FLIR ThermaCAM E4 Operator's Manual

ThermaCAM™ E4

Operator’s manual

1 558 017Publ. No.
a62Revision
English (EN)Language
August 19, 2004Issue date

ThermaCAM™ E4

Operator’s manual

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

Legal disclaimer

All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the
delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR
Systems instruction.

All products not manufactured by FLIR Systems included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty,
if any, of the particular supplier only and FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.

The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to
misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal conditions of operation. Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty.

In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage.
The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply.

FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in
material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.

FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above.

No other warranty is expressed or implied. FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
particular purpose.

FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential loss or damage, whether based on contract, tort
or any other legal theory.

Copyright

© FLIR Systems, 2004. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed
or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems.

This manual must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine
readable form without prior consent, in writing, from FLIR Systems.

Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and/or its subsidiaries.
All other trademarks, trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective
owners.

Quality assurance

The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the
ISO 9001 standard.

FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on
any of the products described in this manual without prior notice.

Patents

This product is protected by patents, design patents, patents pending, or design patents pending.

PCT Pat. Pend. No. PCT/SE01/00983; PCT Pat. Pend. No. PCT/SE01/00984; US Pat. Pend. No. 09/849524; PCT Pat. Pend. No. PCT/SE02/00364;
Swedish Pat. Des. No. 68657; US Pat. Des. No. 466540; UK Pat. Des. No. 2106017; Japan Pat. Des. No. 1144833; Int. Pat. Des. No. DM/057692;
China Pat. Des. No. 235308.

Contact details

FLIR Systems AB ■ P. O. Box 3 ■ SE-182 11 Danderyd ■ SwedenPostal address

[phone]Telephone

[phone]Telefax

www.flirthermography.comWeb site

[e-mail]-mail

➲ For contact details for regional offices, see the back cover of this manual.

ii Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

Table of contents

11 Warnings & cautions ..................................................................................................................................................

22 Important note about this manual .....................................................................................................................

33 Welcome! .........................................................................................................................................................................

33.1 About FLIR Systems ........................................................................................................................................

53.1.1 A few images from our facilities .............................................................................................

63.2 Comments & questions ................................................................................................................................

84 Packing list .....................................................................................................................................................................

95 System overview .........................................................................................................................................................

106 Connecting system components .........................................................................................................................

117 Tutorials ...........................................................................................................................................................................

117.1 Switching on & switching off the camera ..............................................................................................

117.1.1 Switching on the camera ..........................................................................................................

117.1.2 Switching off the camera ..........................................................................................................

117.2 Working with images .....................................................................................................................................

117.2.1 Acquiring an image ....................................................................................................................

117.2.2 Freezing an image .......................................................................................................................

127.2.3 Saving an image ...........................................................................................................................

127.2.4 Opening an image .......................................................................................................................

127.3 Working with measurements .....................................................................................................................

127.3.1 Laying out a spot .........................................................................................................................

137.3.2 Laying out a measurement area ............................................................................................

137.4 Working with alarms ......................................................................................................................................

147.4.1 Setting the reference temperature .......................................................................................

147.4.2 Setting up a color alarm ............................................................................................................

147.4.2.1 Setting up a color alarm using the menu system ....................................

157.4.2.2 Setting up a color alarm without using the menu system ...................

157.4.3 Setting up a silent alarm (i.e. a visual alarm) .....................................................................

167.4.4 Setting up an audible alarm ....................................................................................................

167.5 Creating a text comment file ......................................................................................................................

177.6 Changing level & span ..................................................................................................................................

177.6.1 Changing level ..............................................................................................................................

177.6.2 Changing span ..............................................................................................................................

187.7 Changing system settings ...........................................................................................................................

187.7.1 Changing language ....................................................................................................................

187.7.2 Changing temperature unit .....................................................................................................

187.7.3 Changing date format ...............................................................................................................

187.7.4 Changing time format ...............................................................................................................

197.7.5 Changing date & time ................................................................................................................

197.8 Working with the camera .............................................................................................................................

197.8.1 Removing the lens ......................................................................................................................

217.8.2 Adjusting the focus .....................................................................................................................

217.8.3 Inserting & removing the battery ..........................................................................................

217.8.3.1 Inserting the battery ..........................................................................................

227.8.3.2 Removing the battery ........................................................................................

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238 Camera overview .........................................................................................................................................................

