Fluke 6100A, 6101A User Manual

®

6100A

Electrical Power Standard

Users Manual

PN 1887628
Version 6.0 December 2008

© 2006-2008 Fluke Corporation, All rights reserved. Printed in UK
All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.

LIMITED WARRANTY & LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

Each Fluke product is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship under
normal use and service. The warranty period is one year and begins on the date of shipment.
Parts, product repairs and services are warranted for 90 days. This warranty extends only to the
original buyer or end-user customer of a Fluke authorized reseller, and does not apply to fuses,
disposable batteries or to any product which, in Fluke’s opinion, has been misused, altered,
neglected or damaged by accident or abnormal conditions of operation or handling. Fluke
warrants that software will operate substantially in accordance with its functional specifications for
90 days and that it has been properly recorded on non-defective media. Fluke does not warrant
that software will be error free or operate without interruption.

Fluke authorized resellers shall extend this warranty on new and unused products to end-user
customers only but have no authority to extend a greater or different warranty on behalf of Fluke.
Warranty support is available if product is purchased through a Fluke authorized sales outlet or
Buyer has paid the applicable international price. Fluke reserves the right to invoice Buyer for
importation of costs of repair/replacement parts when product purchased in one country is
submitted for repair in another country.

Fluke’s warranty obligation is limited, at Fluke’s option, to refund of the purchase price, free of
charge repair, or replacement of a defective product which is returned to a Fluke authorized
service center within the warranty period.

To obtain warranty service, contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center or send the
product, with a description of the difficulty, postage and insurance prepaid (FOB Destination), to
the nearest Fluke authorized service center. Fluke assumes no risk for damage in transit.
Following warranty repair, the product will be returned to Buyer, transportation prepaid (FOB
Destination). If Fluke determines that the failure was caused by misuse, alteration, accident or
abnormal condition of operation or handling, Fluke will provide an estimate of repair costs and
obtain authorization before commencing the work. Following repair, the product will be returned
to the Buyer transportation prepaid and the Buyer will be billed for the repair and return
transportation charges (FOB Shipping Point).

THIS WARRANTY IS BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AN IS IN LIEU OF ALL
OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY
IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILTY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
FLUKE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES, INCLUDING LOSS OF DATA, WHETHER
ARISING FROM BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, RELIANCE OR
ANY OTHER THEORY.

Since some countries or states do not allow limitation of the term of an implied warranty, or
exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, the limitations and exclusions of
this warranty may not apply to every buyer. If any provision of this Warranty is held invalid or
unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, such holding will not affect the validity or
enforceability of any other provision.

Fluke Corporation Fluke Europe BV Fluke Precision
Measurement Ltd
P O Box 9090 P O Box 1186 Hurricane way
Everett 5602 BD Norwich
WA 98206-9090 Eindhoven NR6 6JB
USA The Netherlands UK

Claims

Immediately upon arrival, purchaser shall check the packing container against the enclosed
packing list and shall, within thirty (30) days of arrival, give Fluke notice of shortages or any
nonconformity with the terms of the order. If purchaser fails to give notice, the delivery shall be
deemed to conform with the terms of the order.

The purchaser assumes all risk of loss or damage to instruments upon delivery by Fluke to the
carrier. If an instrument is damaged in transit, PURCHASER MUST FILE ALL CLAIMS FOR
DAMAGE WITH THE CARRIER to obtain compensation. Upon request by purchaser, Fluke will
submit an estimate of the cost to repair shipment damage.

Fluke will be happy to answer all questions to enhance the use of this instrument. Please address
your requests or correspondence to: Fluke Precision Measurement Ltd, Hurricane way, Norwich,
NR6 6JB, UK.

OPERATOR SAFETY

SUMMARY

WARNING

HIGH VOLTAGE

is used in the operation of this equipment

LETHAL VOLTAGE

may be present on the terminals, observe all safety precautions!

To avoid electrical shock hazard, the operator should not
electrically contact the output hi or sense hi binding posts or
any conductors connected to them, while the instrument is in
both standby and operate modes. During operation, lethal
voltages of up to 1430V Pk max may be present on these
terminals.

General Safety Summary

y

t

)

This instrument has been designed and type tested in accordance with the following standard
publications:
EN61010-1: 2001
UL61010A-1
CAN CSA 22.2 No 1010.1-92
and has been supplied in a safe condition.

This manual contains information and warnings that must be observed to keep the instrument in a
safe condition and ensure safe operation. Operation or service in conditions or in a manner other
than specified could compromise safety. For the correct and safe use of this instrument, it is
essential that both operating and service personnel follow generally accepted safety procedures in
addition to the safety precautions specified.

To avoid injury or fire hazard, the instrument must not be switched on if it is damaged or
suspected to be faulty. Do not operate the instrument in damp, wet, condensing, dusty, or
explosive gas conditions.

Whenever it is likely that safety protection has been impaired, the instrument must be made
inoperative and be secured against any unintended operation. Inform qualified maintenance or
repair personnel. Safety protection is likely to be impaired if, for example, the instrument shows
visible damage or fails to operate normally.

Explanation of safety-related symbols and terms

DANGER
Risk of Electric Shock

WARNING Warning statements identify conditions or practices that could result in injury
or loss of life.

Caution Caution statements identify conditions or practices that could result in damage to
this or other property.

Caution

Refer to accompanying
documents

The product is marked with this symbol to
indicate that hazardous voltage (>33Vrms or

46.7V Pk or 70V DC ma

The product is marked with this symbol when
it is necessary for the user to refer to the
instruction manual

be presen

Protective Earth (or Grounding)

Protection Class 1 - The instrument must be operated with a Protective Earth/Ground connection
via the Protective Earth/Grounding conductor of the AC line supply cable. The Protective
Earth/Ground connects before the AC line and neutral connections when the supply plug is
inserted into the instrument's rear panel AC line supply socket. If the final connection to the AC
line supply is made elsewhere, ensure that the Protective Earth/Ground connection is made before
AC line and neutral.

If for any reason there is a possibility the protective earth/ground connection might not be
made before the AC line and neutral connections, or the output terminals are connected to
a potentially hazardous live circuit, the separate protective earth/ground connection stud
on the rear panel of the instrument must be connected to a suitable Protective
Earth/Ground.

WWARNING

Any interruption of the protective ground conductor inside or
outside the instrument is likely to make the instrument
dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.

The Power Cord and Power Supply Disconnection

The front panel power switch is a remote on/off switch and does not directly disconnect line
power. The power supply disconnect device is the ON / OFF switch on the rear panel of the
instrument. The ON / OFF switch should be readily accessible whilst the instrument is in
operation. If this operating condition cannot be satisfied, it is essential that either the power cord
plug or a separate power disconnecting device be readily reached and accessible to the operator.
To avoid electric shock and fire hazard, ensure that the power cord is not damaged and is
adequately rated against power supply network fusing. If the power plug is to be the accessible
disconnecting device, the cord must not be longer than 3 meters.

Signal connection

To avoid electric shock hazard, signal connections to the instrument must be made after the
Protective Earth/Ground connection is made and disconnected before the Protective Earth/Ground
connection is removed; i.e. the AC line supply lead must be connected whenever signal leads are
connected.

WWARNING

To avoid injury or loss of life, do not connect or disconnect
signal leads while they are connected, or suspected of being
connected, to any hazardous voltage or current source.

WWARNING

Safety protection is likely to be impaired if unauthorized signal
connector leads are used. Do not use signal connector leads if
they are damaged. Voltage and current signal connector leads
are provided with each instrument but they must only be used
for the correct purpose. The Current signal connector lead must
never be connected to the 6100A/6101A voltage terminals.

Do Not Operate Without Covers

To avoid electric shock or fire hazard, the instrument must not be operated with covers removed.
The covers protect the user from live parts and (unless otherwise stated) should be removed only
by suitably qualified personnel for maintenance and repair purposes.

WWARNING

Removing the covers may expose voltages in excess of 2kV pk;
these voltages may be present for up to one minute after the
instrument has been disconnected from the power source, or
longer under fault conditions.

Safe Operating Conditions

The unit must be operated only within the manufacturer's specified operating conditions.
Examples of specification that must be considered are:

For indoor use only
Ambient temperature
Ambient humidity
Power supply voltage and frequency
Maximum terminal voltages or currents
Altitude
Ambient pollution level

Exposure to shock and vibration
To avoid electric shock or fire hazard, do not apply to or subject the instrument to any condition
that is outside specified range. See section one of this manual for detailed specification of the
instrument and its operating conditions.

WCaution

Direct sunlight, radiators and other heat sources should be
taken into account when assessing the ambient temperature.

Fuse Requirements

The 6100A and 6101A require a special fuse with rated current of 15A and rated breaking
capacity of 750A. The fuse must be rated for a voltage of 250V AC.
To access the fuse and ensure the line power is disconnected and follow the procedure described
in Chapter 6. The approved fuse is shown below
Fluke part number and description: 1998159 T15AH 250V 32mm

Fuse manufacturer and part number: Bussmann MDA-15

Measurement Category I

Measurement terminals are designed for connection at Measurement (Overvoltage) Category I.
To avoid electric shock or fire hazard, do not connect the instrument's terminals directly to the
AC line power supply or any other source of voltage or current that might temporarily exceed the
peak ratings of the instrument.

Maintenance and Repair

Always observe local or national safety regulations and rules for the prevention of accidents and
hazard while performing any work. Always disconnect the instrument from all signal sources and
then the AC line power supply before removing any covers. Any adjustment, parts replacement,
maintenance or repair should be carried out only by Fluke authorized technical personnel.

WWARNING

For continued protection against injury and fire hazard it is
essential that only manufacturer supplied parts be used to
replace parts relevant to safety. Safety tests must be performed
after the replacement of parts relevant to safety.

Ventilation and Dust

The instrument relies on forced air cooling via ventilation slots in the sides of the instrument.
Adequate ventilation can usually be achieved by positioning on a level surface and by leaving a
100mm (4" gap) around the instrument. Care should be taken to avoid restricting the airflow at
the sides of the instrument, as damage may result from overheating. The instrument is designed
to IP4X and is specified for use in a Pollution Category II environment, which is normally non–
conductive with temporary light condensation. Do not operate the instrument while condensation
is present. Do not use the instrument in more hostile, dusty or wet conditions.

Cleaning

Ensure the instrument signal and then power leads are disconnected prior to cleaning. Use only a
damp, lint-free cloth to clean fascia and case parts. See Chapter 6 for details of air filter cleaning.

Observe any additional safety warnings or instructions that appear in this manual.

Table of Contents

Chapter Title Page

1 Introduction and Specifications......................................................... 1-1

1-1.

Introduction........................................................................................... 1-3

1-2. Features................................................................................................. 1-3

1-3. About this manual................................................................................. 1-3

1-4. How to use this Manual ........................................................................ 1-4

1-5. Contacting Fluke................................................................................... 1-4

1-6. Specifications........................................................................................ 1-5

1-7. Input Power ...................................................................................... 1-5

1-8. Dimensions....................................................................................... 1-5

1-9. Environment ..................................................................................... 1-5

1-10. Safety................................................................................................ 1-5

1-11. EMC ................................................................................................. 1-5

1-12. Electrical Specifications ....................................................................... 1-6

1-13. General Parametric Specifications.................................................... 1-6

1-14. Amplitude/Frequency Limits............................................................ 1-6

1-15. Open and Closed Loop Operation .................................................... 1-7

1-16. Voltage Specifications...................................................................... 1-7

1-17. Voltage Range Limits and Burden ................................................... 1-7

1-18. Voltage Sine Amplitude Specifications............................................ 1-7

1-19. Voltage DC and Harmonic Amplitude Specifications ..................... 1-8

1-20. Maximum Capacitive Loading for Output Stability......................... 1-9

1-21. Voltage Distortion and Noise ........................................................... 1-9

1-22. Current Specifications ...................................................................... 1-10

1-23. Current Range Limits ....................................................................... 1-10

1-24. Load Regulation Specification ‘adder’............................................. 1-10

1-25. Current Sine Amplitude Specifications ............................................ 1-11

1-26. Current DC and Harmonic Amplitude Specifications...................... 1-12

1-27. Current Distortion and Noise............................................................ 1-13

1-28. Maximum Inductive Loading for Output Stability........................... 1-13

1-29. Voltage from the Current Terminals ................................................ 1-13

1-30. Range Limits and Impedances ..................................................... 1-13

1-31. Sine Specifications....................................................................... 1-14

1-32. DC and Harmonic Amplitude Specifications ................................... 1-14

1-33. Voltage from Current Terminals, Distortion and Noise............... 1-15

1-34. Current to Voltage Phase Specifications .......................................... 1-15

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Users Manual

1-35. Power Specifications ........................................................................ 1-16

1-36. Sinusoidal VA Specifications ...................................................... 1-16

1-37. Sinusoidal Power Specifications .................................................. 1-16

1-38. Flicker Specifications ....................................................................... 1-18

1-39. Voltage and Current Sinusoidal and Rectangular

Modulation Flicker Specification ................................................ 1-19

1-40. Fluctuating Harmonic Specifications ............................................... 1-19

1-41. Interharmonic Specifications............................................................ 1-20

1-42. Dip/Swell Specifications .................................................................. 1-20

1-43. Multi-Phase Operation...................................................................... 1-20

1-44. Determining Non-sinusoidal Waveform Amplitude Specifications. 1-21

1-45. Non-sinusoidal Voltage Example..................................................... 1-21

1-46. Apparent Power (S) Accuracy Calculations..................................... 1-22

1-47. Apparent Power Example................................................................. 1-22

1-48. Power (P) Accuracy Calculations..................................................... 1-23

1-49. Power Example................................................................................. 1-24

1-50. References ........................................................................................ 1-25

2 Installation ........................................................................................... 2-1

2-1. Introduction........................................................................................... 2-3

2-2. Unpacking and Inspection .................................................................... 2-3

2-3. Reshipping the 6100A .......................................................................... 2-3

2-4. Placement and Rack Mounting ............................................................. 2-3

2-5. Cooling Considerations......................................................................... 2-4

2-6. Line Voltage ......................................................................................... 2-4

2-7. Connecting to Line Power .................................................................... 2-4

2-8. Connecting 6101A Auxiliary units ....................................................... 2-5

2-9. Allocation of phases.............................................................................. 2-5

3 Features ............................................................................................... 3-1

3-1. Introduction........................................................................................... 3-3

3-2. Front Panel Features ............................................................................. 3-3

3-3. Windows™ User Interface ................................................................... 3-6

3-4. The main graphical user interface areas ........................................... 3-6

3-5. Data entry from the front panel ........................................................ 3-7

3-6. Data entry from an external keyboard and mouse............................ 3-8

3-7. Output channel selection .................................................................. 3-9

3-8. Output control................................................................................... 3-9

3-9. Rear Panel Features .............................................................................. 3-10

4 Front Panel Operation......................................................................... 4-1

4-1. Introduction........................................................................................... 4-3

4-2. Power up ............................................................................................... 4-3

4-3. Warm up ............................................................................................... 4-3

4-4. Basic Setup Procedures......................................................................... 4-4

4-5. Global settings ...................................................................................... 4-5

4-6. Frequency ......................................................................................... 4-5

4-7. Line locking...................................................................................... 4-5

4-8. Harmonic edit mode ......................................................................... 4-5

4-9. Reactive power calculation............................................................... 4-6

4-10. Phase units........................................................................................ 4-6

4-11. Voltage output 4-wire or 2-wire connection..................................... 4-6

4-12. Soft Start........................................................................................... 4-7

ii

Contents (continued)

4-13. Reference Clock Out ........................................................................ 4-7

4-14. More Settings ................................................................................... 4-7

4-15. Edit mode.............................................................................................. 4-8

4-16. Direct Mode...................................................................................... 4-8

4-17. Deferred mode.................................................................................. 4-8

4-18. Changes that are not deferred ........................................................... 4-9

4-19. Setting up voltage and current waveforms............................................ 4-9

4-20. Harmonics, DC and Sine ...................................................................... 4-10

4-21. Definition.......................................................................................... 4-10

4-22. Access to this function...................................................................... 4-10

4-23. 6100A Specification ......................................................................... 4-10

4-24. Sine/harmonic mode......................................................................... 4-11

4-25. Setting up harmonics and DC........................................................... 4-12

4-26. Interharmonics ...................................................................................... 4-14

4-27. Definition.......................................................................................... 4-14

4-28. Access to this function...................................................................... 4-14

4-29. 6100A Specification ......................................................................... 4-14

4-30. Setting up Interharmonics................................................................. 4-14

4-31. Fluctuating harmonics........................................................................... 4-15

4-32. Definition.......................................................................................... 4-15

4-33. Access to this function...................................................................... 4-15

4-34. 6100A Specification ......................................................................... 4-15

4-35. Setting up Fluctuating Harmonics .................................................... 4-16

4-36. Dips and Swells .................................................................................... 4-16

4-37. Definition.......................................................................................... 4-16

4-38. Access to this function...................................................................... 4-17

4-39. 6100A Specification ......................................................................... 4-17

4-40. Setting up Dips/swells ...................................................................... 4-18

4-41. Flicker................................................................................................... 4-19

4-42. Definition.......................................................................................... 4-19

4-43. Access to this function...................................................................... 4-19

4-44. 6100A Specification ......................................................................... 4-20

4-45. Setting up Basic Flicker.................................................................... 4-21

4-46. Setting up Flicker Extended Functions............................................. 4-22

4-47. Periodic Frequency Changes ............................................................ 4-22

4-48. Distorted Voltage with Multiple Zero Crossings ............................. 4-23

4-49. Harmonics with Side bands .............................................................. 4-24

4-50. Phase Jumps ................................................................................. 4-25

4-51. Rectangular Voltage Changes with 20% Duty Cycle .................. 4-25

4-52. Copy and Paste...................................................................................... 4-26

4-53. Copy ................................................................................................. 4-26

4-54. Paste.................................................................................................. 4-26

5 Remote Operation ............................................................................... 5-1

5-1. Introduction........................................................................................... 5-3

5-2. Using the IEEE-488 Port for Remote Control ...................................... 5-3

5-3. Programming Options........................................................................... 5-3

5-4. Capability Codes................................................................................... 5-4

5-5. Bus Addresses....................................................................................... 5-4

5-6. Default bus address........................................................................... 5-5

5-7. Limited Access ..................................................................................... 5-5

5-8. Interconnections.................................................................................... 5-5

5-9. Operation via the IEEE 488 Interface ................................................... 5-5

5-10. General ............................................................................................. 5-5

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5-11. Operating Conditions........................................................................ 5-5

5-12. Programmed Transfer to Local Control (GTL or REN False) ......... 5-6

5-13. ‘Device Clear’ .................................................................................. 5-6

5-14. Levels of Reset ................................................................................. 5-6

5-15. Message Exchange................................................................................ 5-7

5-16. IEEE 488.2 Model............................................................................ 5-7

5-17. Instrument STATUS Subsystem ...................................................... 5-7

5-18. Incoming Commands and Queries ................................................... 5-8

5-19. Instrument Functions and Facilities.................................................. 5-8

5-20. Outgoing Responses ......................................................................... 5-8

5-21. ‘Query Error’.................................................................................... 5-9

5-22. Request Service (RQS)..................................................................... 5-9

5-23. Reasons for Requesting Service................................................... 5-9

5-24. RQS in the IEEE 488.2 Model..................................................... 5-9

5-25. Retrieval of Device Status Information ................................................ 5-9

5-26. General ............................................................................................. 5-9

5-27. IEEE 488 and SCPI Standard defined Features................................ 5-10

5-28. Status Summary Information and SRQ........................................ 5-11

5-29. Event Register Conditions............................................................ 5-11

5-30. Access via the Application Program ............................................ 5-11

5-31. Instrument Status Reporting IEEE 488.2 Basics ................................. 5-12

5-32. IEEE 488.2 Model............................................................................ 5-12

5-33. Instrument Model Structure.............................................................. 5-12

5-34. Status Byte Register ......................................................................... 5-12

5-35. Reading the Status Byte Register................................................. 5-13

5-36. Service Request Enable Register ................................................. 5-13

5-37. Reading the Service Request Enable Register ............................. 5-13

5-38. IEEE 488.2 defined Event Status Register ....................................... 5-13

5-39. Standard Event Status Enable Register ........................................ 5-15

5-40. Reading the Standard Event Enable Register............................... 5-16

5-41. The Error Queue........................................................................... 5-16

5-42. Instrument Status Reporting — SCPI Elements ................................... 5-16

5-43. General ............................................................................................. 5-16

5-44. SCPI Status Registers ....................................................................... 5-16

5-45. Reportable SCPI States..................................................................... 5-16

5-46. SCPI Programming Language. ............................................................. 5-17

5-47. SCPI Commands and Syntax................................................................ 5-18

5-48. SCPI Command Summary ............................................................... 5-18

5-49. Calibration Subsystem Command Details........................................ 5-24

5-50. Output Subsystem Command Details............................................... 5-26

5-51. Input Subsystem Command Details ................................................. 5-27

5-52. Source Subsystem Command Details............................................... 5-28

5-53. General Commands...................................................................... 5-28

5-54. Power Values ............................................................................... 5-28

5-55. Voltage Setup............................................................................... 5-30

5-56. DC and Harmonics Phenomenon................................................. 5-31

