Hewlett-Packard 22A, 24A, HP 83620A User Manual

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Page 1

83620A/22A/24A

3420A 3250A 3245A 3213A 3145A 3143A 3119A 3108A 3104A 3102A 3050A 3044A 3036A

HP 8360 Series Synthesized Sweepers (Including Options 001, 003, 004, 006,

and 008)

User’s Handbook

SERIAL NUMBERS

This manual applies directly to any synthesized sweeper with serial number prefix combinations. You may have to modify this manual so that it applies directly to your instrument version. Refer to the

“Instrument History” chapter.

83623A 3420A 3339A 3250A 3245A 3213A 3145A 3143A 3119A 3108A 3104A 3102A 3050A 3044A 3036A

83630A 3420A 3250A 3245A 3213A 3145A 3143A 3119A 3108A 3104A 3102A 3050A 3044A 3036A

83640A 3420A 3339A 3250A 3245A 3213A 3145A 3143A 3101A

83650A 3420A 3250A 3245A 3213A 3145A 3143A 3052A

HP Part No. 08380-90070 Microfiche Part No. Printed in USA

08380-90073

November 1995

Edition 9

Page 2

Notice

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.

Restricted Rights

Legend

Use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights of Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS

252.227-7013 for DOD agencies, and subparagraphs (c) (1) and (c) (2) of theCommercial clause at FAR 52.227-19 for other agencies.

Computer Software Restricted Rights

@ Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1992, 1995

All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws. 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway, Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799, USA

Page 3

Certification

Hewlett-Packard Company certifies that this product met its

published specifications at the time of shipment from the factory.

Hewlett-Packard further certifies that its calibration measurements

are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute’s calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International

Standards Organization members.

Warranty

This Hewlett-Packard instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period, Hewlett-Packard

Company will, at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective.

For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by Hewlett-Packard. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Hewlett-Packard and Hewlett-Packard shall pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to Hewlett-Packard from another country.

Hewlett-Packard warrants that its software and firmware designated by Hewlett-Packard for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument. Hewlett-Packard does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or software, or firmware will be uninterrupted or error-free.

LIMITATION OF WARRANTY

The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse, operation outside of the environmental specifications for the product, or improper site preparation or maintenance.

NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. HEWLETT-PACKARD SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES

THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. HEWLETT-PACKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.

. . .

III

Page 4

Assistance

Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance agreements are available for Hewlett-Packard products. For any assistance, contact your nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service

Ofice.

Safety Notes

WARNING

CAUTION

The following safety notes are used throughout this manual. Familiarize yourself with each of the notes and its meaning before operating this instrument.

Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, would result in damage to or destruction of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

Page 5

General Safety Considerations

WARNING

No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualified

personnel. To prevent electrical shock, do not remove covers.

For continued protection against fire hazard replace line fuse only

with same type and rating (F

5A/25OV).

The use of other fuses or

material is prohibited.

This is a Safety Class I product (provided with a protective earthing ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any interruption of the protective conductor, inside or outside the instrument, is likely to make the instrument dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.

If this instrument is used in a manner not specified by Hewlett-Packard Co., the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired. This product must be used in a normal condition (in

which all means for protection are intact) only.

Page 6

CAUTION

Before switching on this instrument, make sure that the line

voltage selector switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse is installed.

n Always use the three-prong ac power cord supplied with this

instrument. Failure to ensure adequate earth grounding by not using this cord may cause instrument damage.

n Before switching on this product, make sure that the line voltage

selector switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse is installed. Assure the supply voltage is in the specified range.

Ventilation Requirements: When installing the instrument in a

cabinet, the convection into and out of the instrument must not be restricted. The ambient temperature (outside the cabinet) must be less than the maximum operating temperature of the instrument by 4 “C for every 100 watts dissipated in the cabinet. If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800 watts, then forced convection must be used.

n This product is designed for use in Installation Category II and

Pollution Degree 2 per IEC 1010 and 664, respectively.

Note

The detachable power cord is the instrument disconnecting device. It disconnects the mains circuits from the mains supply before other parts of the instrument. The front panel switch is only a standby switch and is not a LINE switch.

Page 7

PREFACE

This manual provides user information for the HP 8360 Series Synthesized Sweepers.

Instruments Covered

By This Manual

This manual applies to instruments having a serial number prefix listed on the title page (behind the “Documentation Map” tab). Some changes may have to be made to this manual so that it applies directly to each instrument; refer to Chapter 5, “Instrument History”, to see what changes may apply to your instrument.

A serial number label (Figure O-l) is attached to the instrument’s rear panel. A prefix (four digits followed by a letter), and a suffix (five digits unique to each instrument), comprise the instrument serial number.

SERIAL NUMBER

PREFIX SUFFIX

-f----l

INSTALLED

OPTIONS

1234A

SER

12345

Figure O-l. Typical Serial Number Label

An instrument’s prefix that is not listed on the title page may indicate that the instrument is different from those documented in this manual. For serial number prefixes before those listed on the title page, refer to the HP 8360 Series Synthesized

Sweepers Instrument History (to order, see “Replaceable Parts” in

Assembly-Level Repair).

vii

Page 8

User’s Handbook

Organization

Tabs divide the major chapters of this manual. The contents of each chapter is listed in the “Table of Contents.”

HP 8360 Series Documentation

Typeface Conventions

Documentation Map

For a pictorial representation of the HP 8360 series documentation,

see the “Documentation Map” at the front of this manual.

Ordering Manual

A manual part number is listed on the title page of this manual. You may use it to order extra copies of this manual.

Parts”

documentation and ordering numbers.

The following conventions are used in the HP 8360 series documentation:

Italics Italic type is used for emphasis, and for titles of manuals and

other publications. Computer Computer type is used for information displayed on the

instrument. For example: In this sequence, POWER LEVEL is displayed.

(-1

instructed to press a

in Assembly-Level Repair for a complete list of HP 8360

Instrument keys are represented in “key cap.” You are

hardkey.

See “Replaceable

Softkeys

functions depend on the current display. These keys are represented in “softkey.” You are instructed to select a softkey.

Softkeys are located just below the display, and their

Page 9

Regulatory Information

Manufacturer’s Declaration

This product has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC Publication 1010, Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus, and has been supplied in a safe condition. The instruction documentation contains information and warnings which must be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the instrument in a safe condition.

Note

This is to certify that this product meets the radio frequency interference requirements of Directive FTZ 1046/1984. The German Bundespost has been notified that this equipment was put into circulation and has been granted the right to check the product type for compliance with these requirements.

Note: If test and measurement equipment is operated with unshielded cables and/or used for measurements on open set-ups, the user must insure that under these operating conditions, the radio frequency interference limits are met at the border of his premises.

Model HP 8360 Series Synthesized Sweepers

Hiermit wird bescheinigt, dass dieses

Ubereinstimmung funkentstijrt

Der Deutschen Bundespost wurde das Inverkehrbringen dieses

GerHtes/Systems

der Serie auf Einhaltung der Bestimmungen Zustzinformation Werden Mess- und Testgerate mit ungeschirmten Kabeln

in offenen Messaufbauten verwendet, so ist vom Betreiber sicherzustellen, dass die Funk-Entstorbestimmungen unter Betriebsbedingungen an seiner Grundstiicksgrenze eingehalten werden.

mit den Bestimmungen von

ist .

angezeight und die Berechtigung

fur

Mess-und Testgerate:

Gerat/System

Postverfiigung

eingeraumt.

1046/84

zur fiberpriifung

und/oder

Page 10

Notice for Germany: Noise Declaration

Declaration of

Conformity

LpA < 70 dB

am Arbeitsplatz (operator position) normaler Betrieb (normal position)

nach

DIN 45635 T. 19 (per

IS0

7779)

Page 11

DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY

accor&g to ISOIIEC Quide

22 and EN 45014

Manufacturer’s Name:

Manufacturer’s Address:

declares

conforms to the

that

the

product

Product Name: Model Numbers:

Product Options:

following Product specifications:

Safety: IEC 348:1978/HD 401 Sl:l981

CANZSA-C22.2

No. 231 (Series M-89)

Hewlett-Packard Co. Microwave Instruments Division

1400 Fountaingrove Parkway

Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799

USA

Synthesized Sweeper HP 8362OA, HP

8362lA, HP

83622A, HP 83623A, HP 83624A, HP 8363OA, HP

8363lA, HP

8364OA, HP 36642A,

HP 8365OA, HP 83651A

This

declaration

above

products.

covers all

options of

the

EMC: ClSPR 11:199O/EN 55011:1991 Group 1, Class A

/EC 801-2:1984/EN 50082-1:1992 4

CD, 8 kVAD /EC 801-3:1984/EN 50082-1:1992 3 V/m, 27-500 MHz /EC

f-4: 1988/EN

50082- 1:

1992

0.5

Sig. Lines, 1

Power Lines

Supplementary Information:

The product herewith complies with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC

Santa Rosa, California, USA

European Contact:

and

the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC.

2 Oct. 1995

Your local Hewlett-Packard

Herrenberger

Sttasse

&/es

130,

D-71034 Biiblingen

and Service Office or Hewlett-Packard

Germany(FAX+4&7031-163143)

QmbH,

Department HQ-TRE,

Page 12

Instrument Markings

The instruction documentation symbol. The product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the documentation.

“ISMl-A”

The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Community.

The CSA mark is a registered trademark of the

Canadian Standards Association.

This is a symbol of an Industrial Scientific and Medical Group 1 Class A product.

This is an ON symbol. The symbol ON is used to mark the position of the instrument power line switch.

This is a STANDBY symbol. The STANDBY symbol is used to mark the position of the instrument power line switch.

This is an OFF symbol. The OFF symbol is used to mark the position of the instrument power line switch.

This is an AC symbol. The AC symbol is used to indicate the required nature of the line module input power.

xii

Page 13

Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Offices

US FIELD

Headquarters Hewlett-Packard Co. 19320 Pruneridge Avenue Cupertino, CA 95014 (800) 752-0900

Colorado Hewlett-Packard Co. 24 Inverness Place, East Englewood, CO 80112 (303)

649-5512

New

Jersey

Hewlett-Packard Co. 150 Green Pond Rd. Rockaway, NJ 07866 (201) 586-5400

California, Northern Hewlett-Packard Co. 301 E. Evelyn Mountain View, CA 94041 (415) 694-2000

Georgia Hewlett-Packard Co. 2000 South Park Place Atlanta, GA 30339 (404)

955-1500

Texas

Hewlett-Packard Co. 930 E. Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX 75081

(214)231-6101

EUROPEAN

Headquarters Hewlett-Packard S.A. Hewlett-Packard France 150, Route du Naut-d’Avri1 1 Avenue Du Canada 1217 Meyrin 2JGeneva Zone Switzerland

(41

22)780.8111

Great

Britain

Hewlett-Packard Ltd. Eskdale Road, Winnersh Triangle

Wokingham, Berkshire RG41

England (44 734) 696622

France

D’Activite F-91947 Les Ulis Cedex

France

(33

1)69

82 60 60

5DZ

OPERATIONS

FIELD

De Courtaboeuf

California, Southern Hewlett-Packard Co. 1421 South Manhattan Ave. Fullerton, CA 92631 (714) 999-6700

Illinois Hewlett-Packard Co. 5201 Rolling Meadows, IL 60008 (708) 255-9800

OPERATIONS

Germany

Hewlett-Packard GmbH Hewlett-Packard Strasse 61352 Bad Homburg v.d.H

Germany (49 6172)

Tollview

16-O

Drive

INTERCON

Headquarters

Hewlett-Packard Company 3495 Deer Creek Road Palo Alto, California, USA 94304-1316 (415) 857-5027

Australia

Hewlett-Packard Australia Ltd.

