Fulton Vertical Electric User Manual
Thermal Fluid Heaters
Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual
Serial # __________________________
Model # __________________________
Fulton Order # __________________________
Sold To __________________________
Job Name __________________________
Date __________________________
Fulton Electric
(FT-N Models)
Fulton Thermal Corp.
972 Centerville Road
Pulaski, NY 13142
Telephone: (315) 298-5121
Facsimile: (315) 298-6390
www.fulton.com
Fulton Thermal Corp.*Electric Thermal Fluid Heaters Manual* Version 2010-0423
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Table of Contents
Section 1 – Safety Warnings &
Precautions
Section 2 – Installation
1. Component View
2. Placement
3. Location
4. Access
5. Approximate Floor Loadings
6. Minimum Clearance
7. Circulating Pump
8. Combination Thermal Buffer Tank
9. Pressurized Systems
10. Connections
11. Pipework Systems
12. General
13. Equipment
14. Piping
15. Gasket Installation
16. Piping
17. System Connections
18. Heater Connections
19. Gauges
20. Valves
21. Testing
22. Insulation
23. Thermal Fluids
Section 3 – Operation
1. Start Up Preparation & Installation
Review
2. Preparation
3. Filling the System
4. For Systems Equipped with Inert
Blankets
5. Circulating Pump
6. Initial Start Up
7. Start Up Service
8. Cold Circulation
9. Filtering the System
10. Energizing the Elements
11. Procedure for First Shutdown
12. Required Pressure Drop Across the
Heater
13. Required Flow Through Heater
14. Operating Controls
15. Daily Start Up
16. Daily Shutdown
Section 4 – Maintenance
1. Required Maintenance at First
Shutdown
2. General Maintenance Schedule
3. Maintenance Procedures
4. Safety Check Procedures
5. Recommended Maintenance Schedule
6. Troubleshooting
7. Fulton Thermal Fluid Heater Log Sheet
Section 5 – Parts & Warranty
Section 6 – Product Specs & Data
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Section 1
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Section 1 – Safety Warnings & Precautions
Prior to shipment, the following tests are made to assure the customer the highest standards of
manufacturing:
a) Material inspections
b) Manufacturing process inspections
c) ASME welding inspection
d) ASME hydrostatic test inspection
e) Electrical components inspection
f) Operating test
g) Final engineering inspection
h) Crating inspection
Rigging your heater into position should be handled by a competent rigger experienced in handling heavy
equipment.
The customer should examine the heater for any damage, especially the refractories. It is the
responsibility of the installer to ensure all parts supplied with the heater are fitted in a correct and
safe manner.
Warning
Operating the heater beyond its design limits can damage the heater, it can also be dangerous. Do
not operate the heater outside its limits. Do not try to upgrade the heater performance by
unapproved modifications. Unapproved modifications can cause injury and damage. Contact your
Fulton dealer before modifying the heater.
Warning
A defective heater can injure you or others. Do not operate a heater which is defective or has
missing parts. Make sure that all maintenance procedures are completed before using the heater.
Do not attempt repairs or any other maintenance work you do not understand. Obtain a Service
Manual from Fulton or call a Fulton Service Engineer.
Warning
Thermal Fluid Heaters have high temperature surfaces, that if touched may cause serious burns.
Only competent and qualified personnel should work on or in the locality of a thermal fluid heater
and ancillary equipment. Always ensure the working area and floor are clear of potential hazards,
work slowly and methodically.
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WARNING: If the information in this manual is not followed exactly, a fire or explosion may result
causing property damage, personal injury or loss of life.
- Do not store or use gasoline or other flammable vapors and liquids in the vicinity of this or any other
appliances.
- WHATTODOIFYOUSMELLGAS
Do not try to light any appliance.
Do not touch any electrical switch; do not use any phone in your building.
Immediately call your gas supplier from a neighbor’s phone. Follow the gas supplier’s
instructions.
If you cannot reach your gas supplier, call the fire department.
- Installation and service must be performed by a qualified installer, service agency or the gas supplier.
For Your Safety
The following WARNINGS, CAUTIONS and NOTES appear in various chapters of this manual. They are
repeated on these safety summary pages as an example and for emphasis.
WARNINGS must be observed to prevent serious injury or death to personnel.
CAUTIONS must be observed to prevent damage or destruction of equipment or loss of
operating effectiveness.
