................................................ 66

7 Tool Function ........................................................................................................................ 67

7.1 Tool Selection and Tool Offset (T code) ................................................................... 68

7.2 Tool Radius Compensation (G40, G41, G42) ........................................................... 69

7.3 Tool Length Compensation (G43, G44, G49) .......................................................... 74

7.4 RTCP (Rotation Tool Center Point Programming) ................................................... 76

8 Miscellaneous Function ........................................................................................................ 77

8.1 M code List ............................................................................................................... 78

8.2 CNC M-Function ...................................................................................................... 79

8.2.1 Program Stop (M00) ..................................................................................... 79

8.2.2 Optional Stop (M01) ..................................................................................... 79

8.2.3 End of Program (M02) .................................................................................. 79

8.2.4 End of Program with return to the beginning of program (M30) ................. 79

8.2.5 Subprogram Control (M98, M99) ................................................................. 80

8.3 PLC M Function ....................................................................................................... 81

8.3.1 Spindle Control (M03, M04, M05) ............................................................... 81

8.3.2 Tool Selection (M06) .................................................................................... 81

8.3.3 Coolant Control (M07, M08, M09) .............................................................. 81

9 Functions to Simplify Programming .................................................................................... 82

9.1 Mirror Image (G24, G25) ......................................................................................... 83

9.2 Scaling (G50, G51) ................................................................................................... 85

9.3 Coordinate System Rotation (G68, G69) .................................................................. 87

9.4 Canned Cycles .......................................................................................................... 89

9.4.1 Return to the Initial Point/R point Level (G98, G99) ................................... 90

9.4.2 High-speed Peck Drilling Cycle (G73) ......................................................... 91

9.4.3 Left-hand Tapping Cycle (G74) .................................................................... 93

9.4.4 Fine Boring Cycle (G76) .............................................................................. 95

9.4.5 Drilling Cycle, Spot Drilling (G81) .............................................................. 97

9.4.6 Drilling Cycle, Counter Boring Cycle (G82) ................................................ 99

9.4.7 Peck Drilling Cycle (G83) .......................................................................... 101

9.4.8 Tapping Cycle (G84) .................................................................................. 103

9.4.9 Boring Cycle (G85) .................................................................................... 105

9.4.10 Boring Cycle (G86) .................................................................................... 107

9.4.11 Back Boring Cycle (G87) ........................................................................... 109

9.4.12 Manual Boring Cycle (G88) ........................................................................ 111

9.4.13 Boring Cycle (G89) ..................................................................................... 113

9.4.14 Canned Cycle Cancel (G80) ....................................................................... 114

9.5 Summary ................................................................................................................. 115

10 Custom Macro ............................................................................................................ 121

10.1 V ariables ................................................................................................................. 122

10.1.1 Type of Variables ........................................................................................ 122

10.1.2 System Variables ........................................................................................ 123

10.2 Constant .................................................................................................................. 130

10.3 Operators and Expression ....................................................................................... 131

10.4 Assignment ............................................................................................................. 132

10.5 Selection statement

IF,

ELSE,ENDIF ..................................................................... 133

10.6 Repetition Statement WHILE, ENDW ................................................................... 134

10.7 Macro Call .............................................................................................................. 135

10.8 Example .................................................................................................................. 137

iii

1. General

1

General

1

General

1

1 General

General

This chapter is to introduce the basic concepts in Computerized Numerical Control (CNC)

system: HNC-21M /22 M, HNC-18iM/19iM, HNC-18xp/M, HNC-19xp/M.

1

1.1

CNC

1.1

CNC

1.1

1.1 CNC

CNC Programming

To

operate CNC machine tool, the first step is to understand the part drawing and produce a

program manual script. The procedure for machining a part is as follows (Figure 1.1):

1) Read drawing

2) Produce the program manual script

3) Input the program manual script by using the machine control panel

4) Manufacture a part

Programming

1. General

2

1. Reading drawing

1. General

R

B

1

10 0

2. Programming

%3308 (the origin is on A) N1 G92 X0 Y0 Z50 N2 M03 S500 N3 G00 X-31 N4 Z5 N5 G01 Z-3 F40 … .