5-57. Fluctuating Harmonics Phenomenon ........................................... 5-32

5-58. Interharmonics Phenomenon........................................................ 5-33

5-59. Dip Phenomenon.......................................................................... 5-34

5-60. Flicker Phenomenon..................................................................... 5-35

5-61. Extended flicker sub-system............................................................. 5-36

5-62. Extended flicker state................................................................... 5-36

5-63. Configure signal........................................................................... 5-36

5-64. Select sideband harmonic............................................................. 5-37

5-65. Select phase jump angle ............................................................... 5-37

iv

Contents (continued)

5-66. Select phase jump settle period .................................................... 5-37

5-67. Report phase jump stage .............................................................. 5-37

5-68. Report phase jump elapsed time .................................................. 5-38

5-69. Current Setup ............................................................................... 5-38

5-70. Harmonics Phenomenon .............................................................. 5-39

5-71. Fluctuating Harmonics Phenomenon ........................................... 5-40

5-72. Interharmonics Phenomenon........................................................ 5-41

5-73. Dip Phenomenon.......................................................................... 5-42

5-74. Flicker Phenomenon..................................................................... 5-43

5-75. Status Subsystem Command Details ................................................ 5-44

5-76. System Subsystem Command Details .............................................. 5-46

5-77. Unit Subsystem Command Details................................................... 5-46

5-78. Common Commands and Queries ........................................................ 5-48

5-79. Clear Status....................................................................................... 5-48

5-80. Event Status Enable.......................................................................... 5-48

5-81. Recall Event Status Enable............................................................... 5-49

5-82. Read Event Status Register .............................................................. 5-49

5-83. *IDN? (Instrument Identification).................................................... 5-50

5-84. Operation Complete.......................................................................... 5-50

5-85. Operation Complete?........................................................................ 5-51

5-86. Recall the instrument Hardware Fitment.......................................... 5-51

5-87. Power-On Status Clear ..................................................................... 5-52

5-88. Recall Power On Status Clear Flag .................................................. 5-52

5-89. Reset ................................................................................................. 5-53

5-90. Service Request Enable .................................................................... 5-53

5-91. Recall Service Request Enable......................................................... 5-54

5-92. Read Service Request Register......................................................... 5-54

5-93. Test Operations — Full Selftest ....................................................... 5-55

5-94. Wait .................................................................................................. 5-55

5-95. Device settings after *RST ................................................................... 5-56

5-96. Introduction ...................................................................................... 5-56

5-97. Device Settings at POWER ON............................................................ 5-57

5-98. General ............................................................................................. 5-57

5-99. Power-On Settings Related to Common IEEE 488.2 Commands.... 5-57

5-100. *RST Settings Related to Common IEEE 488.2 Commands........... 5-58

5-101. *RST Settings Related to SCPI Commands ..................................... 5-59

5-102. Worked examples ................................................................................. 5-61

6 Operator Maintenance ........................................................................ 6-1

6-1. Introduction........................................................................................... 6-3

6-2. Confidence Test .................................................................................... 6-3

6-3. Setting up and running the Confidence Test .................................... 6-3

6-4. Changing the user password ................................................................. 6-4

6-5. Accessing the Fuse................................................................................ 6-4

6-6. Cleaning the Air Filter .......................................................................... 6-6

6-7. Lithium Battery Replacement ............................................................... 6-8

7 Calibration............................................................................................ 7-1

7-1. Calibration methods .............................................................................. 7-3

7-2. Amplitude measurements ................................................................. 7-3

7-3. Phase measurement .......................................................................... 7-3

7-4. The effect of phase uncertainty on power accuracy ......................... 7-3

7-5. Calibration uncertainties for full accuracy............................................ 7-4

7-6. Voltage amplitude calibration uncertainty required ......................... 7-4

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7-7. Current amplitude calibration uncertainty required.......................... 7-4

7-8. Phase calibration uncertainty required ............................................. 7-4

7-9. Equipment required............................................................................... 7-5

7-10. Overview of 6100A signal generation .................................................. 7-6

7-11. Independence of 6100A and 6101A ................................................. 7-6

7-12. The Fluke service center calibration system......................................... 7-8

7-13. Characteristics of the calibration system.......................................... 7-10

7-14. Transducers .................................................................................. 7-10

7-15. DMM amplitude error contributions............................................ 7-10

7-16. DMM amplitude phase contributions........................................... 7-11

7-17. Voltage to voltage phase uncertainty ........................................... 7-11

7-18. Current to voltage phase uncertainty............................................ 7-11

7-19. Overview of adjustment........................................................................ 7-11

7-20. Calibration adjustment process............................................................. 7-12

7-21. Entering calibration mode ................................................................ 7-12

7-22. Select instrument configuration ................................................... 7-13

7-23. Determine the 6100A/6101A error .............................................. 7-13

7-24. Initiate the adjustment .................................................................. 7-14

7-25. Return Calibration switch to Normal ........................................... 7-14

7-26. Verification .................................................................................. 7-14

7-27. Calibration adjustment verification record ........................................... 7-15

7-28. Voltage adjustment points ................................................................ 7-15

7-29. Current adjustment points................................................................. 7-16

7-30. Current adjustment points for 80A option (if fitted) ........................ 7-17

7-31. Voltage from current terminals adjustment points ........................... 7-17

8 The ‘Energy’ Option ............................................................................ 8-1

8-1. Introduction........................................................................................... 8-3

8-2. Overview of functionality ..................................................................... 8-3

8-3. Principle of operation............................................................................ 8-3

8-4. Limitations ............................................................................................ 8-3

8-5. Energy specifications ............................................................................ 8-4

8-6. Pulse Inputs ...................................................................................... 8-4

8-7. Pulse and Gate Inputs ....................................................................... 8-4

8-8. Pulse Output ..................................................................................... 8-4

8-9. Gate Output ...................................................................................... 8-4

8-10. Accuracy........................................................................................... 8-4

8-11. Test Duration.................................................................................... 8-5

8-12. Preparing to use the energy option........................................................ 8-5

8-13. Input channel configuration and meter constants ................................. 8-6

8-14. Connect MUT and reference meters................................................. 8-6

8-15. ‘Type’ of energy ............................................................................... 8-6

8-16. Internal Pull-ups ............................................................................... 8-7

8-17. Energy Pulse Output meter constant and pull-up ............................. 8-7

8-18. Conduct the test ................................................................................ 8-7

8-19. Test modes............................................................................................ 8-7

8-20. Free Run mode ................................................................................. 8-8

8-21. Counted/Timed mode ....................................................................... 8-8

8-22. Gated mode....................................................................................... 8-9

8-23. Packet mode ..................................................................................... 8-10

8-24. Remote operation of the Energy option................................................ 8-10

8-25. SCPI command set................................................................................ 8-10

8-26. Operating mode ................................................................................ 8-11

8-27. Energy Maintain Voltage ................................................................. 8-11

vi

Contents (continued)

8-28. Energy units...................................................................................... 8-11

8-29. Result presentation ........................................................................... 8-12

8-30. Results .............................................................................................. 8-12

8-31. Output gating.................................................................................... 8-13

8-32. Input gating....................................................................................... 8-13

8-33. Warm-up sequence tree .................................................................... 8-13

8-34. Warm-up duration ............................................................................ 8-14

8-35. Warm-up pulse source...................................................................... 8-14

8-36. Test sequence tree............................................................................. 8-14

8-37. Test duration..................................................................................... 8-15

8-38. Test pulse source .............................................................................. 8-15

8-39. MUT tree .......................................................................................... 8-15

8-40. MUT meter constant......................................................................... 8-15

8-41. Input Debounce ................................................................................ 8-16

8-42. MUT source...................................................................................... 8-16

8-43. MUT pull-up..................................................................................... 8-16

8-44. Reference tree................................................................................... 8-16

8-45. Input Debounce ................................................................................ 8-16

8-46. Reference meter constant ................................................................. 8-16

8-47. Reference source .............................................................................. 8-17

8-48. Reference pull-up ............................................................................. 8-17

8-49. Output tree........................................................................................ 8-17

8-50. Output meter constant....................................................................... 8-17

8-51. Output pull-up .................................................................................. 8-17

8-52. Status subsystem............................................................................... 8-18

8-53. Status operational Tree ..................................................................... 8-18

8-54. Operation event ................................................................................ 8-18

8-55. Operational enable............................................................................ 8-18

8-56. Operation condition.......................................................................... 8-19

8-57. Energy Command Summary ............................................................ 8-20

8-58. Action on receiving *RST ................................................................ 8-21

8-59. Calibration of the Energy option .......................................................... 8-22

8-60. By direct measurement with a frequency meter: .............................. 8-22

8-61. Using an external reference frequency:............................................ 8-22

Appendices

A Glossary....................................................................................................... A-1

vii

6100A

Users Manual

viii

List of Tables

Table Title Page

3-1. Front Panel Features............................................................................................... 3-4

3-2. Rear Panel Features................................................................................................ 3-11

7-1. The contribution of phase uncertainty to power accuracy ..................................... 7-4

7-2. Calibration methods ............................................................................................... 7-5

7-3. Samples per cycle................................................................................................... 7-10

7-4. DMM phase error uncertainty (degrees) ................................................................ 7-11

ix

6100A

Users Manual

x

List of Figures

Figure Title Page

3-1. 6100A Front Panel ................................................................................................. 3-3

3-2. Graphical user interface ......................................................................................... 3-6

3-3. Direct Mode key..................................................................................................... 3-7

3-3. Output Menu frame................................................................................................ 3-9

3-4. The Output Menu ................................................................................................... 3-9

3-5. Output Menu softkeys............................................................................................ 3-9

3-6. Rear Panel Features................................................................................................ 3-10

3-7. Rear Panel Connections ......................................................................................... 3-12

4-1. Main Setup Page .................................................................................................... 4-4

4-2. Global menu Softkeys............................................................................................ 4-5

4-3. Frequency, Line Locking ....................................................................................... 4-5

4-4. Reactive power calculation .................................................................................... 4-6

4-5. Global Settings Menu............................................................................................. 4-6

4-6. 4-wire/2-wire selection........................................................................................... 4-7

4-7. Channel selection ................................................................................................... 4-10

4-8. Waveform top level................................................................................................ 4-10

4-9. Harmonics with time domain graph....................................................................... 4-11

4-10. Harmonics with frequency domain graph .............................................................. 4-12

4-11. Softkeys for Harmonics top level........................................................................... 4-12

4-12. Softkeys for Harmonics second level..................................................................... 4-13

4-13. Waveform Menu Menu for Interharmonics ........................................................... 4-14

4-14. Softkeys for Interharmonics ................................................................................... 4-14

4-15. Waveform Menu for Fluctuating Harmonics ......................................................... 4-15

4-16. Softkeys for Fluctuating Harmonics ...................................................................... 4-16

4-17. Waveshape Softkeys .............................................................................................. 4-16

4-18. Waveform Menu for Dip........................................................................................ 4-17

4-19. Top level Dip Softkeys........................................................................................... 4-18

4-20. Dip Waveshape Softkeys ....................................................................................... 4-18

4-21. Dip Trigger Softkeys.............................................................................................. 4-18

4-22. Flicker Softkeys ..................................................................................................... 4-19

4-23. Flicker Menu (Frequency)...................................................................................... 4-21

4-24. Flicker Menu (changes per minute) ....................................................................... 4-21

4-25. Basic Flicker Softkeys............................................................................................ 4-22

4-26. Extended Flicker softkeys ...................................................................................... 4-22

4-27. Combined frequency and voltage changes ............................................................. 4-22

xi

6100A

Users Manual

4-28. Distorted Voltage with Multiple Zero Crossings ................................................... 4-23

4-29. Harmonics with Side Bands ................................................................................... 4-24

4-30. Phase Jumps ........................................................................................................... 4-25

4-31. Rectangular Voltage Changes with 20 % Duty Cycle ........................................... 4-25

5-1. IEEE 488 Compatibility Codes.............................................................................. 5-4

5-2. IEEE 488 Message Exchange Model..................................................................... 5-7

5-3. IEEE-488 and SCPI Standard Defined Features.................................................... 5-10

5-4. Clear Status ............................................................................................................ 5-48

5-5. Event Status Enable................................................................................................ 5-48

5-6. Event Status Enable Query..................................................................................... 5-49

5-7. Event Status Register Query .................................................................................. 5-49

5-8. Instrument Identification........................................................................................ 5-50

5-9. Operation Complete ............................................................................................... 5-50

5-10. Operation Complete Query .................................................................................... 5-51

5-11. Option Query.......................................................................................................... 5-51

5-12. Power On Status Clear ........................................................................................... 5-52

5-13. Power On Status Clear Query ................................................................................ 5-52

5-14. Reset....................................................................................................................... 5-53

5-15. Service Request Enable .......................................................................................... 5-53

5-16. Service Request Enable Query ............................................................................... 5-54

5-17. Status Byte Query .................................................................................................. 5-54

5-18. Test Query.............................................................................................................. 5-55

5-19. Wait........................................................................................................................ 5-55

6-1. Waveform menu top level softkeys........................................................................ 6-4

6-2. Rear Panel Showing Fuse....................................................................................... 6-5

6-3. Air Filter Access .................................................................................................... 6-7

7-1. Signal generation.................................................................................................... 7-7

7-2. After phase adjustment........................................................................................... 7-7

7-3. Phase Measurement Connections........................................................................... 7-8

7-4. Waveforms ............................................................................................................. 7-9

7-5. Waveform menu Softkeys...................................................................................... 7-12

7-6. Password Prompt.................................................................................................... 7-12

7-7. Adjust Instrument Screen....................................................................................... 7-13

8-1. Waveform menu top level softkeys........................................................................ 8-5

8-2. Energy mode .......................................................................................................... 8-6

8-3. Input channel configuration and meter constants................................................... 8-6

8-4. Energy top level softkeys....................................................................................... 8-8

8-5. Counted/Timed Mode Configuration..................................................................... 8-8

8-6. Gated Mode Configuration..................................................................................... 8-9

8-7. Packet Mode Configuration ................................................................................... 8-10

xii

Chapter 1

Introduction and Specifications

Title Page

1-1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1-3

1-2.

Features.............................................................................................................. 1-3

1-3. About this manual.............................................................................................. 1-3

1-4. How to use this Manual ..................................................................................... 1-4

1-5. Contacting Fluke................................................................................................ 1-4

1-6. Specifications..................................................................................................... 1-5

1-7. Input Power................................................................................................... 1-5

1-8. Dimensions ................................................................................................... 1-5

1-9. Environment.................................................................................................. 1-5

1-10. Safety ............................................................................................................ 1-5

1-11. EMC.............................................................................................................. 1-5

1-12. Electrical Specifications .................................................................................... 1-6

1-13. General Parametric Specifications ................................................................ 1-6

1-14. Amplitude/Frequency Limits ........................................................................ 1-6

1-15. Open and Closed Loop Operation................................................................. 1-7

1-16. Voltage Specifications .................................................................................. 1-7

1-17. Voltage Range Limits and Burden................................................................ 1-7

1-18. Voltage Sine Amplitude Specifications ........................................................ 1-7

1-19. Voltage DC and Harmonic Amplitude Specifications .................................. 1-8

1-20. Maximum Capacitive Loading for Output Stability ..................................... 1-9

1-21. Voltage Distortion and Noise........................................................................ 1-9

1-22. Current Specifications................................................................................... 1-10

1-23. Current Range Limits.................................................................................... 1-10

1-24. Load Regulation Specification ‘adder’ ......................................................... 1-10

1-25. Current Sine Amplitude Specifications......................................................... 1-11

1-26. Current DC and Harmonic Amplitude Specifications .................................. 1-12

1-27. Current Distortion and Noise ........................................................................ 1-13

1-28. Maximum Inductive Loading for Output Stability ....................................... 1-13

1-29. Voltage from the Current Terminals ............................................................. 1-13

1-30. Range Limits and Impedances ................................................................. 1-13

1-31. Sine Specifications................................................................................... 1-14

1-32. DC and Harmonic Amplitude Specifications................................................ 1-14

1-33. Voltage from Current Terminals, Distortion and Noise........................... 1-15

1-34. Current to Voltage Phase Specifications....................................................... 1-15

1-35. Power Specifications..................................................................................... 1-16

1-1

6100A

Users Manual

Sinusoidal VA Specifications .................................................................. 1-16

1-36.

1-37. Sinusoidal Power Specifications .............................................................. 1-16

1-38. Flicker Specifications.................................................................................... 1-18

1-39. Voltage and Current Sinusoidal and Rectangular Modulation

Flicker Specification ................................................................................. 1-19

1-40. Fluctuating Harmonic Specifications............................................................ 1-19

1-41. Interharmonic Specifications ........................................................................ 1-20

1-42. Dip/Swell Specifications............................................................................... 1-20

1-43. Multi-Phase Operation .................................................................................. 1-20

1-44. Determining Non-sinusoidal Waveform Amplitude Specifications ............. 1-21

1-45. Non-sinusoidal Voltage Example ................................................................. 1-21

1-46. Apparent Power (S) Accuracy Calculations ................................................. 1-22

1-47. Apparent Power Example ............................................................................. 1-22

1-48. Power (P) Accuracy Calculations ................................................................. 1-23

1-49. Power Example ............................................................................................. 1-24

1-50. References..................................................................................................... 1-25

1-2

Introduction and Specifications

Introduction 1

1-1. Introduction

The Fluke 6100A Electrical Power Standard is a precise instrument for the calibration of

measuring devices used to determine the magnitude and quality of power supplied to consumers.

With the 6100A instrument, you can synthesize irregular power supplies with phenomena of

voltage harmonics, interharmonics, fluctuating harmonics, flicker, dips and swells.

The optional Fluke 6101A Auxiliary Power Standard extends the functionality to a second phase.

It is possible to add additional phases as required to build up to a fully configured four phase (3

phase plus neutral) system.

Specifications are provided at the end of this chapter.

1-2. Features

Traceable Power Measurement

Configurable from 1 to 4 independent phases

Fully independent control of Voltage and Current on each phase

1kV and 21 Amps available (80A with option 6100A/80A) on each phase. By default, the ‘N’

phase is limited to 33V RMS. This can be overridden by the user as described in Chapter 4,

Setting up voltage and current waveforms.

Up to 100 harmonics at any one time

Fluctuating harmonics and interharmonics to IEC 61000-4-7

Flicker to IEC 61000-3-4 and 61000-4-15

Simultaneous Power Quality Phenomena to IEC61000-4-30 & IEEE P1159.1 (draft)

User definable test signals

User selectable reactive power calculation method

>13 V peak compliance on all current outputs

1-3. About this manual

This manual provides complete information for installing the Electrical Power Standard and

operating it from the front panel and remotely. It also provides a glossary of terms as well as

detailed specifications. The following topics are covered in this manual:

Installation

Operating controls and features

Front panel operation

Remote operation (IEEE-488.2)

Data transfer via external storage

Operator maintenance, including calibration

1-3

6100A

Users Manual

1-4. How to use this Manual

You should first read the safety section at the front of this manual.

Use the following list to find the location of specific information.

Instrument specifications: The end of this Chapter

Unpacking and setup: Chapter 2.

Installation and rack mounting: Chapter 2

AC line power and interface cabling: Chapter 2

Connecting 6101A Auxiliary Units: Chapter 2

Controls, indicators, and displays: Chapter 3

Basic setup procedure: Chapter 4

Front panel operation: Chapter 4

Output Voltage and Current connection: Chapter 4

Remote operation (IEEE-488.2): Chapter 5

Operator maintenance: Chapter 6

Calibration: Chapter 7

1-5. Contacting Fluke

To contact Fluke for product information, operating assistance, service, or to get the location of

the nearest Fluke distributor or Service Center, call:

1-888-99FLUKE (1-888-993-5853) in U.S.A.

1-800-36-FLUKE (1-800-363-5853) in Canada

[phone] in Europe

[phone] Japan

[phone] Singapore

[phone] from other countries

Visit Fluke's web site at: www.fluke.com.

1-4

Introduction and Specifications

Specifications 1

1-6. Specifications

1-7. Input Power

Voltage

Transient overvoltages Impulse withstand (overvoltage) category II of IEC 60364-4-443

Frequency 47 Hz - 63 Hz

Max. Consumption 1000 VA max from 100 - 130 V, 1250 VA max from 130 V - 260 V

1-8. Dimensions

6100A and 6101A 6100A/80A and 6101A/80A

Height 233 mm (9.17 inches) 324 mm (12.8 inches)

Height (without feet) 219 mm (8.6 inches) 310 mm (12.2 inches)

Width 432 mm (17 inches) 432 mm (17 inches)

Depth 630 mm (24.8 inches) 630 mm (24.8 inches)

Weight 23 kg (51 lb) 30 kg (66 lb)

1-9. Environment

Operating temperature

Calibration temperature (tcal) range

Storage temperature

Transit temperature

Warm up time 1 hour

Safe Operating Max. Relative Humidity (non-condensing)

Storage Max Relative Humidity (non-condensing)

Operating altitude 0 m - 2,000 m

Non-operating altitude 0 m - 12,000 m

Shock MIL-PRF-28800F class 3

Vibration MIL-PRF-28800F class 3

Enclosure MIL-PRF-28800F class 3

100 V - 240 V with up to ±10 % fluctuations

5 °C - 35 °C
16 °C - 30 °C
0 °C - 50 °C

-20 °C - 60 °C <100 hours

<80 % 5 °C - 31 °C ramping linearly down to 50 % at 35 °C
<95 % 0 °C - 50 °C

1-10. Safety

• Designed to EN61010-1: 2001, CAN/CSA 22.2 No 1010.1-92, UL61010A-1

• Indoor use only, pollution degree 2; installation category II

• CE marked and ETL listed

1-11. EMC

EN61326: 2002, class A, FCC rules part 15, sub-part B, class A (Class A equipment is suitable for use in establishments
other than domestic, and those directly connected to a low voltage power supply network which supplies buildings used
for domestic purposes).