NOTES must be observed for essential and effective operating procedures, conditions, and as a
statement to be highlighted.
It is the responsibility and duty of all personnel involved in the operating and maintenance of this
equipment to fully understand the WARNINGS, CAUTIONS and NOTES by which hazards are to be
eliminated or reduced. Personnel must become familiar with all aspects of safety and equipment prior to
operation or maintenance of the equipment.
Note
Max. room temperature not to exceed 100oF.
Note
In no case should any part of the drive side of the pump be insulated.
Note
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Max. operating temperature for air cooled pumps varies by manufacturer. Consult instruction
manual to verify.
Note
Non-code tanks cannot be pressurized over 15 psig.
Note
If the tank is located outdoors nitrogen is required.
Warning
High temperature thermal fluid, steam and combustible vapors may be vented through the DA
vent connection.
Warning
Once the system has been filled, any modification to the tank or connected piping requires
purging of the work area to prevent ignition of potentially flammable vapors. Consult factory prior
to beginning work. Consult MSDS for your thermal fluid for flammability limits.
Note
If the circulating pump motor is not supplied by Fulton Thermal Corporation, the motor starter will
not be supplied.
Note
Unless the system is pressurized, the inlet to the deaerator section must be higher than or equal
to the highest point in the system to prevent pockets of air from collecting in system piping.
Caution
During operation, any leaks are usually detected by a small amount of vapor. Leaks should be
attended to as soon as possible because under certain circumstances, such as saturated
insulation, thermal fluid can ignite when exposed to air and heat.
Note
Fulton Thermal Corporation cannot be held responsible in the case of accident or damage
resulting from the use of inadequate fluid.
Note
Unless specially filtered, compressed air will introduce moisture into the system. Dry air or
Nitrogen is recommended.
Note
Some plastics can be dissolved by thermal fluid.
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Note
Do not use system circulating pump for system filling.
Note
A pump that has been used for water or a different thermal fluid should not be used prior to
extensive cleaning. Thermal fluid can be damaged by contact with moisture or other fluids.
Warning
Pressurizing a drum to force fluid into the system is not recommended. The drum can easily
explode, creating a hazard to personnel and equipment.
Note
Tanks are non-code as a standard. Non-code tanks cannot be pressurized over 15psig. Tanks built
to ASME code Section VIII Div 1 are available upon request.
Note
Do not run the pump before filling it with fluid.
Caution
1. Use extreme caution opening plug when system temperature is elevated.
2. Wear eye and hand protection.
3. Back the plug out slowly to the last two or three threads. Allow any pressure under
plug to bleed slowly to prevent a spray of hot oil.
Note
Flash steam may be generated at any point up to the operating temperature. Watch for gauge
fluctuations.
Note
All of the above maintenance procedures should be completed by trained personnel. Appropriate
training and instructions are available from the Fulton Service Department at (315) 298-7148 or
your local Fulton Thermal Representative.
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Section 2
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Section 2 – Installation
1. Component View
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2. Placement
a) Proper placement of your Fulton Thermal Fluid Heater is essential. Attention paid to the
3. Location
a) Authorities with jurisdiction over any national or local codes which might be applicable to
b) The heater should be located as close as possible to the place where the heat will be
c) A level, hard, non-combustible surface is required for a suitable base for mounting the
d) Approximations for the floor loading of each heater are given in the floor loadings table.
e) The heater should be placed in a suitable heater house or well ventilated separate room
following points will save a great deal of difficulty in the future. Correct placement is the
first step to trouble-free installation, operation and maintenance.
thermal fluid applications should be consulted before installations are made.
used in order to keep pipe work costs to a minimum.
unit. It is suggested that a four inch curb be installed completely around the unit. In the
event of a large spill, this will help contain the fluid.
Check building specifications for permissible floor loading.
4. Access
through which personnel do not normally pass. This is not essential, but the layout should
eliminate traffic in potentially hazardous areas. For instance, the service engineer or the
operator should not have to pass exposed, hot pipe work to make adjustments to the
heater controls.
f) Ventilation must be sufficient to maintain a building temperature of 100°F. or less and the
panel box temperature must not exceed 125°F. Natural ventilation should be provided by
means of grills at floor and ceiling level.
a) Access around the heater should be provided to facilitate maintenance. Appropriate
clearances for all sides follow.
b) Place heater with clearances to unprotected combustible materials, including plaster or
combustible supports, not less than the following:
Heater Front 36” (1 m)
Heater Sides 18” (.5 m)
Heater Rear 18” (.5 m)
Heater Top 66” (1.67 m)
(For element removal)
5. Approximate Floor Loadings
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a) Free standing figures take the weight of the heater alone into consideration. Floor
loadings for skid mounted units vary with configuration.
