Hanna instruments PCA 320, PCA 330 User Manual

Instruction Manual

PCA 310, PCA 320, PCA 330

Chlorine, pH, Temperature, ORP

Analyzers

www.hannainst.com

Dear Customer, Thank you for choosing a Hanna Product. This instruction manual has been written for the following:

PCA 330 – Chlorine, pH, temperature, ORP analyzer. PCA 320 – Chlorine, pH, temperature analyzer. PCA 310 – Chlorine analyzer.

The analyzers have features such as: automatic chlorine measurement, pH, temperature

and ORP measurement, chlorine and pH dosing regulator, selectable sampling periods, alarm system, data link through GSM network, user friendly interface, serial communication through RS485, recorder output, 4-20mA dosing output, Nema 4X enclosure.

The ordering code for chlorine analyzers is:

PCA 3a0-b

a = 1 - Chlorine analyzer

2 - Chlorine, pH and Temperature analyzer 3 - Chlorine, pH, Temperature and ORP analyzer

b = 1 - 115V AC 50-60Hz

2 - 220V AC 50-60Hz

Note: If the instrument is set for free chlorine analysis, the software will report at

startup Free chlorine and if it is set for total chlorine, the software will report at startup Total chlorine.

Please read this instruction manual carefully before using the instrument. It will provide

you the necessary information for the correct use of the instrument, as well as a more precise idea of its versatility.

Hanna Instruments reserves the right to modify the design, construction and appearance

of its products without advance notice.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION........................................6

GENERAL DESCRIPTION..............................................7

MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS........................................9

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION........................................10

DISPLAY, LEDS AND KEYBOARD...................................11

SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................14

OPERATING DESCRIPTION.........................................16

Chlorine measurement ......................................16

Method of analysis ........................................17

pH and temperature measurement ...................17

ORP measurement ........................................17

INITIAL PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION...................18