1-5

6100A

Users Manual

1-12. Electrical Specifications

The accuracies stated include the calibration uncertainty provided by Fluke Service Centers. In the following
specifications uncertainties are stated at coverage factor k=2, equivalent to 95 % confidence level, in accordance
with accepted metrology practices.

1-13. General Parametric Specifications

Voltage/Current amplitude setting resolution 6 digits

Range of fundamental frequencies 16 Hz - 850 Hz

Line frequency locking 45 Hz - 65.9 Hz at users discretion

Frequency accuracy 50 ppm

Frequency setting resolution 0.1 Hz

Warm up time to full accuracy 1 hour or twice the time since last warmed up

Settling time following change to the output 1.4 second

Nominal angle between voltage phases

Nominal angle between voltage and current of a phase

Phase angle setting

Phase angle setting resolution

120 °
0 °
±180 °, ± π radians

0.001 °, 0.00001 radians

Maximum number of voltage harmonics 100 including the 1st (fundamental frequency)

Maximum number of current harmonics 100 including the 1st (fundamental frequency)

[1] Switching between phase set in degrees, phase set in radians and back may not be consistent because of calculation rounding

errors.

[2] Settling time (T

T

= % FR2 x 80 seconds.

S

[3] 3 seconds with Soft Start enabled.

) of 21 A and 80 A ranges depends on rms output as a proportion of full range and can be calculated from:

S

[2][3]

[1]

[1]

1-14. Amplitude/Frequency Limits

Percentage of Maximum Output with Frequency

120 %

100 %

80 %

60 %

40 %

Sinewaves

(850Hz maximum)

and harmonics

Modulation

products

16 Hz

850 Hz

2850 Hz

6 kHz

% of Full Range

20 %

0 %

1 10 100 10000

Frequency

• If the option is fitted, the 80 Amp range minimum settable fundamental frequency is 40 Hz and the maximum harmonic

frequency is 3 kHz.

• Although the minimum settable fundamental frequency is 16 Hz, modulated waveforms may generate frequency components

below that, including DC.

• A DC component of up to 50 % of range may be added to all voltage and current ranges except 80 A.

• If the bandwidth limit is enabled, maximum frequency is 1.5 kHz.

1000

Interharmonics

only

9 kHz

1-6

Introduction and Specifications

Electrical Specifications 1

1-15. Open and Closed Loop Operation

Full accuracy for pure sine or sine plus harmonics is achieved by using analog and digital feedback systems (closed
loop). When any of: Flicker, Fluctuating harmonics, Dip/Swell or Interharmonics are applied, the digital system is
automatically uncoupled (open loop). Initial performance is as described in the 1-year accuracy column but
performance degrades with time as described by the stability column. Full accuracy can be restored by momentarily
disabling whichever of Flicker, Fluctuating harmonics, Dip/Swell or Interharmonics are enabled, or by changing the
value of the sine wave or any harmonic for that channel.

1-16. Voltage Specifications

1-17. Voltage Range Limits and Burden

Full Range (FR)

Max peak

[1][2]

Maximum Burden (peak current)

[1] These values apply to sinusoidal, distorted and modulated wave-shapes.

[2] Voltage harmonic phase angle significantly affects the peak value of a non-sinusoidal waveform.

[3] To achieve specifications in 4-wire sense, resistance in the sense lead must be less than 1 Ω and resistance in the

power leads less than 1.5 Ω.

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V

22.6 V 46.6 V 110 V 237 V 475 V 1425 V

[3]

1.13 A 1.13 A 707 mA 311 mA 141 mA 71 mA

1-18. Voltage Sine Amplitude Specifications

1-Year Accuracy,

[4]

±5 °C

Range Frequency Voltage

16 Hz - 450 Hz

1.0 V - 16 V

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

2.3 V - 33 V

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

5.6 V - 78 V

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

11 V - 168 V

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

23 V - 336 V

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

70 V - 1008 V

450 Hz - 850 Hz

[1] Four-wire sense only, for two-wire operation, add an additional voltage = 0.3 Ω x maximum burden current to the accuracy specification.
[2] For ±1 °C and constant load and connection conditions.

[3] When Flicker, Fluctuating harmonics, Dip/Swell or Interharmonics are applied, Open Loop Stability specification must be added to the 1-

year accuracy specification as described in “Open and Closed Loop Operation”.

[4] tcal = temperature of last calibration.

[5] Output levels less than the range minimum can be set but are not specified.

[6] These specifications assume a ‘sampling’ measuring instrument. Some rms sensing instruments have voltage input bandwidths of several

MHz. The 6100A specification should be expanded by the non-harmonic noise floor in the “Voltage Distortion and Noise” table for rms
sensing devices.

1.0 V - 6.4 V 122 1.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

6.4 V - 16 V 112 1.0 40 0.4 200 0.8

1.0 V - 6.4 V 164 1.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

6.4 V - 16 V 150 1.0 40 0.4 200 0.8

2.3 V - 13.2 V 122 2.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

13.2 V - 33 V 112 1.5 40 0.6 200 0.8

2.3 V - 13.2 V 164 2.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

13.2 V - 33 V 150 1.5 40 0.6 200 0.8

5.6 V - 31 V 122 2.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

31 V - 78 V 112 2.0 40 0.6 200 0.8

5.6 V - 31 V 164 2.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

31 V - 78 V 150 2.0 40 0.6 200 0.8

11 V - 67 V 122 4.4 40 1.5 200 1.5

67 V - 168 V 112 4.4 40 1.5 200 1.5

11 V - 67 V 164 4.4 40 1.5 200 0.8

67 V - 168 V 150 4.4 40 1.5 200 0.8

23 V - 134 V 122 8.8 40 3.0 200 3.0

134 V - 336 V 112 8.8 40 3.0 200 3.0

23 V - 134 V 164 8.8 40 3.0 200 0.8

134 V - 336 V 150 8.8 40 3.0 200 0.8

70 V - 330 V 166 26 100 10 200 10

330 V - 1008 V 158 26 100 10 200 10

70 V - 330 V 190 26 100 10 200 10

330 V - 1008 V 175 26 100 10 200 10

[5]

tcal

± (ppm of output

+ mV)

[1][6]

Closed Loop

Stability ± (ppm of

output + mV) per

Hour

[2]

Open Loop Stability

± (ppm of output +

mV) per Hour

[2][3]

1-7

6100A

Users Manual

1-19. Voltage DC and Harmonic Amplitude Specifications

Range

Output

[4][5]

Frequency

1-Year Accuracy,

[6]

tcal

±5 °C

± (ppm of output + mV)

[1]

Closed Loop Stability

± (ppm of output + mV)

per Hour

[2]

0 V - 8 V DC 122 5.0 40 1.8 200 1.8

1.0 V - 16 V
0 V - 4.8 V

16 Hz - 450 Hz 122 1.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

450 Hz - 850 Hz 164 1.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

850 Hz - 6 kHz 512 1.0 60 0.8 400 0.8

0 V - 16.5 V DC 122 10 40 3.3 200 3.3

2.3 V - 33 V
0 V - 9.9 V

16 Hz - 450 Hz 122 2.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

450 Hz - 850 Hz 164 2.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

850 Hz - 6 kHz 512 2.0 60 0.8 400 0.8

0 V - 39 V DC 122 24 40 8.0 200 8.0

5.6 V - 78 V
0 V - 23 V

16 Hz - 450 Hz 122 2.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

450 Hz - 850 Hz 164 2.0 40 0.8 200 0.8

850 Hz - 6 kHz 512 2.0 60 0.8 400 0.8

0 V - 84 V DC 122 50 40 15 200 15

11 V - 168 V

0 V - 50 V

16 Hz - 450 Hz 122 4.4 40 1.5 200 1.5

450 Hz - 850 Hz 164 4.4 40 1.5 200 1.5

850 Hz - 6 kHz 512 4.4 60 1.5 400 1.5

0 V - 168 V DC 122 100 40 30 200 30

23 V - 336 V

0 V - 100 V

16 Hz - 450 Hz 122 12.0 40 3.0 200 3.0

450 Hz - 850 Hz 164 12.0 40 3.0 200 3.0

850 Hz - 6 kHz 512 12.0 60 3.0 400 3.0

0 V - 504 V DC 166 300 100 100 200 100

70 V - 1008 V

0 V - 302 V

16 Hz - 450 Hz 166 33 100 10 200 10

450 Hz - 850 Hz 190 33 100 10 200 10

850 Hz - 6 kHz 524 33 150 10 450 10

[1] Four wire sense only, for two wire operation, add an additional voltage = 0.3 Ω x maximum burden current to the accuracy specification.
[2] For ±1 °C and constant load and connection conditions.

[3] When Flicker, Fluctuating harmonics, Dip/Swell or Interharmonics are applied, ‘Open loop’ stability specification must be added to the 1-year

accuracy specification as described in “Open and Closed Loop Operation”.

[4] These specifications are only applicable if the combined voltage rms output is greater than the range minimum. If the combined output is

below the range minimum the output is not specified.

[5] The maximum value for a single harmonic (2nd to 100th) below 2850 Hz is 30 % of range. See “Amplitude/Frequency Limits” for profile above

2850 Hz.

[6] tcal = temperature of last calibration.

Open Loop Stability

± (ppm of output +

mV) per Hour

[2][3]

1-8

Introduction and Specifications

Electrical Specifications 1

1-20. Maximum Capacitive Loading for Output Stability

The voltage output will remain stable with 100 nF load but may not be able to drive that capacitance at all
voltage/frequency/harmonic combinations due to burden current limitations.

1-21. Voltage Distortion and Noise

Range and Frequency

Range

16 V

33 V

78 V

168 V

336 V

1008 V

[1] dB harmonic distortion increases linearly between 850 Hz and 6 kHz.

Frequency

16 Hz - 850 Hz -76

850 Hz - 6 kHz -52 2.4 mV 0.25 0.015 -66 0.05

16 Hz - 850 Hz -76

850 Hz - 6 kHz -52 5.0 mV 0.25 0.015 -70 0.032

16 Hz - 850 Hz -76 2.3 mV 0.016 0.003 -72 0.025

850 Hz - 6 kHz -52 11 mV 0.25 0.015 -72 0.025

16 Hz - 850 Hz -76 5.0 mV 0.016 0.003 -76 0.016

850 Hz - 6 kHz -52 25 mV 0.25 0.015 -76 0.016

16 Hz - 850 Hz -76 10 mV 0.016 0.003 -66 0.05

850 Hz - 6 kHz -52 50 mV 0.25 0.015 -66 0.05

16 Hz - 850 Hz -76 30 mV 0.016 0.003 -60 0.10

850 Hz - 6 kHz -52 151 mV 0.25 0.015 -60 0.10

Maximum Harmonic Distortion

Either:

the largest of or the largest of 16 Hz - 4 MHz Full

dB Volts % Setting % Range dB %

480 μV

990 μV

0.016 0.003 -66 0.05

0.016 0.003 -70 0.032

[1]

Non-harmonic Noise Floor

(relative to full range)

1-9

6100A

Users Manual

1-22. Current Specifications

Option 6100A/80A adds the 80 A range to 6100A and 6101A. Without option 6100A/80A the maximum output
current is 21 A rms.

1-23. Current Range Limits

Full Range (FR)

Max peak

Maximum compliance voltage
at FR (Vpk)

[1] These values apply to sinusoidal, distorted and modulated wave-shapes.

[2] Current harmonic phase angle significantly affects the peak value of a non-sinusoidal waveform.

[3] Above 450 Hz, the instrument will drive current outputs that develop maximum compliance voltage across the load, but an ‘adder’ to

[4] Compliance voltage at the end of connecting leads will be reduced by the IR drop in the cables.

[1][2]

[3][4]

the accuracy specification in “Current DC and Harmonic Amplitude Specifications” and “Current Distortion and Noise” may be
required. Calculation of the ‘adders’ is described below.

0.25 A 0.5 A 1 A 2 A 5 A 10 A 21 A 80 A

0.353 A 0.707 A 1.414 A 2.828 A 7.07 A 14.14 A 29.7 A 113 A

14 V 14 V 14 V 14 V 14 V 14 V 12.5 V 2 V

1-24. Load Regulation Specification ‘adder’

The finite output impedance of the current amplifier causes a ‘load regulation’ effect that must be taken into
consideration. Let V
maximum current and V

If V

Example: The output is a 800 Hz, 0.5 A rms sinewave on the 5 A range. The current specification from “Current Sine
Amplitude Specifications” is:

182 ppm + 120 μA = 91 μA + 120 μA

The voltage across the output is 6 V peak and maximum compliance is 14 V, i.e., V

The current specification becomes:

≤ IF/IFR no specification adder is required. Otherwise, the adder is calculated:

F/Vmax

if V

F/Vmax

1420

×

91 μA + 120 μA + 85 μA = 296 μA

= the peak voltage developed across the load due to current IF at frequency F. Let IFR be the

F

the maximum compliance peak voltage for the range in use.

max

××

VFI

> IF/I

add: A

FR,

20 ×

68005

××

=

85

A

μ

FFR

μ

V

max

> IF/IFR. The ‘adder’ is:

F/Vmax

1-10

Introduction and Specifications

Electrical Specifications 1

1-25. Current Sine Amplitude Specifications

1-Year Accuracy,

[3]

±5 °C

Range Frequency Current

[4]

16 Hz - 450 Hz

0.01 A - 0.25 A

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

0.05 A - 0.5 A

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

0.1 A -1 A

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

0.2 A - 2 A

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

0.5 A - 5 A

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

1 A - 10 A

450 Hz - 850 Hz

16 Hz - 450 Hz

2 A - 21 A

450 Hz - 850 Hz

40 Hz - 450 Hz

8 A - 80 A

450 Hz - 850 Hz

[1] For ±1 °C and constant load and connection conditions.

[2] When Flicker, Fluctuating harmonics, Dip/Swell or Interharmonics are applied, ‘Open loop’ stability specification must be added to the 1-

year accuracy specification as described in “Open and Closed Loop Operation”.

[3] tcal = temperature of last calibration.

[4] Output levels less than the range minimum can be set but are not specified.

[5] These specifications assume a ‘sampling’ measuring instrument. Some rms sensing instruments have voltage input bandwidths of several

MHz. The 6100A specification should be expanded by the non-harmonic noise floor in “Current Distortion and Noise” for rms sensing
devices.

[6] Settling time (T
T

= %FR2 x 180 seconds.

S

) of 21 A and 80 A ranges depends on rms output as a proportion of full range and can be calculated from:

S

0.01 A - 0.1 A 139 6 50 3 240 3

0.1 A - 0.25 A 130 6 50 3 240 3

0.01 A - 0.1 A 182 6 50 3 360 3

0.1 A - 0.25 A 170 6 50 3 360 3

0.05 A - 0.2 A 139 12 50 5 240 5

0.2 A - 0.5 A 130 12 50 5 240 5

0.05 A - 0.2 A 182 12 50 5 360 5

0.2 A - 0.5 A 170 12 50 5 360 5

0.1 A - 0.4 A 139 24 50 10 240 10

0.4 A - 1 A 130 24 50 10 240 10

0.1 A - 0.4 A 182 24 50 10 360 10

0.4 A - 1 A 170 24 50 10 360 10

0.2 A - 0.8 A 139 48 50 20 240 20

0.8 A - 2 A 130 48 50 20 240 20

0.2 A - 0.8 A 182 48 50 20 360 20

0.8 A - 2 A 170 48 50 20 360 20

0.5 A - 2 A 139 120 50 50 240 50
2 A - 5 A 130 120 50 50 240 50

0.5 A - 2 A 182 120 50 50 360 50
2 A - 5 A 170 120 50 50 360 50

1 A - 4 A 191 240 70 100 280 100
4 A - 10 A 164 240 70 100 280 100
1 A - 4 A 267 240 70 100 420 100
4 A - 10 A 250 240 70 100 420 100

2 A - 8 A 213 720 90 300 320 300
8 A - 21 A 189 720 90 300 320 300

2 A - 8 A 267 720 90 300 480 300
8 A - 21 A 250 720 90 300 480 300

8 A - 32 A 265 2800 120 1200 1000 1200
32 A - 80 A 250 2800 120 1200 1000 1200

8 A - 32 A 300 2800 120 1200 1000 1200
32 A - 80 A 280 2800 120 1200 1000 1200

tcal

± (ppm of output +

μA)

[5]

Closed Loop

Stability ± (ppm of

output + μA) per

Hour

[1]

Open Loop Stability

± (ppm of output +

μA) per Hour

[1][2]

1-11

6100A

Users Manual

1-26. Current DC and Harmonic Amplitude Specifications

1-Year Accuracy,

[1]

±5 °C

Range Output

[4][5]

Frequency

tcal

± (ppm of output +

μA)

0 A - 0.125 A DC 139 75 50 11 240 11

0.01 A - 0.25 A

0 A - 0.075 A

16 Hz - 450 Hz 139 6 50 3 240 3

450 Hz - 850 Hz 182 6 50 3 360 3

850 Hz - 6 kHz 505 6 100 3 1000 3

0 A - 0.25 A DC 139 150 50 22 240 22

0.05 A - 0.5 A

0 A - 0.15 A

16 Hz - 450 Hz 139 12 50 5 240 5

450 Hz - 850 Hz 182 12 50 5 360 5

850 Hz - 6 kHz 505 12 100 5 1000 5

0 A - 0.5 A DC 139 300 50 45 240 45

0.1 A -1 A

0 A - 0.3 A

16 Hz - 450 Hz 139 24 50 10 240 10

450 Hz - 850 Hz 182 24 50 10 360 10

850 Hz - 6 kHz 505 24 100 10 1000 10

0 A - 1 A DC 139 600 50 90 240 90

0.2 A - 2 A

0 A - 0.6 A

16 Hz - 450 Hz 139 48 50 20 240 20

450 Hz - 850 Hz 182 48 50 20 360 20

850 Hz - 6 kHz 505 48 100 20 1000 20

0 A - 2.5 A DC 139 1500 50 225 240 225

0.5 A - 5 A

0 A - 1.5 A

16 Hz - 450 Hz 139 120 50 50 240 50

450 Hz - 850 Hz 182 120 50 50 360 50

850 Hz - 6 kHz 505 120 100 50 1000 50

0 A - 5 A DC 191 3000 70 450 280 450

1 A - 10 A

0 A - 3 A

16 Hz - 450 Hz 191 240 70 100 280 100

450 Hz - 850 Hz 267 240 70 100 420 100

850 Hz - 6 kHz 519 240 110 100 1100 100

0 A - 10 A DC 213 6000 90 900 320 900

2 A - 21 A

0 A - 6 A

16 Hz - 450 Hz 213 720 90 300 320 300

450 Hz - 850 Hz 267 720 90 300 480 300

850 Hz - 6 kHz 665 720 120 300 1300 300

40 Hz - 450 Hz 265 2800 120 1200 1000 1200

8 A - 80 A 0 A - 24 A

450 Hz - 850 Hz 300 2800 120 1200 1000 1200

850 Hz - 3 kHz 690 2800 150 1200 2000 1200

[1] tcal = temperature of last calibration.
[2] For ±1 °C and constant load and connection conditions.

[3] When Flicker, Fluctuating harmonics, Dip/Swell or Interharmonics are applied, ‘Open loop’ stability specification must be added to the

1-year accuracy specification as described in “Open and Closed Loop Operation”.

[4] These specifications are only applicable if the combined voltage rms output is greater than the range minimum. If the combined output

is below the range minimum the output is not specified.

[5] The maximum value for a single harmonic (2nd to 100th) below 2850 Hz is 30 % of range. See “Amplitude/Frequency Limits” for profile

above 2850 Hz.

Closed Loop

Stability ± (ppm of

output + μA) per

Hour

[1]

Open Loop Stability ±

(ppm of output + μA)

per Hour

[1][2]

1-12

Introduction and Specifications

Electrical Specifications 1

1-27. Current Distortion and Noise

Range and Frequency

Range

0.25 A 16 Hz - 850 Hz -80

850 Hz - 6 kHz -60

0.5 A 16 Hz - 850 Hz -80

850 Hz - 6 kHz -60

1 A 16 Hz - 850 Hz -80

850 Hz - 6 kHz -60

2 A 16 Hz - 850 Hz -80

850 Hz - 6 kHz -60

5 A 16 Hz - 850 Hz -80

850 Hz - 6 kHz --60

10 A 16 Hz - 850 Hz -80

850 Hz - 6 kHz -60 1.0 mA 0.100 0.010 -50 0.316

21 A 16 Hz - 850 Hz -80

850 Hz - 6 kHz -60 2.0 mA 0.100 0.010 -50 0.316

80 A 16 Hz - 850 Hz -80 2.4 mA 0.100 0.003 -70 0.032

850 Hz - 3 kHz -60 8.0 mA 0.100 0.010 -70 0.032

[1] dB harmonic distortion increases linearly between 850 Hz and 6 kHz.