238.1 Camera parts .....................................................................................................................................................

268.2 Keypad buttons & functions .......................................................................................................................

278.3 Laser LocatIR .....................................................................................................................................................

288.4 LED indicator on keypad ..............................................................................................................................

299 Camera program ..........................................................................................................................................................

299.1 Result table ........................................................................................................................................................

299.2 System messages ............................................................................................................................................

299.2.1 Status messages ...........................................................................................................................

309.2.2 Warning messages ......................................................................................................................

309.3 Selecting screen objects ...............................................................................................................................

309.3.1 Selecting screen objects ...........................................................................................................

309.3.2 Examples of selected screen objects ....................................................................................

329.4 Menu system .....................................................................................................................................................

329.4.1 Navigating the menu system ..................................................................................................

339.4.2 Meas. mode ....................................................................................................................................

349.4.3 Manual adjust/Automatic adjust ...........................................................................................

359.4.4 Emissivity ........................................................................................................................................

369.4.5 Palette ..............................................................................................................................................

369.4.6 Range (extra option) ...................................................................................................................

369.4.7 Hide graphics / Show graphics ...............................................................................................

379.4.8 File .....................................................................................................................................................

389.4.9 Setup ................................................................................................................................................

389.4.9.1 Settings ...................................................................................................................

409.4.9.2 Date/time ...............................................................................................................

419.4.9.3 Local settings ........................................................................................................

419.4.9.4 Camera info ..........................................................................................................

419.4.9.5 Factory default .....................................................................................................

4210 Electrical power system ...........................................................................................................................................

4310.1 Internal battery charging .............................................................................................................................

4410.2 External battery charging ............................................................................................................................

4510.3 Battery safety warnings ................................................................................................................................

4711 Maintenance & cleaning ..........................................................................................................................................

4711.1 Camera body, cables & accessories ..........................................................................................................

4711.2 Lenses ..................................................................................................................................................................

4812 Troubleshooting ..........................................................................................................................................................

5013 Technical specifications & dimensional drawings ......................................................................................

5013.1 Imaging performance ....................................................................................................................................

5013.2 Image presentation ........................................................................................................................................

5013.3 Temperature range ........................................................................................................................................

5013.4 Laser LocatIR .....................................................................................................................................................

5113.5 Electrical power system ................................................................................................................................

5113.6 Environmental specifications .....................................................................................................................

5113.7 Physical specifications ...................................................................................................................................

5113.8 Communications interfaces ........................................................................................................................

5213.9 Pin configurations ...........................................................................................................................................

5213.9.1 RS-232/USB connector ...............................................................................................................

5313.9.2 Power connector ..........................................................................................................................

iv Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

5313.9.3 CVBS connector ............................................................................................................................

5413.10 Relationship between fields of view and distance .............................................................................

5813.11 Camera – dimensional drawing (36 mm IR lens) .................................................................................

5913.12 Camera – dimensional drawing (17 mm IR lens) .................................................................................

6013.13 Camera – dimensional drawing (9.2 mm IR lens) ................................................................................

6113.14 Battery charger – dimensional drawing .................................................................................................

6213.15 Battery – dimensional drawing ..................................................................................................................

6314 Glossary ...........................................................................................................................................................................

6715 Thermographic measurement techniques .....................................................................................................

6715.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................

6715.2 Emissivity ............................................................................................................................................................

6815.2.1 Finding the emissivity of an object .......................................................................................

6815.2.1.1 Using a thermocouple .......................................................................................

6815.2.1.2 Using reference emissivity ...............................................................................

6815.3 Reflected temperature ..................................................................................................................................

6916 History of infrared technology .............................................................................................................................

7317 Theory of thermography .........................................................................................................................................

7317.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................

7317.2 The electromagnetic spectrum ..................................................................................................................

7417.3 Blackbody radiation .......................................................................................................................................

7517.3.1 Planck’s law ....................................................................................................................................

7617.3.2 Wien’s displacement law ..........................................................................................................

7817.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law .............................................................................................................

7817.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters ...........................................................................................................

8117.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials ........................................................................................................

8218 Emissivity tables ..........................................................................................................................................................

8218.1 References .........................................................................................................................................................

8218.2 Tables ..................................................................................................................................................................

99Index ..................................................................................................................................................................................