31-41 Joseph Street

Blackburn, Victoria 3130

(61 3) 895-2895

China Japan

China Hewlett-Packard Company 38

Bei

San Huan Xl Road

Shuaug

Yu Shu

Hai

Dian District Beijing, China (86 1) 2566888

Hewlett-Packatid

1-27-15 Yabe,

Kauagawa 229, Japan

(81

427)59-1311

Taiwan

Hewlett-Packard Taiwan

8th

Floor, H-P Building 337 Fu Hsing North Road Taipei, Taiwan

:886 2) 712-0404

FIELD

Japan, Ltd.

Sagamihara

OPERATIONS

Canada

Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd. 17500 South Service Road Tram-Canada Highway Kirkland, Quebec Canada (514) 697-4232

Singapore

Hewlett-Packard Singapore (Pte.) Ltd. 150 Beach Road

#29-00

Singapore 0718 (65) 291-9088

H9J 2X8

Gateway West

. . .

XIII

Page 14

Contents

GETTING STARTED

What Is In This Chapter How To Use This Chapter

Equipment Used In Examples Introducing the HP 8360 Series Synthesized Sweepers Display Area Entry Area CW Operation and Start/Stop Frequency Sweep . .

CW Operation

Start/Stop Frequency Sweep Center Frequency/Span Operation Power Level and Sweep Time Operation

Power Level Operation

Sweep Time Operation Continuous, Single, and Manual Sweep Operation Marker Operation Saving and Recalling an Instrument State Power Sweep and Power Slope Operation

Power Sweep Operation

Power Slope Operation Getting Started Advanced Externally Leveling the Synthesizer

Leveling with Detectors/Couplers /Splitters ...

External Leveling Used With the Optional Step

Leveling with Power Meters

Leveling with MM-wave Source Modules Working with Mixers/Reverse Power Effects

Working with Spectrum Analyzers/Reverse Power

Effects

Optimizing Synthesizer Performance

Creating and

Array

Creating a User Flatness Array Automatically,

Creating a User Flatness Array, Example 2 . . Swept mm-wave Measurement with Arbitrary

Scalar Analysis Measurement with User Flatness

Using Detector Calibration Using the Tracking Feature

..................

.................

...............

Attenuator

...................

..................

Example 1

Correction Frequencies, Example 3

Corrections, Example 4

...............

Applymg

...............

............

.........

..........

........

......

............

........

..........

.......

the User Flatness Correction

.........

..........

.....

....

l-l

l-2 l-2 l-3 l-4 l-5 l-6 l-6 l-6

l-8 l-10 l-10 l-10

1-12 1-14 1-16 1-18 1-18 1-19 1-21

l-23 l-23

l-26 l-27 l-28 l-30

l-32 l-33

l-33

l-34 l-36

l-39

l-43 l-47 l-49

HP 8360 User’s Handbook

Contents-l

Page 15

Peaking..................

Tracking

ALC Bandwidth Selection............

Using Step Sweep

Creating and Using a Frequency List .......

Using the Security Features ...........

Changing the Preset Parameters .........

Getting Started Programming..........

HP-IB General Information ...........

Interconnecting Cables ............

Instrument Addresses.............

HP-IB Instrument Nomenclature........

Listener

Talker...................

Controller.................

Programming the Synthesizer .........

HP-IB Command Statements .........

Abort

Remote..................

Local Lockout ...............

Local...................

Clear...................

output..................

Enter...................

Getting Started with SCPI ...........

Definitions of Terms ..............

Standard Notation ..............

Command Mnemonics ...........

Angle Brackets...............

How to Use Examples.............

Command Examples ............

Response Examples.............

Essentials for Beginners.............

Program and Response Messages .......

Forgiving Listening and Precise Talking....

Types of Commands ............

Subsystem Command Trees ..........

The Command Tree Structure........

Paths Through the Command Tree......

Subsystem Command Tables..........

Reading the Command Table ........

More About Commands...........

Query and Event Commands........

Implied Commands............

Optional Parameters ...........

Program Message Examples.........

Parameter Types..............

Numeric Parameters ...........

Extended Numeric Parameters.......

Discrete Parameters ...........

Boolean Parameters ...........

.................

...............

..................

...................

l-49 l-49 l-50

1-51

l-52 l-53 l-54 l-55 l-56 l-56 l-56 l-56 l-56 l-56 l-56 l-56 l-57 l-57

l-58

1-58

l-59 l-59 l-60

1-61

l-63 l-63 l-64 l-64 l-64 l-64 l-64 l-65 l-66 l-66 l-66 l-67 l-67 l-67 l-68

1-71 1-71

l-72 l-72 l-72 l-72 l-72 l-73 l-73 l-74 l-74 l-75

Contents-2

User’s Handbook

HP 8360

Page 16

Reading Instrument Errors . . . . . . . . . .

Example Programs ..............

Example Program .............

Description ...............

Program Listing .............

Program Comments ...........

Details of Commands and Responses .......

In This Subsection ..............

Program Message Syntax ...........

Subsystem Command Syntax ........

Common Command Syntax .........

Response Message Syntax ...........

SCPI Data Types ..............

Parameter Types ..............

Numeric Parameters ...........

Extended Numeric Parameters .......

Discrete Parameters ...........

Boolean Parameters ...........

Response Data Types ............

Real Response Data ...........

Integer Response Data ..........

Discrete Response Data ..........

String Response Data ...........

Programming Typical Measurements .......

In This Subsection ..............

Using the Example Programs .........

Use of the Command Tables .........

HP-IB Check, Example Program 1 .......

Program Comments ............

Local Lockout Demonstration, Example Program 2

Program Comments ............

Setting Up A Typical Sweep, Example Program 3

Program Comments ............

Queries, Example Program 4 ..........

Program Comments ............

Saving and Recalling States, Example Program 5 .

Program Comments ............

Looping and Synchronization, Example Program 6

Program Comments ............

Using the

Program Comments ............

Using the User Flatness Correction Commands,

Example Program 8 ............

Programming the Status System .........

In This Subsection ..............

General Status Register Model .........

Condition Register .............

Transition Filter ..............

Event Register ...............

Enable Register ..............

An Example Sequence ...........

*WA1

Command, Example Program 7 .

l-75 l-76 l-76 l-76 l-76 l-77 l-79

l-79 l-79 l-80 l-80

1-81

l-82 l-82 l-82 l-83 l-84 l-84 l-84 l-84 l-85 l-85 l-85 l-86 l-86 l-86 l-87

1-88

l-89 l-89 l-90 l-90

1-91

l-92 l-92 l-93 l-94

l-95 l-95 l-96 l-97

l-98 l-101 l-101 l-101 l-101 l-102 l-102 l-102 l-102

HP 8360 User’s Handbook

Contents-3

Page 17

Programming the Trigger System .........

In This Subsection ..............

Generalized Trigger Model ...........

Overview .................

Details of Trigger States ...........

Inside the Idle State ...........

Inside the Initiate State ..........

Inside Event Detection States .......

Inside the Sequence Operation State ....

Common Trigger Configurations ........

The

INIT

Configuration ...........

The TRIG Configuration ..........

Description of Triggering in the HP 8360 Series

Synthesizers ...............

Advanced Trigger Configurations .......

Trigger Keyword Definitions ..........

ABORt IMMediate ODELay

SOURce ..................

GETTING STARTED

What Is In This Chapter

Note

This chapter contains information on how to use the HP 8360 Series Synthesized Sweeper. The information is separated into three sections.

Basic

Advanced

Programming

If you are unpacking a new synthesizer, refer to the installation suggestions provided in the “INSTALLATION” chapter of this manual.

For the novice user unfamiliar with the HP 8360 Series Synthesized Sweepers. This section describes the basic features of the synthesizer.

For the user familiar with synthesizers, but not necessarily familiar with how to use the special

features of the HP 8360 series.

For the user wishing to program an HP 8360 Series Synthesized Sweeper. This section contains an introduction to Standard Commands

for Programmable Instruments language

(SCPI), Hewlett-Packard’s implementation of

IEEE-488.2-1987, and an introduction to the

Analyzer programming language.

Getting Started Introduction

l-1

Page 32

How To Use This

Chapter

To use this chapter effectively, refer to the tabbed section “Menu Maps”. Menu maps can be folded out to be viewed at the same time as the Getting Started information, as illustrated.

I ’ 1

Equipment Used In

Examples

The following table lists the equipment used in the operation examples shown in this chapter. You can substitute equipment, but be aware that you may get different results than those shown.

Equipment Used In Examples

Equipment Recommended

Model Numbers

Power Meter Power Sensor Power Splitter Oscilloscope mm-Wave Source Module HP Power Amplifier Coupler Detector

436A/437B

8485A

11667B

1740A

83556A

8349B

11691D

8474D

l-2

Getting Started Introduction

Page 33

Getting Started Basic

Introducing the

HP 8360 Series

Synthesized

Sweepers

PACKARD

lMENU SELEU

The HP 8360 Series Synthesized Sweepers are high performance, broadband frequency synthesizers.

PRESET

Figure l-l. The HP

(PRESET)

through a brief self-test. In the following examples, unless stated otherwise, begin by pressing

83620A

initializes the front panel settings and runs the synthesizer

Synthesized Sweeper

(PRESET).

Getting Started Basic

l-3

Page 34

Display Area

ACTIVE ENTRY AND DATA DISPLAY AREA

-MESSAGE LINE

SOFTKEY

LABEL AREA

SOFTKEYS

Figure

Active Entry and Data Display Area: This area typically displays

the frequency and power information of the current instrument state. When data entry is expected, the synthesizer uses all or part of this area to record the entries. The active entry arrow indicates the active entry function and its current value.

Message Line: This line is used to display:

ALC level status. Unlock information.

Timebase

RF output status.

Softkey Label Area: This area displays the name of the softkey

directly below it.

l-2.

status.

Display

(-->)

l-4

Getting Started Basic

Softkeys: These keys activate the functions indicated by the labels

directly above them.

Page 35

Entry Area

All function values are changed via the rotary knob and/or keys of the entry area.

ENTRY ENTRY ON

ON/OFF

LED

ENTRY

ARROW KEY’S

ROTARY KNOB

TERMINATOR

KMS

NUMERIC

ENTRY KEYS

NEGATlVE SIGN/

BACKSPACE

Figure

l-3.

Entry Area

The following are active only when the synthesizer expects an input.

(ENTRY ON/OFF): This key lets you turn off or on the active entry

area. Turning off the entry area after a value is entered prevents accidental changes.