Frequency

Maximum Harmonic Distortion

Either:

the largest of or the largest of 16 Hz - 4 MHz Full

dB Amps % Setting % Range dB %

7.5 μA
25 μA
15 μA
50 μA
30 μA
100 μA
60 μA
200 μA
150 μA
500 μA
300 μA

600 μA

0.010 0.003 -50 0.316

0.100 0.010 -50 0.316

0.010 0.003 -60 0.100

0.100 0.010 -60 0.100

0.010 0.003 -60 0.100

0.100 0.010 -60 0.100

0.010 0.003 -65 0.056

0.100 0.010 -65 0.056

0.010 0.003 -65 0.056

0.100 0.010 -65 0.056

0.010 0.003 -50 0.316

0.010 0.003 -50 0.316

[1]

Non-harmonic Noise Floor

(relative to full range)

1-28. Maximum Inductive Loading for Output Stability

Full Range (FR)

Maximum Inductive Load, Hi

Bandwidth

Maximum Inductive Load, Lo

Bandwidth

[1] The current output will remain stable with the inductive loads shown but may not be able to drive that inductance at all

current/frequency/harmonic combinations due to voltage burden limitations. The inductive load due to connecting cables may be
decreased by reducing their loop area, e.g., by tying the cables together or shortening the cables.

[2] In low bandwidth mode maximum frequency is 1.5 kHz.

[1][2]

[1]

0.25 A 0.5 A 1 A 2 A 5 A 10 A 21 A 80 A

300 μH 300 μH 300 μH 300 μH 300 μH 30 μH 30 μH 30 μH

2 mH 2 mH 1 mH 1 mH

500 μH 360 μH 500 μH 250 μH

1-29. Voltage from the Current Terminals

1-30. Range Limits and Impedances

Full Range (FR)

Max Peak

Source Impedance

Minimum load impedance to maintain specification

[1][2]

[1] These values apply to sinusoidal, distorted and modulated wave shapes.

[2] Harmonic phase angle significantly affects the peak value of a non-sinusoidal waveform.

[3] For a load less than specified, calculate error from parallel combination of source and load impedance.

0.25 V 1.5 V 10 V

0.353 V 2.121 V 14.14 V
1 Ω 6.67 Ω 40.02 Ω

[3]

25 kΩ 170 kΩ 1 MΩ

1-13

6100A

Users Manual

1-31. Sine Specifications

Range Frequency

0.05 V - 0.25 V

16 Hz - 450 Hz

1-Year Accuracy,

[4]

±5 °C

Output

Component

[3]

tcal

± (ppm of output +

μV)

[5]

0.05 V - 0.1 V 200 30 50 15 240 15

0.1 V - 0.25 V 200 30 50 15 240 15

Closed Loop

Stability ± (ppm of

output + μV) for 1

Hour

[1]

450 Hz - 850 Hz 0.05 V - 0.25 V 231 30 50 15 240 15

16 Hz - 450 Hz

0.15 V - 0.6 V 200 50 50 25 240 25

0.6 V - 1.5 V 200 40 50 20 240 25 0.15 V - 1.5 V

450 Hz - 850 Hz 0.15 V - 1.5 V 231 50 50 25 240 25

16 Hz - 450 Hz

1 V - 4 V 200 300 50 150 240 150
4 V - 10 V 200 240 50 120 240 150 1 V - 10 V

450 Hz - 850 Hz 1 V - 10 V 231 300 50 150 240 150

[1] For ±1 °C and constant load and connection conditions.

[2] When Flicker, Fluctuating harmonics, Dip/Swell or Interharmonics are applied, ‘Open loop’ stability specification must be added to the 1-

year accuracy specification as described in “Open and Closed Loop Operation”.

[3] Output levels less than the range minimum can be set but are not specified.

[4] tcal = temperature of last calibration.

[5] These specifications assume a ‘sampling’ measuring instrument. Some rms sensing instruments have voltage input bandwidths of several

MHz. The 6100A specification should be expanded by the non-harmonic noise floor in “Current Distortion and Noise” for rms sensing
devices.

Open Loop

Stability ± (ppm of

output + μV) for 1

Hour

[1][2]

1-32. DC and Harmonic Amplitude Specifications

[1]

Closed Loop

Range Output

[4][5]

Frequency

1-Year Accuracy, tcal

±5 °C

± (ppm of output + μV)

0 V - 0.125 V DC 231 75 50 15 240 15

0.05 V - 0.25 V

0 V - 0.075 V

16 Hz - 450 Hz 200 30 50 15 240 15

450 Hz - 850 Hz 231 30 50 15 240 15

850 Hz - 6 kHz 1000 30 100 15 1000 15

0 V - 0.75 V DC 231 450 50 75 240 75

0.15 V - 1.5 V

0 V - 0.45 V

16 Hz - 450 Hz 200 50 50 25 240 25

450 Hz - 850 Hz 231 50 50 25 240 25

850 Hz - 6 kHz 1000 50 100 25 1000 25

0 V - 5 V DC 231 3000 50 450 240 450

1 V - 10 V

0 V - 3 V

16 Hz - 450 Hz 200 300 50 150 240 150

450 Hz - 850 Hz 231 300 50 150 240 150

850 Hz - 6 kHz 1000 300 100 150 1000 150

[1] tcal = temperature of last calibration.
[2] For ±1 °C and constant load and connection conditions.

[3] When Flicker, Fluctuating harmonics, Dip/Swell or Interharmonics are applied, ‘Open loop’ stability specification must be added to the

1-year accuracy specification as described in “Open and Closed Loop Operation”.

[4] These specifications are only applicable if the combined voltage rms output is greater than the range minimum. If the combined output

is below the range minimum the output is not specified.

[5] The maximum value for a single harmonic (2nd to 100th) below 2850 Hz is 30 % of range. See “Amplitude/Frequency Limits” for profile

above 2850 Hz.

Stability ± (ppm of

output + μV) per

Hour

[2]

Open Loop Stability ±

(ppm of output + μV)

per Hour

[2][3]

1-14

Introduction and Specifications

Electrical Specifications 1

1-33. Voltage from Current Terminals, Distortion and Noise

Range and Frequency

Range

0.25 V

1.5 V

10 V

[1] dB harmonic distortion increases linearly between 50 Hz and 6 kHz.

Frequency

16 Hz - 850 Hz -80

850 Hz - 6 kHz -60

16 Hz - 850 Hz -80

850 Hz - 6 kHz -60

16 Hz - 850 Hz -80

850 Hz - 6 kHz -60 1 mV 0.100 0.01 -60 0.100

Maximum Harmonic Distortion

Either

the largest of or the largest of 16 Hz - 4 MHz Full

dB Volts % Setting % Range dB %

2.5 μV
25 μV
15 μV
150 μV
100 μV

0.010 0.001 -50 0.316

0.100 0.01 -50 0.316

0.010 0.001 -60 0.100

0.100 0.01 -60 0.100

0.010 0.001 -60 0.100

[1]

Non-harmonic Noise Floor

(relative to full range)

1-34. Current to Voltage Phase Specifications

Note

For phase specifications of voltage from the current terminals, use 0.25 A to 5 A

specification from the Current to Voltage Phase specifications.

For All Voltage Ranges

(16 V - 1008 V)

Current Range Frequency

16 Hz - 69 Hz

69 Hz - 180 Hz

0.25 A - 5 A

180 Hz - 450 Hz

450 Hz - 850 Hz

850 Hz - 3 kHz

3 kHz - 6 kHz

16 Hz - 69 Hz

69 Hz - 180 Hz

5 A - 21 A

180 Hz - 450 Hz

450 Hz - 850 Hz

850 Hz - 3 kHz

3 kHz - 6 kHz

16 Hz - 69 Hz

69 Hz - 180 Hz

20 A - 80 A

180 Hz - 450 Hz

450 Hz - 850 Hz

850 Hz - 3 kHz

[1] Current phase angle errors are relative to the voltage channel of the same phase e.g., L2 current is relative to L2 voltage.

[2] Phase angle contribution to power accuracy varies with set phase angle see “Power Specifications” below.

[3] For constant load and connection conditions.

[4] tcal = temperature of last calibration.

[5] Phase performance at less than 0.5 % of full range degrades as output components approach the resolution limit of the digital

feedback system.

Voltage and Current Components

>40 % of Range

1-Year Accuracy,

[4]

±5 °C

tcal

[1][2]

Stability per

[2][3]

hour

0.003 ° 0.0002 ° 0.010 ° 0.001 °

0.005 ° 0.0002 ° 0.017 ° 0.002 °

0.015 ° 0.0005 ° 0.050 ° 0.005 °

0.030 ° 0.0008 ° 0.070 ° 0.018 °

0.150 ° 0.0010 ° 0.200 ° 0.100 °

0.300 ° 0.0010 ° 0.450 ° 0.100 °

0.004 ° 0.0003 ° 0.013 ° 0.002 °

0.007 ° 0.0003 ° 0.023 ° 0.004 °

0.020 ° 0.0005 ° 0.065 ° 0.010 °

0.040 ° 0.0008 ° 0.080 ° 0.020 °

0.200 ° 0.0015 ° 0.250 ° 0.100 °

0.400 ° 0.0020 ° 0.600 ° 0.150 °

0.004 ° 0.0005 ° 0.016 ° 0.003 °

0.008 ° 0.0005 ° 0.028 ° 0.005 °

0.025 ° 0.0010 ° 0.080 ° 0.015 °

0.050 ° 0.0015 ° 0.100 ° 0.030 °

0.250 ° 0.0020 ° 0.300 ° 0.150 °

Voltage or Current Component

0.5 % - 40 % of Range

1-Year Accuracy,

tcal ±5 °C

Stability per hour

[1][2]

[2][3]

[5]

1-15

6100A

Users Manual

1-35. Power Specifications

The example power specifications below are only valid for rms values greater than 40 % of range for voltage and
current and frequency less than 450 Hz. They are not valid when any of: Flicker, Fluctuating harmonics, Dip/Swell or
Interharmonics are applied to the voltage or current channel of that 6100A/6101A.

1-36. Sinusoidal VA Specifications

The following table shows in parts per million the minimum to maximum VA accuracy for specific voltage and current
bands under sinusoidal conditions.

V Range
I Setting

0.1 - 5 A 233 to 329 220 to 295 206 to 259 207 to 260 207 to 260 240 to 304

5.1 - 10 A 256 to 341 245 to 309 233 to 275 233 to 276 233 to 276 263 to 317

10.1 - 21 A 284 to 373 274 to 344 263 to 314 264 to 315 264 to 315 290 to 352

20.1 - 80 A 347 to 485 339 to 463 330 to 441 330 to 442 330 to 442 352 to 469

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V

(6.4 - 16 V) (13.2 - 33 V) (31 - 78 V) (67 - 168 V) (134 - 336 V) (330 - 1008 V)

1-37. Sinusoidal Power Specifications

The following tables show in parts per million the minimum to maximum Power accuracy for specific voltage and
current bands under sinusoidal conditions.

16 Hz to 69 Hz, 1.0 > Power Factor > 0.75

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V V Range

I Setting

0.1 - 2 A 237 to 323 225 to 288 212 to 252 212 to 253 212 to 253 244 to 297

2.1 - 5 A 241 to 333 229 to 299 215 to 264 216 to 265 216 to 265 248 to 308

5.1 - 10 A 264 to 347 253 to 315 241 to 282 241 to 283 241 to 283 270 to 323

10.1 - 21 A 291 to 378 281 to 350 270 to 320 271 to 321 271 to 321 297 to 357

20.1 - 80 A 398 to 489 391 to 467 383 to 445 384 to 446 384 to 446 402 to 473

(6.4 - 16 V) (13.2 - 33 V) (31 - 78 V) (67 - 168 V) (134 - 336 V) (330 - 1008 V)

16 Hz to 69 Hz, 0.75 > Power Factor > 0.5

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V V Range

I Setting

0.1 - 2 A 250 to 332 238 to 299 225 to 264 226 to 264 226 to 264 257 to 307

2.1 - 5 A 262 to 349 251 to 317 239 to 284 240 to 285 240 to 285 269 to 325

5.1 - 10 A 283 to 362 273 to 332 262 to 300 263 to 301 263 to 301 290 to 340

10.1 - 21 A 309 to 393 300 to 365 290 to 337 290 to 337 290 to 337 315 to 372

20.1 - 80 A 411 to 500 404 to 478 397 to 457 397 to 458 397 to 458 416 to 484

(6.4 - 16 V) (13.2 - 33 V) (31 - 78 V) (67 - 168 V) (134 - 336 V) (330 - 1008 V)

16 Hz to 69 Hz, 0.5 > Power Factor > 0.25

V Range
I Setting

0.1 - 2.1 A 309 to 378 299 to 349 289 to 320 290 to 321 290 to 321 314 to 357

2.1 - 5 A 357 to 424 349 to 399 340 to 373 340 to 374 340 to 374 362 to 405

5.1 - 10 A 373 to 435 365 to 410 357 to 386 357 to 386 357 to 386 377 to 417

10.1 - 21 A 392 to 461 385 to 438 377 to 414 378 to 415 378 to 415 397 to 444

20.1 - 80 A 477 to 555 471 to 536 465 to 517 465 to 518 465 to 518 481 to 541

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V

(6.4 - 16 V) (13.2 - 33 V) (31 - 78 V) (67 - 168 V) (134 - 336 V) (330 - 1008 V)

1-16

Introduction and Specifications

Electrical Specifications 1

69 Hz to 180 Hz, 1.0 > Power Factor > 0.75

V Range
I Setting

0.1 - 2 A 245 to 329 233 to 295 220 to 259 221 to 260 221 to 260 252 to 304

2.1 - 5 A 256 to 344 245 to 312 233 to 279 233 to 280 233 to 280 263 to 321

5.1 - 10 A 278 to 358 268 to 327 257 to 295 257 to 296 257 to 296 284 to 335

10.1 - 21 A 304 to 389 295 to 361 285 to 332 285 to 333 285 to 333 310 to 368

20.1 - 80 A 412 to 500 405 to 479 398 to 458 398 to 458 398 to 458 416 to 485

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V

(6.4 - 16 V) (13.2 - 33 V) (31 - 78 V) (67 - 168 V) (134 - 336 V) (330 - 1008 V)

69 Hz to 180 Hz, 0.75 > Power Factor > 0.5

V Range
I Setting

0.1 - 2 A 277 to 353 267 to 322 256 to 290 256 to 291 256 to 291 284 to 330

2.1 - 5 A 314 to 389 305 to 361 296 to 333 296 to 334 296 to 334 320 to 369

5.1 - 10 A 332 to 401 324 to 374 315 to 347 315 to 348 315 to 348 338 to 381

10.1 - 21 A 354 to 429 346 to 404 338 to 379 338 to 379 338 to 379 359 to 410

20.1 - 80 A 462 to 542 455 to 522 449 to 503 449 to 503 449 to 503 465 to 527

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V

(6.4 - 16 V) (13.2 - 33 V) (31 - 78 V) (67 - 168 V) (134 - 336 V) (330 - 1008 V)

69 Hz to 180 Hz, 0.5 > Power Factor > 0.25

V Range
I Setting

0.1 - 2 A 410 to 465 403 to 442 396 to 419 396 to 419 396 to 419 415 to 448

2.1 - 5 A 527 to 575 522 to 557 516 to 539 516 to 539 516 to 539 531 to 561

5.1 - 10 A 538 to 583 533 to 565 527 to 547 528 to 548 528 to 548 541 to 570

10.1 - 21 A 552 to 603 547 to 585 542 to 568 542 to 568 542 to 568 555 to 590

20.1 - 80 A 669 to 726 664 to 712 660 to 698 660 to 698 660 to 698 671 to 716

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V

(6.4 - 16 V) (13.2 - 33 V) (31 - 78 V) (67 - 168 V) (134 - 336 V) (330 - 1008 V)

180 Hz to 450 Hz, 1.0 > Power Factor > 0.75

V Range
I Setting

0.1 - 2 A 328 to 394 319 to 366 310 to 338 310 to 339 310 to 339 333 to 374

2.1 - 5 A 386 to 449 378 to 425 371 to 401 371 to 402 371 to 402 390 to 431

5.1 - 10 A 401 to 460 394 to 436 386 to 413 386 to 413 386 to 413 405 to 442

10.1 - 21 A 419 to 484 412 to 462 405 to 440 405 to 440 405 to 440 423 to 467

20.1 - 80 A 550 to 619 545 to 602 540 to 585 540 to 586 540 to 586 553 to 606

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V

(6.4 - 16 V) (13.2 - 33 V) (31 - 78 V) (67 - 168 V) (134 - 336 V) (330 - 1008 V)

180 Hz to 450 Hz, 0.75 > Power Factor > 0.5

V Range
I Setting

0.1 - 2 A 510 to 555 504 to 535 498 to 517 498 to 517 498 to 517 513 to 540

2.1 - 5 A 648 to 687 643 to 672 639 to 657 639 to 657 639 to 657 651 to 676

5.1 - 10 A 657 to 694 652 to 679 648 to 664 648 to 665 648 to 665 659 to 683

10.1 - 21 A 668 to 711 664 to 696 660 to 681 660 to 682 660 to 682 671 to 700

20.1 - 80 A 852 to 898 849 to 886 845 to 875 845 to 875 845 to 875 854 to 889

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V

(6.4 - 16 V) (13.2 - 33 V) (31 - 78 V) (67 - 168 V) (134 - 336 V) (330 - 1008 V)

1-17

6100A

Users Manual

180 Hz to 450 Hz, 0.5 > Power Factor > 0.25

V Range
I Setting

0.1 - 2 A 1040 to 1063 1038 to 1053 1035 to 1044 1035 to 1044 1035 to 1044 1042 to 1056

2.1 - 5 A 1372 to 1391 1370 to 1383 1368 to 1376 1368 to 1376 1368 to 1376 1373 to 1385

5.1 - 10 A 1376 to 1394 1374 to 1387 1372 to 1380 1372 to 1380 1372 to 1380 1377 to 1389

10.1 - 21 A 1382 to 1403 1380 to 1395 1377 to 1388 1377 to 1388 1377 to 1388 1383 to 1397

20.1 - 80 A 1735 to 1758 1734 to 1752 1732 to 1747 1732 to 1747 1732 to 1747 1736 to 1754

16 V 33 V 78 V 168 V 336 V 1008 V

(6.4 - 16 V) (13.2 - 33 V) (31 - 78 V) (67 - 168 V) (134 - 336 V) (330 - 1008 V)

Power Factor <0.25

For Power Factor less than 0.25, phase angle dominates power specifications and voltage and current accuracy
becomes negligible. Calculate Power uncertainty from:

u

)(cos(

+Φ

Pu

1()( ×

−=

φ

)cos(

Φ

6

ppm

10)

where

Φ

is the set phase angle and

)(φu

is the phase uncertainty.

Reactive Power, Power Factor <0.25

Use the relevant frequency table for Power, 1.0 > Power Factor > 0.75

Reactive Power, 0.25 > Power Factor >0.5

Use the relevant frequency table for Power, 0.75 > Power Factor > 0.5

Reactive Power, 0.5 > Power Factor >0.75

Use the relevant frequency table for Power, 0. 5 > Power Factor > 0.25

Reactive Power, Power Factor >0.75

For reactive Power (Q) where power factor >0.75 calculate u(Q) from

)(sin(

+Φ

φ

Qu

The method used for calculation of reactive power in non-sinusoidal conditions is user selectable.

)sin(

Φ

1()(

u

−=

6

−

ppm

10)

×

Reactive Power Calculation Methods

Under pure sinusoidal conditions, Apparent Power (S), Power (P) and Reactive power (Q) are related by:

2

= P2 + Q2. This relationship is known as the Power Triangle. When either the voltage or current waveform is not

S

sinusoidal, the power triangle is not satisfied by this equation. This has lead to various attempts to better define
Reactive Power (Q) but no single definition has been agreed. The difficulty is that Q is used for a number of different
calculations including transmission line efficiency and voltage line drop. The 6100A/6101A allows users to select the
definition that best meets their needs. The following methods are supported:

Budeanu Fryze

Kusters and Moore Shepherd and Zakikhani

Sharon / Czarnecki IEEE working group

Because of the complexity of the subject, definition of the methods listed is beyond the scope of this document.
References to relevant documentation are provided at 0.

1-38. Flicker Specifications

Although Flicker is a primarily a voltage phenomena the 6100A provides the same facility on its current output.
Flicker is not available on a voltage or current channel if Fluctuating Harmonics are already enabled on that channel.

