™
SPECIFICATIONS
Wingspan:
Length:
Weight:
Wing Area:
Wing Loading:
39.5 in [1000mm]
30.5 in [775mm]
25–28 oz [710 – 795 g]
2
174 i n
20.7– 23.2 oz /ft
[11.2 dm2]
2
[63–71 g/dm2]
WARRANTY
Great Planes® Model Manufacturing Co. guarantees this kit to
be free from defects in both material and workmanship at the
date of purchase. This warranty does not cover any component
parts damaged by use or modification. In no case shall Great
Planes’ liability exceed the original cost of the purchased kit.
Further, Great Planes reserves the right to change or modify this
warranty without notice.
In that Great Planes has no control over the final assembly or
material used for final assembly, no liability shall be assumed nor
accepted for any damage resulting from the use by the user of
the final user-assembled product. By the act of using the
user-assembled product, the user accepts all resulting liability.
If the buyer is not prepared to accept the liability associated
with the use of this product, the buyer is advised to return
INSTRUCTION
MANUAL
Motor:
Radio:
this kit immediately in new and unused condition to the
place of purchase.
To make a warranty claim send the defective part or item to
Hobby Services at the address below:
Include a letter stating your name, return shipping address, as
much contact information as possible (daytime telephone
number, fax number, e-mail address), a detailed description of
the problem and a photocopy of the purchase receipt. Upon
receipt of the package the problem will be evaluated as quickly
as possible.
28-45-3600 Ammo
ESC:
50A for brushless motors
5-channel, 3 servos,
programmable mixing
Hobby Services
3002 N. Apollo Dr. Suite 1
Champaign IL 61822 USA
READ THROUGH THIS MANUAL BEFORE STARTING CONSTRUCTION. IT CONTAINS IMPORTANT
INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNINGS CONCERNING THE ASSEMBLY AND USE OF THIS MODEL.
Entire Contents © 2013 Hobbico,® Inc. All rights reserved.
Champaign, Illinois
(217) 398-8970, Ext 5
airsupport@greatplanes.com
GPMA1806 Mnl
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ACADEMY OF MODEL AERONAUTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ADDITIONAL ITEMS REQUIRED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Radio Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Z-Bend Pliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tools and Building Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
LiPo Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
KIT INSPECTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ORDERING REPLACEMENT PARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
KIT CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Test-Mount the Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Prepare the Motor and ESC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Hook Up the Elevator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Make the Aileron Pushrods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Hook Up the Ailerons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
INTRODUCTION
Congratulations and thank you for purchasing the Rifl e 1M
(1-meter). You probably know the “1M’s” little brother and
predecessor, the Rifl e. The Rifl e has been successful beyond
our expectations and we’ve incorporated everything we’ve
learned from it into the 1M. Conveniently, the updates also
make the 1M extraordinarily simple—its basic design and
layout (not to mention complete instruction manual!) make
assembly and installation straight forward without having to
do any scratch-building or fi guring out on your own. Although
the 1M is not made from exotic (and expensive) composites,
its ultra-simplicity will get you into the air easily, quickly
and economically. But don’t forget, it’s still wicked-fast too!
Someday you may aspire to step up to the big leagues and
buy one of those high-end, all-out racers you’ve heard about,
but even then you’ll want to keep your 1M on-hand and fl ightready for whenever you’re craving some fast and easy fun!
For the latest technical updates or manual corrections to the
Rifl e 1M visit the Great Planes web site at www.greatplanes.
com. Open the “Airplanes” link, then select the Rifl e 1M
ARF. If there is new technical information or changes to this
model a “tech notice” box will appear in the upper left corner
of the page.
ACADEMY OF MODEL AERONAUTICS
If you are not already a member of the AMA, please join! The
AMA is the governing body of model aviation and membership
provides liability insurance coverage, protects modelers’
rights and interests and is required to fl y at most R/C sites.
Academy of Model Aeronautics
5151 East Memorial Drive
Muncie, IN 47302-9252
Tele. (800) 435-9262
Fax (765) 741-0057
Or via the Internet at: http://www.modelaircraft.org
PREPARE THE MODEL TO FLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Check the C.G.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Set the Control Throws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
FINAL PREPARATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Identify Your Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Propeller Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Prefl ight Ground Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Set a Flight Timer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Spare Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Select a Proper Flying Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
FLYING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Motor Safety Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Hand Launch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Flying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Lateral Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Final Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
IMPORTANT!!! Two of the most important things you can
do to preserve the radio controlled aircraft hobby are to
avoid fl ying near full-scale aircraft and avoid fl ying near or
over groups of people.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Protect Your Model, Yourself & Others…
Follow These Important Safety Precautions
1. Your Rifl e 1M should not be considered a toy, but rather a
sophisticated, working model that functions very much like a
full-size airplane. Because of its performance capabilities, the
1M, if not assembled and operated correctly, could possibly
cause injury to your se lf or spect ator s and damage to prope rty.
2.
You must assemble the model according to the
instructions. Do not alter or modify the model, as doing so
may result in an unsafe or unfl yable model. In a few cases
the instructions may differ slightly from the photos. In those
instances the written instructions should be considered as
correct.
3. You must use an R/C radio system that is in good condition,
a correctly sized motor, and other components as specifi ed
in this instruction manual. All components must be correctly
installed so that the model operates correctly on the ground
and in the air. You must check the operation of the model
and all components before every fl i g h t .
4. While this kit has been fl ight tested to exceed normal use,
if the plane will be used for extremely high stress fl ying, or if
a motor larger than one in the recommended range is used,
the modeler is responsible for taking steps to reinforce
the high stress points and/or substituting hardware more
suitable for the increased stress.
5. WARNING: The fuselage, wing and horizontal stabilizer
included in this kit are made of fi berglass, the fi bers of which
may cause eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation. Never
blow into a part to remove fi berglass dust, as the dust will
2
blow back into your eyes. Always wear safety goggles, a
particle mask and rubber gloves when grinding, drilling and
sanding fi berglass parts. Vacuum the parts and the work
area thoroughly after working with fi berglass parts.