ENTRY ON LED: This LED lights when the entry area is active. Arrow Keys: The up/down arrow keys let you increase or decrease

a numeric value. The left/right arrow keys choose a significant digit indicated by an underline.

Rotary Knob: The rotary knob increases or decreases a numeric

value. The rotary knob can be used in combination with the

left/right arrow keys to change the increment size.

Terminator Keys: After the numeric entry keys are used to enter a

value, these keys define the units.

Negative Sign/Backspace Key: If a data entry is in progress, this

key backspaces over the last digit entered, otherwise a negative sign is entered.

Numeric Entry Keys: These keys enter specific numbers in the

active entry area and must be followed by one of the terminator keys before the function value changes.

Getting Started Basic

l-5

Page 36

CW Operation and

Start/Stop Frequency Sweep

CW Operation

Start/Stop Frequency

Sweep

CW operation is one of the major functions of the synthesizer, and is

easy to do using front panel keys. In CW operation, the synthesizer

produces a single, low-noise, synthesized frequency. Try this example:

Press(CW)(iJ@(J@@@@(7J@IGHz).

Check the active entry area. It indicates:

-->

cw: 12345.678000 MHz

The data display area indicates CW operation and the frequency

that you entered. The ENTRY ON LED is lit and the green SWEEP

LED is off.

Try other frequencies. Experiment with the rotary knob and the arrow keys as alternate methods of data entry.

The synthesizer can sweep a frequency span as wide as the frequency range of the instrument, or as narrow as 0 Hz (swept CW). In start/stop sweep operation, the synthesizer produces a sweep from the selected start frequency to the selected stop frequency. For example:

Press [START) @ 0 @ @ Press

ISTOP) (7J (J (7J @ (GHz.

IGHz).

The data display area indicates the start frequency and the stop frequency. The green SWEEP LED is on (periodically off when sweep is retracing). Because this is the active function, the active entry area indicates:

-->

STOP FREQUENCY: 7890.000000 MHz

Any subsequent entries change the stop frequency. To change the start frequency, press (START), which remains the active function until you press a different function key.

1-6 Getting Started Basic

Page 37

dLETT

.ARO

ENlRRy

INSWMENT

SWEEP LED

CW Operation

Press

Icw).

2. Enter

value.

3. Press terminator key.

STATE

START

STOP

SOURCE MODULE INTERFACE

Figure 1-4. CW Operation and Start/Stop Frequency Sweep

start/stop Frequency Sweep

Press

@TiF).

Enter value.

3. Press terminator key.

4. Press

6. Press terminator key.

(FiSj.

Enter value.

Getting Started Basic 1-7

Page 38

Center Frequency/Span Operation

Center frequency/span is another way of establishing swept

operation. This is just a different way of defining sweep limits. As an

example of center frequency/span operation:

Press

m(7J

Press

ISPAN) (iJ (GHz).

The synthesizer is now sweeping from 3.5 to 4.5 GHz (to view these

figures, press either

area indicates the center frequency, as well as, the span. Notice that

the green SWEEP LED is on.

While span is the active function, try the rotary knob and arrow

keys. This symmetrical increase or decrease of the frequency span

about the center frequency is one reason that center frequency/span

swept operation is used instead of start/stop frequency sweep.

Another example illustrates the subtleties of center frequency/span.

Press

(?ZFiK) @ LGHz)

Press

1SPAjj) @ (GHz)

Notice that the center frequency changed. This is because the center frequency could not accommodate a span of 8 GHz without exceeding

the lower frequency limit of the synthesizer’s specified frequency

range. If the low or high frequency range limits are exceeded, the

inactive (center or span) function is reset. Experiment with the

rotary knob and the arrow keys as alternate methods of data entry.

IGHz).

(START)

(STOP),

then

m).

The data display

1-6 Getting Started Basic

Page 39

SWEEP LED

CENTER

SPAN

Figure 1-5. Center Frequency and Span Operation

Center Frequent y

Press

(jCENTEji).

2. Enter value.

3. Press terminator key.

Span Operation

Press

2. Enter value.

3. Press terminator key.

Getting Started Basic

l-9

Page 40

Power Level and Sweep Time Operation

Power Level Operation

Sweep Time Operation

The synthesizer can produce leveled power for CW, swept frequency, or power sweep operation. The selected power level can range from

-20

dBm

(-110

For practice: Press (POWER LEVEL) I-] @ @ area shows:

-->

POWER LEVEL: -20.00

If the selected power level is beyond the range of the synthesizer, the closest possible power is shown in both the data display area and the active entry area. If the selected power level exceeds the maximum leveled power the synthesizer is able to produce, the unleveled message UNLVLED appears on the message line. Experiment with the rotary knob and the arrow keys as alternate methods of data entry.

In typical applications the sweep time can vary tremendously, from milliseconds in a network analyzer system, to more than a minute in thermistor-based power meter systems. For this example, refer to the

“MENU MAP” section.

Press

@%Ki) @ [GHz).

Press

ISTOP) @ (GHz).

Press

lsWEEP

dBm

for option 001 synthesizers) to

dBm

@ 0

(ZJ (,,,).

(dB(mL).

+25 dBm.

The active entry

Watch the green SWEEP LED, it blinks every 2.5 seconds. The LED blinks at each retrace.

For the fastest sweep speed for which all specifications are guaranteed, the synthesizer must be in automatic sweep time selection.

Refer to menu map 8. Press SWEEP

Select more

Select

Notice that the active entry area indicates:

When the synthesizer is in automatic sweep time selection, the active entry area displays AUTO along with the current sweep time. Faster sweep speeds than this are possible, turn the rotary knob counter-clockwise until the display no longer changes. Notice that AUTO is no longer displayed

SwpTime

-->

SWEEP TIME:

[MENU).

if3

Aut

100.0

mSec

AUTO

l-10

Getting Started Basic

Page 41

L”pI

.,WLETT

PACKARO

SWEEP TIME

Power Level Operation

1. Press

2. Enter value.

3. Press

CPOWER

IdBo).

SWEEP LED

LEVEL).

POWER LEVEL

Figure 1-6. Power Level and Sweep Time Operation

Sweep Time Operation

1. Press &WEEP

2. Enter value.

3. Press terminator key.

TtME].

Getting Started Basic

l-l 1

Page 42

Continuous,

and Manual

Operation

Single, Sweep

Continuous sweep is the operation mode set when the synthesizer is preset. It simply means that when the synthesizer is performing a swept operation, the sweeps will continuously retrace until a different sweep mode is selected. To choose this sweep mode, press

To change from continuous sweep to single sweep operation, press

($?@.

and switch to the single sweep mode. This initial keystroke cause’s the synthesizer to switch sweep modes, but it does not initiate a single sweep. A second keystroke (press sweep. When the synthesizer is in single sweep operation, the amber LED above the key lights. When the synthesizer is actually performing a sweep in single sweep mode, the green SWEEP LED lights.

The manual sweep mode lets you use the rotary knob to either sweep

from the start frequency to the stop frequency or to sweep power.

Refer to menu map 8, SYSTEM. Press

(CONT).

This causes the synthesizer to abort the sweep in progress

(PRESET).

sweep-retrace-sweep-

(%jGFJ

initiates a single

Press SWEEP Select Manual

The active entry area displays:

-->

SWEPT MANUAL: XXXXXXXXX MHz

Use the rotary knob to sweep from the start to the stop frequency. The green SWEEP LED is off in manual sweep mode because the sweeps are synthesized.

(j).

Beep.

1-12 Getting Started Basic

Page 43

SWEEP

LED

SINGLE CONT

Single Sweep

1. Press (SINGLE).

SWEEP MENU

Figure 1-7. Continuous, Single, and Manual Sweep Operation

Continuous Sweep

1. Press

c-1.

Manual Sweep

1. Press SWEEP (MENU).

2. Press Manual Sweep

3. Use the rotary knob to adjust frequency.

Getting Started Basic 1-13

Page 44

Marker Operation

The synthesizer has five frequency markers that can be used as fixed

frequency “landmarks,” or as variable frequency pointers on a CRT

display. To view the marker features of the synthesizer on a CRT, connect the synthesizer as shown in Figure 1-8.

Refer to menu map 2, FREQUENCY. Press

[PRESET). Press (START) @ Press (STOP) 0 Press

[MARKER).

Select Marker Ml and enter @

@&).

[GHz).

(GHz.

The synthesizer is sweeping from 3 to 7 GHz, with a 100 ms sweep speed. A frequency marker is set at 4 GHz, which causes an intensified dot to appear on the CRT. To obtain an amplitude spike at that frequency, select

Amp1

Markers . Notice that you can set the amplitude of the spike with the rotary knob or entry keys. To return to the intensified dot representation, select

Amp1

Markers (asterisk

off).

Caution

Amplitude markers increase the output power at the marker frequency. Provide protection to devices that could be damaged.

For a second marker, select Marker M2 and enter @ 0 @

(GHz).

This process can be continued for all five markers. Note that the marker displayed in the active entry area is “active” and can be controlled by the rotary knob, arrow keys, and numeric entry keys.

Once the Ml and M2 markers are established, the marker sweep function, start/stop frequencies to those of markers Ml and

Ml--M2

softkey MI--M2

Sweep.

Notice that the synthesizer now is sweeping from

Sweep, temporarily changes the original

M2.

Select

4 to 5.5 GHz. Use this function to focus in on a selected portion of the frequency sweep. Select

Ml--M2

Sweep again. This turns the function off and returns the synthesizer to its original sweep parameters. To change the start/stop frequencies for the synthesizer,

not just temporarily, use the

softkey Start-Ml

Stop'M2

As an example of the delta marker function:

Select Marker M3 and enter @ 0 0

IGHz).

Select Delta Marker.

1-14 Getting Started Basic

The frequency difference between marker 3 and marker 1 is displayed, and the CRT trace is intensified between the two markers. The active entry area displays:

-->

DELTA MKR

(3-l)

: 2700.000000 MHz

Page 45

Marker 1 was chosen because it is selected as the delta marker reference. To change reference markers, select Delta Mkr Ref .

Select M2 as the reference. Watch the display change to indicate:

-->

DELTA MKR (3-2) : 1200.000000 MHz

You can choose any of the five markers as a reference, but when delta marker is on, if the reference marker has a frequency value higher than the last active marker, the difference between the frequencies is negative and is displayed as such by the synthesizer. The CRT display continues to intensify the difference between the two markers.

When delta marker is showing in the active entry area, the ENTRY area is active. Rotate the rotary knob and watch the frequency difference change. The last active marker (in this case, marker 3) changes frequency value, not the reference marker.

OSCILLOSCoPE

Marker Operation

1. Press

2. Select a marker key (

@i?GGiZ).

3. Enter value.

4. Press terminator key.

. . MS

Figure 1-6. Marker Operation

Delta Marker Operation

1. Press

2. Select a marker key ( #I . . NE

3. Enter value.

4. Press terminator key.

5. Select a different marker key (Ml . . . MS).

6. Enter value.

7. Press terminator key.

8. Select Delta

9. Select one of the previously chosen markers.

10. Press

11. Select Delta Marker

@ZiGiF].

(jZi?%J

l4kr

Ref .