Model Free-Standing Skid-Mounted
FT-0075N 400 lbs/ft2 150 lbs/ft2
FT-0150N 300 lbs/ft2 150 lbs/ft2
FT-0225N 300 lbs/ft2 150 lbs/ft2
FT-0300N 300 lbs/ft2 150 lbs/ft2
FT-0375N 300 lbs/ft2 150 lbs/ft2
FT-0430N 300 lbs/ft2 150 lbs/ft2
FT-0640N 300 lbs/ft2 200 lbs/ft2
FT-0860N 300 lbs/ft2 200 lbs/ft2
FT-1070N 200 lbs/ft2 200 lbs/ft2
FT-1290N 200 lbs/ft2 150 lbs/ft2
FT-1500N 200 lbs/ft2 150 lbs/ft2
FT-1720N 200 lbs/ft2 150 lbs/ft2
6. Minimum Clearance for Element Removal
Model Inches Meters
FT-0075N 46 1.2
FT-0150N 46 1.2
FT-0225N 46 1.2
FT-0300N 46 1.2
FT-0375N 46 1.2
FT-0430N 66 1.7
FT-0640N 66 1.7
FT-0860N 66 1.7
FT-1070N 66 1.7
FT-1290N 66 1.7
FT-1500N 66 1.7
FT-1720N 66 1.7
a) All heaters will also require a minimum clearance overhead for personnel access and
element removal. In cases where the available height is insufficient, a roof or ceiling trap
might be considered.
b) Pipes should not be run within ten inches of any control cabinets or combustible material.
c) Failure to provide suitable and safe access at the time of commissioning may cause
delays, as our Service Engineers are instructed not to commence commissioning if
hazardous conditions exist.
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7. Circulating Pump
a) Installing the pump in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and these
instructions will prolong the life of the pump and contribute significantly to the successful
operation of your Fulton heater system. The pump manufacturer’s installation and
operation instructions can be found in Section 5 of this manual.
b) Location
1. The pump should be located adjacent to the heater. Its base must be
firm, level (preferably concrete), and free from vibration.
c) Connections & Piping
1. The pump should be routed as per the manufacturer’s requirements. It
should be equipped with flexible connections at the suction and
discharge sides. The primary function of these connections are to
prevent stresses due to pipe expansion from being placed on the pump
and to isolate pump vibrations from the pipe work and the heater. They
also allow for expansion and deflection of the pipe work. These
connections should be rated for high temperature since they are
considered part of the piping system.
2. The suction pipe work must be directly connected to the deaerator
section via a vertical run with as few elbows as possible, and should
contain the strainer and an isolating valve. The discharge pipe work must
be connected directly to the heater inlet, and should contain an isolating
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valve. See that pipe work connections match up accurately with pump
flanges. Refer to the pump manufacturer’s recommendations for the
specific pump inlet piping requirements. Typically these requirements are
that:
a. It be a straight run of pipe.
b. The straight run from the pump inlet to the first fitting, valve, or
flex connector be a minimum of 6-10 pipe diameters in length.
c. The pipe used should be the same size as the inlet of the pump.
3. The piping in the immediate vicinity of the pump must not be supported
by the pump. The pump is not designed to bear the weight of the piping,
and weight on any part of the pump will throw it out of alignment.
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d) Typical Fulton Thermal Piping Schematic
1. Thermal Fluid Heater
2. Thermal Fluid Circulating Pump
3. Safety Relief Valve
4. Thermometer
5. Pressure Gauge
6. Thermal Fluid Heated Equipment
7. Bypass Valve to maintain full flow to heater
8. Expansion Joints as required
9. Anchor and Pipe Guides as required
10. Expansion Tank
11. Vent Piping should be full size of expansion tank vent
12. Deaerator Tank
13. Deaerator Tank inlet must be highest point of piping
14. Thermal Buffer Tank
15. Catch Tank for drain of pressure relief valve, cold seal,
expansion tank, and vent. Locate in safe area.