We, as the kit manufacturer, provide you with a top quality,
thoroughly-tested kit and instructions, but ultimately the
quality and fl yability of your fi nished model depends on how
you build it; therefore, we cannot in any way guarantee the
performance of your completed model, and no representations are expressed or implied as to the performance or
safety of your completed model.
NOTE: Some technically-minded modelers who wish to
check the wing, stab and motor thrust angles may do so by
visiting the web site at www.greatplanes.com and clicking
on “Technical Data.”
Remember:
to end up with a well-built model that is straight and true.
Take your time and follow the instructions
ADDITIONAL ITEMS REQUIRED
Power System
Radio Control System
To take full advantage of the dual aileron servos, a 5-channel
programmable radio is required. It will let you operate the
aileron servos separately as ailerons, and together as
“spoilerons” to aid in landing. You could also use a regular,
non-programmable 4-channel radio and link the aileron
servos with a Y-connector, but spoilerons will not be available.
Three micro servos in the 20 oz-in [1.5 kg-cm] torque range
are also required. Futaba digital, metal gear S3156 servos
(FUTM0656) could be considered slightly overkill, at 28 oz-in
[2.0 kg-cm] torque. But their durability has been proven in this
type of plane and will give you peace of mind. Metal gears aren’t
absolutely necessary, however. Futaba S3157 digital servos
(FUTM0657) or S3117 servos (FUTM0417) are also suitable.
Z-Bend Pliers
Two power setups are recommended for the Rifl e 1M; a
speed setup and a sport setup. Simply, the speed setup
will get you approximately 130mph and the sport setup will
get you approximately 100mph. If you’re all about speed,
then you’ve already made your decision! But for those who
may be unsure, the beauty of the sport setup is that the
1M will still have that thrilling “zip,” but will be less powerful
and lighter—making it natural to fl y and land slower and
closer and perform conventional aerobatics such as loops,
rolls and inverted circuits almost the same as a “regular”
plane. Conveniently, the only difference between the two
setups is the propeller and battery, so when you’re ready
to step up all you’ll have to do is mount a new prop, slip in
a different battery and recheck the C.G.! Following are the
recommended power components for each:
SPEED setup SPORT setup
BATTERY
PROPELLER
MOTOR
ESC*
*Note: The Castle Creations Ice Lite 50 features in-
fl ight data logging. To take advantage of Data Logging
and view important information such as current, Watts,
RPM, etc., the Castle Link USB Programming Kit is
also required (CSEM9999).
See page 18 for discussion and more data about
these two setups including Watts, current, fl ight time,
propellers options, etc.
3S 2200mAh 30C
LiPo (GPMP0861)
APC 4.5x4.1
(APCQ4840)
28–45– 3600 Ammo Brushless
Inrunner (GPMG5220)
Castle Creations Ice Lite 50
(CSEM6900)
2S 2200mAh 30C
LiPo (FPWP6197)
APC 5.25x6.25
(APCQ4096)
In addition to the list of tools and building supplies listed below,
we wanted to specifi cally note that Z-bend pliers (HCAR2000)
will be required to make the aileron pushrods. A length of
straight wire is included, but the wires must be cut to length
and Z-bends made on both ends. Don’t skimp on this important
tool which is a “must-have” for your hobby work bench anyway.
Tools and Building Supplies
Other than ordinary hobby tools, the following items were
used to assemble the Rifl e 1M as illustrated in this manual:
❍ Zap Goo (for gluing in servos) (PAAR3200)
❍ Electrical solder, soldering iron
❍ Great Planes 3/16" heat shrink tubing (GPMM1056)
❍ Du-Bro 1/8" [3mm] double-sided foam mounting tape
(DUBQ3551)
❍ Deans® Ultra Plug® Male connector (WSDM1302)
❍ 30-Minute Epoxy (GPMR6043)
❍ (2) 6" [150mm] servo extensions for aileron servos to
receiver (FUTM4506 for Futaba)
❍ Spare propellers (See page 19 for more about
propellers)
OPTIONAL: M3 x 5 button-head motor mounting screws (to
upgrade the M3 x 5 Phillips screws included with the Ammo
motor) (HPIC3250). If button-head screws are used, a
quality, 2.0mm Allen hex driver such as a Duratrax Ultimate
Hex Driver (DTXR0289) is also recommended.
3
LiPo Charger
A balancing LiPo battery charger is required. Both the Triton
EQ (GPMM3155) and Triton 2 EQ (GPMM3156) are perfect
for the size of batteries used in the Rifl e 1M. At 50 watts
AC the EQ can charge a 3S 2200mAh battery at nearly 2C
taking a little less than 30 minutes. At 100 watts AC the 2 EQ
can charge batteries even faster. Both chargers also require
a banana plug-to-Deans charge lead (GPMM3418).
KIT INSPECTION
Before starting to build, take an inventory of this kit to make
sure it is complete, and inspect the parts to make sure they
are of acceptable quality. If any parts are missing or are
not of acceptable quality, or if you need assistance with
assembly, contact Product Support. When reporting
defective or missing parts, use the part names exactly as
they are written in the Kit Contents list.
Great Planes Product Support
3002 N Apollo Drive, Suite 1 Ph: (217) 398-8970, ext. 5
Champaign, IL 61822 Fax: (217) 398-7721
E-mail: airsupport@greatplanes.com
ORDERING REPLACEMENT PARTS
Replacement parts for the Great Planes Rifl e 1M are available
using the order numbers in the Replacement Parts List
that follows. The fastest, most economical service can be
provided by your hobby dealer or mail-order company.
To locate a hobby dealer, visit the Great Planes web site
at www.greatplanes.com. Choose “Where to Buy” at the
bottom of the menu on the left side of the page. Follow the
instructions provided on the page to locate a U.S., Canadian
or International dealer.
Parts may also be ordered directly from Hobby Services by
calling (217) 398-0007, or via facsimile at (217) 398-7721,
but full retail prices and shipping and handling charges will
apply. Illinois and Nevada residents will also be charged
sales tax. If ordering via fax, include a Visa or MasterCard
number and expiration date for payment.