Installation Personnel......................................18

Location of the Instrument...............................18

Hydraulic Connections....................................18

Installing the Input Filter...................................19

Installing the pH and ORP probes .....................20

Installing the Pump Tubes.................................21

Electrical Connections.....................................22

STARTUP.....................................................................26

USER INTERFACE .......................................................27

Panels organization ........................................ 27

Main panels ............................................... 27

Measure panels ............................................. 28

Messages .................................................... 29

Menu mode ................................................ 29

Password procedure ..................................... 29

Navigating through menu .............................. 30

Modify a parameter ........................................ 30

PROGRAMMING THE ANALYZER .............................. 32

GENERAL SETTINGS ...............................................33

Changing the password ................................. 33

Setting the language ..................................... 33

Analyzer serial number and software version ...... 33

Time and date ............................................. 33

WORKING MODE ................................................... 34

Automatic mode .......................................... 34

Standby mode ............................................. 34

Manual mode ............................................. 34

Read on demand ........................................... 35

Direct read ................................................. 35

System error relay..............................................35

CHLORINE SETTINGS .............................................. 36

Reagent changing .......................................... 36

Measure settings .......................................... 37

Measure info ................................................ 37

Analog output ............................................. 37

Chlorine dosing .......................................... 38

Alarms ........................................................ 39

CALIBRATE THE MEASURING CELL ............................. 40

Calibration date and factor ............................ 40

Calibration procedure ..................................... 40

pH SETTINGS (PCA 320, PCA 330) ............................. 41

Measure info............................................... 41

Analog output ............................................. 42

pH dosing .................................................. 42

Alarms ....................................................... 44

pH CALIBRATION (PCA 320, PCA 330) ....................... 44

One point calibration ................................... 45

Two-points calibration ..................................... 46

Process pH calibration .................................... 46

Set default calibration ..................................... 47

TEMPERATURE SETTINGS (PCA 320, PCA 330) ............ 48

Units ......................................................... 48

Measure info .............................................. 48

Analog output............................................. 48

Alarms ....................................................... 49

ORP SETTINGS (PCA 330) ..........................................50

Measure info .............................................. 50

Analog output ............................................ 50

Alarms ....................................................... 51

ANALOG OUTPUT .................................................. 52

Select the analog output type .......................... 52

Dosing through 4-20 mA output ...................... 52

CALIBRATE THE ANALOG OUTPUT .............................53

Output middle range ........................................54

SYSTEM LOG ..........................................................55

Set log ....................................................... 55

Clear system log .......................................... 55

View log ..................................................... 55

SERIAL COMMUNICATION ........................................ 57

Standard mode ............................................ 57

GSM ..................................................................... 58

GSM mode ................................................ 58

Setting the GSM feature ................................. 58

GSM connection .......................................... 59

Setting SMS feature ......................................... 60

Modem connection.......................................... 64

MAINTENANCE ...................................................... 65

Electrode conditioning and maintenance ........... 66

Changing peristaltic pump tubing .................... 68

Tubing replacement.......................................... 69

Cleaning measurement cell .............................. 69

Cell Cleaning Procedure ................................ 70

ERRORS, ALARMS AND WARNINGS ............................ 71

ACCESORIES ........................................................... 74

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

Remove the analyzer from the packing material and examine it carefully to make sure that no damage has occurred during shipping. If there is any noticeable damage, notify your dealer immediately.

Each analyzer is supplied complete with:

• 2 reagent bottles (1 indicator and 1 buffer solution)

• 2 reagent bottle caps

• 1 DPD compound powder

• tubing

Note: Save all packing materials until you are sure that the instru-

ment functions correctly. Any damaged or defective items must be returned in their original packing materials together with the supplied accessories.

WARNING: The PCA 310 - PCA 330 series of Chlorine, pH and ORP

Analyzers are not designed for use with samples that are inflammable or explosive in nature. If any sample solution other than water is used with these products, test the sample/product compatibility to assure user safety and proper product performance.

Safety Precautions: Please take the time to read the safety precautions

carefully wherever they appear in this manual. They are provided to prevent personal injury and damage to the instrument. This safety information applies to the operators and service personnel and the following two captions are used:

CAUTION: identifies conditions or practices that could result in dam-

age to the instrument or persons;

Warning: identifies conditions or practices that could result in personal

injury or loss of life.

Note: Because of the inherent dangers in handling chemical samples,

standards and reagents, HANNA Instruments strongly recommends the users of this product to review the Material Safety Data Sheets and become familiar with safe handling procedures and proper usage prior to handling any chemicals.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The Hanna PCA 310, PCA 320 and PCA 330 series of chlorine, pH, ORP and temperature analyzers are microprocessor controlled, process analyzers which continuously monitor a sample stream for chlorine content, pH, ORP and temperature values.

The PCA 310-330 monitor the free chlorine or total chlorine in the 0 to 5 mg/L range depending on the factory settings and used reagents.

In the DPD Colorimetric method, N, N-Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine indicator and a buffer are mixed with the sample.

The resulting chemical reaction causes a magenta color to form. The color intensity is proportional to the concentration of chlorine. The color intensity is measured photometrically (with a light beam and a photodetector) and converted to chlorine concentration, in mg/L, which is displayed on the front panel.

Indicator and buffer reagent bottles are placed directly into the instrument case. With a sampling period of 5 minutes, reagents need to be replenished about once a month. The reagent bottles are easily visible through the transparent window allowing the operator to check the reagent levels.

PCA 320 and PCA 330 analyzers HI 1005 probe to continuously measure the pH of the sample stream in the range of 0 to 14 pH. The sample temperature is measured in the 5 to 75°C range. pH and temperature are displayed on the front panel. pH value is corrected with temperature.

PCA 330 analyzer use HI 2008 platinum ORP electrode to continuously measure the sample ORP value.

The pH/temperature combined sensor and the ORP sensor are placed inside the case, directly in the sample stream.

The case of PCA 310-330 analyzers meet NEMA 4X, 12 and

13 standards. Molded fiberglass polyester has outstanding chemical and temperature resistance.

The case provides wall mounting capability and door gasket assures a watertight and dust-tight seal.

The electrical and hydraulic connections are made through the side of the enclosure.

The front cover is secured with two lockable latches. Four chlorine level setpoints can be adjusted by the operator:

a proportional dosing setpoint, two alarm setpoints and a minimum level for dosing.

The proportional dosing factor (1/delta) is user selectable with a delta between 0.1 and 5 mg/L (ppm). Chlorine dosing system controls a SPST relay.