Getting Started Basic 1-15

Page 46

Saving and Recalling an

Instrument State

The save/recall registers store and access a previously set instrument state. For example, set the synthesizer to sweep from 3 to 15 GHz at a -10 dB power level, with markers 1 and 2 set at 4.5 and 11.2 GHz.

Press [START) Press (STOP) Press (POWER

(7J (GHz).

(7J (?J (GHz.

LEVEL]

I-]

(iJ (TJ 0).

Press (MARKER). Select Marker Ml @ 0 @

IGHz).

Select Marker M2 0 0 0 @

(GHzl.

To save this instrument state in register 1, press (SAVE) (iJ. To verify that the synthesizer has saved this state:

Press

(PRESET). Press (RECALL) Press

[MARKER).

(iJ.

The active entry area displays:

-->

RECALL REGISTER: 1 RECALLED

Notice the sweep end points, power level, and the asterisks next to

the marker 1 and 2 key labels.

You can save instrument states in registers 1 through 8. Register 0 saves the last instrument state before power is turned off. When power is turned on, register 0 is automatically recalled.

1-16 Getting Started Basic

Page 47

RECALL

Figure 1-9. Saving and Recalling an Instrument State

Save

1. Setup synthesizer as desired.

2. Press

3. Press

[SAVE. a number

through

Recall

1. Press

2. Press

@EGiIiJ.

a number

0 through

Getting Started Basic

l-17

Page 48

Power Sweep and Power Slope Operation

Power Sweep Operation

The power sweep function allows the power output to be swept (positive or negative) when the synthesizer is in the CW frequency mode. The power output of the synthesizer determines the maximum leveled power sweep that can be accomplished. For this example refer to the “Menu Map” section.

Zero and calibrate the power meter. Connect the instruments as shown in Figure Press

@ @ [GHz).

Press (POWER Press (SWEEP @ Set the power meter to dB[REF] mode.

The synthesizer is ready to produce a 4 GHz CW signal at 0 power out, with a 2 second sweep rate whenever a single sweep is executed. The power meter is ready to measure the power level relative to a starting point of 0

Press POWER Select Power Sweep and enter @

Press

[$iKKJ.

LEVEL) (TJ (YiJ.

(,,,)

[SINGLE).

(MENU).

dBm.

(dB0)

l-10.

dBm

(asterisk on).

Watch the relative power indication on the power meter. At the end

of the sweep the power meter indicates +7 dB. The active entry area on the synthesizer indicates:

-->

POWER SWEEP:

Now enter @ @ function).

This time the power meter indicates less than the power sweep requested. Note that the synthesizer is unleveled, UNLVD. This

happens because the synthesizer’s output power at the start of the

sweep is 0 dB and the requested power sweep takes the synthesizer

beyond the range where it is able to produce leveled power. The range of the power sweep is dependent on the ALC range and can be offset if a step attenuator (Option 001) is present.

Select Power Sweep to turn this function off (no asterisk). Press

[POWER LEVEL) !_) Q (FJ

On the power meter, press dB[REF] to reset the reference level.

7.00 dB/SWP

(dB(m))

(power sweep is still the active entry

1-18 Getting Started Basic

Page 49

Select Power Sweep (asterisk on). Press

(SINGLE].

Power Slope Operation

The synthesizer performs a power sweep beginning at -20 ending at f5

dBm.

The power meter indicates

+25

dB.

dBm

and

This function allows for compensation of high frequency system or cable losses by linearly increasing the power output as the frequency increases. For this example refer to the “Menu Map” section.

Press Power Slope , the active entry area displays:

-->

RF SLOPE:

X. XX dB/GHz, where X is a numeric value.

Power slope is now active, notice that an asterisk is next to the key

label.

Use the entry keys, rotary knob, or arrow keys to enter a value for the linear slope.

Press Power Slope again to turn this feature off.

Getting Started Basic

l-19

Page 50

SYNTHESIZER

‘UT

POUER

IlETER

Power Sweep

1. Press POWER

2. Select

3. Enter a value.

4. Press terminator key.

Pouer Saeep

(jMENU).

Figure

l-10.

Power Sweep and Power Slope Operation

Power Slope

1. Press POWER

2. Select Power Slope

3. Enter a value.

4. Press terminator key.

(jj).

l-20

Getting Started Basic

Page 51

Advanced

Getting Started Advanced

This section of Chapter 1 describes the use of many of the unique

features of the HP 8360 Series Synthesized Sweepers. The format

used is similar to the one used on the previous pages. When referred to a menu map number, go to the Menu Map tab and unfold the menu map so that you can view it together with the text.

Some menus have more than one page of softkeys. Select the

more m/n softkey to view the next page of softkeys. more m/n is

not included in the keystrokes given in these procedures.

Table l-l. Keys

Paragraph Heading

Externally Leveling the Synthesizer

Working with Mixers/Reverse Power Effects

Working with Spectrum Analyzers/ Reverse Power Effects

3ptimizing

Synthesizer Performance

Under

Discussion in This Section

Keys

Leveling Point Coupling Factor

POWER LEVEL

Set

Leveling Point Pwr Mtr Range

Leveling Point Module Mdl Lev Menu

Uncoupl Atten

Leveling Mode

Leveling Mode Leveling Mode Search Fltness Menu Delete Menu Auto Fill Start

Auto Fill Stop

Auto Fill Mtr

FLTNESS ON/OFF

Enter Freq

Enter Corr

Freq Follow

List Menu

Copy List

Sweep Mode List

Atten

Meas

ExtDet

PwrMtr

Normal

ALCoff

Incr

Ext Det Cal

Getting Started Advanced

1-2 1

Page 52

Advanced

Table l-l.

Keys Under Discussion in This Section (continued)

Paragraph Heading

Optimizing Synthesizer Performance continued

Using Step Sweep

Creating and Using a Frequency List

Using the Security Features

Changing the Preset Parameters

Keys

Auto Track Peak RF Always Peak RF Once

Sap Span Cal Once Sap Span Cal Always

AM BW Cal Always AM BW Cal Once

FullUsr

AM On/Off

Cal

100%/V

AM On/Off IOdB/V Deep AM

USER DEFINED MENU ASSIGN

Step Sap Menu List Menu

Delete

Enter List Freq Enter List Offset Enter List Dwell Pt Trig Menu Zero Freq Save Lock Clear Memory Blank Display Save Usr Preset Preset Mode User

PRESET

1-22 Getting Started Advanced

For more

information,each

of these keys has

a separate entry in

“OPERATING and PROGRAMMING REFERENCE” chapter of

this handbook.

the

Page 53

Externally Leveling the Synthesizer

In externally leveled operations, the output power from the synthesizer is detected by an external sensor. The output of this detector is returned to the leveling circuitry, and the output power is automatically adjusted to keep power constant at the point of detection.

Leveling with

Detectors/Couplers

/Splitters

Figure l-11 illustrates a typical setup for external leveling. When externally leveled, the power level feedback is taken from the external

negative detector input rather than the internal detector. This feedback voltage controls the ALC system to set the desired RF output. Refer to Figure A-l in Chapter 2, for a block diagram of the synthesizer’s ALC circuitry.

SYNTHESIZER

NEGATIVE

Figure

l-1

1. ALC Circuit Externally Leveled

LEVELED OUTPUT

Getting Started Advanced 1-23

Page 54

To level externally:

1. Setup the equipment as shown. For this example, the detector/coupler setup is used.

2. Refer to menu map 1.

3. Press

Select Leveling Point

Set the coupling factor. Select Coupling Factor

(ALC).

(dB(m)).

ExtDet

c-) @ @

Note

Hint

Power splitters have a coupling factor of 0 dB.

Figure 1-12 shows the input power versus output voltage characteristics for typical HP diode detectors. From the chart, the leveled power at the diode detector input resulting from any

external level voltage setting may be determined. The range of power

adjustment is approximately -30

Automatically characterize and compensate for the detector used by performing a detector calibration. Refer to “Optimizing Synthesizer Performance, Using Detector Calibration,” later in this section.

dBm

to i-18

dBm.

l-24

Getting Started Advanced

Page 55

100

iii

SQUARE LAW ASYMPTOTE

+20 d6V

+lO dBV

dBV

-10

-20

-30

dBV

DETECTOR INPUT POWER,

Figure 1-12. Typical Diode Detector Response at 25°C

dBm

-40

-50

-60

.-66

-70

-60

dBV

Getting Started Advanced

l-25

Page 56

External Leveling Used With the Optional Step Attenuator

Some external leveling applications require low output power from the synthesizer. The synthesizer automatically uncouples the attenuator from the ALC system for

Press (POWER LEVEL). Note the display. It shows:

all

external leveling points.

Hint

--> ATTEN

For example, leveling the output of a 30 dB gain amplifier to a level of -10

-40 range of the ALC modulator alone. If so, the LOW UNLVLED warning message is displayed. Inserting 40 dB of attenuation results in an ALC level of 0 20 GHz,30 dB attenuation is a better choice as it results in an ALC level of -10 that vary the power level.

For optimum display accuracy and minimum noise, the ALC level should be greater than -10 attenuation equal to the tens digit of output power. Example: desired output power = -43 dBm; use:

1. Press POWER

To obtain flatness corrected power refer to “Optimizing Synthesizer Performance, Creating and Applying the User Flatness Correction

Array,” later in this section.

dBm

--> ATTEN:

Select Set

0 dB, POWER LEVEL: 0.00

requires the output of the synthesizer to be around

when leveled. At some frequencies this level is beyond the

dBm,

which is well within the range of the ALC. At

dBm.

This gives a margin for AM or other functions

dBm.

This is achieved by using

40 dB , ALC -3

(MENU).

Atten @ @ 0).

dBm

l-26

Getting Started Advanced

Page 57

Leveling with Power

Meters

Leveling with a power meter is similar to leveling with a diode

detector. Figure 1-13 shows the setup for power meter leveling.

SYNTHESIZER

POUER HETER

Figure 1-13. Leveling with a Power Meter

Hint

1. Set up the equipment as shown. Be sure to set the power meter to manual range mode and note the range.

2. Refer to menu map 1.

3. Press

Select

Select Pwr

a).

Leveling

Mtr

Point

Range.

PwrHts

Enter the range value set for the power

meter as noted in step 1.

6. Select Coupling Factor , press

@‘J (de(m)).

Unlike detector leveling, power meter leveling provides calibrated

power out of the leveled RF port.

To obtain flatness corrected power refer to “Optimizing Synthesizer Performance, Creating and Applying the User Flatness Correction Array,” later in this section.

Getting Started Advanced

l-27

Page 58

Leveling with MM-wave

Source Modules

Millimeter-wave source module leveling is similar to power meter leveling. The following figures illustrate the setups for leveling with a mm-wave source module.

SYNTHESIZER

Figure 1-14. MM-wave Source Module Leveling

High power model synthesizers can externally, level mm-wave source modules to maximum specified power without a microwave amplifier.

1-28 Getting Started Advanced

Page 59

RF OUT

AORPTER

(IF REQUIRED)

nICROUAVE

AWPLIFIER

-0

OUT

I’ll-LINE

SOURCE

Figure 1-15. MM-wave Source Module Leveling Using a Microwave Amplifier

1. Set up the equipment as shown.

2. Refer to menu map 1.

3. Select Leveling Point Module.

Select Mdl Lev Menu.