Mail parts orders Hobby Services
and payments by 3002 N Apollo Drive, Suite 1
personal check to: Champaign IL 61822
Be certain to specify the order number exactly as listed in
the Replacement Parts List. Payment by credit card or
personal check only; no C.O.D.
If additional assistance is required for any reason contact
Product Support by e-mail at productsupport@greatplanes.
com, or by telephone at (217) 398-8970.
REPLACEMENT PARTS LIST
Order No. Description
GPMA3400
GPMA3401
GPMA3402
GPMA3403
GPMA3404
GPMA3405
Wing Set
Fuselage Set
Horizontal Stabilizer Set
Aileron Hatch Covers
Spinner
Decal Set
KIT CONTENTS
Kit Contents
1.
Fuselage
2.
Wing
3.
Horizontal Stabilizer
4.
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
10
Spinner Assembly
5.
Balance Stand
6.
Elevator Pushrod
7.
Battery Spatula
8.
Velcro
9.
Motor Drill Guide
10.
Control Horns
11.
Screws
4
ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
ESC
Bullet
Battery
Motor
wires
19mm dia.
16mm dia.
45°
Plywood motor mount template
(for Ammo and other motors with
standard 16mm/19mm spacing)
Rotate 45° for
Neu motors
Test-Mount the Motor
connectors
1. Determine how to orient the mounting holes in your
❏
motor so the wires will be positioned as preferred—usually
it’s best to have the wires coming out the top positioning the
ESC over the battery.
NOTE: If contemplating switching to a different motor in the
future, don’t be too concerned about the possibility of new
motor mounting screw holes that may overlap or interfere with
the old holes. Most of the mounting patterns are standard.
We’ve mounted both Ammo motors and other motors to a
couple of different Rifl es, and although four more holes were
required, this didn’t present any problems.
3. Using the plywood template as a guide, drill #40 – #37
❏
(.098" – .104" [2.5mm – 2.6mm]) pilot holes through the
motor mount. Note: The motor mount is made from carbon
fi ber which can be diffi cult to drill, so although the fuselage
is held horizontally in the image, it will be easier to drill the
holes if holding the fuselage vertically resting on its tail.
2. If using the recommended Ammo motor (or any other
❏
motor with the same, standard “16mm/19mm” screw hole
spacing), position the included plywood motor mount
template on the motor mount in the fuselage to get the
mounting holes oriented as described in the previous step.
4. If using a motor that uses 2.5mm mounting screws
❏
skip this step. If using an Ammo motor (or any other motor
that uses 3mm mounting screws), remove the template and
enlarge the pilot holes with a #32 – #30 (.116" – .128") or
1/8" [3.2mm] drill.
5
Enlarge as
necessary
PROPELLER MOUNTING
The collet shaft included with your Rifl e spinner is designed
to work with the small O.D. propeller spacer ring that comes
with all APC speed 400 propellers.
A. To prep the prop, press the spacer all the way into
❏
the propeller hub. Then use a #11 blade to carefully trim
any fl ashing from around the inside of the spacer.
5. The front bearing on some motors protrudes slightly
❏
from the front of the motor. If this is the case for your motor,
use a Dremel with a tile cutter bit and/or a small drum sander
to enlarge the hole as necessary. Proceed slowly and with
care to keep the hole centered and so as not to over enlarge
the hole—this may require test-fi tting the motor as you
proceed. CAUTION: Wear protective gloves, a long-sleeve
shirt and breathing and eye protection whenever working
with carbon fi ber.
B. Firmly press the propeller onto the collet shaft.
❏
❏
screws—if using the recommended Ammo motor you may
use the M3 x 5 screws included with the motor, but some
prefer button-head Allen screws instead (such as the screws
shown in the photo—HPIC3250).
6. Test-mount the motor with your motor mounting
C. An 8mm wrench is a must for your tool box. A Traxxas
❏
8mm fl at wrench is pictured here (TRAR5478).
6
13mm-14mm
7. Test-mount the propeller and spinner to the motor. It is
6-1/2" – 7"
[165mm-175mm]
❏
likely that the motor shaft will have to be shortened to set the
spinner close enough to the fuselage—it is desirable to have
the shaft as long as possible to give the collet shaft as much
material as possible to “grab” onto, yet still have the desired
spacing between the fuselage and spinner. The proper
spacing is such that the spinner is as close to the fuselage
as possible without touching—a gap just wide enough to see
light through. Typically, a maximum of 13mm—14mm and a
minimum of about 10mm—11mm of motor shaft will work. In
the case of the Ammo motor used here, approximately 2mm
will have to be cut.
9. Use a metal fi le or sandpaper to deburr the end of the
❏
shaft. Remount the motor and test-fi t the spinner to see if the
gap is right. Make adjustments if necessary.
Prepare the Motor and ESC
1. As shown in the illustration at step 1 on page 5, the
❏
ESC fi ts best inside the fuselage resting over the battery
ahead of the wing. Usually, this requires cutting the three
motor wires from the ESC just about as short as practically
possible—the distance available between the front of
the motor and the back of the ESC is about 6-1/2" to 7"
[165mm - 175mm]. Determine the length of wires needed
from your ESC (taking into account the length of the bullet
connectors), and then cut the wires to length.
8. Remove the motor from the fuselage and cut the
❏
shaft—a Dremel with a reinforced cutoff wheel works best.
Wear safety glasses and protect the motor from metal dust
while cutting.
2. If using the recommended Ammo motor, solder the
❏
female bullets that came with the motor onto the motor wires
on the ESC. You can make a handy soldering jig by drilling
7
holes in a wood block for anchoring spare male bullets to
hold the female bullets while you solder. (You may also
solder the motor wires directly to the ESC if this is your
preference, but don’t forget to slide on the heat shrink tubing
fi rst and check the motor direction.)
3. Slide pieces of heat-shrink tubing over the battery
❏
wires on the other end of the ESC. Then solder your battery
connector to the wires—ElectriFly and ThunderPower
batteries use Deans Ultra Plug connectors, so a Deans Ultra
Plug male was used on the ESC in this manual.