Each chlorine alarm can be enabled or disabled. Three pH level setpoints can be adjusted by the operator: a

dosing setpoint and two alarm setpoints. The pH control mode is user selectable: on/off or proportional dosing.

The proportional dosing factor (1/delta) is user selectable with a delta between 0.1 and 2 pH . The on/off dosing hysteresis is user selectable between 0.05 and 2.00 pH. pH dosing system controls a SPST relay.

Each pH alarm can be enabled or disabled. For temperature and ORP, two alarm levels can be set by the

user. Each temperature or ORP alarm can be enabled or disabled. Alarm condition controls a SPDT relay. A system error feature provides relay activation to signals need

for operator intervention. System error condition controls a SPST relay. Voltage output ranges of 0-10mV, 0-100mV, 0-1V or a cur-

rent output of 4-20 or 0-20 mA are available to drive an external device such as a chart recorder.

The analyzer can drive a proportional dosing pump through the 4-20 mA output, for chlorine or for acid/alkali dosing.

The analog output is fully programmable and could be proportional with chlorine concentration, pH, ORP or temperature value. The limits of the analog output is selectable for each parameter.

The analyzer can store up to 3500 readings (at least 7 days at

254

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374.8

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393.7

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209.8

83.1

13.32"

10"

12"

15.32"

3.27"

8.26"

14.76"

15.5"

10"

14.45"

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW REAR VIEW

3 minutes sampling interval), that are available for consulting or downloading.

The PCA 310-330 analyzers can be monitored or controlled through RS485 or GSM network connection.

Errors, alarms and warnings are sent through SMS (using GSM module HI 504900).

The analyzer state can be interrogated by a simple call using GSM phone.

Time is displayed on the main panel and a time related warning system for “Old calibration” “Reagent expired” and “SIM expired” is available.

The language for user interface can be easily changed without restarting the analyzer.

MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS

Case dimensions in mm & inches

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

1. Alarms, dosing, system error LED’s

2. Character Display

3. Cable glands

4. Keypad

5. Peristaltic Pump

6. Access Point to Cell

7. Measuring Cell

8. Drain Tube

9. Output Port

10. Drain Port Valve

11. Drain Port of Measuring Cell

12. Sample Tubing

13. Buffer Bottle

14. Pressure Regulator Output Port

15. Incoming Pressure Regulator

16. Indicator Bottle

17. Sample Inlet Port

18. pH Electrode (not included)

19. Electrodes Holder

20. Sample Output Port

21. Electrovalve

22. ORP Electrode (not included)

23. Reagent Tubing

24. Line Input

DISPLAY, LEDS AND KEYBOARD

MANUAL 16:35

1.35 mg/L 2 mV

6.98 pH

pH Out of Range >

CFM

SET

ESC

PCA-330

ALARM

Chlorine/pH/ORP

Analyzer

DOSING CHLORINE

DOSING ACID/ALK.

SYSTEM ERROR

DISPLAY

KEYPAD

LEDS

DISPLAY

The display contains 4 lines with 20 characters on one line. The information and error messages are clearly displayed in plain language, without error codes.

The display has back light for better visibility. The analyzer is in main panels mode when displays a panel

that contains the measured values. Several main panels could be selected by pressing the up and down arrow keys. The PCA 310 do not have the main mode for the display.

1 - measured values 2 - controller status 3 - current time and date 4 - message line The display is in chlorine, pH, ORP or temperature measuring

panels mode when displays one of those values and secondary information related to it. Several panels with different secondary information could be selected by pressing the up or down arrow keys.

When the display is in one of the above modes, the measuring units, the current time and the alarm or error status are also displayed. PCA 310 is always in chlorine measuring panels.

LEDs

ALARM

DOSING CHLORINE

SYSTEM ERROR

16:35

1.35 mg/L Alarm

<Cl Calibration Old> Min:0.00 Max5.00

1 2

ALARM

DOSING CHLORINE

DOSING ACID/ALK.

SYSTEM ERROR

KEYPAD

1 - measured value (chlorine, pH, ORP or temperature) 2 - measurement units (mg/L, pH, mV, °C or °F) 3 - current time in format HH:MM 4 - warnings, alarms and errors, displayed one at a time 5 - secondary information.