1-18

Introduction and Specifications

Electrical Specifications 1

1-39. Voltage and Current Sinusoidal and Rectangular Modulation Flicker

Specification

Setting range

Flicker modulation depth accuracy 0.025 %

Modulation depth setting resolution 0.001 %

Shape of modulation envelope Rectangular, Square or Sinusoidal

Duty cycle (shape = rectangular)

Modulation units Either:

Modulating frequency accuracy

[1] Rectangular modulation accuracy is ±{(50 + 31 x modulating frequency) ppm + 10 μHz}
[2] Sine modulation accuracy is ±(50 ppm +10 μHz)

Frequency
or
Changes per minute

[1][2]

<0.13 % (1 CPM to 4800 CPM)

±30 % of set value within range values (60 % ΔV/V)

0.01 % to 99.99 %; accuracy = ±31 μs

0.5 Hz to 40 Hz

1.0 CPM to 4800 CPM

Pst and Pinst Indication Accuracy

Pst and P
V and 120 V, 50 Hz and 60 Hz. P

Note that long term flicker (P
calculating P

where P

values are from IEC 61000-4-15, (amendment 1). Note that Pst and P

inst

Voltage Setting P

220 V - 240 V

115 V - 125 V

from:

lt

N

3

P

∑

sti

3

=

1

i

=

P

lt

(i=1,2,3, ...) are different consecutive readings of Pst. See IEC61000-4-15 for details.

sti

N

values are not valid for the current channel.

st

Indication Accuracy

st

±0.25 %
±0.25 %

) can be simulated either by a steady Pst over a suitable period, or by changing Pst and

lt

indications are only valid for 230

inst

Other Flicker Modes

Extended Flicker functions are provided. The accuracy of these signals is better than 1 %:

• Frequency Changes

• Distorted voltage with multiple zero crossings

• Harmonics with side band

• Phase jumps

• Rectangular voltage changes with duty ratio

1-40. Fluctuating Harmonic Specifications

Fluctuating harmonics are available on voltage and current outputs. Fluctuating Harmonics are not available on a
voltage or current channel if Flicker is already enabled on that channel.

Number of harmonics to fluctuate Any number from 0 to all set harmonics can fluctuate

Modulation depth setting range
Fluctuation accuracy (0 % to ±30 % modulation) ±0.025 %

Modulation depth setting resolution 0.001 %

Shape Rectangular or Sinusoidal

Duty cycle (shape = rectangular) 0.1 % to 99.99 %

Modulating Frequency range 0.008 Hz to 30 Hz

Sine modulating frequency accuracy

Rectangular modulating frequency accuracy <1300ppm

Modulating Frequency setting resolution 0.001 Hz

[1] Fluctuation accuracy is not specified for modulation depth >±30 %.

[2] Accuracy is

± {(50 + 31 x modulating frequency) ppm + 10 μHz}.

[1]

0 % to 100 % of nominal harmonic voltage

±(50ppm + 10 μHz)

[2]

1-19

6100A

Users Manual

1-41. Interharmonic Specifications

Interharmonics are available on voltage and current outputs

Frequency accuracy

Amplitude accuracy 16 Hz to <6 kHz

±500 ppm
±1 %

Amplitude accuracy >6 kHz 4 %

Maximum value of a single interharmonic The maximum value for an interharmonic <2850 Hz is 30 % of

range. See “Amplitude/Frequency Limits” for profile above 2850
Hz.

Frequency range of interharmonic 16 Hz to 9 kHz

1-42. Dip/Swell Specifications

Although Dips and Swells are primarily a voltage phenomena, the 6100A provides the same facility on its current
output.

Trigger-in requirement

Either:
Trigger-in delay
OR
Phase-angle synchronization with respect to

channel fundamental frequency zero crossing

Dip/Swell Min duration 1 ms

Dip/Swell Max duration 1 minute

Dip Min amplitude 0 % of the nominal output

Swell Max amplitude The least of full range value and 140 % of the nominal output

Ramp up/down period

Optional repeat with delay

Starting level amplitude accuracy

Dip/Swell level amplitude accuracy

[1]

Trigger out delay

Trigger out TTL falling edge co-incident with end of trigger out delay, remaining

[1] Accuracy not specified below 10 % of starting level or below the range minimum value.

TTL falling edge remaining low for 10 μs

0 to 60 s ±31 μs

±180 ° ±31 μs

Settable 100 μs to 30 s
0 to 60 s ±31 μs

±0.025 % of level
±0.25 % of level

0 to 60 s ±31 μs from start of dip/swell event

low for 10 μs to 31 μs

1-43. Multi-Phase Operation

Voltage Channel to Voltage Channel Phase Specifications

Frequency

(For all voltage ranges

(16 V - 1008 V))

16 Hz - 69 Hz

69 Hz - 180 Hz

180 Hz - 450 Hz

450 Hz - 850 Hz

850 Hz - 3 kHz

3 kHz - 6 kHz

[1] Phase errors relative to L1 Voltage

[2] For constant load and connection conditions.

[3] tcal = temperature of last calibration.

[4] Phase performance at less than 0.5 % of full range degrades as output components approach the resolution limit

of the digital feedback system.

Voltage Components >40 % of Range

1-Year Accuracy,

[3]

±5 °C

tcal

Stability per Hour

[1]

0.005 ° 0.0002 ° 0.010 ° 0.001 °

0.007 ° 0.0002 ° 0.018 ° 0.002 °

0.025 ° 0.0005 ° 0.052 ° 0.005 °

0.050 ° 0.0008 ° 0.075 ° 0.018 °

0.170 ° 0.0010 ° 0.220 ° 0.100 °

0.350 ° 0.0015 ° 0.400 ° 0.150 °

Voltage Components 0.5 % - 40 % of

1-Year

[2]

Accuracy, tcal

[3]

±5 °C

[1]

[4]

Range

Stability per Hour

[2]

1-20

Introduction and Specifications

Electrical Specifications 1

1-44. Determining Non-sinusoidal Waveform Amplitude Specifications

The rms value of the combination of voltage components is:

N

=

Note that the uncertainties of the components of a 6100A non-sinusoidal voltage (or current) waveform are correlated
so must be combined by linear addition.

2

1

But

and, where uncertainties are relatively small (as in the 6100A), u
of the combined waveform becomes:

22

VV

and, assuming symmetrical uncertainties,

∑

iRMS

=

1

i

N

2

=+

))((

VuV

RMSRMS

11

N

=

VV

∑

=

1

i

∑

i

2

22

,

iRMS

1

=

+

22

VuVuVV

RMSRMSRMSRMS

2

21

VuV

Vu )( , for each of iV ,

i

2

))((

ii

=++ )()(2

2

)()(2)()(2

VuVuVVVuVuVV +++++ ...

22

2

2

vi components become negligible. The uncertainty

22

VuVuVV

)(2+

nnnn

VuV )(2)(2

which simplifies to give

where

c =

i

=)(2

RMSRMS

u as the combined uncertainty:

c

N

=

∑

i

V

V

RMS

VucVu

)()(

=

1

i

iiRMSc

and is known as the sensitivity coefficient.

VuVVuV + ... )(2

2211

VuV

nn

1-45. Non-sinusoidal Voltage Example

The waveform is a 60 Hz, 110 V rms waveform, from the 168 V range, comprising 10 % 95th harmonic, 30 % 3rd
harmonic with the remainder contributed by the fundamental frequency. Using the voltage uncertainty values in
“Voltage and Sine Amplitude Specifications” and “Voltage DC and Harmonic Specifications”, determine the 1-year
accuracy.

rd

Harmonic rms voltage = 0.3x110 = 33 V

3

th

95

Harmonic rms voltage = 0.1x110 = 11 V

Fundamental rms voltage = √(110

Accuracy contribution from the fundamental:
112ppm of output+4.4 mV=(104.3552x0.000112)+0.0044=0.011688+0.0044=0.016088 V
Modified by the sensitivity coefficient = 0.016088x104.3552 ÷ 110 = 0.015262 V

Accuracy contribution from the 3
122ppm of 3
Modified by the sensitivity coefficient = 0.008426x33 ÷ 110 = 0.002528 V

Accuracy contribution from the 95
512ppm of 95
Modified by the sensitivity coefficient = 0. 010032x11 ÷ 110 = 0. 001003 V

Combining the uncertainties:
Total amplitude uncertainty = 0.015262+0.002528+0. 010032 = 0.018793 V
Voltage Accuracy =110±0.018793 V

rd

harmonic value+4.4 mV = (0.000122x33)+0.0044 = 0.008426 V

th

harmonic value+4.4 mV = (0.000512x11)+0.0044 = 0.010032 V

2

- 332 - 112} = 104.3552 V

rd

Harmonic (180 Hz):

th

Harmonic (5700 Hz):

1-21

6100A

Users Manual

1-46. Apparent Power (S) Accuracy Calculations

For the purpose of calculation of apparent power (S) for non-sinusoidal outputs the following equations are used:

=

∑∑

nn

To calculate the accuracy of apparent power (S), the amplitude accuracy specifications of voltage harmonic
components must be combined as described in “Determining Non-Sinusoidal Waveform Amplitude Specifications”
above. Current components are combined using the same method. As apparent power is the product of two different
quantities, uncertainties are conveniently combined using relative values. Note that 6100A voltage and current
components are generated independently and are therefore largely uncorrelated.

As

2

)(

Su

[

2

S

where

c

)(

Vu

RMS

is the uncertainty of the rms voltage and

)(

Iu

RMS

is the uncertainty of the rms current.

22

IVS

VA

nn

222

.

IVS = ;

RMSRMS

)(

Vu

RMSc

V

RMS

)(Su

is the combined uncertainty of the apparent Power,

[]

+=

)(

Iu

I

RMS

RMS

22

]

1-47. Apparent Power Example

Voltage channel fundamental frequency output is 109 V on the 168 V range at 60 Hz. A 15 V 3rd harmonic has been
added. The current channel output is 7 A at 60 Hz on the 10 A range with 3
respectively. Phase angles are not relevant to the calculation of apparent power. Voltage uncertainty values are
given in “Voltage and Sine Amplitude Specifications” and “Voltage DC and Harmonic Specifications”, current
uncertainty values are given in “Current Sine Amplitude Specifications” and “Current DC and Harmonic Amplitude
Specifications”.

22

The voltage rms value is

Accuracy contribution from the voltage fundamental:

112ppm of 109 V+4.4 mV = (109x0.000112)+0.0044 = 0.012208+0.0044 = 0.016608 V

Modified by the sensitivity coefficient = 0.016608x109 ÷ 110.02727 = 0.016453 V

Accuracy contribution from the voltage 3

122ppm of 15 V+4.4 mV = (15x0.000112)+0.0044 = 0.01830+0.0044 = 0.006230 V

Modified by the sensitivity coefficient = 0.006230x15 ÷ 110.02727 = 0.000849 V

Combined voltage uncertainty:

Vu

)(

RMS

V

The current rms value is

Accuracy contribution from the current fundamental:
164ppm of 7 A+240 μA = (7x0.000164)+0.000240 = 0.001148+0.000240 = 0.001388

Modified by the sensitivity coefficient = 0.001388x7 ÷ 7.041307 = 0.001380 A

Accuracy contribution from the current 3
191ppm of 0.7 A+240 μA = (0.7x0.000191)+0. 000240 = 0.000134+0.000240 = 0.000374

Modified by the sensitivity coefficient = 0. 000374x0.7 ÷ 7.041307 = 0.000037 A

=

RMS

=+

rd

harmonic:

000849.0016453.0

+

02727.110

222

=++

rd

harmonic:

V02727.11015109

000157.0

=

041307.73.07.07

rd

and 5th harmonics at 0.7 A and 0.3 A

(or 157 ppm).

1-22

Introduction and Specifications

x

φ

φ

Accuracy contribution from the current 5th harmonic:
191ppm of 0.3 A+240 μA = (0.3x0.000191)+0. 000240 = 0.000058+0.000240 = 0.000297

Modified by the sensitivity coefficient = 0. 000297x0.3 ÷ 7.041307 = 0.000013 A

Combined current uncertainty:

Iu

I

RMS

RMS

)(

=

041307.7

000013.0000037.0001388.0

++

000204.0

=

(or 204 ppm).

Electrical Specifications 1

Now,

Apparent Power uncertainty:

Su

)(

[

S

giving:

c

Apparent Power Accuracy = 774.7358± 0.1994 VA

222

RMSRMS

Vu

)(

RMS

V

RMS

Iu

)(

RMS

[]

I

RMS

1994.0735748.7740002574.0)( =×=

=×==

VASu

VAIVS

7358.774041307.702727.110.

2222

=+=+=

1-48. Power (P) Accuracy Calculations

Real power is the sum of the products of volt/current/phase-angle at each harmonic frequency.

IVP Φ=

∑

where n is the harmonic order of the components.

Calculation of power accuracy uses the same techniques shown previously. The uncorrelated uncertainty
components of voltage, current and phase are combined using root sum of squares for each frequency.

2

Pu

f

2

P

f

where

at frequency

The contribution of phase angle accuracy varies with the set phase angle as shown below.

)( xu is the uncertainty of the component

f . It is easiest to express each of these contributions as ppm.

cos

)(

Vu

[

V

Watts

nnn

)(

f

f

)(

Iu

f

[]

I

f

phaseu

[]

++=

phase

and phase is the phase angle between the current and voltage

)(

f

222

]

f

0002574.0000204.0000157.0]

phaseu

Φ is the set phase angle and )(

where

The power uncertainties for each frequency, modified by the appropriate sensitivity coefficient c
summed to give the combined uncertainty u
those of current and phase).

1)(

−=

N

=

∑

=

1

i

1-23

u

))(cos(

cos

+Φ

Φ

u is the phase accuracy.

, are then linearly

(linearly summed because voltage components are correlated, as are

c

PucPu

)()(

iic

i

6100A

Users Manual

1-49. Power Example

Voltage channel output is 109 V on the 168 V range at 60 Hz with 3rd harmonic at 15 V. The voltage 3rd harmonic has
0 ° phase angle relative to the voltage fundamental.

The current channel output is 7 A on the 10 A range at 60 Hz with 3
respectively. The current fundamental phase angle is 12 ° relative to the voltage fundamental. The current 3
harmonic has a phase angle of +25 ° relative to the current fundamental, i.e., the phase angle between the 3
current harmonic and the 3
by a voltage 5

Voltage uncertainty values are given in “Voltage and Sine Amplitude Specifications” and “Voltage DC and Harmonic
Specifications”, current uncertainty values are given in “Current Sine Amplitude Specifications” and “Current DC and
Harmonic Amplitude Specifications”. Phase uncertainty values are given in “Current to Voltage Phase
Specifications”.

Converting all values to ppm, accuracy contribution at the fundamental frequency

th

harmonic, there is no 5th harmonic power contribution.

112)(

1

164)(

1

rd

voltage harmonic is 25 ° + (3 x 12 °) = 61 °. As the current 5th harmonic is not matched

6

100044.0

V

ppmVu 152

+=

ppmIu 198

+=

109

7

×

=

V

6

1000024.0

A

×

=

A

rd

and 5th harmonics at 0.7 A and 0.3 A

ppm

ppm

rd

rd

⎛
⎜

1)(

1

Combined accuracy for the fundamental frequency components:

1

Power in the fundamental frequency:

1

Accuracy contribution for the 3rd harmonic

122)(

3

191)(

3

3

Combined accuracy for the 3rd harmonic components

3

Power in the 3rd harmonic components:

−=

⎜
⎝

1111

6

−

ppmVu 415

+=

ppmIu 534

+=

⎛
⎜

1)(

−=

⎜
⎝

+

222

V

15

7.0

+

⎞

)004.012cos(

⎟

⎟

)12cos(

⎠

ppmPu 25015198152)(

=++=

=××=

6

100044.0

×

V

1000024.0

A

×

A

⎞

)023.061cos(

⎟

⎟

)61cos(

⎠

222

=++=

ppmephaseu 1561

=×

=××=Φ= so:

WattsPu 1866.03266.74610250)(

ppm

=

6

ppm

=

ppmephaseu 72461

=×

ppmPu 991724534415)(

WattsIVP 3266.7469781476.07109cos

3333

3

Total power

1-24

31

=××=Φ= so:

6

−

=××=

WattsPu 005045.00905.510991)(

=+=+= PPP Watts

WattsIVP 0905.5484810.07.015cos

4171.7510905.53266.746

Introduction and Specifications

From:

N

=

∑

=

i

PucPu

)(.)(

1

iic

Electrical Specifications 1

)( =×+×=

c

3266.746

4171.751

1866.0

0905.5

WattsPu

1854.0005045.0

4171.751

WattsAccuracyPower 1854.04171.751 ±=

1-50. References

6100A and 6101A reactive power calculations are guided by the published work of Dr. Stefan Svensson:
Svensson, S., (1999), Power Measurement Techniques for Nonsinusoidal Conditions, Chalmers
Other pertinent papers are:
Budeanu, C., (1927), "Reactive and fictitious powers", Rumanian National Institute, No.2.
Czarnecki, L. S., (1885), "Considerations on the reactive power in nonsinusoidal situations", IEEE Trans. on Inst. and

Meas., Vol. 34, No. 3, pp399-404, Sept.
Czarnecki, L. S., (1987), "What is wrong with the Budeanu concept of reactive and distortion power and why it should

be abandoned", IEEE Trans. on Inst. and Meas., Vol. 36, No. 3, pp834-837, Sept
Filipski, P., (1980), "A new approach to reactive current and reactive power measurements in nonsinusoidal

systems", IEEE Trans. on Inst. and Meas., Vol. 29, No. 4, pp423-426, Dec.
Fryze, S., (1932), "Wirk- Blind- und Scheinleistung in elektrischen Stromkreisen mit nichtsinusformigen Verlauf von

Strom und Spannung", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, No25, pp 596-99, 625-627, 700-702.
Kusters, N. L. and Moore, W. J. M., (1980), "On the definition of reactive power under nonsinusoidal conditions",

IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol PAS-99, No. 5, pp1845-1854, Sept/Oct.
Sharon, D., (1973), "Reactive power definition and power factor improvement in non-linear systems", PROC. IEE,

Vol. 120, No. 6, pp 704-706, July.
Shepherd, W. and Zakikhani, P., (1972), "Suggested definition of reactive power for nonsinusoidal systems", PROC.

IEE, Vol. 119, No. 9, pp 1361-1362, Sept.
IEC, Reactive power in nonsinusoidal situations, Report TC 25/wg7.

1-25

6100A

Users Manual

1-26

Chapter 2

Installation

Title Page

2-1.

Introduction............................................................................................. 2-3

Unpacking and Inspection ...................................................................... 2-3

2-2.

2-3. Reshipping the 6100A ............................................................................ 2-3

2-4. Placement and Rack Mounting ............................................................... 2-3

2-5. Cooling Considerations........................................................................... 2-4

2-6. Line Voltage ........................................................................................... 2-4

2-7. Connecting to Line Power ...................................................................... 2-4

2-8. Connecting 6101A Auxiliary units ......................................................... 2-5

2-9. Allocation of phases................................................................................ 2-5

2-1

6100A

Users Manual

2-2

Installation

Introduction 2

2-1. Introduction

XWWARNING

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard can supply lethal voltages
to the binding posts of Master and Auxiliary units.

This chapter provides instructions for unpacking and installing the 6100A Electrical
Power Standard. The procedures for fuse replacement, and connection to line power are
provided here. Read this chapter before operating the 6100A Electrical Power Standard.

Instructions for cable connections other than line power connection can be found in the
following chapters of the manual:

Voltage and Current output connections and instructions for use of the 6100A lead set
can be found in Chapter 4

IEEE-488 interface bus connection: Chapter 5

2-2. Unpacking and Inspection

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard is shipped in a container designed to prevent
damage during shipping.

Inspect the 6100A Electrical Power Standard carefully for damage, and immediately
report any damage to the shipper. Instructions for inspection and claims are included in
the shipping container.

A packing list is included in the packaging. When you unpack the 6100A Electrical
Power Standard, check for all the standard equipment listed and check the shipping order
for any additional items ordered. Report any shortage to the place of purchase or to the
nearest Fluke Service Center.

2-3. Reshipping the 6100A

A ‘transit’ case intended for accompanied transit can be purchased from Fluke. The
Fluke part number is 1887580. This container is suitable for most handling conditions
but provides less shock protection than the original cardboard packaging. It is
recommended that the original container be used when possible.

2-4. Placement and Rack Mounting

This equipment is designed to operate in a controlled electromagnetic environment such
as calibration and measurement laboratories i.e. where R.F. transmitters such as mobile
telephones are not be used in close proximity.

The 6100A and 6101A units are suitable for benchtop use, so long as there is sufficient
space either side (minimum 4 inches (100 mm) per side) to allow adequate ventilation.

The 6100A and 6101A units can be rack mounted using Fluke part number 1887571.
Details of the rack mounting kit and fitting instructions are provided with the kit. Note
that the airflow through the 6100A is from left to right as viewed from the front. If
6100A is mounted in a rack the airflow must be in the same direction.

2-3

6100A

Users Manual

2-5. Cooling Considerations

WCaution

Damage caused by overheating may occur if the area around
the air intake is restricted, the intake air is too warm, or the air
filter becomes clogged.

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard must be at least 4 inches from nearby walls or rack
enclosures on both sides.

The inlet and exhaust perforations on the sides of the 6100A Electrical Power Standard
must be clear of obstruction.

The air entering the instrument must be between 5 C and 35 C. Make sure that exhaust
from another instrument is not directed into the fan inlet.