3. Inputting program

8

A

7 0

Y-26

1

6

8

4. Manufacturing

Workpiece

Figure 1 . 1 The workflow of operation of CNC machine tool

3

1. General

1.2

Interpolation

1.2

Interpolation

1.2

1.2 Interpolation

Interpolation

Interpolation refers to an operation in which the machine tool moves along the workpiece

parts. There are five methods of interpolation: linear, circular, helical, parabolic, and cubic.

Most CNC machine can provide linear interpolation and circular interpolation. The other

three methods of interpolation (helical, parabolic, and cubic interpolation) are usually used

to manufacture the complex shapes, such as aerospace parts.

1.2.1

1.2.1 L

Linear interpolation refers to the tool movement along a straight line.

1.2.2

1.2.2 Circular

Figure 1.3 shows a tool movement along an arc.

L

inear

L

inear

L inear

inear Interpolation

Circular

Circular Interpolation

Interpolation

Figure 1 . 2 Linear Interpolation

tool

workpiece

tool

workpiece

Figure 1 . 3 Circular Interpolation

Note:

In this manual, it is assumed that tools are moved against workpieces.

4

1. General

1.2.3

1.2.3 Helical

Helical interpolation can be used to manufacture threads on a workpiece.

Helical

Helical Interpolation

Interpolation

Figure 1 . 4 Helical Interpolation

5

1. General

1.3

Feed

1.3

Feed

1.3

1.3 Feed

Feed Function

- Feed refers to an operation in which the tool moves at a specified speed to cut a

workpiece.

- Feedrate refers to a specified speed, and numeric is used to specified the fe e drate .

- Feed function refers to an operation to control the fe e drate .

Function

m m/min

F

workp iece

T

able

Figure 1 . 5 Feed Function

For example:

F150.0 //feed the tool at 150mm/min, while the workpiece makes one turn

Tool

6

1.4

Coordinate

1.4

Coordinate

1.4

1.4 Coordinate

Coordinate System

System

1. General

1.4.1

1.4.1 Reference

Reference point is a fixed position on CNC machine tool, which is determined by cams and

measuring system. Generally, it is used when the tool is required to exchange or the

coordinate system is required to set.

There are two ways to move to the reference point:

- Manual reference position return: The tool is moved to the reference point by operating

Reference

Reference Point

Point

Reference Position

Tool

workp iece

Table

Figure 1 . 6 Reference Point

the button on the machine control panel. It is only used when the machine is turned on.

- Automatic reference position return: It is used after the manual reference position return

has been used. In this manual, this would be introduced.

7

1. General

+

X

+

X

+

Y

＇

+Z+

Y

+

Z

+Y+

C

+

Z

＇

+A +

B

+

C

+ X +Y +

Z

+

A

+

B

+

X

＇

1.4.2

1.4.2 Machine

Machine

Machine Coordinate

Coordinate

Coordinate System

System

The coordinate system is set on a CNC machine tool. Figure 1.7 is a machine coordinate

system of milling machine, and shows the direction of axes:

Zm

Ym

M

Figure 1 . 7 Machine Coordinate System

In general , three basic linear coordinate axes of motion are X,

Xm

Y,

Z. Moreover, X,

Y,

Z axis

of rotation is named as A, B, C cor respond ently. Due to different types of milling machine,

the axis direction can be decided by following the rule – “ three finger rule ” of the right

hand.

Figure 1 . 8 “ three finger rule ”

- The thumb points the X axis. X axis controls the cross motion of the cutting tool.

“ +X ” means that the tool is away from the spindle centerline

- T he index points the Y axis. Y axis is usually a virtual axis.

- T he middle finger points the Z axis. Z axis controls the motion of the cutting tool.

“ +Z ” means that the tool is away from the spindle.

8

1. General

1.4.3

1.4.3 Workpiece

The coordinate system is set on a workpiece. The data in the NC program is from the

workpiece coordinate system.

Example: Those three points can be defined on workpiece coordinate system:

Workpiece

Workpiece Coordinate

P1 corresponds to X20 Y35

Coordinate

Coordinate System

Figure 1 . 9 Workpiece Coordinate System

System

Z+

X-

W

Y-

Z-

Y+

X+

P2 corresponds to X50 Y60

P3 corresponds to X70 Y20

Y

P2

P1

60

35

20

50

70

Figure 1 . 10 Example of defining points on workpiece coordinate system

P3

X

9

1. General

1.4.4

1.4.4 Setting

When a workpiece is set on the table, the positional relation between machine coordinate

system and workpiece coordinate system are set.