Three or four LEDs are present on the front panel: ALARM LED (red) , signals the presence of at least one alarm

and the closing of the Alarm relay. When the alarm is present, the LED blinks. When the analyzer is in MANUAL mode, the LED is on but not blinking.

DOSING CHLORINE LED (green), signals the closing of the

chlorine dosing relay. When dosing stops, the LED is turned off.

DOSING ACID/ALK. LED (green), signals the closing of the

acid/alkali dosing relay. When dosing stops, the LED is turned off (PCA 320 and PCA 330 only).

SYSTEM ERROR LED (red), signals the presence of an error

and the closing of the System error relay. When the error is present, the LED blinks. When in STANDBY mode, the led is on but not blinking.

For PCA 310 the system error LED is moved in the dosing ACID/ALK. LED position.

The keypad has 8 keys with the following signification:

UP and DOWN ARROWS

• select the main display appearance,

• select the menu,

• select an item from a list

• edit values.

LEFT and RIGHT ARROWS

SET

ESC

CFM

• select an error message,

• select an item to edit or

• select the current digit for editing.

MENU enter in menu mode.

CFM confirm the selected menu and edited values.

SET starts editing the selected item.

ESC

• return to the previous menu,

• exit from operation without saving.

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OPERATING DESCRIPTION

CHLORINE MEASUREMENT

Referring to the drawing on page 10 and the Fluidic Diagram on page 17, the Sample Line is connected to the instrument at the Sample Port (#17); an internal Regulator (#15) reduces the inlet pressure from a maximum of 4 bar (57.2 psi) down to 1 bar (14.3 psi); from the Regulator a nylon tube is connected to the input of the Electrovalve (#21). The output of the valve goes to the Drain Port (#11) and then to the Measuring Cell (#7). An optional Filter can be installed to the sample port if the stream is excessively turbid.

The sample coming from the line normally flows through the Measuring Cell (#7). It goes out from the Measuring Cell through the Drain Tube (#8) and the Output Port (#9).

The Measuring Cell is accessible from the port placed on the top (#6) for speedy cleaning and maintenance.

During the 100 seconds preceding the sampling, the analyzer solenoid input valve is open to allow sample flow to flush the colorimeter cell. Every 3 to 90 minutes (user selectable), the electrovalve closes stopping the sample flow and leaving the sample cell full of fresh sample. Cell volume is controlled by an overflow gateway.

As the sample inlet electrovalve closes, a series of measurements (with LED on and off) of the unreacted sample is taken to determine an average blank level prior to reagent addition.

The measurement of sample blank signal permits compensation for any turbidity or natural color, and provides the zero reference point for the measurement.

The two channel Peristaltic Pump (#5) starts rotating causing a precise quantity of buffer and indicator (#13 and #16) to enter the colorimeter sample cell. Here a magnetically coupled stirrer mixes the reagents with the sample.

After a delay for the color development, a series of measurements (with LED on and off) are taken (sample level) to determine an average chlorine concentration measurement. The reacted sample signal is then measured and displayed.

This sequence is repeated every 3 to 90 minutes (user-selectable).

FIL

REGULAT

V VE

TER

TRAP

(OPTIONAL)

PRESSURE

O DRAIN

SAMPLE

INLET

REAGENT BOTTLES

DETECT

STIR BAR

MAGNET

MOT

& REDUCER

PUMP

ROLLERS

SOLENOID

SAMPLE

LED

SAMPLE OUTLET

PCA 301

REAGENTS

HI 70460

TOTAL CHLORINE INDICATOR SOLUTION

R: - S: - -

ETICPCA30A

Contents: p-Toluenesulfonic Acid (6192-52-5) Water (7732-18-5)

FOR LABORATORY AND INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY DO NOT FREEZE STORE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE KEEP CONTAINER TIGHTLY CLOSED

PCA 301

REAGENTS

HI 70461

TOTAL CHLORINE BUFFER SOLUTION

Xn: Harmful

R: 22 S: 46

ETICPCA30B

FOR LABORATORY AND INDUSTRIAL USE ONLY DO NOT FREEZE STORE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE KEEP CONTAINER TIGHTLY CLOSED HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. IF SWALLOWED SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE IMMEDIATELY

AND SHOW THIS CONTAINER OR LABEL.