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vi Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

1 Warnings & cautions

10474103;1

■ This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not

installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause interfer­ence to radio communications. It has been tested and found to comply with the
limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules,
which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference
when operated in a commercial environment. Operation of this equipment in a
residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own ex­pense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the
interference.

■ An infrared camera is a precision instrument and uses a very sensitive IR detector.

Pointing the camera towards highly intensive energy sources – such as devices
emitting laser radiation, or reflections from such devices – may affect the accuracy
of the camera readings, or even harm – or irreparably damage – the detector. Note
that this sensitivity is also present when the camera is switched off and the lens
cap is mounted on the lens.

■ Each camera from FLIR Systems is calibrated prior to shipping. It is advisable that

the camera is sent in for calibration once a year.

■ For protective reasons, the LCD (where applicable) will be switched off if the detec-

tor temperature exceeds +60°C (+149°F) and the camera will be switched off if
the detector temperature exceeds +68°C (+154.4°F).

■ The camera requires a warm-up time of 5 minutes before accurate measurements

(where applicable) can be expected.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 1

2 Important note about this manual

As far as it is practically possible, FLIR Systems configures each manual to reflect each
customer’s particular camera configuration. However, please note the following ex­ceptions:

■ The packing list is subject to specific customer configuration and may contain more

or less items

■ FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts and accessories, and

other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice

■ In some cases, the manual may describe features that is not available in your par-

ticular camera configuration

2 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

3 Welcome!

Thank you for choosing the ThermaCAM™ E4 infrared camera!

The ThermaCAM™ E4 IR camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation
from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature
makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. The camera
system also features a laser pointer, a 2.5" color LCD, an IR lens, a removable battery
and a range of accessories.

The camera is very easy to use. It is operated by using a few buttons which are conve­niently placed on the camera, allowing fingertip control of major functions. A built­in menu system also gives easy access to an advanced, simple-to-use camera software
for increased functionality.

To document the object under inspection it is possible to capture and store images
to the camera’s internal memory. The images can be analyzed either in the field by
using the real-time measurement functions built into the camera, or in a PC using
FLIR Systems ThermaCAM Reporter software by downloading the images from the
camera using ThermaCAM QuickView.

3.1 About FLIR Systems

With over 30 years experience in IR systems and applications development, and over
30 000 infrared cameras in use worldwide, FLIR is the undisputed global commercial
IR industry leader.

10380703;2

Figure 3.1 FLIR Systems, Boston, USA, FLIR Systems, Danderyd, Sweden, and FLIR Systems, Portland, USA.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 3

3.1 – About FLIR Systems

10570303;2

Figure 3.2 Indigo Systems, Niceville, USA, and Indigo Systems, Santa Barbara, USA. Indigo Systems is a
division of FLIR Systems.

As pioneers in the IR industry, FLIR Systems has a long list of ‘firsts’ the world of infrared
thermography:

■ 1965: 1st thermal imaging system for predictive maintenance (Model 650).

■ 1973: 1st battery-operated portable IR scanner for industrial applications predictive

maintenance (Model 750).

■ 1975: 1st TV compatible system (Model 525).

■ 1978: 1st dual-wavelength scanning system capable of real-time analog recording

of thermal events (Model 780). Instrumental in R & D market development.

■ 1983: 1st thermal imaging and measurement system with on-screen temperature

measurement.

■ 1986: 1st TE (thermo-electrically) cooled system.

■ 1989: 1st single-piece infrared camera system for PM (predictive maintenance) and

R & D (research & development) with on-board digital storage.

■ 1991: 1st Windows-based thermographic analysis and reporting system.

■ 1993: 1st Focal Plane Array (FPA) system for PM and R & D applications.

■ 1995: 1st full-featured camcorder style FPA infrared system (ThermaCAM).

■ 1997: 1st: uncooled microbolometer-based PM/R & D system.

■ 2000: 1st thermography system with both thermal and visual imaging.

■ 2000: 1st thermography system to incorporate thermal/visual/voice and text data

logging.

■ 2002: 1st automated thermography system (model P60) to feature detachable re-

motely controllable LCD, JPEG image storage, enhanced connectivity including
USB and IrDA wireless, thermal/visual/voice and text data logging.

■ 2002: 1st low-cost ultra-compact hand-held thermography camera (E series). Rev-

olutionary, ergonomic design, lightest IR measurement camera available.