8. Before mounting the motor, apply the rougher, “hook”
❏
side of the included Velcro strip to the bottom of the fuselage
in the approximate location shown. Apply just a couple of
drops of thin CA around the edges of the Velcro to securely
hold it in place.
9.
Mount the motor with the mounting screws lightly “wetted”
❏
with non-permanent threadlocker, but do not mount the prop
and spinner until later after the radio has been set up.
Hook Up the Elevator
4. Slip pieces of 3/16" [5mm] heat shrink tubing over the
❏
bullet connectors. Then use a heat gun to shrink the tubing.
Also shrink the tubing over the wires on the battery connector.
5. If you haven’t yet done so, set up a program in your
❏
radio dedicated to this model. Be certain the fl ight trims
and sub trims are zeroed. In most cases you’ll also have to
reverse the direction of the throttle channel.
6. Temporarily connect the motor to the ESC and hook
❏
up the receiver and a battery so you can run the motor with
the transmitter. Make sure the motor is turning in the correct
direction. If not, disconnect the ESC from the motor and re
connect it with the wires in a different order so the motor will
be turning the correct direction.
1. Use steel wool or fi ne sandpaper to polish the elevator
❏
pushrod and remove any contaminants or oxidation. Remove
any burrs on the end of the wire with a metal fi le or sandpaper.
7. IMPORTANT!: Slip three more pieces of 3/16" [5mm]
❏
shrink tubing over each bullet connection and shrink with a
heat gun to make sure the connections will remain secure.
2. Test-fi t the pushrod into the elevator horn to make sure
❏
it fi ts—it should fi t with no free play. If necessary, enlarge the
hole with a #56 (.046") [1.18mm] drill.
8
3. Use medium-grit sandpaper to roughen the elevator
6mm-8mm
90°
❏
horn and the bottom of the elevator around both sides of the
slot for the horn (if preferred, the rest of the elevator can be
protected with masking tape).
5. Temporarily connect your elevator servo and ESC to
❏
the receiver with a battery and turn on the transmitter so you
can power the servo. Again, make certain there are no mixes
setup in your transmitter and that all the trims and sub trims
are zeroed.
❏
30-minute epoxy to securely glue the horn to the elevator.
Note: If preferred, CA may also be used, but it must be
foam-safe CA.
4. Using care not to get any glue in the pushrod hole, use
6. Use a servo arm that has holes 6mm – 8mm out.
❏
Position the arm on the servo so it will be 90°, or as close as
90° as possible. If necessary, dial in some elevator sub trim
to get the arm 90°. Cut off the unused arms.
7. Install the screw that secures the servo arm—if using a
❏
servo with metal gears use threadlocker on the threads fi rst.
9
8. Connect the elevator pushrod to the elevator servo and
❏
slide the pushrod into the guide tube placing the servo in the
fuselage. Position the servo so the arm will be approximately
1-1/2" [40mm] from the end of the guide tube as shown.
9. Once you have your servo where you want it, cut
❏
the other end of the pushrod protruding from the vertical
stabilizer to a length of 1" [25mm].
11. With the elevator servo laying fl at on the bottom of
❏
the fuselage, make a sharp, 90° bend to the left 1/4" [6mm]
from the end.
10. Remove the pushrod/servo assembly from the
❏
fuselage and de burr the end again. Add a thin fi lm of oil to
the pushrod, and then reinstall in the fuselage.
12. Temporarily connect the elevator horn to the pushrod
❏
and mount the horizontal stabilizer to the top of the fuselage
with the two included M3 x 10 fl at-head Phillips screws. Move
the elevator up and down with your fi ngers. You’ll probably
notice that the elevator is easier to move at the ends of its
throw than it is to move near center. This means the pushrod
needs one more slight bend backward about 1/4" [6mm]
ahead of the 90° bend.
10
13. Remove the stabilizer and disconnect the pushrod,
❏
make that additional bend back, remount the stab and
then test the elevator movement again. Adjust the angle of
the bend as necessary until the elevator moves smoothly
around center. Note: If, for some reason, you ever need to
make a new elevator pushrod, one can be made from K&S
.047" [1.2mm] music wire.
14. Mount the wing to the fuselage and check the
❏
alignment of the horizontal stab. If necessary, remove the
stab and sand the “high side” of the stab saddle to get the
stab aligned with the wing.
15. Once you have the elevator working the way you want
❏
it, wet the threads of the stab screws with threadlocker and
remount.
Zap Goo (PAAR3200) is recommended for gluing in the
servos. “Goo” adheres extremely well, yet is just fl exible
enough so that if ever necessary, the servos can be extracted.
Any residual Goo can be peeled off the servos and the plane,
making it easier to remount new servos again.
16. Clean the servo mounting surface and the bottom of
❏
the fuselage with a cloth dampened with denatured alcohol.
Turn on your transmitter and power up the servo by connecting
a battery. With the radio on and the servo centered, use Zap
Goo to securely glue the servo to the bottom of the fuselage,
positioned so the elevator will be centered. Clamping or
sustained pressure is not necessary—just push down on the
servo, make sure some of the glue squeezes out, doublecheck that the elevator has remained centered, and then
disconnect the battery. Turn off the transmitter and allow the
glue to dry overnight.
11
18. Connect the elevator servo, ESC and two 3" – 6"
❏
[75mm – 300mm] servo extensions for the aileron servos
to the receiver. Tip: If your ESC has data logging (as does
the recommended Ice Lite 50), connect the ESC to the
receiver via. another 3" [75mm] servo extension. This way,
when downloading data, all you will have to do is disconnect
the ESC from the extension (rather than disconnecting the
ESC from the receiver) simplifying the procedure. Also, label
the two aileron extensions coming from the receiver with the
appropriate channel numbers for easier identifi cation when
connecting the ailerons later.
Make the Aileron Pushrods
There may be other ways to make Z-bends on the ends of
wires without using Z-bend pliers, but Z-bend pliers make
the shortest, sharpest, most accurate bends, so Z-bend
pliers are strongly recommended.