Contents: Lithium Bimaleate (unknown) Lithium Maleate (unknown) Water (7732-18-5)

PROBE

HOLDER

ORP probe

PH probe

SAMPLE

OUTLET

METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Free available chlorine oxidizes the DPD indicator reagent at a pH between 5.5 and

6.0 to form a magenta-colored compound. The intensity of the resulting color is proportional to the concentration of chlorine in the sample. The purpose of the buffer solution is to maintain the proper pH.

To measure total residual chlorine (free available chlorine plus combined chlorine) the PCA adds potassium iodide. The chloramines in the sample cause iodide ions to become iodine which then act with free chlorine to oxidize the DPD indicator. After the chemical reaction is complete, the optical signal at 555 nm is compared to the signal measured through the sample (before the reagents were added). From these measurements chlorine concentration is calculated.

pH AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

The HI 1005 pH/temperature probe provides at the out port a potential proportional with the pH. The temperature is measured with PT100 platinum sensor.

For increased accuracy the pH is corrected with temperature and with the calibration coefficients. Up to 2 buffers can be used for calibration.

The temperature can be displayed in °C or °F. The probe can withstand pressure up to 6 bar (87 psi).

ORP MEASUREMENT

The HI 2008 probe provides at the out port a potential proportional with the ORP value. The value is directly displayed in mV.

The probe can withstand pressure up to 6 bar (87 psi).

INITIAL PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION

INSTALLATION PERSONNEL

Installation of the PCA 310-330 Chlorine, pH, ORP and temperature analyzers should be undertaken by persons with technical knowledge of the dangers associated with chemical exposure and electrical shock.

Hanna Instruments assumes that persons performing the installation tasks are aware of the appropriate safety procedures.

CAUTION:Review the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) before han-

dling the supplied chemical reagents.

LOCATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

Analyzer Location

Locate the analyzer as close as is reasonably possible to the point where the sample is withdrawn from the product stream (referred to as the sampling point).

The instrument should be mounted indoors, out of direct sunlight. Instrument operating temperature is 5 to 40°C (41 to 104°F).

Sampling Point Location

Locate the sampling point to obtain a truly representative sample from the product stream. For example, be sure the sampling point is well downstream from a Chlorine and acid / alkali feed. This assures that adequate mixing and reaction of the Chlorine and acid / alkali before a sample is extracted.

HYDRAULIC CONNECTIONS

Note: Hydraulic connections should be installed only by qualified

personnel to assure conformity to applicable plumbing codes.

Sample Line Installation

Direct routing of sample lines is recommended. If the large process pipes are horizontal, taps should be in-

serted vertically in the middle of the pipe to avoid pulling sediment from the bottom or air bubbles from the top of the pipe into the sample line.

A 1/2 BSP sample input fitting allows direct connection to the optional input filter.

Sample line pressure should be between 0.07 and 4 bar (1 and 57.2 psi) with an ideal pressure of 0.7 bar (10 psi).

Drain Line Installation

The drain hose fitting is a 20 mm (3/4”) hose barb on the bottom of the instrument enclosure. An air gap between the

end of the drain hose and the drain is recommended to prevent any back flow into the instrument in the event of drain blockage.

Return Line Installation

The return hose fitting is a 12 mm (1/2”) hose barb on the bottom of the regulator output port and should always be connected even when pressure is below 1 bar.

INSTALLING THE INPUT FILTER

In order to ensure maximum accuracy of measurements, it is recommended to have always clear sample, with suspended particles smaller than 0.5 µm. This can be achieved by installing two filters before the sample input.

The type of filters depends on the quality of the water: the first filter should have 50-100 µm pore size, whereas in any case the second filter, the one closer to the analyzer, has to be

0.5 µm.

For correct installing procedure and maintenance, see the instructions of filters.

INSTALLING THE pH AND ORP PROBES

To mount the pH and ORP probes, first tunr off the analyzer. Unscrew the closing caps from the electrode holder and remove the protective cap from electrodes and electrodes connectors.