4 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

3.1 – About FLIR Systems

10401603;1

Figure 3.3 LEFT: FLIR Systems’ Thermovision®Model 661. The photo is taken on May 30th, 1969 at the
distribution plant near Beckomberga, in Stockholm, Sweden. The camera weighed approx. 25 kg (55 lb),
the oscilloscope 20 kg (44 lb), the tripod 15 kg (33 lb). The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set,
and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment
(6 kg/13 lb) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR Systems’ ThermaCAM Model E2 from 2002 – weight: 0.7 kg (1.54 lb),
including battery.

With this tradition of unparalleled technical excellence and innovative achievements,
FLIR continues to develop new infrared products, educational venues and applications
expertise to meet the diverse demands of thermographers worldwide.

3.1.1 A few images from our facilities

10401303;1

Figure 3.4 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 5

3.2 – Comments & questions

10401403;1

Figure 3.5 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing

10401503;1

Figure 3.6 LEFT: Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot for camera testing and
calibration

3.2 Comments & questions

FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development, and although we
have tested and verified the information in this manual to the best of our ability, you
may find that features and specifications have changed since the time of printing.
Please let us know about any errors you find, as well as your suggestions for future
editions, by sending an e-mail to:

[e-mail]

6 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

3.2 – Comments & questions

➲ Do not use this e-mail address for technical support questions. Technical support
is handled by FLIR Systems’s local sales offices.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 7

4 Packing list

The ThermaCAM™ E4 and its accessories are delivered in a hard transport case which
typically contains the items below. On receipt of the transport case, inspect all items
and check them against the delivery note. Any damaged items must be reported to
the local FLIR Systems representative immediately.

Qty.Part NumberDescriptionNo.

11 195 102Battery charger1

11 195 128USB cable2

11 195 221Hand strap3

11 120 987Lens cap4

11 558 017Operator’s manual5

11 909 528Power supply6

7

with lens

1Configuration-dependentThermaCAM™ E4 infrared camera

21 195 106Battery8

11 909 775Video cable9

11 195 494TrainIR CD10

8 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

5 System overview

10396603;3

Figure 5.1 System overview

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 9

6 Connecting system components

10438203;2

Figure 6.1 How to connect system components

Figure 6.2 Explanations of callouts

ExplanationCallout

Power supply cable (11–16 VDC)1

USB / RS-232 cable2

Video cable (CVBS, i.e. composite video)3

10 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

7 Tutorials

7.1 Switching on & switching off the camera

7.1.1 Switching on the camera

ActionStep

Insert the battery into the battery compartment.1

Press PWR/NO to switch on the camera.2

7.1.2 Switching off the camera

ActionStep

1

To switch off the camera, press and hold down PWR/NO until the message Shutting
down... appears. Briefly pressing PWR/NO when the camera is in menu mode will

cancel menu selections.

7.2 Working with images

7.2.1 Acquiring an image

ActionStep

Point the camera at a warm object, like a face or a hand.1

2

3

7.2.2 Freezing an image

1

Adjust the focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens.

➲ Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure on
page 20. Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the
lens.

If the camera is in manual adjust mode, press and hold down SEL for more than
one second to autoadjust the camera.

ActionStep

Adjust focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens.

➲ Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure on
page 20. Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the
lens.

2

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 11

If the camera is in manual adjust mode, press and hold down SEL for more than
one second to autoadjust the camera.

7.3 – Working with measurements

ActionStep

3

Briefly pressing SAVE/FRZ will display a confirmation box.

■ To save the image, press YES

■ To leave the confirmation box without saving the image, press NO

7.2.3 Saving an image

ActionStep

1

2

3

4

Adjust the focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens.

➲ Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure on
page 20. Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the
lens.

If the camera is in manual adjust mode, press and hold down SEL for more than
one second to autoadjust the camera.

Briefly press SAVE/FRZ to freeze the image. This will display a confirmation box
where you will be prompted to accept or cancel the image. Accepting the image
will save it to the internal memory.

To save an image directly (without freezing the image first), press SAVE/FRZ for
more than 1 second.

7.2.4 Opening an image

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to File on the vertical menu bar and press the MENU/YES.2

Point to Images to display thumbnails of the most recently saved images.3

To open an image, select the image by pressing the navigation pad left/right or
up/down and then press MENU/YES.

7.3 Working with measurements

7.3.1 Laying out a spot

➲ The camera requires a warm-up time of 5 minutes before accurate measurements
can be expected.