17. Determine where you are going to mount your receiver
❏
and test-fi t it into position—there may be room ahead of the
elevator servo, but the receiver will be out of the way if you
can mount it through the cooling hole behind the wing. Apply
strips of 1/8" [3.2mm] double-sided adhesive foam mounting
tape to the bottom of your receiver. Then mount the receiver
in the fuselage.
1. Cut one 3" [75mm] wire from the included 1.2mm
❏
x 300mm pushrod wire. Use a fi ne-point felt-tip pen to
accurately mark two lines on the wire 1-7/8" [48mm] apart.
2. Use your Z-bend pliers to make the fi rst Z-bend at one
❏
of the marks.
12
Hook Up the Ailerons
5–10° 5–10°
Right
aileron servo
Left
aileron servo
1. Connect the aileron servos to the extensions coming
❏
out of the fuselage from the receiver. Connect a battery
and turn on the transmitter so you can operate the servos.
Program a mix so the servos respond opposite each other in
the correct direction to aileron control stick inputs.
❏
as shown. View the wire from the end making sure the fi rst
Z-bend is laying horizontally to the next Z-bend (as shown in
the top photo). Squeeze the pliers to make the second bend.
❏
1-7/8" [48mm] apart. Cut the ends of the wires approximately
1/8" [3mm] from the ends of the Z-bends and use a metal fi le
or a reinforced cutoff wheel to square and de burr the ends.
❏
3. Load the other end of the wire into the Z-bend pliers
4. You should now have a pushrod wire with Z-bends
5. Make another aileron pushrod the same way.
2. Same as was done for the elevator servo, connect
❏
servo arms that will be angled slightly forward at about a 5°
to 10° angle. Cut off the unused arms. If necessary, use the
sub trims to get both arms the same angle.
3. Secure the servo arms to the servos with the screws—
❏
use threadlocker if the output shaft is metal.
4. Use medium-grit sandpaper to sand any residual foam
❏
from the underside of the top wing skin to which the aileron
servos will be glued. Tip: This is easily done with adhesiveback sandpaper stuck to your fi nger.
13
5. Disconnect the servos and guide the leads through
❏
the channels in the wing out the hole in the middle. Lay the
servos down inside the wing and position the hatch covers
just to see how everything fi ts.
6. Same as was done for the elevator and elevator horn,
❏
scuff the sides of both fi berglass aileron horns around the
base and the bottom of the ailerons around the slots for the
horns so glue will adhere.
the horn and servo align and that the arm and pushrod are
centered in the opening. If necessary, adjust the bends in
the ends of the pushrod to achieve this alignment.
9. Use 30-minute epoxy to securely glue the aileron horn
❏
into the aileron.
10. Repeat the previous three steps for the right aileron
❏
servo.
7.
Use tape to hold the root ends of the ailerons centered
❏
and aligned with the wing. Connect one of the aileron pushrods
you made to a hole 6mm – 8mm out in the left aileron servo
arm and into the outer hole in one of the aileron horns.
11.
The same way you glued down the elevator servo,
❏
clean the aileron servos and the wing skin in the hatches
with a cloth dampened with denatured alcohol. With the radio
on and the ailerons centered, glue the servos into position
with Zap Goo. Temporarily place the hatch covers over the
servos to make sure the arms and pushrods are centered in
the openings. Make any adjustments necessary, remove the
hatches and make sure the servos are pressed down and
securely glued to the wing skin. Allow the glue to dry overnight.
8. Slit the edge of the left hatch cover opening so it can
❏
be fi t over the pushrod and placed over the hatch. Make sure
12. Use clear tape to hold the aileron hatch covers to the
❏
wing.
14
PREPARE THE MODEL TO FLY
1-3/16" [30mm]
Recommended starting balance point
Do not overlook the following two important procedures.
The C.G. and control throws have been determined by
thorough testing and record keeping. Later, you may wish
to change the C.G. and throws to suit your taste, but the
C.G. and throws specifi ed in the manual are a safe starting
point and will give you the greatest chances for success.
Check the C.G.
1. Sharpen one end of the dowels for the included
❏
balance stand. Assemble and glue together the stand. (The
completed stand is pictured on page 16.)
2. Mark the leading edge of the bottom of the wing in
❏
alignment with the tips of the dowels.
3. Lay 2" [50mm] strips of vinyl tape (or similar) on the
❏
bottom of the wing aligned with the marks. Use a fi ne-point
felt-tip pen to draw lines across the strips 7/8", 1-3/16" and
1-1/2" [22mm, 30mm and 38mm] back from the leading edge.
4.
Attach a strip of the softer, “loop” side of the included
❏
Velcro strip to your battery—note that only a narrow strip is
required. This is enough to securely hold the battery in position
during fl ight and will make it easier to remove the battery.
5. Temporarily mount the prop and spinner and the wing.
❏
At this time all components must be installed in the model.
15
6. Place the Rifl e on the C.G. stand supported by the
❏
dowels on the tape strips on the bottom of the wing. If
necessary, remove the wing to adjust the location of the
battery so the Rifl e balances at the middle marks 1-3/16"
[30mm] from the leading edge of the wing. NOTE: The Rifl e
fl ies well balanced anywhere between the forward and aft
balance marks, but for initial fl ights we advise beginning at
the recommended point.
8. Bevel the front of the included plastic “battery spatula”
❏
and slide it under the battery for easier removal.
Set the Control Throws
1. Remove the propeller and spinner.
❏
2. Connect the battery to the ESC and turn on the
❏
transmitter. If necessary, adjust the sub-trims in your
transmitter so the ailerons and elevator are centered.
7. Once you fi nd the location of the battery that allows
❏
the Rifl e to balance, remove the wing and mark the battery
location so it will be repeatable out at the fl ying fi eld.
3. Measure the throws and use the programming in your
❏
transmitter to make adjustments as necessary. NOTE: The
throws are measured at the widest part of the elevator and
ailerons.
16
These are the recommended control surface throws:
ELEVATOR
LOW RATE
AILERONS
SPOILERONS
*Important: High-rate elevator is used for landing only. Do not
hand-launch or switch to high rates until the power has been
cut and you are ready to land.