Select Module Leveling Pt Auto or Front or Rear, depending

on where the interface connection is made.

All of the ALC data necessary to communicate properly with the synthesizer is exchanged via the SOURCE MODULE INTERFACE.

NODULE

Hint

To obtain flatness corrected power refer to “Optimizing Synthesizer Performance, Creating and Applying the User Flatness Correction Array,” later in this section.

Getting Started Advanced 1-29

Page 60

Working with

Mixers/Reverse

Power Effects

Note

Uncoupled operation applies to Option 001 synthesizers only.

Uncoupled operation is useful when working with mixers. Figure 1-16 shows a hypothetical setup where the synthesizer is providing a small signal to a mixer. The synthesizer output is -8 which in Leveling Node ALC Level = -8

dBm.

Normal

results in

ATTEN =

The mixer is driven with an LO of

dBm,

dB,

+lO dBm,

and has LO to RF isolation of 15 dB. The resulting LO feedthrough of -5

dBm

enters the synthesizer’s OUTPUT port, goes through the attenuator with no loss, and arrives at the internal detector. Depending on frequency, it is possible for most of this energy to enter

the detector. Since the detector responds to its total input power regardless of frequency, this excess energy causes the leveling circuit to reduce its output. In this example the reverse power is actually larger than the ALC level, which may result in the synthesizer output being shut off.

Figure 1-17 shows the same setup, with uncoupled operation used to produce the same -8 ALC Level = +2

dBm

output. In this case,

dBm.

The ALC level is 10 dB higher, and the

ATTEN

= -10

dB,

attenuator reduces the LO feedthrough by 10 dB. Thus the detector sees a

-l-2 dBm

desired signal versus a possible -15

dBm

undesired signal. This 17 dB difference results in a maximum 0.1 shift in the synthesizer output level. To set the synthesizer to the attenuator uncoupled mode as discussed in this example, do the following:

I-30

Getting Started Advanced

1. Press POWER

2. Select Set

Atten

(MENU).

and press

(iJ @J (dB(m)).

This step does two things, it uncouples the attenuator from the rest of the ALC system, and it lets you set an attenuator value, in this case, 10 dB.

3. Press [POWER

LEVEL)

(?J (j-l).

This sets the ALC level to

+2 dBm.

For more information on the ALC or setting power level, refer to

IALC)

(POWER LEVEL)

in Chapter 2.

Page 61

swrNEsl2ER WlTN OPflON Do1

MEASURES -8

DETECTOR

LEVEL

Figure

ig-y-

dBm

l-16.

Reverse Power Effects, Coupled Operation with

sYNTNEsl2ER WITH OPTlON

DETECTOR

MUISURES REVERSEPOWER

001

-5

dBm

RF OUTPUT

-5dBm

-6dBm

MIXER

Output

Ll%EL

= +lO

dBm

RF LEVEL

CONTROL

MEASURES +2

DETECTOR

dBm

LmEL

Figure 1-17. Reverse Power Effects, Uncoupled Operation with

MC LEVEL

dBm

,, Q

iI 0

ATTENUATOR

10 dB

DETECTOR MEASURES -15 REVERSE POWER

d&n j

-5dBm

I I

-6dBm

Getting Started Advanced

Output

= +lO

dBm

l-3

Page 62

Working with Spectrum Analyzers/Reverse Power Effects

Reverse power is a problem with spectrum analyzers that do not

have preselection capability. Some analyzers have as much as

+5 dBm

frequencies. The effects of reverse power are less in the heterodyne band (0.01 to 2.3 GHz)

broadband matching. Similarly, at frequencies above 2.3 GHz, reverse

power that is within 10 MHz of the synthesizer’s frequency may be

partially absorbed by the YIG filter. If the frequency difference is

small enough to be within the leveling system bandwidth (typically

10 kHz CW, 200 kHz sweep or AM), the effect of reverse power is amplitude modulation of the synthesizer’s output. The AM rate equals the difference in RF frequencies. Reverse power problems may be treated by using the unleveled mode. There are two unleveled modes, ALC off and search.

To set the synthesizer to the ALC off mode:

1. Refer to menu map 1.

2. Press

Select Leveling Mode

In this mode, the synthesizer provides RF power with no ALC correction and therefore requires a power meter to set a particular power.

LO feedthrough coming out of their RF input, at some

where the power amplifier provides some

(ALC).

ALCoff

To set the synthesizer to the search mode:

1. Press

Select Leveling Mode Search.

In this mode, the synthesizer is in the normal ALC mode until the

desired power level is reached, then the ALC is disconnected.

(ALC.

1-32 Getting Started Advanced

Page 63

Optimizing Synthesizer Performance

Creating and Applying

the User Flatness

Correction Array

The following examples demonstrate the user flatness correction

feature:

1. Using an HP

data for a swept 4 to 10 GHz measurement.

2. Manually entering correction data for a stepped (List Mode) measurement.

3. Making swept mm-wave measurements, automatically entering correction data for an arbitrary list of correction frequencies.

4. Making scalar analysis measurements with automatically-entered correction data that compensates for power variations at the output of a directional bridge.

Each example illustrates how to set up correction tables for a different measurement requirement. Modify the instrument setups shown to suit your particular needs. Completed correction tables may be easily edited if more correction data is required for your measurement. Additional correction frequencies may be added

by using the auto fill feature or by entering correction frequencies individually. The auto fill feature adds but does not delete correction frequencies.

There are two basic front-panel methods of creating a flatness

correction array. The first and quickest method is to use an HP power meter. Refer to Figure 1-18 for the setup. The second method is just as accurate, but requires a little more interaction between the operator and the instruments. Figure 1-19 shows the setup for the

second method.

437B

power meter to automatically enter correction

437B

Getting Started Advanced 1-33

Page 64

Creating a User Flatness Array Automatically, Example 1

In this example, a flatness array containing correction frequencies

from 4 to 10 GHz at 1 GHz intervals is created. An HP

438B

power

meter controlled by the synthesizer through the interface bus is used

to enter the correction data into the flatness array. For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

1. The equipment setup shown in Figure 1-18 assumes that if the setup has an external leveling configuration, the steps necessary to correctly level have been followed. If you have questions about external leveling refer to earlier paragraphs titled, “Externally Leveling the Synthesizer.”

Setup Power Meter

2. Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3. Enter the appropriate power sensor calibration factors into the power meter.

4. Enable the power meter/sensor cal factor array. For operating

information on the HP

437B

power refer to its operating and

service manual.

5. Connect the power sensor to the point where corrected power is

desired.

$778

TER

------B-B

COmxTEo

OUTFIJT

PORT

------

POUER

POYER NE

SENSOR

Figure 1-16. Creating a User Flatness Array Automatically

1-34 Getting Started Advanced

Page 65

Setup Synthesizer Parameters

On the synthesizer, press (PRESET).

FREQUENCY

(POWER LEVEL) (TJ

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

ISTART) @ LGHz), LSTOP) 0 @ LGHz).

Press POWER

10.

Select Delete Menu Delete All . This step insures that the

flatness array is empty.

11.

Press

(6%).

soft key menu.

Enter the frequency points at which the correction information will be taken. Choose either the point-by-point entry method

Enter Freq or the automatic frequency point generation

Auto Fill Start.

[MENU).

Leave the delete menu and return to the previous

Select

For this example,select

Fitness

Menu.

Auto Fill Start

@IGHz).

Select Auto Fill Stop

Notice that a frequency list starting at 4 and ending at 10 GHz with an increment value of 1 GHz is created.

Enter Correction Data into Array

14.

Select

Mtr

Meas

Menu Measure

is now under synthesizer control and is performing the sequence of steps necessary to generate the correction information at each frequency point.

a@=,

Auto Fill

Cars

All.

Incr a[GHz).

The power meter

If an HP-IB error message is displayed verify that the interface

connections are correct. Check the HP-IB address of the power meter and ensure that it is the same address the synthesizer is using (address 13 is assumed). Refer to the menu map 8, System,

for the key sequence necessary to reach softkey Meter Adrs .

Enable User Flatness Correction

When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) the

15.

flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup.

Disconnect the power meter/sensor and press [FLTNESS

(amber LED on). The power produced at the point where the

power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the frequencies and power level specified above.

Getting Started Advanced

ON/OFF)

l-35

Page 66

Creating a User Flatness Array, Example 2

This example shows how to use the synthesizer and a power meter in manual entry mode. This example also introduces two features of the synthesizer. The

process and the frequencies.

The frequency follow feature automatically sets the source to a CW test frequency equivalent to the active correction frequency in the user flatness correction table. The front panel arrow keys are used to move around the correction table and enter frequency-correction pairs. Simultaneously, the synthesizer test frequency is updated to the selected correction frequency without exiting the correction table.

To further simplify the data entry process, the synthesizer allows you to enter correction data into the user flatness correction table by adjusting the front panel knob until the desired power level is displayed on the power meter. The user flatness correction algorithm automatically calculates the appropriate correction and enters it into the table. If you already have a table of correction data prepared, it can be entered directly into the correction table using the front-panel keypad of the synthesizer.

softkey

Freq Follow simplifies the data entry

List Mode sets up a list of arbitrary test

With the list mode feature, you may enter the test frequencies into a

table in any order and specify an offset (power) and/or a dwell time

for each frequency. When list mode is enabled, the synthesizer steps

through the list of frequencies in the order entered.

The user flatness correction feature has the capability of copying and entering the frequency list into the correction table. Since the offset in the list mode table is not active during the user flatness correction data entry process, the value of the correction data is determined as if no offset is entered. When user flatness correction and list mode

(with offsets) are enabled, the synthesizer adjusts the output power by an amount equivalent to the sum of the correction data and offset for each test frequency. You must make sure that the resulting power level is still within the ALC range of the synthesizer.

1-36 Getting Started Advanced

Page 67

Figure 1-19. Creating a User Flatness Array

For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

The equipment setup shown in Figure 1-19 assumes that if your setup has an external leveling configuration, the steps necessary to correctly level have been followed. If you have questions about external leveling refer to earlier paragraphs titled, “Externally Leveling the Synthesizer

.”

Setup Power Meter

Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor. Connect the power sensor to the point where flatness corrected

power is desired.

Setup Synthesizer Parameters

On the synthesizer, press (PRESET).

(POWER LEVEL)

dBm (PO

Create A Frequency List

On the synthesizer, press FREQUENCY

Select List Menu Enter

@ 0).

max -

This sets the test port power to

Ppath loss).

(E).

List Freq @ (GHz).

This enters 5

GHz as the first frequency in the list array. Entering a frequency

automatically sets the offset to 0 dB and the dwell to 10 ms. Enter 18, 13, 11, and 20 GHz to complete this example array.

Getting Started Advanced 1-37

Page 68

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

9. Press POWER

10.

Select Delete Menu Delete All. This step insures that the

(z).

Select

Fitness

Menu.

flatness array is empty.

11. Press

(=I.

Leave the delete menu and return to the previous

soft key menu.