16. Gate Valve
17. Strainer
18. ¾” System Fill Connection
19. Flexible Connection as necessary
20. Isolating Valve as necessary
21. Manual Low Level Test Line
22. Manual High Level Test Line
23. Buffer Drain
23
20
Full pump design flow must be maintained at all
times thru the main piping loop. Low flow will
seriously damage heater.
Note: Manifold configuration for illustration only.
See drawing appropriate to particular model.
e) Alignment
1. Proper alignment directly affects bearing, coupling, and seal life
expectancy. The pump is properly aligned before it leaves the factory.
Because the system expands in operation, pump must be realigned
when the system is at operating temperature.
2. The coupling alignment of the pump and driver must be carefully
checked for angular and axial alignment. Check pump manufacturers
instructions for these specifications. The use of a dial indicator to check
the axial and angular alignment is recommended.
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f) Lubrication
g) Seals
1. An air cooled pump does not have an oiler. This type of pump has a
sleeve bearing which is, like the seals, lubricated by thermal fluid. An air
cooled pump has a grease nipple located at the drive end of the pump
near the coupling connection. This comes pre-greased, and should be
greased at intervals as recommended by the manufacturer.
2. An oiler is shipped with each water cooled pump and it should be filled
with a lubricating oil recommended by the manufacturer. The suggested
lubricant is usually SAE-30 non-detergent oil. Thermal fluid is not
sufficient lubrication for bearings.
1. All seals on air cooled pumps are lubricated by thermal fluid, therefore
the pump must never be run dry, i.e., without thermal fluid in it.
2. Filling a pump equipped with either a Grafoil packed or mechanical seal
with thermal fluid will ensure lubrication. However, in order to be certain
that all seals on an air cooled pump are coated with thermal fluid, the
pump must be bled.
3. Grafoil packings require a run-in procedure. Typically, pumps with these
seals are shipped with four or five rings installed and several rings loose.
These extra rings must be on hand for the initial run-in procedure. See
manufacturer’s instruction manual for this procedure.
h) Air Cooling
1. Allow for free air flow around the entire pump casing at all times.
2. Max. room temperature should be 100°F.
3. In no case should any part of the drive side of the pump be insulated.
4. Max. operating temperature for air cooled pumps varies by manufacturer.
Consult instruction manual to verify.
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i) Water Cooling
1. A throttling needle valve should be installed on the inlet side of the water
cooling passages and adjusted so that the outlet water is between
120°F. and 160°F. Typically this means a flow rate of 2-5 GPM at 40°F
inlet temperature. Consult pump manufacturer’s specifications for
dimensions of water cooling connection.
2. The throttling valve on a water cooled pump is designed to automatically
give the proper flow rate for a 40 PSIG or greater supply.
3. If a minimum of 40 PSIG is not available, consult Fulton Thermal
Corporation about resizing the orifice. If the temperature of the cooling
water is greater than 55°F to begin with, a correspondingly greater flow
rate is required.
4. For automatic operation of water cooling, wire a solenoid valve on the
inlet to open whenever the pump motor starter is energized.
5. The outlet flow from the pump must not be restricted in any manner.
Therefore, valves are not to be installed on the outlet. Check local codes
regarding disposal of hot water.
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8. Combination Expansion/Deaerator/Thermal Buffer Tank
a) Fulton Thermal’s efficient design combines the operation of the expansion, deaerator,
and thermal buffer tanks. Installation is considerably simplified by virtue of this
arrangement.
b) Expansion Section
1. The expansion section is vital to the thermal fluid system. From ambient
to operating temperature, the thermal fluid in the system will typically
expand in the range of 30%, and a vessel capable of handling this
expansion is mandatory. The customer should confirm the expansion
rate of the chosen fluid and system volume.
c) Deaerator Section
1. At start up the primary purpose of the deaerator section is to remove all
volatiles from the system to avoid pump cavitation. The deaerator section
also allows oxygen to be vented from the system on a continuous basis
during operation to avoid oxidation of the thermal fluid, and removes
other volatile particles generated by the fluid itself during system
operation. This section of the tank must be insulated.
d) Thermal Buffer Section
1. A system of interconnecting pipe work in the thermal buffer tank section
prevents the movement of any oil that has not cooled sufficiently into the
expansion section. This avoids contact of very high thermal fluid
temperature with oxygen contained in the atmosphere, which causes
fluid breakdown. DO NOT insulate this section.
e) Sizing The Tank For The System
1. Expansion tank capacity is the total volume of the tank. It is necessary to
have some air space available at the top of the tank to avoid spillage or
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overflow. At initial fill (for system volume calculations) the deaerator and
cold seal sections must be filled completely and the expansion section
must be filled to a level of 4 inches to "make" the liquid level switch.