According to the command program based on the workpiece coordinate system, the tool

moves on the coordinate system specified by CNC, and cuts a workpiece.

Setting

Setting Two

Two

Coordinate

Two

Coordinate

Two Coordinate

Coordinate Systems

Coordinate system specified by the CNC established on the table

Figure 1 .11Setting two coordinate systems at the same position

Systems

Systems at

Y

workpiece

Table

at

the

at

at the

Same

the

Same

the Same

Same Position

Coordinate system on part drawing established on the work-piece

X

Position

10

1. General

1.4.5

1.4.5 Absolute

The absolute dimension describes a point at “ the distance from zero point of the coordinate

system ” .

E xample: These three point in absolute dimensions are the following:

Absolute

Absolute Commands

P1 corresponds to X20 Y35

P2 corresponds to X20 Y60

P3 corresponds to X70 Y20

60

Commands

35

20

Y

P2

P1

P3

X

20

50

70

Figure 1 . 12 Absolute Dimension

11

1. General

1.4.6

1.4.6 Incremental

The incremental dimension describes a distance from the previous tool position to the next

tool position.

Example: These three point in incremental dimensions are the following:

Incremental

Incremental Commands

P1 corresponds to X20 Y35 //with reference to the zero point

P2 corresponds to X30 Y20 //with reference to P1

P3 corresponds to X20

Commands

Y-35

Y

20

15

20

P1

//with reference to P2

P2

P3

3020

20

X

Figure 1 . 13 Incremental Dimension

12

1. General

1.4.7

1.4.7 Polar

Beside the “ Cartesian coordinate system ” , another way to specify coordinates is “ polar

coordinates ” . The polar coordinate method is useful only if there is radius and angle

measurements on a workpiece.

Example: Two points P1 and P2 with reference to the pole are described as follows.

Polar

Polar Coordinates

Coordinates

Y

30

Pole

P2

P1

60

75 °

100

15

30 °

X

Figure 1 . 14 Polar Coordinates

P1 corresponds to radius=100 plus angle=30 °

P2 corresponds to radius=60 plus angle=75 °

13

1. General

1.5

Spindle

1.5

Spindle

1.5

1.5 Spindle

Spindle Speed

The cutting speed (v) refers to the speed of the tool with respect to the workpiece when the

workpiece is cut. The unit of the cutting speed is m/min. As for the CNC, the cutting speed

can be specified by the spindle speed (N) in min-1.

The formula to get the spindle speed is:

Speed

Speed Function

Spindle speed N

Figure 1 . 15 Cutting Speed and Spindle Speed

Function

-1

m in

workpiece

T

Tool

Tool diameter

D mm

V: Cutting speed m/min

able

v

N

∗=1000

D

π

N: the spindle speed

v: cutting speed

D: diameter value of the workpiece

Example: When the diameter of workpiece is 100mm, and the cutting speed is 80m/min,

v

then the spindle speed:

N

=

∗

=

D

The constant surface speed refers to the speed even when the workpiece diameter is changed,

and the CNC changes the spindle speed. At this time, the spindle speed is the cutting speed.

8010001000

∗

≈

100

∗

ππ

mr

/250

14

1.6

Tool

1.6

Tool

1.6

1.6 Tool

Tool Function

Function

1. General

1.6.1

1.6.1 Tool

It is necessary to select a suitable tool when drilling, tapping, boring or the like is performed.

As it is shown in Figure 1.16, a number is assigned to each tool. Then this number is used in

the program to specify that the corresponding tool is selected.

1.6.2

1.6.2 Tool

When writing a program, the operator just use the workpiece dimensions according to the

dimensions in the part drawing. The tool nose radius center and the tool length are not taken

Tool

Selection

Tool

Selection

Tool Selection

Selection

Tool

Offset

Tool

Offset

Tool Offset

Offset

01

02

Figure 1 . 16

Tool

Tool number

Selection

into account. However, when machining a workpiece, the tool path is affected by the tool

geometry. There are two kinds of tool offset: tool length compensation and tool radius

compensation.