12. Select Copy List This step copies the frequency list into the correction table in sequential order.

13. Select Freq Follow. This sets the synthesizer to CW frequency mode to facilitate taking correction information. As you scroll through the correction cells, the synthesizer produces the corresponding CW frequency at 0

dBm.

14. Select Enter Corr . This allows correction value entry.

15. Press

(FLTNESS ON/OFF).

This step enables user flatness correction.

16. For 5 GHz, set the appropriate power sensor cal factor on the power meter.

17. Use the synthesizer rotary knob to adjust for a measurement of

0.00

dBm

on the power meter. Notice that a correction value is

entered at 5 GHz.

18. Use the up arrow key to increment to the next correction cell.

19. For 11 GHz, set the appropriate power sensor cal factor on the power meter.

20. Use the synthesizer rotary knob to adjust for a measurement of

0.00

dBm

on the power meter.

21. Repeat this sequence of steps until all the frequency points have a correction value entered.

Activate List Mode

22. Press SWEEP

(MENU].

Select Sweep Mode List .

23. The flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup. Disconnect the power meter/sensor. The power produced at the point where the power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the frequencies and power level specified above.

l-38

Getting Started Advanced

Page 69

Swept mm-wave Measurement with Arbitrary Correction Frequencies, Example 3

The focus of this example is to use user flatness correction to obtain flat power at the output of the HP 83550 series mm-wave source modules. In this case we will use non-sequential correction

frequencies in a swept 26.5 to 40 GHz measurement with an

HP 83554 source module. The time it takes for a large quantity of power meter measurements

can be long, therefore, we selected non-sequential correction

frequencies to target specific points or sections of the measurement

range that we assume are more sensitive to power variations. This

greatly expedites setting up the user flatness correction table. The

amount of interpolated correction points between non- sequential correction frequencies varies. This example uses automatically enter correction data into the array.

theHP 437B

Note

Turn off the synthesizer before connecting to the source module

interface (SMI)

cable, or damage may result.

Getting Started Advanced 1-39

Page 70

SYNTHESIZER

SYNTHFSIZER

HICROURVE RNPLIFIER

HP 4378

POUER flETER

‘l37B

POULR NFTFR

l-40

Getting Started Advanced

Creating

Figure

l-20.

Arbitrarily Spaced Frequency-Correction Pairs in a Swept mm-wave

Environment

For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

1. The equipment setup shown in Figure

l-20

assumes that you have followed the steps necessary to correctly level the configuration. If you have questions about external leveling refer to earlier paragraphs titled, “Externally Leveling the Synthesizer.”

Setup Power Meter

2. Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3. Connect the power sensor to test port.

4. Enter and store in the power meter, the power sensor’s cal factors for correction frequencies to be used.

Page 71

Note

U, V, and W-band power sensors are not available from Hewlett-Packard. For these frequencies use the Anritsu ML83A Power Meter with the MP715-004 (40 to 60 (50 to 75

GHz),

or the MP81B (75 to 110 GHz) power sensors. Since

GHz),

the MP716A

the Anritsu model ML83A Power Meter is not capable of internally storing power sensor cal factors, you must manually correct the data entry. Refer to example 2 for information on manual entry of correction data.

Setup Synthesizer Parameters

Turn on the synthesizer and press

[PRESET).

The following occurs:

n The source module’s frequency span is displayed on the

synthesizer.

n The synthesizer’s leveling mode is automatically changed

internal to “module leveling”.

n The source module’s maximum specified power is set and

displayed.

Press FREQUENCY (START) @ @ 0 @

IGHz).

The frequency sweep is set from 26.5 to 40 GHz.

Press

(POWER LEVEL)

+7 dBm

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

Press POWER

Select Delete Menu Delete All. This step insures that the

for maximum power to the device under test.

CE).

0 @.

The source module power is set to

Select Fltness Menu.

(GHz, m@

flatness array is empty.

Press

10.

softkey

(PRIOR).

menu.

Leave the delete menu and return to the previous

from

11.

Select Enter Freq

(!?J @ 0 @ (GHz),

to enter 26.5 GHz as

the first correction frequency. Enter 31, 32.5, and 40 GHz to

complete the list. Notice that the frequencies are arbitrarily

spaced.

Enter Correction Data into Array

12.

Select Mtr

Meas

Menu Measure

Corr

All. The power meter

is now under synthesizer control and is performing the sequence of steps necessary to generate the correction information at each frequency point.

If an HP-IB error message is displayed verify that the interface

connections are correct. Check the HP-IB address of the power

meter and ensure that it is the same address the synthesizer is

Getting Started Advanced 1-41

Page 72

using (address 13 is assumed). Refer to the menu map 8, System, for the key sequence necessary to reach

Enable User Flatness Correction

softkey

Meter Adrs .

13. When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) the flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup.

14. To save the synthesizer parameters including the correction table in an internal register, press

ISAVE) 0.

(n = number 1 through 8).

15. Disconnect the power meter/sensor and press

(FLTNESS ON/OFF)

[amber LED on). The power produced at the point where the power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the

frequencies and power level specified above.

l-42

Getting Started Advanced

Page 73

Scalar Analysis Measurement with User Flatness Corrections, Example 4

The following example demonstrates how to setup a scalar analysis measurement (using an HP 8757 Scalar Network Analyzer) of a 2 to 20 GHz test device such as, an amplifier. User flatness correction

is used to compensate for power variations at the test port of a

directional bridge. Follow the instructions to set up the synthesizer,

then configure the system as shown in Figure 1-21.

Note

The synthesizer’s rear panel language and address switches must be set to 7 and 31 (all l’s), to change the language or address of the synthesizer from the front panel. The programming language must be

set to Analyzer. Refer to menu map 8, System, to find the location of softkey Programming Language Analyzer (asterisk on = active language).

SIONRL

SYNTHESIZER

NETIN-’

DETECTORDETECTOR

OIRECTIONRL

I”_

SCF

ILRR

RNRLYZEN

Figure

DETECTOR

l-2

1. Scalar System Configuration

Example Overview

In this example you use an HP

437B

power meter to automatically enter correction data into the array. It is necessary to turn off the HP 8757 System Interface (controlled from the front-panel of the analyzer) so that the synthesizer can temporarily control the power meter over HP-IB . When the correction data entry process is complete, enable user flatness correction and set the desired test port power level. Then store the correction table and synthesizer configuration in the same register that contains the analyzer configuration. Re-activate the HP 8757 System Interface and recall

Getting Started Advanced 1-43

Page 74

the stored register. Make sure that user flatness correction is still enabled before making the measurement.

Note

When an HP

437B

power meter is used to automatically enter the

correction data, the correction calibration routine automatically turns

off any active modulation, then re-activates the modulation upon

the completion of the data entry process. Therefore, the scalar pulse modulation that is automatically enabled in a scalar measurement system is disabled during an HP

437B

correction calibration.

The user flatness correction array cannot be stored to a disk. You must make sure that the array is stored in one of the eight internal registers. Recalling a file from an HP 8757 disk will not erase the current array; therefore you may recall an array from an internal register, then recall an associated file from a disk.

For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

1. The equipment setup shown in Figure 1-21 assumes that you have followed the steps necessary to correctly level the

configuration. If you have questions about external leveling

refer to earlier paragraphs titled, “Externally Leveling the

Synthesizer

.”

2. On the analyzer, press [PRESET). Reset the analyzer and

synthesizer to a known state.

Setup System Parameters

3. On the synthesizer, press FREQUENCY

(STOP)@@m.S

et t e s n

h yth

esizer for a frequency sweep of

(START) @ (GHz,

2 to 20 GHz.

4. Press [POWER

LEVEL)

0 @.

Where n = maximum available

power.

5. On the analyzer, set up the appropriate measurement

(i.e. gain for an amplifier). Calibrate the measurement (thru and short/open calibration). Press

ISAVE) (iJ

to store the analyzer’s

configuration and synthesizer parameters in storage register 1.

6. Turn off the HP 8757 System Interface. Use the analyzer

SYSINTF

ON OFF

softkey

found under the SYSTEM menu to

deactivate the system interface.

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

7. On the synthesizer, press POWER

Fltnesa

Select Delete Menu Delete All . This step insures that the

Menu.

Cm).

Select

flatness array is empty.

1-44 Getting Started Advanced

Page 75

9. Press (PRIOR). Leave the delete menu and return to the previous soft key menu.

10. Select Auto Fill Start @

m).

Set the first frequency in

correction table to 2 GHz.

11. Auto Fill Stop @ @J

(GHz).

Set the last frequency in

correction table to 20 GHz.

12. Auto Fill

Incr 0 @ @ INIHz).

Set the frequency increment to

every 100 MHz from 2 to 20 GHz.

Setup Power Meter

13. Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

14. Connect the power sensor to test port.

15. Enter and store in the power meter, the power sensor’s cal factors for correction frequencies to be used.

Enter Correction Data into Array

16. Select

Mtr

Meas

Menu Measure

Corr

All . The power meter is now under synthesizer control and is performing the sequence of steps necessary to generate the correction information at each frequency point.

If an HP-IB error message is displayed verify that the interface connections are correct. Check the HP-IB address of the power meter and ensure that it is the same address the synthesizer is using (address 13 is assumed). Refer to the menu map 8, System,

for the key sequence necessary to reach

Enable User Flatness Correction

17.

When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) the

softkey

Meter Adrs .

flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup.

18. Disconnect the power meter/sensor.

19. On the synthesizer, press [POWER

= PO max -

Ppath

for maximum leveled power at the test

loss

LEVEL)

0 (dBm).

Where

port.

20. To save the synthesizer parameters including the correction table in an internal register, press

ISAVE) (XJ.

(n = number 1 through 8).

Reactivate the HP 8757 System Interface

21. Set the analyzer to SYSINTF ON, the analyzer and synthesizer

preset.

22. Press (RECALL) 0, Recall the synthesizer parameters from storage

Getting Started Advanced

l-45

Page 76

23. On the synthesizer, press [FLTNESS

ON/OFF)

(amber LED on). The

power produced at the point where the power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the frequencies and power level specified above.

1-46 Getting Started Advanced

Page 77

Using Detector

Calibration

Detector calibration is useful for characterizing and compensating for negative diode detectors used in external leveling. Detectors may be characterized by three operating regions as shown in Figure 1-12: the square law, the linear, and the transition region. The following steps use an HP

437B

to automatically characterize the operating regions and use this information to automatically compensate for the detector being used. The equipment setup shown in Figure assumes that

.the

steps necessary to correctly externally level have

l-22

been followed. Refer to menu map 9, USER CAL.

$378

POUER NETER

Figure

l-22.

Automatically Characterizing and Compensating for a Detector

1. Connect the power meter as shown.

2. Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3. Enter the appropriate power sensor calibration factors into the

power meter.

4. Enable the power meter/sensor cal factor array. For operating information on the HP

437B

power meter refer to its operating and service manual.

5. Connect the power sensor to the output of the coupler (or splitter).

6. On the synthesizer, set the power level and start/stop frequency information as desired.

Press

[USERCAL).

Select Ext Det Gal . The power meter is now under synthesizer

control and is performing the sequence of steps necessary to generate the compensation information.