HIGH RATE
3/16"
[5mm]
11°
Up
3/16"
[5mm]
9°
Up
5/16"
[8mm]
18°
Up*
5/16"
[8mm]
16°
Up
5/16" [8mm] 16° Up
(1/16" [1.5mm] 3° Up Elevator Mix)
3/16"
[5mm]
11°
Down
3/16"
[5mm]
9°
Down
1/4"
[6.5mm]
14°
Down
5/16"
[8mm]
16°
Down
4.
If you prefer, also program in some negative exponential
❏
(less control throw around center stick). Exponentials are a
matter of personal taste and also related to your control throws
(which are also a matter of personal taste to an extent), but
we’ve found that approximately 40% and 30% expo works for
high and low-rate elevator respectively, while 35% and 25%
work well for high- and low-rate ailerons respectively.
5.
Spoilerons (“up” aileron defl ection) assist on landing
❏
by inducing drag to slow the model down. While spoilerons
aren’t absolutely necessary for landing (the fi rst half of our
testing regimen was conducted without spoilerons), spoilerons
defi nitely help on landing by shortening the glide. Spoilerons are
especially helpful during calm conditions where, without a head
wind, the Rifl e will just keep fl oating and fl oating by. In addition
to spoilerons, approximately 1/16" [1.5mm] of “up” elevator mix
to spoilerons is desirable. Upon deployment of spoilerons, the
Rifl e will initially balloon upward, but after it bleeds off enough
speed and nears the landing zone the “up” elevator mix will
partially dampen out your minute elevator corrections, helping
maintain a more even glide path. It is recommended to link your
spoilerons to an easily accessible, adjustable slider or dial so
you can modulate the precise degree of spoilerons depending
on the fl ying conditions and airspeed.
FINAL PREPARATIONS
Identify Your Model
No matter if you fl y at an AMA sanctioned R/C club site or
if you fl y somewhere on your own, you should always have
your name, address, telephone number and AMA number
on or inside your model. It is required at all AMA R/C club
fl ying sites and AMA sanctioned fl ying events. Fill out the
identifi cation label on the decal sheet and stick it on or inside
your model.
Propeller Balancing
You probably won’t fi nd anybody who will recommend you
not balance your propellers. But realistically, fi nding a
balancer that can detect extremely minute differences in
the propeller blade weight of a prop that weighs fractions of
an ounce to begin with, and taking the time to painstakingly
balance a consumable propeller that may last only a single
fl ight anyway, seems futile. We’ve put hundreds of fl ights on
our Ammo motors with props straight out of the package.
Whenever running up the motor before you launch, listen
and feel for excess vibration. If the prop is out-of-balance,
either “re clock” it on the spinner shaft until you get it to run
smoothly, or discard the propeller altogether.
17
Prefl ight Ground Check
SPEED setup SPORT setup
BATTERY
PROPELLER
MOTOR
MAX. CURRENT
MAX. WATTS
MAX. RPM
28-45-3600 Ammo (GPMG5220)
3S 2200mAh 30C 2S 2200mAh 30C
APC 4.5 x 4.1 APC 5.25 x 6.25
STATIC IN-FLIGHT STATIC IN-FLIGHT
48A 42A - 45A 45A 34A
520W 475W 300W 230W
34,000rpm 34,400rpm 21,000rpm 21,650rpm
1. Perform a thorough prefl ight exam, double-checking
❏
that everything on the model is safe, sound and secure.
Pay special attention to the servos and linkages and apply
moderate pressure to all the control surfaces, ensuring that
the horns, servos and control surfaces are secure.
2. Review the check list to make sure you haven’t left
❏
anything out:
CHECK LIST
ESC bullets secured to motor bullets with heat-shrink
❏
tubing
Motor securely mounted, threadlocker on screws
❏
Propeller and spinner securely mounted
❏
Motor/prop/spinner turn freely
❏
C.G. checked, battery location marked on wing saddle
❏
Throws checked, controls respond in the correct
❏
direction
Servos leads/servo extensions securely connected
❏
to receiver
Receiver antennas oriented/positioned as specifi ed
❏
by the radio manufacturer
Horizontal stabilizer screws secure with threadlocker
❏
Set a Flight Timer
First on your agenda before fl ying should be setting a fl ight
timer based on a conservative estimate of the length of time
you can fl y. This is both so the motor does not quit unexpectedly
(causing an unplanned landing) and/or so you do not over
discharge your battery. The Rifl e isn’t your typical sport model
that drains the battery slowly. In order to achieve maximum
speed the motor and batteries are pushed near their limit
making it even more important to know what the limits are
and therefore when to stop. The recommended 28-45-3600
Ammo powered by either the sport setup or the speed setup
can withstand continuous, all-out, full-throttle fl ying for the
practical duration of the battery. As shown in the table at the
bottom of the page, the sport setup will draw about 34A at
full-throttle in-fl ight and the speed setup will draw about 45A
at full-throttle in-fl ight. To convert this to fl ight time, divide the
capacity you wish to drain from your battery (the size of your
“fuel tank”) by the current and convert to minutes:
You should strive to consume no more than 80% of your
battery during a fl ight. If using the recommended 2200mAh
battery, your capacity available is then 1760mAh (2200mAh x
.8 = 1760mAh). Convert the capacity to Amp hours by dividing
by 1000; 1760mAh/1000 = 1.76Ah. For the speed setup,
divide 1.76Ah by the average, in-fl ight current (45A) to arrive
at a fl ight time of .039 hours which equals 2.35 minutes (two
minutes, 21 seconds). If using full-throttle exclusively, this is
the recommended run time for the 3S speed setup—2:20. If
you won’t be fl ying full-throttle exclusively, you may lengthen
your fl ight time accordingly.
Though the average, maximum current for the 2S sport
setup is 34A, it is likely that you won’t be fl ying full-throttle
the whole time as it is intended more for beginners or sport
fl ying. Practically, an average fl ight time for the sport setup is
more like 4-1/2 minutes or longer.