2. The volume between the initial fill level and the safe "full" level is the
amount available for expansion. That volume is used to decide which
tank is suitable for the system expansion.
f) Sizing Example
1. A system contains 175 gallons, including the heater, but not the tank.
You select the FT-200-L, so you add 25 gallons to 175. You must look up
the expansion rate for the thermal fluid. (Assume it is 25%). 200 gal. x
1.25 = 250 gallons. 250-200 = 50 gallon expansion. The FT-200-L has
only 46 gallons available for expansion, so the correct selection is the
FT-500-L.
g) Location
1. The tank must be installed in accordance with Fulton Thermal
Corporation's specifications.
2. Unless the system is pressurized, the inlet to the deaerator section must
be higher than or equal to the highest point in the system to prevent
pockets of air from collecting in system piping.
3. The head required at the circulation pump suction inlet must also be
taken into account to avoid the possibility of pump cavitation. In systems
operating close to maximum fluid temperature, the tank must be elevated
enough, possibly well above the highest point in the system to prevent
pump cavitation by increasing the static head. An inert pressurizing
blanket may be considered as an alternative. See Pressurized
Systems.
4. Supports for tank mounting should be provided by the client/contractor.
These should be suited for supporting the tank by the side rails. The
eyelets fitted to the tank are for lifting only.
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A
Model Capacity
(Gallons)
FT-200-L 52 25 46 184
FT-500-L 132 40 121 525
FT-1000-L 264 80 232 1000
FT-1500-L 397 90 380 1400
FT-2000-L 528 145 444 1700
FT-3000-L 793 215 717 2600
FT-5000-L 1310 300 1168 4600
Initial Fill
(Gallons)
vailable for
Expansion
(Gallons)
Max System
Volume
9. Pressurized Systems
a) Nitrogen pressurization may be used to advantage where the total system content is very
large or in a system operating near or above the vapor pressure of the fluid employed or
if the inlet of the DA tank is not the highest point in the piping system.
b) In conjunction with this system, an automatic venting device must be fitted to the system
expansion tank. Consult Fulton Thermal Corporation for further details.
c) The location for the liquid level switch is a 2-1/2” NPT connection on the same end of the
tank as the inlet. The liquid level switch is supplied and shipped with the unit, and must
be installed by the customer and then wired to the control panel.
Note
If the tank is located outdoors nitrogen is required.
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Liquid Level
Switch
10. Connections
a) The vent connection must be made in a manner that will prevent penetration of water or
foreign bodies into the tank. This connection must always terminate in a safe, well
ventilated area and has to be free of obstruction, open to atmosphere, and arranged in
such a manner that, in the event of discharge from the system, thermal fluid could drain
into a catch tank without danger to personnel or property.
Non-code tanks cannot be pressurized over 15 psig.
High temperature thermal fluid, steam and combustible vapors may be vented
through this connection.
b) The vent run should be the same size as the tank outlet. It should run pitch down from
the outlet of the tank to the catch tank.
c) If nitrogen is used on the system, the vent can be reduced and should be piped with a
Note
Warning
positive closing valve at the catch tank.
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d) The connection between the tank outlet and the horizontal pump inlet run should be as
close to a vertical drop as possible. It should not contain an excessive number of bends
of length of pipe. These faults could encourage pump cavitation.
e) As noted, the inlet to the deaerator must be higher than or equal to the highest point in
the system or a pressurized system must be used.
f) The liquid level switch, supplied and shipped with the unit, must be installed and wired to
the control panel by the customer.
g) The high and low level test connections are 1/2” NPT, and are located on the end of the
tank opposite the inlet. The low level is on the center line of the expansion tank, the high
level is next to it, slightly off center. The high level rises up from the bottom of the tank
and ends four inches below the top; the low level rises two inches from the bottom of the
tank.
h) Both the high and low level connections should be piped to a safe catchment. Valves
should be installed in these lines at the catch tank.
i) Installation of the valves should be accomplished in such a manner that any flow will be
visible when the valves are open.
j) Flow from the high level test connection indicates a tank that is too full; no flow from the
low level test connection indicates too little fluid.
k) There is a 300 pound, raised face, flanged drain on the bottom of the thermal buffer
section, for the purpose of draining the tank when necessary. This should be piped with a
valve in the line, to a safe catchment. The valve specifications outlined above apply to
this valve as well.
l) An inspection opening is located at the highest point on the tank. Access to this port is
recommended but not required.
m) Refer to the maintenance schedule for recommendations on draining the buffer tank. For
positioning of all connections on tank, see the diagram labeled
Combination/Expansion/Deaerator Thermal Buffer Tank.