Clean the air filter every 30 days or more frequently if the 6100A Electrical Power
Standard is operated in a dusty environment. (Instructions for cleaning the air filter are in
Chapter 6)

2-6. Line Voltage

The 6100A and 6101A Electrical Power Standards have automatic mains sensing in the
range 100-240V, so no user line voltage selection is required. The fuse specified covers
this voltage range. Chapter 6 describes fuse access.

2-7. Connecting to Line Power

XWWARNING

To avoid shock hazard, connect the factory supplied
three-conductor line power cord to a properly grounded power
outlet. Do not use a two-conductor adapter or extension cord;
this will break the protective ground connection. If a
two-conductor power cord must be used, a protective
grounding wire must be connected between the ground
terminal on the rear panel and ground before connecting the
power cord or operating the instrument.

The power outlets supplying the 6100A/6101A system should be
controlled by an emergency switch so that power can be
switched off if a hazard arises.

The line current requirement of the 6100A Electrical Power Standard may exceed the
capacity of standard 10 A IEC connectors so the unit is fitted with a 16 A power
receptacle at the rear.

A suitable supply lead is provided. Ensure that the room supply outlet is suited to
delivering the 1250VA maximum power requirements and that the 6100A Electrical
Power Standard is connected to a properly grounded three-prong outlet. Note: typical
maximum power requirement at 115V is 1000VA.

If a supply lead is provided WITHOUT a mains connector, please observe the following
color coding when wiring up your own mains connector - line = brown, neutral = blue,
earth =green/yellow.

2-4

Installation

Connecting 6101A Auxiliary units 2

Country Fluke Line cord part number

UK 1998167

Europe 1998171

Australia, New Zealand, China 1998198

USA, Japan 1998209

Other (no plug fitted) 1998211

2-8. Connecting 6101A Auxiliary units

Each 6101A Auxiliary unit added to a 6100A Master provides an additional voltage and
current phase. A 6100A Master can control up to three auxiliary units. The control
connections are made by interconnection cable part number 2002080 supplied with each
6101A. The control connections are via connectors on 6100A and 6101A rear panels.
Figure 2.1 shows the layout of connections on the 6100A.

Figure 2-1. Auxiliary Unit connectors on the 6100A rear panel

2-9. Allocation of phases

The 6100A is always L1 in a multiphase system. 6101A Auxiliary units are allocated
phase depending on which auxiliary control connector they are attached to. Connector A
controls ‘L2’, the 6101A on connector B becomes ‘L3’ and that on connector C is
designated as the ‘N’ phase. See chapter 3 for an overview of instrument control and the
user interface.

2-5

6100A

Users Manual

2-6

Chapter 3

Features

Title Page

3-1.

Introduction............................................................................................. 3-3

Front Panel Features ............................................................................... 3-3

3-2.

3-3. Windows™ User Interface ..................................................................... 3-6

3-4. The main graphical user interface areas ............................................. 3-6

3-5. Data entry from the front panel .......................................................... 3-7

3-6. Data entry from an external keyboard and mouse.............................. 3-8

3-7. Output channel selection .................................................................... 3-9

3-8. Output control..................................................................................... 3-9

3-9. Rear Panel Features ................................................................................ 3-10

3-1

6100A

Users Manual

3-2

Features

Introduction 3

3-1. Introduction

This chapter is a reference for the functions and locations of the 6100A Electrical Power
Standard’s front and rear panel features, and provides brief descriptions of each feature
for quick access.

Please read this information before operating the Electrical Power Standard.

Front panel operating instructions for the Electrical Power Standard are provided in
Chapter 4, and remote operating instructions are provided in Chapter 5.

3-2. Front Panel Features

Front panel features (including all controls, displays, indicators, and terminals) are shown
in Figure 3-1. Each front panel feature is briefly described in Table 3-1.

3-3

Figure 3-1. 6100A Front Panel

6100A

Users Manual

Table 3-1. Front Panel Features

1 Voltage Binding Posts The HI and LO Output Voltage Binding Posts provide connections for

voltage outputs.

The HI and LO Sense Binding Posts provide External Sensing for best
accuracy. Two-wire sensing may be selected via the Global Settings
Menu. See chapter 4

2 Current Binding Posts Currents are output from the Current Binding Posts.

3 Softkeys The softkeys provide direct access to setup functions (see chapter 4). If an

external keyboard is connected, the keyboard function keys (F1-F8)
provide the same navigation technique.

4 Keyboard Connector PS/2 connector for an external keyboard if preferred.

5 Mouse Connector PS/2 connector for a mouse if preferred.

6 Navigation Keypad The SELECT MENU key switches between the three main ‘menus’:

Output, Global settings and Waveform.

The ESC (escape) key changes the softkey level up through the control
hierarchy

The central a TAB key moves focus from control to control within the
selected ‘menu’ area.

The left/right and up/down arrow keys allow selection of values in data
entry and selection fields.

7 Floppy Disc Drive Allows saving and reloading of waveform configurations.

8 Power On/Off Switch Turns the power on and off. The switch remains locked inwards when the

power is on. Pushing the switch again unlocks it and turns the power off.
Note: this controls the power supply electronically and is not an isolation
switch. The Main Power On-Off switch is on the rear panel.

9 Dual action ‘spin’ wheel Provides quick data entry within a field. When rotated without pressing,

scrolls the value of the currently highlighted numeric character in an input
field. When rotated whilst pressed inwards, moves the cursor along the
characters in the field.

10 DIRECT MODE key In Direct Mode, the key LED is lit and all waveform changes take

immediate effect. When Direct Mode is not active, the 6100A is in
‘Deferred’ mode. In Deferred mode changes to waveforms are stored but
not applied. Stored changes can be applied simultaneously or ‘undone’.

11 STBY (standby) key Turns the output OFF.

12 OPER (operate) key Turns the outputs of ‘enabled’ channels ON. The LED’s above the

terminals indicate which outputs are ON.

3-4

Features

Table 3-1. Front Panel Features (continued)

13 NEXT CHAR key In text input mode (Alpha Lock LED lit), key text using a

combination of the NEXT CHAR key and the AlphaNumeric keypad
(15). This operates much in the manner of a cell ‘phone, allowing
one alpha key to source more than one text character by being
pressed repeatedly until the required character is displayed. Use
the NEXT CHAR key to move onto the next position you wish to
key. Press ENTER to finish the text entry.

14 ALPHA LOCK key Switches between text and numeric input.

In numeric input mode. The Alpha Lock light is out. In text input
mode the Alpha Lock light is lit.

15 AlphaNumeric Keypad Provides text and numeric input. Use the ALPHA LOCK key (14) to

switch between numeric and text input.

In numeric input mode (Alpha Lock light out), key numeric values
directly (the E key allows exponents to be entered).

In text input mode (Alpha Lock light lit), key text using a
combination of the AlphaNumeric keypad and the NEXT CHAR key
(13). This operates much in the manner of a cell ‘phone, allowing
one alpha key to source more than one text character.

Front Panel Features 3

16 Windows User Interface The setup of waveforms and other functions of the Electrical Power

Standard has been implemented as a Windows program. Chapter 4
contains these operational procedures.

3-5

6100A

Users Manual

3-3. Windows™ User Interface

The user interface of the Electrical Power Standard has been implemented as a Windows
program. This chapter gives a broad outline of the user interface. Chapter 4 contains
detailed operational procedures.

3-6

Figure 3-2. Graphical user interface

3-4. The main graphical user interface areas

The user interface is divided into 5 different areas. The three ‘menu’ areas provide user
input fields

The Global Settings Menu provides settings that are applied to the 6100A and all

6101A auxiliaries connected to it.

The Output Menu provides part of the output control system and selection of the

‘phase’ and ‘channel’ (voltage or current) to be set up. The Output Menu
always shows the actual values that are at the voltage and current binding posts
(or will be when OPER is pressed).

The Waveform Menu is the area where the waveform for a channel is constructed.

This part of the user interface shows what will be output when the settings are
‘Enabled’

Under the Waveform Menu is the message window which provides context sensitive

help and error messages. The window background changes from white to red
when an error message is displayed.

Features

Windows™ User Interface 3

Eight ‘Soft keys’ which act with the selected ‘menu’ appear across the bottom of the

screen.

In addition there are five ‘pop-up’ screens to load a previous set-up, to save the current
set-up, to set date and time, to alter GPIB settings and an ‘about’ screen giving details of
the GUI and embedded software. These ‘pop-ups’ are accessed from the Global Menu
and More Settings soft key.

3-5. Data entry from the front panel

The principal navigation keys are:

The SELECT MENU key This key moves the focus around the three

main ‘menu’ panes. The pane with focus has a
blue outline.

The softkeys Context dependent softkeys at the bottom of

the screen.

The ESC (escape) key Moves upwards in the hierarchy of softkey

level

‘Escapes’ from popup dialog boxes

Removes warning and error messages.

The TAB key (center of the
navigation keypad)

Moves the focus from control to control within
the active ‘menu’ pane.

Up/down and left/right arrow keys Assist selection and modification of values in

data entry and selection fields

The ENTER key Completes entry of data from thealphaNumeric

keypad.

In Direct Mode all waveform changes take immediate effect. When the Direct Mode is
not active, a number of changes can be made, stored and then applied simultaneously.
Use the DIRECT MODE key to toggle between these options. The DIRECT MODE key
is lit when in Direct Mode.

When in deferred mode, modifications of fields that affect the output waveform are
notified by an orange background color. To activate the changes, select the softkey
"Apply All" (visible when Output Menu is highlighted). Alternatively, if the output is on,
press the OPER key to invoke the changes.

To undo deferred actions select “Undo all” from the Output menu. Selection of Direct
Mode without applying the changes as described will also undo deferred actions.

3-7

Figure 3-3. Direct Mode key

6100A

Users Manual

Navigating to a screen data ‘field’ or pop-down ‘combo'.

Use the SELECT MENU key to move around the three menus on the page. When the
required menu is highlighted (blue outline), use the TAB key to reach the field you
require

OR

Use the softkeys that correspond to the required fields

Selecting values from a pop-down ‘combo’

Once the ‘combo’ is highlighted, use the Up/Down or Left/Right keys to scroll through to
find the required value

Changing values in a data field

Enter values directly from the alphanumeric keypad. The field changes color to an orange
background while you are entering the new value. You must press the ENTER key or the
TAB key to finish the data entry. (The orange background is retained in deferred mode
operation).

OR

Use the ‘navigation’ keys to ‘scroll’ the value to the required number. Use the left and
right arrow keys to select the column of the current value and the up and down arrow
keys to change the value. For example, to change 123 to 163, first use the left and right
keys until the 2 is highlighted, then use the up key (4 times) to set it to the required value.
There is no need to press ENTER when the ‘scroll’ method is used.

The dual action spin wheel offers similar control; when depressed, the cursor is moved
left and right; when not depressed the selected digit is incremented/decremented.

3-6. Data entry from an external keyboard and mouse

Navigating to a screen ‘field’. Either:

Point to the required ‘active’ data entry field and click the left mouse key to select it.

OR

Select the required ‘menu’ with the F9 key and then ‘tab’ to the required field using
the Tab keys

Selecting from a pop-down ‘combo’

Once the ‘combo’ is highlighted, use the up and down arrow keys to scroll to the
required value

Changing values in a data field

Enter values directly from the keyboard. The field changes color to orange
background while you are entering the new value. You must press the Enter key or
Tab key to finish the data entry

OR

3-8

Features

Windows™ User Interface 3

Use the keyboard up, down, left and right arrow keys to ‘scroll’ the value to the
required number. Use the left and right arrow keys to select the column of the current
value and the up and down arrow keys to change the value. For example to change
123 to 163, first use the left and right keys until the 2 is highlighted, then use the up
key (4 times) to set it to the required value. There is no need to press ENTER when
the ‘scroll’ method is used.

Selecting check boxes and radio buttons

To toggle the selected check boxes press the space bar. To change the highlighted
radio button use the cursor keys.

3-7. Output channel selection

The Output Menu provides part of the output control system and selection of the ‘phase’
and ‘channel’ (voltage or current) to be set up. This menu is selected via the SELECT
MENU key (or F9 on an external keyboard).

shows that the 6100A has two 6101A connected, one to 6100A connector A (L2), the
other to connector B (L3).

3-8. Output control

The Enable/Disable softkeys that appear when the Output Menu is highlighted
enable/disable particular waveshapes in the output. You can also use the TAB key and
up and down arrow keys to move between fields. ENTER toggles the state of the button
i.e., enables or disables the waveshape.

Voltages and currents can only appear at the output binding posts if the relevant channel
is ‘enabled’ and the OPER key has been pressed. Pressing OPER turns on all ‘enabled’
channels. Note that pressing the OPER key when no voltage or current channels are
enabled causes an error message to appear in the message window.

Figure 3-4. The Output Menu

Figure 3-5. Output Menu softkeys

3-9

6100A

HIJK

Users Manual

3-9. Rear Panel Features

POWER SWITCH

POWER FUSE
T15AH 250V

DISCONNE CT POWE R

BEFORE ACCESSING FUSE

POWER INPUT

100V - 240V

47 - 63Hz 1250VA MAX

( 1000VA FOR 115V NOMINAL )

FLUKE CORPORATION
www.uke.c om
MADE IN UK

CONFORMS TO UL STD. UL61010A-1.
CER TIFIE D TO CAN/CSA S TD. C22.2 No.1010.1-92

LISTED. 3012749

L

A

BC

AUX PR OT E CT I VE
EARTH (GROUND)

D

AUX ILIA R Y C ON T RO L

+5V P K MA X

CONNECTOR A

CONNECTOR B

CONNECTOR C

SAFETY WARNING

DISCONNECT POWER AND SIG NAL LEADS
BEFORE REMOVING COVERS.
FOR C ONTINUE D PROTE CTION AGAINST E LECTR IC S HOCK
THE POWER CORD PROTECTIVE CONDUCTOR MUST BE
CONNECTED TO SAFETY EARTH ( GROUND ).
FOR C ONTINUE D PROTE CTION AGAINST FIR E
USE 250V FUSE OF CORR EC T RATING .
READ OPER ATORS MANUAL B EFOR E US E.

NOTE

NO USER S ERVICE ABLE PARTS C ONTAINED, DO NOT
REMOVE COVERS, HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES PRESENT.
RE FER SE RVIC E TO QUALIFIE D PE RS ONNEL.

TRIGGER

INPU T

TRIGGER

OUTPU T

+5V P K M AX

CALIBRATION

ENABL E NOR MAL

IEE E -488

SH1 AH1 T6 L4 SR1

RL1 PP0 DC1 DT0 C0 E2

E

SAMPLE R EF

OUTPU T

PHASE REF

OUTPU T

Figure 3-6. Rear Panel Features

FG

ENERGY PULSE

OUTPU T

ENERGY GATE

IN / OUT

REF OUT

TO CLEAN THE FILTER :

DISCONNECT POWER
REMOVE FILTER
FLUSH WITH SOAPY WATER
DRY BEFORE REINSTALLATION

M

N

O

3-10

Features

Table 3-2. Rear Panel Features

Rear Panel Features 3

1 Main power On-Off

Switch

2 Auxiliary Unit Connectors Connection to Auxiliary units via Fluke supplied cable.

3 Trigger Out Connector The Trigger Output Connector has a +5V CMOS logic drive providing a

4 Trigger Input Connector The Trigger Input Connector is a TTL compatible input which can be

5 Sample Ref Output

Connector

This is a true mains isolating switch.

falling edge time marker intended to synchronize external equipment to
the dip/swell function. The point at which the falling edge occurs is
controlled by the Trigger Output Delay. After the falling edge the signal
will remain low for a minimum of 10us.

selected to initiate a dip/swell on a falling edge. The falling edge can
either start the user programmable initial delay timer or arms the user
settable output waveform phase angle comparator. These are mutually
exclusive. When the timer delay has expired or the comparator has
found the required angle of the output waveform the Ramp In section of
the dip/swell will commence. The input must remain low for 10us after
the falling edge to be recognized properly.

The Sample Ref Output Connector has a +5V CMOS logic drive
providing a falling edge intended to drive sampling measuring
instruments synchronously with the internal sampling of the 6100A. The
GPIB can enable and disable this signal. When it enables it the first
falling edge will be delayed until the rising zero crossing of the L1
voltage fundamental. The signal will then continue until the GPIB
disables it.

6 Phase Ref Output

Connector

7 Air Filter See Chapter 6 for air filter maintenance procedure.

8 Calibration Enable

Switch

9 IEEE 488 Connector For connection to a GPIB system.

10 Ground Binding Post Auxiliary protective earth/ground connection stud.

11 Fuse See Chapter6 for fuse replacement procedure.

12 Mains Power Receptacle 16A mains connector.

13 Energy Pulse Out

connector (if fitted)

14 Energy Gate In/Out

connector (if fitted)

15 Reference signal output

when 'CLK' option is
fitted.

The Phase Reference Output Connector has a +5V CMOS logic drive
providing a rising edge synchronous to the rising zero crossing of the
L1 fundamental voltage. This signal has a 50% duty.

When the Energy option is fitted, the Energy pulse output provides
pulses proportional to output power. See chapter eight for
specifications and description. Blanked if the Energy option is not fitted.

A bidirectional input or output gate control used with the Energy option.
See chapter eight for specifications and description. Blanked if the
Energy option is not fitted.

TTL compatible 10 MHz or 20 MHz reference output signal derived
from the system master clock. Blanked if the CLK option is not fitted.

3-11

6100A

Users Manual

Figure 3-7. Rear Panel Connections

3-12

Chapter 4

Front Panel Operation

Title Page

4-1.

Introduction............................................................................................. 4-3

Power up ................................................................................................. 4-3

4-2.

4-3. Warm up ................................................................................................. 4-3

4-4. Basic Setup Procedures........................................................................... 4-4

4-5. Global settings ........................................................................................ 4-5

4-6. Frequency ........................................................................................... 4-5

4-7. Line locking........................................................................................ 4-5

4-8. Harmonic edit mode ........................................................................... 4-5

4-9. Reactive power calculation................................................................. 4-6

4-10. Phase units.......................................................................................... 4-6

4-11. Voltage output 4-wire or 2-wire connection....................................... 4-6

4-12. Soft Start............................................................................................. 4-7

4-13. Reference Clock Out .......................................................................... 4-7

4-14. More Settings ..................................................................................... 4-7

4-15. Edit mode................................................................................................ 4-8

4-16. Direct Mode........................................................................................ 4-8

4-17. Deferred mode.................................................................................... 4-8

4-18. Changes that are not deferred ............................................................. 4-9

4-19. Setting up voltage and current waveforms.............................................. 4-9

4-20. Harmonics, DC and Sine ........................................................................ 4-10

4-21. Definition............................................................................................ 4-10

4-22. Access to this function........................................................................ 4-10

4-23. 6100A Specification ........................................................................... 4-10

4-24. Sine/harmonic mode........................................................................... 4-11

4-25. Setting up harmonics and DC............................................................. 4-12

4-26. Interharmonics ........................................................................................ 4-14

4-27. Definition............................................................................................ 4-14

4-28. Access to this function........................................................................ 4-14

4-29. 6100A Specification ........................................................................... 4-14

4-30. Setting up Interharmonics................................................................... 4-14

4-31. Fluctuating harmonics............................................................................. 4-15

4-32. Definition............................................................................................ 4-15

4-33. Access to this function........................................................................ 4-15

4-34. 6100A Specification ........................................................................... 4-15

4-35. Setting up Fluctuating Harmonics ...................................................... 4-16

4-1

6100A

Users Manual

4-36. Dips and Swells ...................................................................................... 4-16

4-37. Definition............................................................................................ 4-16

4-38. Access to this function........................................................................ 4-17

4-39. 6100A Specification ........................................................................... 4-17

4-40. Setting up Dips/swells ........................................................................ 4-18

4-41. Flicker ..................................................................................................... 4-19

4-42. Definition............................................................................................ 4-19

4-43. Access to this function........................................................................ 4-19

4-44. 6100A Specification ........................................................................... 4-20

4-45. Setting up Basic Flicker...................................................................... 4-21

4-46. Setting up Flicker Extended Functions............................................... 4-22

4-47. Periodic Frequency Changes .............................................................. 4-22

4-48. Distorted Voltage with Multiple Zero Crossings ............................... 4-23

4-49. Harmonics with Side bands ................................................................ 4-24

4-50. Phase Jumps ................................................................................... 4-25

4-51. Rectangular Voltage Changes with 20% Duty Cycle .................... 4-25

4-52. Copy and Paste ....................................................................................... 4-26

4-53. Copy ................................................................................................... 4-26

4-54. Paste.................................................................................................... 4-26

4-2

Front Panel Operation

Introduction 4

4-1. Introduction

This chapter provides instructions for operating the 6100A Electrical Power Standard
from the front panel, which includes all aspects of setting up and configuring the 6100A
Electrical Power Standard.

Before you begin following the procedures in this chapter, you should be familiar with
the front panel controls, displays, and terminals, which are identified and described in
detail in Chapter 3. For information on using remote commands to operate the 6100A
Electrical Power Standard, refer to Chapter 5.

XWWARNING

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard is capable of supplying
lethal voltages. Do not make connections to the output
terminals when any voltage is present. Placing the instrument
in standby may not be enough to avoid shock hazard.
Disconnect the GPIB cable from 6100A to avoid remote
commands setting unexpected outputs.