Getting Started Advanced 1-47

Page 78

If an HP-IB error message is displayed verify that the interface

connections are correct. Check the HP-IB address of the power meter and ensure that it is the same address the synthesizer is using (address 13 is assumed). Refer to the menu map 8, System,

for the key sequence necessary to reach softkey Meter

A&s

9. When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) disconnect the power meter/sensor. The synthesizer has stored

the compensation information in its memory and is using it to

calibrate the detector’s output voltage relative to power.

1-48 Getting Started Advanced

Page 79

Using the Tracking

Feature

Peaking

Peaking is the function that aligns the output filter (YTM) so that

its

passband

mode. Use peaking to obtain the maximum available power and

spectral purity, and best pulse envelopes, at any given frequency above 2.35 GHz (or 2 GHz, when 2 GHz is the minimum frequency specified). The YTM is inactive for the low band frequencies (10 MHz to 2.35 GHz).

To peak at the present CW frequency:

Press (USER). Select Tracking Menu Peak RF Once.

This causes an instantaneous execution of the peaking function. This is a one-time implementation of the peaking, where the function is turned on and then turned off.

To peak at the present CW frequency, and continue to peak at new frequencies as they are entered:

Press (USER). Select Tracking Menu Peak RF Always.

is centered on the RF output, in CW or manual-sweep

Note

If “peak always” is on (denoted by an asterisk next to the key label) for an extended period of time, the peaking function will automatically repeak every seven minutes.

Tracking

Auto track is a more extensive version of peaking. It causes all of the YTM tracking calibration constants to be aligned and requires approximately 40 to 90 seconds to complete. Tracking is performed from 2.35 GHz (or 2.0 GHz) to the end of the specified frequency range.

If the synthesizer does not have a step attenuator, terminate the RF OUTPUT with a good attenuator or a power sensor to prevent mistracking.

To enhance the power output and spectral purity of swept modes, and to improve tracking performance (especially in harsh environments having wide temperature variations):

Press

(USERCAL).

Select Tracking Menu Auto Track

500

impedance match such as a 10 dB

Getting Started Advanced 1-49

Page 80

ALC Bandwidth Selection

The ALC bandwidth defaults at factory preset to the auto selection

ALC Bandwidth Select Auto which selects the appropriate

bandwidth (high bandwidth selection, the synthesizer determines which functions are activated and uses the decision tree shown in Figure

or low) for each application. To make the

M( on?

-or-

SEh?

-or-

List

Low’ SW

FlVCp.lK#

-or-

SOP

swamp7

Low Bw

l-23.

Figure

l-23.

Decision Tree for ALC Bandwidth Selection

l-50

Getting Started Advanced

Page 81

Using Step Sweep

1. Refer to menu map 2.

2. Press FREQUENCY

Select

Step Swp Menu.

[e].

Select

Step Size.

Select Step Points.

Determine the dwell time desired, select Step Dwell and enter

a value, or choose the dwell time determined by the ramp mode sweep time, select

Determine the triggering scheme, select

Bus, or Ext

8. Press SWEEP (MENU).

Select Sweep Mode Step, to activate the step frequency mode.

Enter the desired increment value.

Enter the number of points desired.

ISwe

Coupled .

Step Swp Pt Trig Auto ,

Getting Started Advanced

l-5 1

Page 82

Creating and Using

a Frequency List

1. Refer to menu map 2.

2. Press FREQUENCY

Select List Menu.

To use the frequency points of a frequency list to create the frequency portion of the user flatness correction array:

1. Refer to menu map 5.

2. Press POWER

Select

Select Copy List .

Fltnesa

(hnENU).

(‘MENU).

Menu.

1-52 Getting Started Advanced

Page 83

Using the Security Features

To access the security menu:

1. Refer to menu map 8.

2. Press SYSTEM

Select Security Menu.

@K).

Getting Started Advanced

l-53

Page 84

Changing the Preset Parameters

1. Setup the synthesizer in the desired operation state to be used as the preset state.

2. Refer to menu map 8.

3. Press SYSTEM

Select Save User Preset.

Select Preset Mode User.

(e).

Whenever the the operation state setup and saved in steps 1 and 4. The synthesizer displays:

*** USER DEFINED PRESET RECALLED *** and also gives you the option of selecting the factory preset state by creating a factory preset

(PRESET)

key is pressed, the synthesizer will return to

softkey.

1-54 Getting Started Advanced

Page 85

Programming

Getting Started Programming

HP-IB, the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus, is the

instrument communication system between the synthesizer and up to

14 other instruments. Any instrument having HP-IB capability can be interfaced to the synthesizer, including non-HP instruments that have “GPIB,”

(these are common generic terms for HP-IB; all are electrically equivalent although IEC-625 uses a unique connector). This portion of the manual specifically describes interfacing the synthesizer to one

type of instrument: a computer.

The first part of this section provides general HP-IB information.

Later, the Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments language (SCPI)

For information on programming in the Control Interface Intermediate Language (CIIL), refer to a separate option 700 manual supplement.

“IEEE-488,” “

is introduced, and example programs are given.

ANSI

MC1.l,”

instrument-to-

or “IEC-625” capability

Getting Started Programming

l-55

Page 86

HP-IB General

Information

Interconnecting Cables

Instrument Addresses

HP-IB Instrument

Nomenclature

Figure

suitable cables, and describes the procedures and limitations for interconnecting instruments. Cable length restrictions, also described in Figure

Each instrument in an HP-IB network must have a unique address, ranging in value from 00-30(d

synthesizer is 19, but this can be changed using the My adrrs or rear panel switch as described in the reference chapter (Chapter

2) under the “8360 as the address for the synthesizer). Other instruments use a variety of procedures for setting the address, as described in their operating manuals, but typically either a rear panel switch or a front panel code is used.

An HP-IB instrument is categorized as a “listener,” “talker,” or

“controller,” depending on its current function in the network.

Listener

A listener is a device capable of receiving data or commands from other instruments. Any number of instruments in the HP-IB network can be listeners simultaneously.

C-2

shows the synthesizer rear-panel HP-IB connector and

C-2, must be observed to prevent transmission.

ecimal).

Adrs” entry (the examples in this section use 19

The default address for the

softkey

Programming the

Synthesizer

Talker

A talker is a device capable of transmitting data or commands to other instruments. To avoid confusion, an HP-IB system allows only one device at a time to be an active talker.

Controller

A controller is an instrument, typically a computer, capable of managing the various HP-IB activities. Only one device at a time can be an active controller.

The synthesizer can be controlled entirely by a computer (although the line POWER switch must be operated manually). Several functions are possible only by computer (remote) control. Computer programming procedures for the synthesizer involve selecting an HP-IB command statement, then adding the specific synthesizer (SCPI, Analyzer, or CIIL) programming codes to that statement to achieve the desired operating conditions. The programming codes can be categorized into two groups: Those that mimic front panel keystrokes; and those that are unique, and have no

front panel equivalent.

1-56 Getting Started Programming

Page 87

In the programming explanations that follow, specific examples are included that are written in a generic dialect of the BASIC language.

BASIC was selected because the majority of HP-IB computers have BASIC language capability. However, other languages can also be used.

HP-IB Command

Statements

Command statements form the nucleus of HP-IB programming; they are understood by all instruments in the network and, when combined with the programming language codes, they provide all management and data communication instructions for the system.

An explanation of the fundamental command statements follows. However, some computers use a slightly different terminology, or support an extended or enhanced version of these commands. Consider the following explanations as a starting point, but

for detailed information consult the BASIC language reference

manual, the I/O programming guide, and the HP-IB manual for the particular computer used.

Syntax drawings accompany each statement: All items enclosed by

a circle or oval are computer specific terms that must be entered exactly as described; items enclosed in a rectangular box are names of parameters used in the statement; and the arrows indicate a path that generates a valid combination of statement elements.

The eight fundamental command statements are as follows:

Abort

Abort abruptly terminates all listener/talker activity on the interface

bus, and prepares all instruments to receive a new command from the

controller. Typically, this is an initialization command used to place

the bus in a known starting condition. The syntax is:

interface

erlect

Cod.2

where the interface select code is the computer’s HP-IB I/O port, which is typically port 7. Some BASIC examples:

10 ABORT7 100

IF V>20 THEN ABORT 7

Related statements used by some computers:

ABORT10

(used by HP-80 series computers) HALT RESET

Getting Started Programming

1-57

Page 88

Remote

Remote causes an instrument to change from local control to remote control. In remote control, the front panel keys are disabled (except for the

(LOCAL]

key and the POWER switch), and the amber

REMOTE annunciator is lighted. The syntax is:

where the device selector is the address of the instrument appended to the HP-IB port number. Typically, the HP-IB port number is

7, and the default address for the synthesizer is 19, so the device

selector is 719. Some BASIC examples:

REMOTE 7

which prepares all HP-IB instruments for remote operation (although nothing appears to happen to the instruments until they are addressed to talk), or

REMOTE 719

which affects the HP-IB instrument located at address 19, or

REMOTE719,

721, 726, 715 which effects four instruments that have addresses 19, 21, 26, and 15. Related statements used by some computers: RESUME

Local Lockout

Local Lockout can be used in conjunction with REMOTE to disable the front panel [LOCAL) key. With the

(LOCAL]

key disabled, only the

controller (or a hard reset by the POWER switch) can restore local

control. The syntax is:

interface

select

code

A BASIC example:

1-56 Getting Started Programming

REMOTE 719 LOCAL LOCKOUT 7

Page 89

Local

Local is the complement to REMOTE, causing an instrument to return to local control with a fully enabled front panel. The syntax is:

Some BASIC examples:

LOCAL 7

which effects all instruments in the network, or

10 LOCAL 719 for an addressed instrument (address 19). Related statements used by some computers: RESUME

Clear

Clear causes all HP-IB instruments, or addressed instruments, to assume a “cleared” condition, with the definition of “cleared” being unique for each device. For the synthesizer:

1. All pending output-parameter operations are halted.

2. The parser (the software that interprets the programming codes)

is reset, and now expects to receive the first character of a

programming code.

The syntax is:

Some BASIC examples:

10 CLEAR7 to clear all HP-IB instruments, or

CLEAR 719

Getting Started Programming

l-59

Page 90

to clear an addressed instrument.

Related statements used by some computers: RESET CONTROL SEND The preceding statements are primarily management commands

that do not incorporate programming codes. The following two statements do incorporate programming codes, and are used for data communication.

output

Output is used to send function commands and data commands from the controller to the addressed instrument. The syntax is:

l-60

Getting Started Programming

where USING is a secondary command that formats the output in a particular way, such as a binary or ASCII representation of numbers.

The USING command is followed by “image items” that precisely define the format of the output; these image items can be a string of code characters, or a reference to a statement line in the computer program. Image items are explained in the programming codes where they are needed. Notice that this syntax is virtually identical to the

syntax for the ENTER statement that follows. A BASIC example:

100 OUTPUT 719; “programming codes” The many programming codes for the synthesizer are listed in the

“SCPI Command Summary” in Chapter 2.

Related statements used by some computers:

CONTROL

Page 91

CONVERT IMAGE IOBUFFER TRANSFER

Enter

Enter is the complement of OUTPUT, and is used to transfer data from the addressed instrument to the controller. The syntax is:

Note

ENTER is always used in conjunction with OUTPUT, such as:

100

OUTPUT 719; ” . . . programming codes . . .