Set your timer accordingly. If possible, link your timer to the
throttle stick so you won’t be counting the time that you are
power off. Tip: If your transmitter has two timers, set one
timer a minute shorter than the fi nal timer to act as a “wakeup call” alerting you that you have one minute left.
18
Spare Propellers
FLYING
As specifi ed, the APC 5.25 x 6.25 speed 400 propeller is
recommended for the 2S sport setup. However, there are a
few different propeller options for the speed setup. The 4.5 x
4.1 is the fi rst choice, but a 4.7 x 4.25 pulls only slightly more
current and is therefore a suitable option.
In any case, when you get to fl ying your Rifl e often you’ll
want to stock your fl ight box with plenty of spare propellers.
Breaking propellers is one of those funny things where
one day you’ll get fi ve, six, seven or more landings without
breaking a prop. Then, you’ll get that one perfect landing and
the prop will break anyway.
Select a Proper Flying Site
If you’re already experienced with this type of small,
extremely fast airplane, you already know your preferred
fl ying site and fl ying conditions, or are experienced enough
so that you can fl y anywhere any time! But if this is your
fi rst outing with your Rifl e, think about the optimum time and
place to fl y. Clear, blue skies with a moderate breeze and
the sun at your back are the best. A 5mph – 10mph breeze
will not only assist with your fi rst hand-launch, it will also
assist with your fi rst landing. Finally, you’ll also want a site
free from obstacles and pedestrians—the fewer distractions
the better! If you’re a little apprehensive, maybe you could
sneak-in the maiden at your local R/C club site early in the
morning before anybody else arrives.
For obvious reasons, it would also be prudent to have a
spotter keep an eye on your Rifl e with you. Later, after you’ve
become accustomed to fl ying your Rifl e and have your skills
and confi dence where you want, you’ll be able to fl y in any
and all reasonable conditions.
Motor Safety Precautions
Failure to follow these safety precautions may result
in severe injury to yourself and others.
Wear safety glasses whenever running motors.
Keep your face and body as well as all spectators away from
the plane of rotation of the turning propeller.
Keep loose clothing and objects such as pencils or
screwdrivers that may fall out of shirt or jacket pockets away
from the prop.
One fi nal note: Do not fl y unless your senses and decisionmaking abilities are sharp. You’ll need clear vision, quick
reaction time, and full command of all the basics — having
the correct model programmed into your radio, remembering
to do a fi nal control check before launching, and knowing
not to fl y if the conditions exceed your skill level. Always
make sure you’re well-rested and, if the weather is hot, stay
hydrated.
Hand Launch
Experienced pilots already know what to do—make a fi nal
control check, point the Rifl e into the wind, nail the throttle
and throw it hard! But less-experienced pilots should read all
of the fl ying instructions thoroughly.
NOTE: Flying on high-rate or low-rate aileron is up to the
pilot’s preference, but the Rifl e should be launched and
fl own only on low-rate elevator. High-rate elevator is
intended for landing only.
While fl ying with your peers keep in mind that the Rifl e isn’t
your “regular” type of plane. It’s understandable that the
speed and sound can be intimidating and/or distracting to
other pilots who are fl ying—some don’t seem to mind, but
others get nervous or agitated, so always try to be a good
sport and respect your fellow club members’ air space.
Fortunately, the Rifl e is quick to prep and fl ies for such a
short time that it’s easy to “sneak in” a fl ight between the
others whenever there’s a lull in the action.
Experienced pilots or new pilots with a few fl ights under their
belt will be able to launch the Rifl e on their own, but it may
be best for inexperienced pilots to get an assistant to launch
it for them. This way, your fi ngers will be at the controls
ready to make the corrective inputs right away. Try to fi nd an
experienced R/C pilot to do the launch. With all due respect,
please don’t solicit your child or signifi cant other. Those not
experienced in R/C usually underestimate the velocity with
which the plane must be thrown and don’t understand the
importance of keeping the wings level and launching at the
correct angle.
Once you’ve found your assistant, pick weather conditions
that are favorable. The most critical part of the fl ight will be
the launch. Once your Rifl e is up-and-away it’ll be safely out
of the grasp of the earth. Launching for experienced pilots is
second-nature, but there is plenty opportunity for beginners to
botch the fi rst launch if conditions are not right. In addition to
fi nding a competent launcher, your chances for success will
be increased ten-fold if you can throw it directly into a breeze.
Launching in cross winds or on calm days is fi ne for experts,
but if you can make that toss into a nice breeze—say a good
fi ve or ten mph—your fl ight will be just about guaranteed!
19
12'
[3.5m]
The tendency may be for motor torque to cause the Rifl e to
roll left, but with a good launch into the wind you may not
notice any torque at all and the Rifl e will aggressively climb
skyward.
Sometimes, during the thrill of the launch it can be easy
Hint:
to forget good mechanics (such as keeping the wings level or
throwing the plane hard enough). But one trick is to actually
look at the plane, not where you are throwing it. If you watch
what the plane is doing right from the start you can remember
to keep the wing level and to throw it at the correct angle.
However, actually looking at an object you are throwing is
counter-intuitive, so this usually takes a little practice.
Once your Rifl e is up-and-away the fi rst thing will be simply
to fl y it. Remember to throttle back and fl y a circuit before
reaching for the trims.
When ready, hold the fuselage under the wing right about at
the C.G. Have your assistant “cock” the Rifl e overhead ready
to throw it in launch position. Envision trying to throw the
Rifl e over a 12' [3.5m] barrier about 12' [3.5m] away.
Double-check that the ailerons, elevator and spoilerons
are responding to your control inputs correctly, then
advance the throttle to full and throw the Rifl e immediately.
Throw it hard, at about a 20° to 30° angle with the wing level.
Flying
Once your Rifl e is airborne the fi rst order of business will be
to get it trimmed for straight-and-level fl ight. You can nudge
the trims yourself, or have your assistant work the trims for
you while you focus on fl ying the plane.