4-2. Power up

To avoid electric shock, make sure the 6100A Electrical Power
Standard is grounded as described in Chapter 2.

After switching power On, it may take up to 2 seconds for the main display
to illuminate and the cooling fans to start running.

4-3. Warm up

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard must allowed to warmed up to ensure it meets the
specifications listed in Chapter 1. Warm up periods are described in the specifications in
Chapter 1

XWWARNING

Note

4-3

6100A

Users Manual

4-4. Basic Setup Procedures

Refer to Chapter 3 for an explanation of how to ‘navigate’ about the Windows user
interface and how to set up text and numeric values.

4-4

Figure 4-1. Main Setup Page

When the 6100A start-up sequence is complete, the instrument's main setup page is
displayed.

This page contains the Output Menu at the top left. Below the Output Menu is the
Waveform Menu whose content will change depending on the waveform parameter that
is being edited.

Important Note: the Waveform menu displays the waveform that will be output if the
waveshape settings are enabled.

To the right is the Global Settings Menu. Navigate between the menus using the SELECT
MENU key.

Front Panel Operation

Global settings 4

4-5. Global settings

Navigate to the Global Settings Menu using the SELECT MENU key.

Figure 4-2. Global menu softkeys

4-6. Frequency

Set the required output frequency. An attempt to set frequency outside the active band
when any output is ON will cause an error message to be displayed.

4-7. Line locking

It is essential for correct operation of 6100A that line locking is not selected unless the
selected frequency is the same as the nominal input line frequency. Select line locking by
checking the line lock box. The Lock indication shows green when the system is locked
to line frequency. Red indicates that the 6100A has not locked to line frequency.

Figure 4-3. Frequency, Line Locking

4-8. Harmonic edit mode

If necessary navigate to the Global Settings Menu using the SELECT MENU key. Press
the V, I and Power Modes soft key to access the Harmonic mode softkeys. Return to the
top level softkeys by pressing escape. Select the way voltage and current harmonics are
entered. The available modes are as follows.

Harmonics entered as % of RMS value. Here the RMS value is maintained constant by
reducing the level of the fundamental frequency component as harmonics are added.
Changing the RMS value alters each harmonic accordingly.

Harmonics entered as % of the fundamental (first harmonic) value. Here the fundamental
value is constant and the RMS value changes as harmonics are added. Note that an error

message will be generated if the peak value of the waveform exceeds the range maximum.

Changing the fundamental value alters all harmonics accordingly.

Harmonics entered as dB down value from the fundamental value. This mode acts in the
same way as % of fundamental. Note that 0dB is an invalid entry as it exceeds the 30%
limit for harmonics. The maximum value for a harmonic is –10.5dB

4-5

6100A

Users Manual

4-9. Reactive power calculation

Harmonics entered as absolute RMS values. The RMS value of the output waveform
increases as harmonics are added. Note that an error message will be generated if the
peak value of the waveform exceeds the range maximum.

Navigate to the Global Settings Menu using the SELECT MENU key. Press the V, I and
Power Modes soft key to access the Power calculation mode soft keys. Press Escape to
return to the top level soft keys.

Figure 4-4. Reactive power calculation

Select the reactive power calculation method most suitable for your purpose from
Budeanu, Fryze, Kusters & Moore, Shepherd & Zakikhani, Sharon/Czarnecki or IEEE.

4-10. Phase units

Select the Phase Units softkey and select degrees or radians. Press ESC to return to the
previous soft key level.

Figure 4-5. Global Settings Menu

4-11. Voltage output 4-wire or 2-wire connection

WWARNING

The sense wires and voltage binding posts are at output
potential even when 2-wire is selected.

4-6

Front Panel Operation

Global settings 4

Select the Terminals softkey and select 2 wire or 4-wire connection. Note that full
accuracy is only available with a 4-wire connecting lead and 4-wire selected. Press ESC

to return to the previous soft key level.

Figure 4-6. 4-wire/2-wire selection

The lead kit provided includes a voltage lead that can be used for 2-wire or 4-wire
connection. The brown wire connects to SENSE-HI, blue to SENSE-LO, red to
OUTPUT-HI and black to OUTPUT-LO.

4-12. Soft Start

The Soft Start feature reduces the likelihood of 6100A internal over-voltage/current­detector trips caused by inrush current. Soft Start should not be used with Energy option
modes when Warm-up period is set to less than 2 seconds.

When the Soft Start box is not checked, the output ramps-up to full value in
approximately 10 ms. Checking the Soft Start box slows the ramp-up to 2 seconds.

4-13. Reference Clock Out

If the reference clock output option is fitted, a drop down selection control appears in the
Global Settings Menu. The Reference Clock Out option provides either 10 MHz or 20
MHz as a reference signal at the rear panel. The reference output is derived from the
master processor clock frequency and may be used to synchronize systems to the 6100A.
The reference may be switched between Off, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz. Enter the More
Settings sub menu for access to the switch.

4-14. More Settings

The More Settings softkey provides access to five ‘pop-up’ screens and a softkey that
allows the instrument to be reset to the factory default settings.

When the Save setup softkey is pressed, internal memory and the floppy disk drive are
searched for setup files. Previous setups can be copied to internal memory or external
storage and renamed or deleted. The name of the file where the current setup is to be
stored can be edited by selecting the File Name softkey and using the keyboard
alphanumeric keys. Press the Save softkey to store the current ‘system’ setup.

Select Load Set-up and a configuration stored previously can be loaded from internal
memory or an external device.

Note: settings are those of the entire system so one three phase setup can be transferred to
another three-phase system. Where the saving and loading configurations differ, only
settings appropriate to the loading system are transferred. If for example the settings of a
three-phase system are loaded onto a single-phase system, only the settings for the 6100A
are loaded.

The 6100A date and time settings are altered via the Set Date and Time softkey.

4-7

6100A

Users Manual

4-15. Edit mode

4-16. Direct Mode

4-17. Deferred mode

The GPIB settings softkey allows Bus address, Event Status Enable (ESE) and Status
Register Enable (SRE) and the Power On Status Clear (PON) values to be set.

The About screen giving details of the GUI and embedded software and which if any
options are fitted.

The DIRECT MODE key controls edit mode.

In Direct Mode, the DIRECT MODE key LED is lit. All waveform changes take
immediate effect.

When the DIRECT MODE LED is not lit, the 6100A is in Deferred Mode. In this mode,
changes made are stored for later invocation. When in deferred mode, if the output for
the channel being modified is ON, modification to fields that affect the output waveform
are notified by an orange background color.

Note: operations which are invalid when the output is ON are also invalid when Deferred
mode is active, even if the output is OFF. For example you cannot change range in
Deferred mode even if the output is OFF

To activate deferred mode changes:

select the Output Menu softkey ‘Apply All’ or,

if the output is already ON, press the OPER (operate) key.

The following actions undo all pending changes:

press the softkey 'Undo All',

press STBY or,

press the DIRECT MODE key (edit mode changes to Direct).

4-8

Front Panel Operation

4-18. Changes that are not deferred

In deferred mode, changes to all fields are deferred with the following exceptions.

Line Locking.

Change of harmonic edit mode (e.g. Absolute RMS, % of RMS etc).

Power calculation method.

Selection of Phase Units (Degrees/Radians).

Selection of 2 Wire/4 Wire because terminal configuration cannot be changed when the
output is on.

Global settings Time/Date and GPIB settings cannot be changed in deferred mode.

Load/Save setup is not available in deferred mode

Note: Entry into calibration mode automatically selects Direct Mode.

Setting up voltage and current waveforms 4

4-19. Setting up voltage and current waveforms

The following describes setting up voltage waveforms but applies equally to current.

Navigate to the Output Menu and use the cursor up/down keys until the voltage or current
channel to be set up is highlighted. Notice that the N-phase Voltage channel is, by
default, limited to 33 Volts. The N-phase channel can be set to provide up to 1000 Volts
if required.

XW WARNING

To avoid electrical shock hazard, disconnect the 'N' phase
voltage Hi terminal from any 6140A Lo terminal before electing
to override the limit.

To override the limit; select the N-phase Voltage channel in the Output Menu. Select the
Waveform Menu. With the N-phase output set to Off, check the Override Limit box.

4-9

6100A

Users Manual

Figure 4-7. Channel selection

Note: a channel must be ‘enabled’ and the OPER key pressed for an output to appear at
the binding posts. If the output is already on but the active channel is not enabled,
pressing the Enable/Disable Channel softkey will cause the output to appear at the
relevant binding posts.

Navigate to the Waveform Menu with the SELECT MENU key. If necessary press ESC
until the top level softkeys are shown (Figure 4-8). Select Edit Harmonics, Fluctuating
Harmonics, Interharmonics Flicker or Dip by pressing the appropriate softkey.

Figure 4-8. Waveform top level

4-20. Harmonics, DC and Sine

4-21. Definition

A Harmonic is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. In the 6100 harmonic
number 1 is the fundamental frequency. DC is denoted by harmonic 0.

4-22. Access to this function

Use the SELECT MENU key to navigate to the Waveform Menu and select Edit
Harmonics from the softkeys.

4-23. 6100A Specification

Harmonics 2nd to 100th up to 6 kHz

Simultaneous Harmonics 99 (excluding DC and the 1st)

Max. Amplitude of a Single Harmonic The maximum value for a harmonic < 2850Hz is 30%

Current channel bandwidth setting 1.5kHz or 6kHz (1.5kHz or 3kHz for 80A option if

4-10

of range. (See Chapter 1, 1-8 for the profile above
2850Hz)

fitted)

Front Panel Operation

Harmonics, DC and Sine 4

Note that selecting the lower bandwidth setting reduces the number of harmonics that can
be set but increases inductive drive capability (see Chapter 1, paragraph 1-22).

4-24. Sine/harmonic mode

Pressing the Enable/Disable Waveshape softkey toggles between Sine and Harmonics
mode.

Note that the Output Menu will show either “Sine” or “Harmonic”.

In Sine mode only Range, RMS and Angle fields can be edited. The one exception is the
voltage channel of L1 where the phase angle is fixed at 0.000 degrees. Select the required
entry field using the softkeys or TAB key.

DC is not available in Sine mode.

Figure 4.9 below shows the Harmonic mode with time domain waveform selected. In
figure 4.10, frequency domain graph is selected.

Note that Figure 4-7 shows the L1 voltage channel in ‘sine’ mode. Figures 4.9 and 4.10
show L1 voltage in Harmonics mode.

4-11

Figure 4-9. Harmonics with time domain graph

6100A

Users Manual

Figure 4-10. Harmonics with frequency domain graph

4-25. Setting up harmonics and DC

If the Global Settings are set to "percentage of RMS value", the fundamental amplitude is
automatically adjusted as harmonics are added, in order to maintain the RMS value
constant. The fundamental amplitude cannot be altered.

To add a harmonic, change the value in the Harmonic field to the required number. A
harmonic number of 0 represents a DC component.

The default amplitude will appear as 0%, - 200 dB or 0 V (or 0 A). The default phase
angle for harmonics is 0 degrees or 0 radians.

Each time the value in the Harmonic field is changed and its amplitude is set to a non­zero value, a new harmonic is added to the waveshape and displayed in the graph.
Harmonics do not appear at the output unless Harmonics mode is enabled for that
channel.

Review the selections via the Previous Harmonic and Next Harmonic softkeys.

The Reset Harmonics softkey removes all harmonics from the active channel (see Figure
4-11).

4-12

Figure 4-11. Softkeys for Harmonics top level

Front Panel Operation

Harmonics, DC and Sine 4

To remove a single harmonic from the set-up, set its amplitude to 0% or use the Remove
Harmonic softkey (see Figure 4-12).

Figure 4-12. Softkeys for Harmonics second level

Use the Enable/Disable Waveshape softkey to revert to the fundamental, leaving the
harmonics available for re-application. The graph display retains the combined
waveshape. (Change between Sine and Harmonics mode is also available from the
Output Menu softkeys).

Note that changing from ‘Harmonic’ to ‘Sine’ mode leaving non-zero amplitude
harmonics set-up may lead to an error message on subsequent change to a lower range.
This is because of the way the 6100A avoids outputting waveforms that are distorted
because of overload within the 6100A. For example: 1A DC is set-up on the 2A range in
‘harmonic’ mode. ‘Sine’ mode is selected and range change to 1A ordered by the user.
The 6100A will not allow the range change and report that the DC offset is too big.

Before a range change is allowed, the instrument checks that the RMS value of the
potential output is within the capability of the new range. Although Harmonics (thus DC)
are disabled, they could be enabled and the 1A DC output set would exceed the
maximum allowed for the range (50%).

4-13

6100A

Users Manual

4-26. Interharmonics

4-27. Definition

4-28. Access to this function

A frequency component of a periodic quantity (AC waveform) that is not an integer
multiple of the frequency at which the system is operating (e.g., if the fundamental
frequency is 60Hz, an 83Hz component in the waveform is an interharmonic).

Use the SELECT MENU key to navigate to the Waveform Menu and select Edit
Interharmonics from the Softkeys

Figure 4-13. Waveform Menu for Interharmonics

4-29. 6100A Specification

Frequency accuracy 50ppm

Amplitude accuracy 16Hz to < 6kHz 1%

Amplitude accuracy > 6kHz 4%

Maximum value of a single
interharmonic

Frequency range of interharmonic 16Hz to 9kHz

The maximum value for an interharmonic < 2850Hz is 30%
of range. (See Chapter 1, 1-8 for the profile above 2850Hz)

4-30. Setting up Interharmonics

Two interharmonic phenomena can be applied simultaneously.

Set the required amplitude and frequency of each and enable them with the check box.
Values entered outside the specified range result in an error message.

Figure 4-14. Softkeys for Interharmonics

Use the ‘Enable/Disable Waveshape’ softkey to turn this function on or off from the
Waveform Menu. Alternatively use the ‘Enable/Disable Interharmonics’ softkey in the
Output menu.

4-14

Front Panel Operation

Fluctuating harmonics 4

4-31. Fluctuating harmonics

4-32. Definition

Fluctuating harmonics are those that maintain their fixed harmonic relationship with the
fundamental, but vary in amplitude over time. If all components of a waveform vary in
amplitude over time, this is equivalent to Flicker.

4-33. Access to this function

Use the SELECT MENU key to navigate to the Waveform Menu and select Edit Fluct
Harmonics from the Softkeys.

Figure 4-15. Waveform Menu for Fluctuating Harmonics

4-34. 6100A Specification

Number of harmonics to fluctuate Any number from 0 to all set harmonics can fluctuate

Modulation depth setting range [1] 0% to 100% of nominal harmonic voltage

Fluctuation accuracy (0% to ± 30% modulation) 0.025%

Modulation depth setting resolution 0.001%

Shape Rectangular or Sinusoidal

Duty cycle (shape = rectangular) 0.1 % to 99.99 %

Modulating Frequency range 0.008Hz to 30Hz

Sine modulating frequency accuracy 50ppm ± 10 μHz

Rectangular modulating frequency accuracy < 1300ppm [2]

Modulating Frequency setting resolution 0.001 Hz

4-15

6100A

Users Manual

4-35. Setting up Fluctuating Harmonics

It is only possible to set-up Fluctuating Harmonics properties for existing harmonics.

Select ‘Edit Fluct Harmonics’ from the Waveform Menu softkeys.

Figure 4-16. Softkeys for Fluctuating Harmonics

Select the harmonic to that fluctuation is to be applied to using the ‘Previous Harmonic’,
‘Next Harmonic’ or the ‘Harmonic’ softkeys. The ’Modulated’ softkey toggles the
‘modulated’ check box.

The ‘Waveshape’ softkey provides access to a further softkey menu allowing control of
depth, frequency and shape of the modulation.

Figure 4-17. Waveshape Softkeys

Use the ‘Enable/Disable Waveshape’ softkey to turn this function on or off from the
Waveform Menu. Alternatively use the ‘Enable/Disable Fluct Harmonics’ softkey in the
Output menu.

4-36. Dips and Swells

Dips/swells are primarily a voltage phenomenon but are also provided for current outputs
in the 6100A.

4-37. Definition

A dip is a sudden decrease of voltage at a point in the electrical system, followed by
voltage recovery after a short period of time, from half a cycle to a few tens of seconds. A
swell is an increase.

When triggered externally, dip/swell events occur simultaneously on all channels that
have dip enabled.

4-16

Front Panel Operation

Dips and Swells 4

4-38. Access to this function

Use the SELECT MENU key to navigate to the Waveform Menu and select Edit Dip
from the Softkeys.

Figure 4-18. Waveform Menu for Dip

4-39. 6100A Specification

Trigger in requirement TTL falling edge remaining low for 10us at the Trigger input

connector on the rear panel.

Either:
Trigger in delay

OR

Phase angle synchronization with
respect to channel fundamental
frequency zero crossing

Dip/Swell Min duration 1 ms

Dip/Swell Max duration 1 minute

Dip Min amplitude 0% of the nominal output

Swell Max amplitude The least of full range value and 140% of the nominal output

Ramp up/down period Settable 100μs to 30 seconds

Optional repeat with delay 0 to 60 seconds ± 31μs

Starting level amplitude accuracy ±0.025% of level

Dip/Swell level amplitude accuracy [1] ±0.25% of level

0 to 60 seconds ± 31μs

±180° ± 31μs

Trigger out delay 0 to 60 seconds ± 31μs from start of dip/swell event

Trigger out TTL falling edge co-incident with end of trigger out delay,

4-17

remaining low for 10μs to 31μs

6100A

Users Manual

4-40. Setting up Dips/swells

Waveshape parameters

The Dip waveform menu has two sections: Waveshape and Trigger.

Figure 4-19. Top level Dip softkeys

The start of the dip/swell can be set to start after a delay (in seconds) or at a particular

phase angle. All other parameters can be set in seconds or cycles.

Figure 4-20. Dip Waveshape softkeys

Start On Delay Start a fixed time period after an external trigger.

Start on Phase Angle Start determined by phase angle.

Note: to ensure all phases start simultaneously, this is the phase angle
of the L1 phase irrespective of which phases dips are programmed on.

Start Delay or Angle Set selected value for delay or phase angle

Ramp in Ramp in period

Period Time at the Dip/swell ‘change to’ level

Ramp Out Ramp out period

Change to The value to dip to as a percentage of the starting level

End delay Minimum end period before a re-trigger can occur

Trigger control

Figure 4-21. Dip Trigger Softkeys

There are three trigger-input modes:

Free Running The dip/swell is triggered internally, and is controlled by the set
parameters and repeats indefinitely. In a multiphase system, the relative start of dips on
each phase may be unpredictable if dip event durations, including all delays, exceeds 1
cycle. In other words, the relative phase of dips on L1, L2, L3 may vary, as parameters
contributing to dip event durations are changed when free running trigger mode is
selected.

External Trigger (One Shot) The dip/swell is triggered once by external trigger
applied to the TRIGGER INPUT connector on the 6100A rear panel. The trigger signal
must be TTL compatible. The low going transition causes a trigger.

4-18

Front Panel Operation

Flicker 4

External Repetitive The dip/swell is triggered by a single external low going trigger
applied to the TRIGGER INPUT connector and repeats in ‘free running’ mode until
stopped by a change to any dip/swell parameter.

An output trigger is provided to control external equipment. This trigger appears on the
TRIGGER OUTPUT connector on the rear of any 6100A or 6101A producing a dip or
swell. The output trigger may be set to occur at the same time as the input trigger (0
seconds delay), or delayed by a time set in the Trigger Output control field. When either
Free Running or External Repetitive trigger input mode is selected, the trigger output
delay must be less than the total combined dip/swell event time for a trigger output signal
to be generated.

Force Ext. Trigger This softkey triggers a Dip when in External Trigger mode. It has
the same effect as an external trigger signal.

Use the Enable/Disable Waveshape softkey to turn this function on or off from the
Waveform Menu. Alternatively, use the Enable/Disable Dip softkey in the Output menu.

4-41. Flicker

Flicker is primarily a voltage phenomenon but is also provided for current outputs in the
6100A.

4-42. Definition

Repetitive (voltage) level variation in the range to cause the physiological phenomenon
of flicker. Flicker severity is described by perception level. This is either perception level
for a short term called Pst (nominally 10 minutes) or long term called Plt. Pst indications
are valid for voltage at 120 V and 230 V, 50Hz and 60Hz. Pst values, where the
modulating frequency is as tabulated in IEC 61000-4-15 but ΔV/V is some other value,
are valid. In this case, the Pst value is proportional to the ratio of the tabulated and set
ΔV/V values. Pst values are never valid for the Current channel.

4-43. Access to this function

Use the SELECT MENU key to navigate to the Waveform Menu and select Edit Flicker
from the Softkeys.

Figure 4-22. Flicker Softkeys

4-19

6100A

Users Manual

4-44. 6100A Specification

The implementation of Flicker is separated into two groups, Basic Functions and
Extended Functions. The Basic Functions group allow the depth and frequency of
rectangular and Sine to be chosen for calibration of Flickermeters at the settings in IEC
61000-4-15. The Extended Functions provide additional tests with distorted waveforms
and combinations of frequency, amplitude and phase angle changes.