110

ENTER 719; ‘I . . . response data.. .

ENTER statements are commonly formatted, which requires the secondary command USING and the appropriate image items. The most-used image items involve end-of-line (EOI) suppression, binary

inputs, and literal inputs. For example:

100

ENTER719USING "#,B";

suppresses the EOI sequence and C are to be filled with binary (B) data. As another example,

100

ENTER719

suppresses EOI, and indicates that string variable A$ is to be filled

with 123 bytes of literal data (123A).

Be careful when using byte-counting image specifiers. If the

requested number of bytes does not match the actual number available, data might be lost, or the program might enter an endless wait state.

USING

"#,

A, B, C

and indicates that variables A, B,

(#),

123A"; A$

‘I

The suppression of the EOI sequence is frequently necessary to prevent a premature termination of the data input. When not specified, the typical EOI termination occurs when an ASCII LF

Getting Started Programming 1-61

Page 92

(line feed) is received. However, the LF bit pattern could

coincidentally occur randomly in a long string of binary data, where it might cause a false termination. Also, the bit patterns for the ASCII CR (carriage return), comma, or semicolon might cause a false termination. Suppression of the EOI causes the computer to accept

all bit patterns as data, not commands, and relies on the HP-IB EOI

(end or identify) line for correct end-of-data termination.

Related statements used by some computers:

CONVERT IMAGE IOBUFFER

ON TIMEOUT

SET TIMEOUT

TRANSFER

This completes the HP-IB Command Statements subsection. The following material explains the SCPI programming codes, and shows how they are used with the OUTPUT and ENTER HP-IB command statements.

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Getting Started with

SCPI

This section of Chapter 1 describes the use of the Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments language (SCPI). This section explains how to use SCPI commands in general. The

instrument command summary (at the end of this chapter) lists

the specific commands available in your instrument. This section presents only the basics of SCPI. If you want to explore the topic in greater depth, see the paragraph titled, “Related Documents.”

Definitions of Terms

This section defines most terms when they are first used, you need a general understanding of the terms listed below before you continue.

controller

instrument

program

message

response

message

A controller is any computer used to communicate with a SCPI instrument. A controller can be a personal computer, a minicomputer, or a plug-in card in a card cage. Some intelligent instruments can also function as controllers.

An instrument is any device that implements SCPI. Most instruments are electronic measurement or stimulus devices, but this is not a requirement. Similarly, most instruments use an HP-IB interface for communication. The same concepts apply regardless of the instrument function or the type of interface used.

A program message is a combination of one or more properly formatted SCPI commands. Program messages always go from a controller to an instrument. Program messages tell the instrument how to make measurements and output signals.

A response message is a collection of data in specific SCPI formats. Response messages always go from an instrument to a controller or listening instrument. Response messages tell the controller about the

internal state of the instrument and about measured values.

command

query

A command is an instruction in SCPI. You

combine commands to form messages that control

instruments. In general, a command consists of mnemonics (keywords), parameters, and punctuation.

A query is a special type of command. Queries instruct the instrument to make response data available to the controller. Query mnemonics always end with a question mark.

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Standard Notation

This section uses several forms of notation that have specific meaning.

Command Mnemonics

Many commands have both a long and a short form, and you must use either one or the other (SCPI does not accept a combination of the two). Consider the FREQuency command, for example. The short form is FREQ and the long form is FREQUENCY (this notation style is a shorthand to document both the long and short form of commands). SCPI is not case sensitive, so as FREQUENCY, but FREQ and FREQUENCY are the only valid forms of the FREQuency command.

Angle Brackets

Angle brackets indicate that the word or words enclosed represent something other than themselves. For example, <new line>

represents the ASCII character with the decimal value 10. Similarly,

C^END>means

in angle brackets have much more rigidly defined meaning than words used in ordinary text. For example, this section uses the word

“message” to talk about messages generally. But the bracketed words

<program

If you need them, you can find the exact definitions of words such as

<program message> in a syntax diagram.

that EOI is asserted on the HP-IB interface. Words

message> indicate a precisely defined element of SCPI.

fREquEnCy

is just as valid

How to Use Examples

It is important to understand that programming with SCPI actually requires knowledge of two languages. You must know the programming language of your controller (BASIC, C, Pascal) as well as the language of your instrument (SCPI). The semantic requirements of your controller’s language determine how the SCPI commands and responses are handled in your application.

Command Examples

Command examples look like this:

:FREQuency:CW?

This example tells you to put the string :FREQuency :CW? in the output statement appropriate to your application programming language. If you encounter problems, study the details of how the output statement handles message terminators such as If you are using simple OUTPUT statements in HP BASIC, this is taken care of for you. In HP BASIC, you type:

OUTPUT Source; ” : FREQuency : CW?”

Command examples do not show message terminators because

they are used at the end of every program message. “Details of

<new

line>.

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Commands and Responses,”

discusses message terminators in more

detail.

Response Examples

Response examples look like this:

1.23

These are the characters you would read from an instrument after sending a query command. To actually pull them from the instrument into the controller, use the input statement appropriate to your application programming language. If you have problems, study the details of how the input statement operates. In particular, investigate how the input statement handles punctuation characters such as comma and semicolon, and how it handles

<new

line> and

EOI. To enter the previous response in HP BASIC, you type:

ENTER

Source;CW-frequency

Response examples do not show response message terminators because they are always <new line> C-END>. These terminators are typically automatically handled by the input statement. The paragraph titled “Details of Commands and Responses” discusses message terminators in more detail.

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Essentials for Beginners

This subsection discusses elementary concepts critical to first-time users of SCPI. Read and understand this subsection before going on to another. This subsection includes the following topics:

Program and Response

Messages

Program and Response Messages

Subsystem Command Trees

Subsystem Command Tables

Reading Instrument Errors

Example Programs

To understand how your instrument and controller communicate

using SCPI, you must understand the concepts of program and response messages. Program messages are the formatted data sent from the controller to the instrument. Conversely, response messages are the formatted data sent from the instrument to the controller.

Program messages contain one or more commands, and response messages contain one or more responses.

These paragraphs introduce the basic types of messages sent between

instruments and controllers.

These paragraphs describe the

tree structure used in subsystem

commands.

These paragraphs present the

condensed tabular format used for

documenting subsystem commands. These paragraphs explain how to read

and print an instrument’s internal error messages.

These paragraphs contain two simple measurement programs that illustrate basic SCPI programming principles.

The controller may send commands at any time, but the instrument

sends responses only when specifically instructed to do so. The

special type of command used to instruct the instrument to send

a response message is the query. All query mnemonics end with a question mark. Queries return either measured values or internal instrument settings. Any internal setting that can be programmed with SCPI can also be queried.

Forgiving Listening and Precise Talking

SCPI uses the concept of forgiving listening and precise talking outlined in IEEE 488.2. Forgiving listening means that instruments are very flexible in accepting various command and parameter formats. For example, the synthesizer accepts either : POWer : STATe

ON or :POWer:STATe 1 to turn RF output on. Precise that the response format for a particular query is always the same. For example, if you query the power state when it is on (using : POWer : STATe?), the response is always 1, regardless of whether you previously sent : POWer : STATe 1 or : POWer : STATe ON.

1-66 Getting Started Programming

tallcing

means

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root

level 1

level 2 EE FF GG

Figure

In the command tree shown in Figure the top is the root command, or simply the root. Notice that you must follow a particular path to reach lower level subcommands. For example, if you wish to access the GG command, you must follow the path AA to BB to GG.

Paths Through the Command Tree

To access commands in different paths in the command tree, you must understand how an instrument interprets commands. A special part of the instrument firmware, a purser, decodes each message sent to the instrument. The parser breaks up the message into component commands using a set of rules to determine the command tree path used. The parser keeps track of the current path, the level in the command tree where it expects to find the next command you send. This is important because the same keyword may appear in different paths. The particular path you use determines how the keyword is interpreted. The following rules are used by the parser:

8 Power On and Reset

l-25.

A Simplified Command Tree

l-25,

the command closest to

rtl

l-68

Getting Started Programming

After power is cycled or after root.

n Message Terminators

A message terminator, such as a <new line> character, sets the current path to the root. Many programming languages have output statements that send message terminators automatically. The paragraph titled, discusses message terminators in more detail.

Colon

When it is between two command mnemonics, a colon moves the current path down one level in the command tree. For example, the colon in MEAS:VOLT specifies that VOLT is one level below When the colon is the first character of a command, it specifies that the next command mnemonic is a root level command. For example, the colon in command.

“Details of Commands and Responses,”

*RST,

INIT

specifies that

the current path is set to the

INIT

is a root level

MEAS.

Page 99

n Semicolon

A semicolon separates two commands in the same message without changing the current path.

Whitespace

White space characters, such as <tab> and <space>, are generally ignored. There are two important exceptions. White space inside a keyword, such as

:FREq uency,

is not allowed. You must use white

space to separate parameters from commands. For example, the

<space> between LEVel and 6.2 in the command

:POWer

: LEVel

6.2 is mandatory. White space does not affect the current path.

Commas

If a command requires more than one parameter, you must

separate adjacent parameters using a comma. Commas do not affect the current path.

Common Commands

Common commands, such as

*RST,

are not part of any subsystem. An instrument interprets them in the same way, regardless of the current path setting.

Figure

l-26

shows examples of how to use the colon and semicolon to

navigate efficiently through the command tree.

Getting Started Programming 1-69

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l-h

:AA:BB:EE;FF;GG

4) vmv

:AA:BB:EE; :AA:DD:JJ

Figure

l-26.

In Figure typing.

Proper Use of the Colon and Semicolon

l-26,

notice how proper use of the semicolon can save

rtl

0 0 0

R Sets current path

to ROOT

N NO change to

current path

D Set current path

DOWN one level

l-70

Getting Started Programming

Sending this message:

:AA:BB:EE; FF; GG

Is the same as sending these three messages:

:AA:BB:EE

:AA:BB:FF

:AA:BB:GG

Hewlett-Packard 22A, 24A, HP 83620A User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Notice

Certification

Warranty

Assistance

Safety Notes

General Safety Considerations

PREFACE

HP 8360 Series Documentation

Typeface Conventions

Regulatory Information

Notice for Germany: Noise Declaration

DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY

Instrument Markings

Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Offices

GETTING STARTED

What Is In This Chapter

Equipment Used In Examples

Display Area

Entry Area

Start/Stop Frequency Sweep

CW Operation

Center Frequency/Span Operation

Power Level and Sweep Time Operation

Power Level Operation

Sweep Time Operation

Marker Operation

Power Sweep and Power Slope Operation

Power Sweep Operation

Power Slope Operation

Getting Started Advanced

Working with Spectrum Analyzers/Reverse Power Effects

Optimizing Synthesizer Performance

ALC Bandwidth Selection

Using Step Sweep

Using the Security Features

Changing the Preset Parameters

Getting Started Programming

Interconnecting Cables

Instrument Addresses

Definitions of Terms

Standard Notation

How to Use Examples

Essentials for Beginners

Program and Response Messages