Screw the pH probe (HI 1005) in the lower position and the ORP probe (HI 2008) in the higher position and assure that no leakage occurs.

Only after the probe is in final position connect the probe to the

HI 70479

HI 70473

HI 70474 or HI 70475

From Buffer Bottle

From Indicator Bottle

To "Y" Connector and Measuring Cell

dedicated connector. Lock the connector with the built in nut.

Warning: Never connect or disconnect the probes when the analyzer is

powered on.

INSTALLING THE PUMP TUBES

Locate the analyzer reagent tubes in the accessory kit. Each tube is composed of three sections. The sections are joined together by plastic connectors with plastic collars at the ends of the center section.

Locate the peristaltic pump. Feed one tube from the shorter

end section behind the pump rollers from the right side of the pump. Seat the plastic collar at the right end of the center section of tubing into the lower right indentation hole of the pump face.

Grasp the other plastic collar and pull, stretching the center section, and place the grommet in the lower left indentation hole.

Repeat this process with the second pump tube, placing it in the upper indentation holes.

Separate reagent caps are provided in the accessory kit. Put

FUSE

(230 V) 125 mA

FUSE

(230 V) 125 mA

OFF

220 Vac (50 Hz)

SHOCK HAZARD

Remove (4) M4 screws here

Remove (1) #10-32 screw here

WARNING DISCONNECT POWER SUPPLY PRIOR TO COVER REMOVAL

RECORDER

C C C CNC NCNO NO NO

B AIV

SYSTEM ERROR

DOSING CHLORINE

DOSING

RS 485

ALARM

the supplied caps onto each reagent bottle prior to installing them. Place the indicator bottle (HI 70450 for free chlorine and HI 70460 for total chlorine) on the right and the buffer bottle (HI 70451 for free chlorine and HI 70461 for total chlorine) on the left.

Note: Add the content of 5 HI70452 sachets, DPD Compound, to

the Indicator Solution prior to installing it. Connect the longer tube

ends on the left side of the pump to the reagent bottle cap insert fitting.

Connect the short ends in the right side of the pump to the measuring cell reagent input port through the “Y” connector.

ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS

A power cable (3 mt.) is provided with your analyzer. However, if access to the terminal block is required, see below.

Warning Electrical connections should be installed only by qualified

personnel to assure conformity to applicable electrical codes. Unplug the meter before any electrical connection.

Power Connection

CS R2

PPCA320P-3

+5V

MOR3P

RELICAMRELICAM

RELICAM

RED

PINK

GREY

BLUE

GREEN

BROWN

YELLOW

RELICAM

Electrovalve

Phase

Earth

Main Power Cord

Watertight Grommet and Nut Assembly

Neutral

Terminal block

Ground screw

Transformer

Line Filter

Main Power PCB

24 VAC

Cable access for RS232 and Recorder Output Connections

"ONLY"

Cable access for All alarms "ONLY"

Watertight Grommet and Nut Assembly

WARNING! DISCONNECT POWER SUPPLY PRIOR TO REMOVAL OF THIS COVER.

WARNING DISCONNECT POWER SUPPLY PRIOR TO COVER REMOVAL

RECORDER

C C C CNC NCNO NO NO

B AIV

SYSTEM ERROR

DOSING CHLORINE

DOSING

RS 485

ALARM

Power connections are made at a terminal block located in the center of the electrical compartment to the right of the fuses.

Hard wiring with 13 mm (½”) conduit is recommended and usually required by most municipal electrical codes.

Warning Before connecting the instrument to the line:

1) Check the label near the fuses for proper voltage.

2) Be sure the power cord is not connected to the line.

3) Open front panel.

4) Remove the cover screws (Allen head).

5) Do not remove peristaltic pump or motor.

6) Unplug all alarms and recorder jacks. Feed the power cord through the watertight grommet and

tighten the grommet nut. See the picture below for proper wire connections.

Recorder Output and Relay Access

Hard wiring for alarms and relays recorder output and serial communication can be accomplished through four watertight connectors on the left side of the enclosure, by passing wires through the rubber grommet and tightening the nut as described earlier.

Refer to the drawings for proper wire connections.

+ 53 hidden pages