Length

Radius

Figure 1 . 17 Length compensation and Radius compensation

15

1. General

 Tool Length Compensation

There are two kind of ways to specify the value of tool length compensation.

- Absolute value of tool compensation (the distance between tool tip and machine

reference point)

- Incremental value of tool compensation (the distance between tool tip and the

standard tool)

Tool Radius Compensation



Figure 1. 18 shows the difference between the programmed contour and the corrected tool

path.

Programmed contour

Corrected tool path

Figure 1 . 18 Difference between programmed contour and corrected tool path

16

1. General

1.7

Miscellaneous

1.7

Miscellaneous

1.7

1.7 Miscellaneous

Miscellaneous Function

Miscellaneous function refers to the operation to control the spindle, feed, and coolant. In

general, it is specified by an M code.

When a move command and M code are specified in the same block, there are two ways to

execute these commands:

1) Pre-M function

M command is executed before the completion of move command

2) Post-M function

M command is executed after the completion of move command.

The sequence of the execution depends on the specification of the machine tool builder.

Function

17

1. General

Program

1.8

Program

1.8

Program

Program Configuration

1.8

1.8.1

1.8.1 Structure

As it is shown in Figure 1.19, an NC program consists of a sequence of NC blocks

block is one of machining steps. Commands

Structure

Structure of

- Format of program

Configuration

of

an

NC

of

an

of an

an NC

%1000

N01 G91 G00 X50 Y60

N10 G01 X100 Y500 F150 S300 M03

N...... ;COMMENT

N200 M30

Figure 1 . 19 Structure of an NC Program

program

program name

name

Program

NC

Program

NC Program

Program

Commands

Commands in each block are the instruction.

Program

Program block

Command character

blocks

blocks . Each

The program name must be specified in the format OXXXX (X could be letters or

numbers).

program

- Format of program

T he program number should be started with %XXXX or OXXXX (X could be numbers

only).

- Format of blocks

A

block starts with the program block number.

N.. G.. X … Y …

program

program number

blocks

Program block number

number

Program block

F..

Feed Function

Coordinate - Dimension word

Preparatory function

Figure 1 . 20 Structure of Block

M.. S..

Spindle function

Miscellaneous function

18

end

Instruction 1

Instruction 2

Instruction n

Instruction n+1

Follow the direction

of the subprogram

Instruction 1

Instruction 2

Return to the main program

Main program

Subprogram

of

- Format of end

The last block should contain M02 or M03 to indicate the end of program.

- Format of Comments

All information after the “ ; ” is regarded as comments.

All information between “ ( ) ” is regarded as comments.

end

end of

Comments

program

of

program

of program

program

1. General

1.8.2

1.8.2 Main

There are two type of program: main program and subprogram. The CNC operates

according to the main program. When a execution command of subprogram is at the

execution line of the main program, the subprogram is called. When the execution of

subprogram is finished, the system returns control to the main program.

Main

Main Program

Program

Program and

and

Subprogram

and

Subprogram

and Subprogram

Subprogram

Note:

Main program and its subprogram must be written in a same file with a different program

codes.

Figure 1 . 21 Main program and subprogram

19

2

Preparatory

2

Preparatory

2

2 Preparatory

Preparatory Function

There are two types of G code: one-shot G code, and modal G code.

Type

Type Meaning

One-shot G code The G code is only effective in the block in which it is specified

Modal G code The G code is effective until another G code is specified.

Example : G01 and G00 are modal G codes.

N10 G01 X 100;

Meaning

Function

Function (G

Table 2 1 Type of G code

(G

(G code)

code)

2. Preparatory Function

N20 Y200 X200;

N30 X300;

N40 G00 Y100;

G01 is effective from N10 to N30

20

2.1

G

2.1

2.1 G

code

G

code

G code

code List

List

The following table is the list of G code in HNC system.