Extended Flicker Function

Extended Flicker function P
Accuracy

Setting range

Flicker modulation depth accuracy 0.025%

Modulation depth setting resolution 0.001%

Shape of modulation envelope Rectangular, Square or Sinusoidal

Duty cycle (shape = rectangular) 0.01 % to 99.99 %; accuracy = ±31us

Modulation units Either: Frequency 0.05 Hz to 40 Hz

Modulating frequency accuracy [1][2] < 0.13% (1 CPM to 4800 CPM)

[1] Rectangular modulation accuracy is ± {(50 + 31 x modulating frequency) ppm + 10 μHz}.

[2] Sine modulation accuracy is ±(50ppm + 10 μHz).

/ P

st

Or: Changes per

inst.max

Basic Flicker Function

minute

1 %

±30% of set value within range values (60%
ΔV/V)

1.0 CPM to 4800 CPM

4-20

Front Panel Operation

Flicker 4

4-45. Setting up Basic Flicker

Figure 4-23. Flicker Menu (Frequency)

Figure 4-24. Flicker Menu (changes per minute)

Select the Basic Functions softkey from the top level Ficker menu. The Flicker panel has
three sections. The Modulation and Waveform panes set the modulation shape. The
Flicker severity pane shows the Pst and Pinst values that the Flickermeter should display.

Flicker parameters can be set within the ranges specified in the previous table. Note that
change rate units can be set to frequency (Hz) or changes per minute (CPM). Pst and
Pinst cannot be directly set. Pst can only be set by varying ‘ΔV/V’, ‘Change Rate’ and
‘Waveform’ parameters, or by changing the channel voltage or frequency settings. ‘Duty
Cycle setting does not affect Pst value.

Note

Pinst.max and Pst values are ‘greyed out’ to indicate that the combination
of ‘ΔV/V’, ‘Change Rate’, and ‘Waveform’ parameters are not valid for
the channel voltage or frequency settings.

4-21

6100A

Users Manual

4-46. Setting up Flicker Extended Functions

Figure 4-25. Basic Flicker Softkeys

Use the ‘Enable/Disable Waveshape’ softkey on the top level Flicker softkeys to turn this
function on or off from the Waveform Menu. Alternatively use the ‘Enable/Disable
Flicker’ softkey in the Output menu.

Note:

The extended functions are only available for fundamental frequencies 50
Hz and 60 Hz and Voltage channel settings 120 Volts or 230 Volts.

Select the Extended Functions softkey from the top level Flicker menu. Select the
required Extended Flicker function from the softkeys displayed.

Figure 4-26. Extended Flicker softkeys

4-47. Periodic Frequency Changes

Figure 4-27. Combined frequency and voltage changes

The Periodic Frequency Changes Flicker function provides a fixed pattern of changes
every 4 seconds. Frequency is stepped ±0.25 Hz either side of the fundamental
frequency while voltage steps by up to 1.2 V depending on voltage and fundamental
frequency settings. It should be noted that in a multiphase system the ±0.25 Hz
frequency changes will occur on every phase. The voltage changes will occur only on the
selected voltage channel.

4-22

Front Panel Operation

120V 230 V

Flicker 4

Fundamental

frequency (Hz)

60

50

The observed P

inst.max

Change

to

frequenc

y (Hz)

59.75 120.000 49.75 230.000

60.25 119.266

49.75 120.000 59.75 230.000

50.25 119.270

should be 1.00.

Change to

voltage (V)

Fundamental

frequency

(Hz)

50

60

4-48. Distorted Voltage with Multiple Zero Crossings

Change to
frequency

(Hz)

50.25 228.812

60.25 228.805

Change to

voltage (V)

Figure 4-28. Distorted Voltage with Multiple Zero Crossings

The Distorted Voltage with Multiple Zero Crossings Flicker function output consists of
the fundamental frequency plus 12 ‘odd’ harmonics. The phase angle of the harmonics is
180º.

Harmonic
order

Percent of
fundamental

3 5 7 9 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31

5 6 5 1.5 3.5 3.0 2.0 1.76 1.41 1.27 1.06 0.97

The signal is sinusoidally modulated at 8.8 Hz with modulation depth depending on the
combination of voltage and fundamental frequency.

230 V 120 V

Fundamental

frequency

(Hz)

50 0.250 60 0.321

60 0.250 50 0.321

Voltage

fluctuation %

Fundamental

frequency

(Hz)

Voltage

fluctuation %

4-23

6100A

Users Manual

4-49. Harmonics with Side bands

The observed Pinst.max should be 1.00.

Figure 4-29. Harmonics with Side Bands

The Harmonics with Side Bands Flicker function allows the input bandwidth of
Flickermeters to be explored. The Fundamental frequency voltage waveform is
modulated by two frequencies simultaneously. Both frequencies are of the same
amplitude.

Entering a harmonic number (hn) sets the harmonic frequency (fv) as a multiple of the
fundamental frequency. An interharmonic modulating frequency fi = fv - 10 Hz is also
applied. For example:

fundamental frequency = 50 Hz,
hn = 7, fv = 50 * 7 = 350 Hz,
fi = 350 - 10 = 340 Hz.

120V 230 V

Fundamental

frequency

(Hz)

50

Flicker meter input bandwidth is the maximum fv frequency at which P

Starting

frequencie

s (Hz)

170 & 180 4.126 140 & 150 3.611 60

140 & 150 4.126

Modulating

frequency
amplitude

(V)

Fundament

al

frequency

(Hz)

50

60

is 1.00.

inst,max

Change to
frequency

(Hz)

170 & 180 3.611

Change to

voltage

(V)

4-24

Front Panel Operation

Flicker 4

4-50. Phase Jumps

Figure 4-30. Phase Jumps

The Phase Jumps Flicker function causes a series of voltage channel phase jumps over a
ten minute period. The phase jumps occur at the positive zero crossing at 1 minute, 3
minutes, 5 minutes, 7 minutes and 9 minutes after the end of the settling period. The
phase jump direction and size is selected by the operator at the start of a sequence. The
table below shows the expected P

for the different combinations of voltage, frequency

st

and phase jump size.

Phase jump

angle Δß

±30º 0.587 0.913 0.706 0.760

±45º 0.681 1.060 0.819 0.882

120 V, 60 Hz

(P

)

st

230 V, 50 Hz

(Pst)

120 V, 50 Hz

4-51. Rectangular Voltage Changes with 20% Duty Cycle

Figure 4-31. Rectangular Voltage Changes with 20 % Duty Cycle

(Pst)

230 V, 60 Hz

(Pst)

The rectangular voltage changes with 20% duty cycle Flicker function adds rectangular
modulation for 12 seconds every 60 second period. The voltage output is not modulated
during the remaining 48 seconds of each period. The depth of modulation is shown in
the following table.

4-25

6100A

Users Manual

230 V 120 V

Fundamental

frequency (Hz)

50 1.418 60 2.126

60 1.480 50 2.017

The observed P

should be 1.00.

st

Voltage

fluctuation

%

4-52. Copy and Paste

Each of the Waveform menus has ‘Copy’ and ‘Paste’ softkeys at the top level.

4-53. Copy

Pressing ‘Copy’ puts a copy of the currently active Waveform Menu into the clipboard.
There is only one clipboard and this is overwritten each time ‘Copy’ is pressed. The
contents of the clipboard are lost when line power is turned off.

4-54. Paste

‘Paste’ allows setups to be copied from the clipboard onto another channel as long as the
active Waveform Menu is of the same type. You cannot copy from a Current channel to a
Voltage channel.

Fundamental

frequency

(Hz)

Voltage

fluctuation %

Pasting erases any existing data in the active Waveform menu.

The harmonics and fluctuation waveform menus share harmonic data, so pasting
harmonic data will refresh the data used in the other, i.e., pasting Harmonic data into
another channel will also paste the modulation settings.

4-26

Chapter 5

Remote Operation

Title Page

Introduction............................................................................................. 5-3

5-1.

Using the IEEE-488 Port for Remote Control ........................................ 5-3

5-2.

5-3. Programming Options............................................................................. 5-3

5-4. Capability Codes..................................................................................... 5-4

5-5. Bus Addresses......................................................................................... 5-4

5-6. Default bus address............................................................................. 5-5

5-7. Limited Access........................................................................................ 5-5

5-8. Interconnections...................................................................................... 5-5

5-9. Operation via the IEEE 488 Interface ..................................................... 5-5

5-10. General ............................................................................................... 5-5

5-11. Operating Conditions.......................................................................... 5-5

5-12. Programmed Transfer to Local Control (GTL or REN False)............ 5-6

5-13. ‘Device Clear’ .................................................................................... 5-6

5-14. Levels of Reset ................................................................................... 5-6

5-15. Message Exchange.................................................................................. 5-7

5-16. IEEE 488.2 Model.............................................................................. 5-7

5-17. Instrument STATUS Subsystem ........................................................ 5-7

5-18. Incoming Commands and Queries...................................................... 5-8

5-19. Instrument Functions and Facilities.................................................... 5-8

5-20. Outgoing Responses ........................................................................... 5-8

5-21. ‘Query Error’ ...................................................................................... 5-9

5-22. Request Service (RQS)....................................................................... 5-9

5-25. Retrieval of Device Status Information .................................................. 5-9

5-26. General ............................................................................................... 5-9

5-27. IEEE 488 and SCPI Standard defined Features.................................. 5-10

5-31. Instrument Status Reporting IEEE 488.2 Basics ................................... 5-12

5-32. IEEE 488.2 Model.............................................................................. 5-12

5-33. Instrument Model Structure................................................................ 5-12

5-34. Status Byte Register ........................................................................... 5-12

5-38. IEEE 488.2 defined Event Status Register ......................................... 5-13

5-42. Instrument Status Reporting — SCPI Elements ..................................... 5-16

5-43. General ............................................................................................... 5-16

5-44. SCPI Status Registers ......................................................................... 5-16

5-45. Reportable SCPI States....................................................................... 5-16

5-46. SCPI Programming Language. ............................................................... 5-17

5-47. SCPI Commands and Syntax .................................................................. 5-18

5-48. SCPI Command Summary.................................................................. 5-18

5-49. Calibration Subsystem Command Details.......................................... 5-24

5-1

6100A

Users Manual

5-50. Output Subsystem Command Details................................................. 5-26

5-51. Input Subsystem Command Details ................................................... 5-27

5-52. Source Subsystem Command Details................................................. 5-28

5-61. Extended flicker sub-system............................................................... 5-36

5-75. Status Subsystem Command Details .................................................. 5-44

5-76. System Subsystem Command Details ................................................ 5-46

5-77. Unit Subsystem Command Details..................................................... 5-46

5-78. Common Commands and Queries .......................................................... 5-48

5-79. Clear Status......................................................................................... 5-48

5-80. Event Status Enable............................................................................ 5-48

5-81. Recall Event Status Enable................................................................. 5-49

5-82. Read Event Status Register................................................................. 5-49

5-83. *IDN? (Instrument Identification)...................................................... 5-50

5-84. Operation Complete............................................................................ 5-50

5-85. Operation Complete?.......................................................................... 5-51

5-86. Recall the instrument Hardware Fitment............................................ 5-51

5-87. Power-On Status Clear ....................................................................... 5-52

5-88. Recall Power On Status Clear Flag .................................................... 5-52

5-89. Reset ................................................................................................... 5-53

5-90. Service Request Enable ...................................................................... 5-53

5-91. Recall Service Request Enable ........................................................... 5-54

5-92. Read Service Request Register........................................................... 5-54

5-93. Test Operations — Full Selftest ......................................................... 5-55

5-94. Wait .................................................................................................... 5-55

5-95. Device settings after *RST ..................................................................... 5-56

5-96. Introduction ........................................................................................ 5-56

5-97. Device Settings at POWER ON.............................................................. 5-57

5-98. General ............................................................................................... 5-57

5-99. Power-On Settings Related to Common IEEE 488.2 Commands...... 5-57

5-100. *RST Settings Related to Common IEEE 488.2 Commands............. 5-58

5-101. *RST Settings Related to SCPI Commands ....................................... 5-59

5-102. Worked examples ................................................................................... 5-61

5-2

Remote Operation

Introduction 5

5-1. Introduction

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard is capable of operating under the remote control of
an instrument controller, computer or terminal, as well as under the direct control from
the front panel.

The 6101A Auxiliary units can also be controlled remotely. But, in this case the remote
control connection is still made to the 6100A Electrical Power Standard, which in turn
communicates with the Auxiliary units.

XWWARNING

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard is capable of supplying
lethal voltages. Do not make or touch connections to the
output binding posts while the 6100A is connected to the GPIB
to avoid unexpected, dangerous settings.

5-2. Using the IEEE-488 Port for Remote Control

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard is fully programmable for use on the IEEE
Standard 488.1 interface bus (IEEE-488 bus). The interface is also designed in
compliance with supplemental standard IEEE-488.2. Devices connected to the bus in a
system are designated as talkers, listeners, talker/listeners, or controllers. Under the
remote control of an instrument controller, the 6100A Electrical Power Standard operates
exclusively as a talker/listener on the IEEE-488 bus.

For more detailed information, refer to the standard specification in the publications
ANSI/ IEEE Std. 488.1 - 1987 and IEEE Std. 488.2 - 1988.

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard conforms to the Standard Specification IEEE 488.1

- 1987: ‘IEEE Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation’, and to
IEEE 488.2 - 1988: ‘Codes, Formats, Protocols and Common Commands’.

In IEEE 488.2 terminology the 6100A Electrical Power Standard is a device containing a
system interface. It can be connected to a system via its system bus and set into
programmed communication with other bus-connected devices under the direction of a
system controller.

5-3. Programming Options

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard can be programmed via the IEEE Interface, to:

• Change its operating state (Function, Source, etc).

• Transmit its own status data over the bus.

• Request service from the system controller.

5-3

6100A

Users Manual

5-4. Capability Codes

• To conform to the IEEE 488.1 standard specification, it is not essential for a device to
encompass the full range of bus capabilities.

• For IEEE 488.2, the device must conform exactly to a specific subset of IEEE 488.1,
with a minimal choice of optional capabilities.

The IEEE 488.1 document describes and codes the standard bus features, for
manufacturers to give brief coded descriptions of their own interfaces’ overall capability.

For IEEE 488.2, this description is required to be part of the device documentation. A
code string is often printed on the product itself.

The codes that apply to the 6100A Electrical Power Standard are given in the Figure 5-1
below, together with short descriptions.

They also appear on the rear of the 6100A Electrical Power Standard next to the interface
connector. These codes conform to IEEE 488.2 requirements.

Appendix C of the IEEE 488.1 document contains a fuller description of each code.

5-5. Bus Addresses

When an IEEE 488 system comprises several instruments, a unique ‘Address’ is assigned
to each to enable the controller to communicate with them individually.

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard has one primary address, which can be set by the
user to an exclusive value within the range from 0 to 30 inclusive. It cannot be made to
respond to any address outside this range. Secondary addressing is not available. The
application program adds data to the active address, to define ‘talk’ or ‘listen’.

5-4

Figure 5-1. IEEE 488 Compatibility Codes

Remote Operation

5-6. Default bus address

The default setting is 18.

Limited Access 5

5-7. Limited Access

The 6100A Electrical Power Standard has three basic operating modes. Some of these
modes only give limited support for remote control:

• Manual Mode - Remote operation is available for all of manual mode, but for

ease of programming, some remote commands do not mirror front panel
operations exactly.

• Calibration Mode - Remote operation is available.

• Test Mode - Remote operation is not available, but the 'Full' selftest can be

initiated by a SCPI command. The 6100A Electrical Power Standard will give a
straight Pass/ Fail response, but to investigate further, it is necessary to re-run
Test mode from the front panel.

5-8. Interconnections

Instruments fitted with an IEEE 488 interface communicate with each other through a
standard set of interconnecting cables, as specified in the IEEE 488.1 Standard document.

The IEEE 488 interface socket is fitted on the rear panel.

5-9. Operation via the IEEE 488 Interface

5-10. General

The power-up sequence is performed as in local operation. The instrument can be
programmed to generate an SRQ at power-up.

5-11. Operating Conditions

When the instrument is operating under the direction of the application program, there are
two main conditions, depending on whether the application program has set the 'REN'
management line 'true' or 'false':

1. REN True ('REN' line low).

The instrument can be addressed and commanded if in either 'Manual' or 'Calibration'
mode. All access to front panel control will be removed, except for the bottom right soft
key, labeled 'Enable Local Usage'. If LLO (Local Lockout) has been sent with REN true,
then the 'Enable Local Usage' screen key will be inoperative. If LLO has not been sent,
the 'Enable Local Usage' screen key will return to local control as if REN were false (see
2 below).

The instrument will act in response to valid commands, performing any changes in
output, etc. The display presentation will track the changes.

2. REN False ('REN' line high).

The instrument will remain in Local Operation, but can be addressed and commanded,
while full access to front panel control is also retained.

The instrument will act in response to the commands, performing any changes in output,
etc. No visible effect will be observed, other than the display presentation tracking the
changes.

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5-12. Programmed Transfer to Local Control (GTL or REN False)

5-13. ‘Device Clear’

The application program can switch the instrument into ‘Local’ Control (by sending
Command GTL, or by setting the REN line false), permitting a user to take manual
control from the front panel.

The application program can regain ‘Remote’ control by sending the overriding
command: Listen Address with REN true (addressing the instrument as a listener with the
Remote Enable management line true {Low}). This will re-impose remote control.

Either of the commands DCL or SDC will force the following instrument states:

• All IEEE 488 input and output buffers cleared.

• With 'IFC' (Interface Clear), any device-dependent message bus hold-offs

cleared.

• The status byte is changed by clearing the MAV bit.

These commands will not:

• Change any settings or stored data within the device except as listed above.

• Interrupt analog output.

• Interrupt or affect any functions of the device not associated with the IEEE 488

system.

5-14. Levels of Reset

Three levels of reset are defined for IEEE 488.2 application programs, a complete system
reset being accomplished by resetting at all three levels, in order, to every device. In other
circumstances they may be used individually or in combination:

• IFC Bus initialization.

• DCL Message exchange initialization.

• ∗RST Device initialization.

The effects of the ∗RST command are described in "Device settings at power on".

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Remote Operation

Message Exchange 5

5-15. Message Exchange

5-16. IEEE 488.2 Model

Figure 5-2. IEEE 488 Message Exchange Model

The IEEE 488.2 Standard document illustrates its Message Exchange Control Interface
model at the detail level required by the device designer. Much of the information at this
level of interpretation (such as the details of the internal signal paths etc.) is transparent to
the application programmer. However, because each of the types of errors flagged in the
Event Status Register is related to a particular stage in the process, a simplified
instrument interface model can provide helpful background. This is shown below,
together with brief descriptions of the actions of its functional blocks.

5-17. Instrument STATUS Subsystem

Input/ Output Control transfers messages from the instrument output queue to the
system bus; and conversely from the bus to either the input buffer, or other predetermined
destinations within the device interface. It receives the Status Byte from the status
reporting system, as well as the state of the Request Service bit that it imposes on bit 6 of
the Status Byte response. Bit 6 reflects the ‘Request Service state true’ condition of the
interface.

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5-18. Incoming Commands and Queries

The Input Buffer is a first in, first out queue, which has a maximum capacity of 1024
bytes (characters).

Each incoming character in the I/O Control generates an interrupt to the instrument
processor, which places it in the Input Buffer for examination by the Parser. The
characters are removed from the buffer and translated with appropriate levels of syntax
checking. If the rate of programming is too fast for the Parser or Execution Control, the
buffer will progressively fill up. When the buffer is full, the handshake is held.

The Parser checks each incoming character and its message context for correct Standard­defined generic syntax, and correct device-defined syntax. Offending syntax is reported
as a Command Error, by setting true bit 5 (CME) of the Standard defined Event Status
register (refer to ‘Retrieval of Device Status Information’).

Execution Control receives successfully parsed messages, and assesses whether they can
be executed, given the currently programmed state of the instrument functions and
facilities. If a message is not viable then an Execution Error is reported, by setting true bit
4 (EXE) of the Standard defined Event Status register. Viable messages are executed in
order, altering the instrument functions, facilities etc. Execution does not ‘overlap’
commands; instead, the instrument Execution Control processes all commands
‘sequentially’ (i.e. waits for actions resulting from the previous command to complete
before executing the next).

5-19. Instrument Functions and Facilities

The instrument Functions and Facilities block contains all the device-specific functions
and features of the instrument, accepting Executable Message Elements from Execution
Control and performing the associated operations. It responds to any of the elements
which are valid Query Requests (both IEEE 488.2 Common Query Commands and
instrument Device-specific Commands) by sending any required Response Data to the
Response Formatter (after carrying out the assigned internal operations).

Device dependent errors are detected in this block. Bit 3 (DDE) of the Standard Event
Status register is set true when an internal operating fault is detected. Each reportable
error number is appended to the Error Queue as the error occurs.

5-20. Outgoing Responses

The Response Formatter derives its information from Response Data (being supplied by
the Functions and Facilities block) and valid Query Requests. From these it builds
Response Message Elements, which are placed as a Response Message into the Output
Queue.

The Output Queue acts as a store for outgoing messages, until they are read over the
system bus by the application program. For as long as the output queue holds one or more
bytes, it reports the fact by setting true bit 4 (Message Available MAV) of the Status
Byte register. Bit 4 is set false when the output queue is empty (refer to ‘Retrieval of
Device Status Information’).

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