One of the initial challenges of fl ying the Rifl e is keeping it
within visual sight. This should be easy to do with the 2S
sport setup because it’s lighter and not as fast to begin
with, making it more natural to fl y slowly. With either setup,
just remember to throttle back to slow things down. Give
yourself time to think and react.
The second order of business once airborne will be to
simulate a few landings and learn how slowly the Rifl e will
glide and test its stall reaction. Don’t wait until the end of the
fl ight to do this; otherwise, you might run out of battery. Take
your Rifl e up to a high altitude, fl y it into the wind, cut the
throttle and fl y it around. Add more and more up elevator until
it either gets too low or actually stalls. Release the elevator,
allow it to build up a little speed, and then gently add throttle
to climb and do it again. Do this a few times also practicing
with spoilerons and low and high rate elevator. This will show
you the glide envelope and give you a more accurate idea of
what will happen when it’s actually time to land.
20
Landing
Throttle down, switch to high rates, glide around for about half a circuit,
then extend your spoilerons before entering the landing approach.
1. Cut throttle
2. Glide
3. Get into the
landing pattern
The perfect landing approach is a large, descending 180° turn.
2. Continue increasing “up” elevator holding, holding, holding the Rifle off the
ground until it just won’t stay airborne anymore and finally touches down.
1.
Gradually increase “up” elevator floating the
Rifle about a foot or so above the ground.
The procedure is simple and quick; when you hear your timer, cut the power, switch to high rates, glide around for about
half-a-lap, extend the spoilerons, glide around for another half-a-lap, then bring it around and land.
But the tendency for beginners with the Rifl e is to land too long. If this happens, simply throttle up gently, go around and try
again. You either entered the landing pattern too early (before bleeding off enough speed), or your approach was too close
or too high. The more speed you bleed off (or the more head wind there is) the nearer your approach can be and the easier
it will be to track the Rifl e all the way in.
When the Rifl e is a foot or so off the ground just keep holding…holding…holding elevator, keeping it off the ground as long
as possible and causing it to touch down at the slowest possible speed. It takes repetition and experience, but when you get
better at judging precisely how slowly your Rifl e can glide you’ll be able to make your approaches shorter—you may even
end up landing short one day!
CAUTION: Whenever adding power from a glide, apply throttle slowly—whenever the wing is fl ying slowly (during a glide)
it will not have the authority to overcome sudden motor torque caused by jamming the throttle stick quickly.
21
After you land, always use a LiPo battery checker (GPMM3205)
To perform a “pylon” turn,
bank the wing vertically
and pull full, low-rate elevator.
to check the individual cell voltages of your battery. The “resting,”
“open” voltage of each cell when the batteries “recover” a few
minutes after your fl ight should be no less than 3.7V per cell
(which also equates to 20% capacity remaining). Adjust your
timer accordingly so as not to over discharge your batteries.
Also note the capacity that goes back into your battery after
a charge. The battery should take no more than 80% of its
capacity to recharge (indicating that no more than 80% was
used during the fl ight). Again, adjust your fl ight time and set
your timer accordingly.
Lateral Balance
Ballast such as shot or strips can be added to the wing simply
by using a Dremel tool or even a hobby knife to carefully cut
a small section from the bottom fi berglass wing skin at the tip,
then removing the foam and installing the weight with epoxy.
Eventually, when you begin fl ying more frequent, high-
speed “pylon-style” turns, you’ll want to make sure the Rifl e
is laterally balanced and turns correctly. When performing
a full-throttle pylon turn, roll the wing vertically, then pull full
(low-rate) elevator. Notice whether the plane rolls in either
direction with the application of only elevator. If the high wing
rolls out of the turn it will probably also yaw upward resulting
in an increase in altitude. In this case the high wing is heavy
and ballast should be added to the low wing. If the plane
does the opposite—the high wing rolls into the turn and the
fuselage yaws downward—the low wing is heavy and weight
needs to be added to the high wing.
22
Final Thoughts
1. Pull to
vertical
up line
2. Half
roll
3. Graceful pull
with large,
descending
arc back to
horizontal
flight
Another maneuver to have in your repertoire is the “humpty bump.” The humpty not only makes it easier to align your Rifl e
over the runway and low (for thrilling speed passes when you want to show off to any spectators), it can also be a safer
maneuver as the plane is never on a trajectory inward. Like all maneuvers with the Rifl e, the humpty happens fast—you can
delay a few seconds on the up line after the initial pull to vertical, but after that you have to get in the half roll and pull back
to the down line quickly. Otherwise, if you become complacent the Rifl e may climb out of sight! And other than the instant
when the Rifl e is inverted at the top of the arc, you always have a good look at it from the top or bottom improving your ability
to track it.
The “sweet spot” for a speed setup is a fl ying weight of about 26 – 28 oz. turning a 4.5 x 4.1 propeller around 35,000rpm
(in the neighborhood of 600 watts “in” given typical motor effi ciency). If you adhere to that you’re pretty much looking at
3S setups with motors in the 120g – 140g range, 40mm – 50mm in length. This is pretty much what you’ll get with the
recommended 3S Ammo speed setup. We understand that the tendency for this type of plane is to “stuff” in as much power
as possible (and we’ve already done that ourselves!), but in order to get all this power you’ll need a bigger motor, ESC and
battery. Then, the Rifl e becomes heavier, making it less practical either by complicating launches and/or shortening the fl ight
time considerably. Props smaller than 4.5 x 4.1 simply don’t provide enough thrust to overcome the drag of the airframe
resulting in little or no increase in speed no matter what RPM you are turning, so should you decide to experiment, keep
the minimum prop size to 4.5 x 4.1.
Practically, the amount of power you can jam into the Rifl e is limited by the size of the battery that will fi t and a reasonable
weight and fl ying time—you can stuff in only so much motor and battery until the Rifl e is either too heavy and/or the fl ying
time is ridiculously short. Sure, you can come up with a motor, propeller and battery that will make 1500 watts, but then it
will be too heavy (severely compromising the launch) or will fl y for less than a minute. Basically, just about anything that can
be powered by 2200mAh 3S battery and fl y for around two minutes at full throttle is practical.
23
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