Warning
Once the system has been filled, any modification to the tank or connected piping
requires purging of the work area to prevent ignition of potentially flammable
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vapors. Consult factory prior to beginning work. Consult MSDS for your thermal
fluid for flammability limits.
n) Electrical Connections
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1. A wall-mounted, fused disconnect sized for the unit must be provided
and fitted by the client/contractor, if a disconnect is not supplied on the
panel.
2. Fuses must be sized according to motor name plates and local electrical
codes.
3. Heaters and single skid systems are generally shipped completely
prewired. The liquid level switch on the expansion tank, when supplied,
will be shipped in the parts box and must be installed in the field. Multiple
skid systems may require wiring between the skids.
4. If the unit is not skid-mounted at the factory, the client/contractor is
required to wire the circulating pump starter.
5. When using a SCR, a Shunt Trip Breaker is required to be installed by
the customer. It will be used to remove power to the panel in the event of
an over temperature/pressure condition. The Shunt Trip Coil needs to be
wired to the boiler electrical panel as indicated on the electrical drawing.
Note
If the circulating pump motor is not supplied by Fulton Thermal Corporation, the
motor starter will not be supplied.
o) Voltage & Frequency
1. Normal supply will be 460 volts, 3 phase, 60 Hz, AC unless otherwise
specified.
2. Make sure the information on the electrical drawing corresponds to your
voltage and frequency. Check the supply voltage and make sure that
there is no over-or under-voltage exceeding 10% of the nominal value.
11. Pipework Systems
a) Certain properties of thermal fluid, including low surface tension, make it necessary to
pay particular attention to containing the fluid. Good pipework system design, welded
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construction, proper flanging, gaskets, and other appropriate means of eliminating
potential leakage must be employed.
12. General
a) All components exposed to thermal fluid flow, including pipe, valves, and screens, must
not be made out of copper, copper alloys, aluminum, or cast iron. Cast iron is porous to
thermal fluids, and copper and aluminum act as catalysts in the degradation of some
thermal fluids. Carbon or stainless steel, or ductile iron, are recommended.
b) For standard applications, all components must be rated to 650°F unless otherwise
stipulated.
c) All pipework, valves, and user equipment must be suited to the maximum operating
pressure of the heater. The maximum pressure stamped on the heater nameplate is
typically 150 psig (690 kPa).
d) If an isolating valve is completely closed, the pressure in the system will rise to the
deadhead pressure of the pump. Suitably sized pipe will enable the system to withstand
the total head generated by the circulating pump, should this occur. In applications where
it is desirable to design to pressures lower than 100 psig, an alternative safeguard is to
e) Where secondary circulating pumps are installed, the system must be suitable for the
f) During construction of the installation, ensure that no dirt, water, or residue from welding
13. Equipment
a) Heaters that are skid mounted with pumps and tanks are equipped with a y-strainer, a
14. Piping
a) All pipework should be constructed from seamless mild steel pipe, conforming to ASME
b) Expansion joints or properly designed and sited loops should be provided to
install appropriately sized safety valves.
aggregate head, against a closed valve, of both pumps.
is left in the system.
flex connector and a valve in the inlet run between the pump and the combination tank.
Piping between the discharge of the pump and the inlet of the heater will include a flex
connector and a valve.
SA 106B or SA 53B, Schedule 40 or equal.
accommodate thermal expansion. Thermal expansion should be calculated using the
maximum possible utilization fluid temperature, regardless of whether the pipe
considered is in the feed or return circuit. Steel pipe will expand approximately 1 “ per
100’ over a 100° F. temperature rise (1 mm. per meter over 100°C. rise).
Fulton Thermal Corp.*Electric Thermal Fluid Heaters Manual* Version 2010-0423
Page 30
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