Table 2 2 G code list

G

code

G

code

G

G code

code G

G

roup

G

roup

G roup

roup function

function

2. Preparatory Function

G00

◣ G01

G02 Circular interpolation/Helical interpolation CW

G03 Circular interpolation/Helical interpolation CCW

G04 00 Dwell

G07 00 Virtual axis

G09 00 Exact stop

◣ G17

G18 ZX plane selection

G19 YZ plane selection

G20

◣ G21

G22 Input in i mpulses equivalent weight

G24

◣ G25

G28

G29 Return from reference point

01

02

08

03

00

Rapid positioning

Linear interpolation

XY plane selection

Input in inch es

Input in m etrics

Programmable mirror image

Programmable mirror image cancel

Return to reference point

G34 00 Thread tapping

G38 00 Polar Coordinates

◣ G40

G41 Cutter compensation left

G42 Cutter compensation right

G43

G44 Tool length compensation - direction

◣ G49

◣ G50

G51 Scaling

09

10

04

Cutter compensation cancel

Tool length compensation +direction

Tool length compensation cancel

Scaling cancel

21

G53 00 Machine coordinate system selection

2. Preparatory Function

22

G54

Workpiece coordinate system 1

G55 Workpiece coordinate system 2

2. Preparatory Function

G56 Workpiece coordinate system 3

11

G57 Workpiece coordinate system 4

G58 Workpiece coordinate system 5

G59 Workpiece coordinate system 6

G60 00 Single direction positioning

◣ G61

Exact stop mode

12

G64 Cutting mode

G68

Coordinate rotation

05

◣ G69

G73

Coordinate rotation cancel

High-speed drilling cycle

G74 Left-hand tapping cycle

G76 Fine boring cycle

◣ G80

Canned cycle cancel

G81 Drilling cycle , Spot drilling

G82 Drilling cycle , Counter boring cycle

G83 Peck drilling cycle

06

G84 Tapping cycle

G85 Boring cycle

G86 Boring cycle

G87 Back boring cycle

G88 Manual Boring cycle

G89 Boring cycle

◣ G90

Absolute command

13

G91 Increment command

G92 00 Setting for work coordinate system

◣ G94

Feed per minute

14

G95 Feed per r otation

◣ G98

Return to initial point in canned cycle

15

G99 Return to R point in canned cycle

23

2. Preparatory Function

Explanation:

1) G codes in 00 group are one-shot G code, while the other groups are modal G

code.

2)

3) Multiple G codes from different groups can be specified in the same block. If

means that it is default setting.

◣

multiple G codes from the same group are specified in the same block, only the

last G code specified is valid .

24

3

Interpolation

3

Interpolation

3

3 Interpolation

Interpolation Functions

This chapter would introduce:

1) Positioning Command (G00)

2) Single Direction Positioning (G60)

3) Linear Interpolation (G01)

4) Circular Interpolation (G02, G03)

5) Helical Interpolation (G02, G03)

6) Thread Tapping (G34)

Functions

3. Interpolation Function

25

3.1

Positioning

3.1

Positioning

3.1

3.1 Positioning

Positioning (G00)

Programming

G00 X_Y_Z_A_

(G00)

3. Interpolation Function

Explanation

Explanation of

X,Y,Z, A Coordinate value of the end point in the absolute command or incremental

command

Function

The tool is moved at the highest possible speed (rapid traverse). I f the rapid traverse

movement is required to execute simultaneously on several axes, the rapid traverse speed is

decided by the axis which takes the most time. Thus, the tool path is nonlinear. The operator

can use this function to position the tool rapidly, to travel around the workpiece, or to

approach the tool change position.

Example

Move tool from

of

the

parameters

of

the

parameters

of the

the parameters

parameters

A

(20, 15) to B (90, 45) at the rapid traverse speed.

Non linear interpolation

Y

positioning

C

B

Absolute programming:

G00 X90 Z45

Incremental programming:

G00 X70 Y30

15

O

Figure 3 . 1 Positioning (Rapid Traverse)

A

20 90

50

26

X

hnc V3.3 Programming Guide

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Preface

General

CNC Programming

Interpolation

Circular Interpolation

Helical Interpolation

Feed Function

Coordinate System

Reference Point

Absolute Commands

Incremental Commands

Polar Coordinates

Tool Function

Tool Selection

Tool Offset

Miscellaneous Function

Program Configuration

Interpolation Functions

Positioning (G00)