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Meas. mode on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES.2

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7.4 – Working with alarms

ActionStep

Select Spot in the Meas. mode dialog box and press MENU/YES.3

4

Press SEL until small brackets appear around the spot. You can now move the spot
by pressing the navigation pad left/right or up/down.

To add additional spots, repeat step 1–4. A maximum number of three spots can
be added.

The temperature will be displayed in the top right corner of the LCD.5

7.3.2 Laying out a measurement area

➲ The camera needs a warm-up time of 5 minutes before accurate measurements
can be expected.

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Meas. mode on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES.2

3

4

Select Area max, Area min or Area avg in the Meas. mode dialog box and press
MENU/YES.

Press SEL until small brackets appear around the area. You can now resize the area
by pressing the navigation pad left/right or up/down.

The temperature will be displayed in the top right corner of the LCD.5

7.4 Working with alarms

You can choose between the following alarm outputs:

■ a color alarm, which will assign a color to all pixels above or below a preset temper-

ature level

■ a silent alarm, which, compared to the color alarm, will make the font of the tem-

perature result increase in size and its background turn red

■ an audible alarm, which, compared to the visual alarm, also triggers a ’beep’.

A settings can also be made in the camera so that an alarm output takes into account
the reference temperature. A typical application when you would want to use an
alarm that takes into account the reference temperature is screening of people for
face temperature detection.

Firstly, the reference temperature is set by screening 10 persons with normal face
temperature. The camera puts each of these 10 results in an internal camera buffer
and calculates the average temperature value after having discarded the two highest
and two lowest values in the event of erroneous samples. Every time a new sample

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 13

7.4 – Working with alarms

is saved to the internal buffer, the oldest sample will be discarded and a new reference
temperature will be calculated ’on the fly’.

Using an alarm that takes into account the reference temperature means that an
alarm output will only be triggered if the temperature value exceeds the sum of the
average temperature value in the buffer + the user-defined delta alarm offset value.

7.4.1 Setting the reference temperature

ActionStep

Press YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Settings on the Setup menu and press YES.2

3

6

7

In the Settings dialog box, press the navigation pad up/down to go to Trigger
button.

Press the navigation pad left/right to select Update ref temp.4

Press the navigation pad up/down to go to Shutter period.5

Press the navigation pad left/right to select shutter period.

Although the shutter period works independently of other functions described
in this document, FLIR Systems recommends that Short is selected when using
the camera for detection of face temperature.

➲ Selecting Normal will calibrate the camera at least every 15th minute, while
selecting Short will calibrate the camera at least every 3rd minute.

Pointing the camera to the first person with a normal face temperature and pulling
the trigger will display the message Sampled nn.n °C.

After having carried out the same procedure on the following 9 persons, you can
do one of the following:

■ Actively continue to sample every new person by pulling the trigger button,

and let camera update the reference temperature

■ Stop sampling and let the camera trigger an alarm as soon as the alarm condi-

tions are met (> reference temperature + delta alarm value)

7.4.2 Setting up a color alarm

7.4.2.1 Setting up a color alarm using the menu system

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Meas. mode and press YES to display the Meas. mode dialog box.2

3

Select Meas. mode by pressing the navigation pad left/right. The alarm function
is typically used together with Area max.

14 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

7.4 – Working with alarms

ActionStep

4

For Alarm, select one of the following by pressing the navigation pad left/right:

■ Above

■ Below

For Alarm output, select Color only by pressing the navigation pad left/right.5

6

Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the navigation pad left/right. You can also
change the color alarm without using the menu system by pressing the navigation
pad up/down after having selected the temperature result by pressing SEL. A se­lected temperature result is highlighted in yellow.

➲ Alarm temp will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously se-
lected in the Settings dialog box.

7

Specify Delta alarm by pressing the navigation pad left/right.

➲ Delta alarm will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously select-
ed in the Settings dialog box.

7.4.2.2 Setting up a color alarm without using the menu system

ActionStep

1

Press SEL until the color alarm symbol and the color alarm temperature in the top
right hand corner of the screen is selected.

The color alarm symbol is an arrow pointing upwards or downwards.

Press the navigation pad up/down to change the color alarm temperature.2

7.4.3 Setting up a silent alarm (i.e. a visual alarm)

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Meas. mode and press YES to display the Meas. mode dialog box.2

3

Select Meas. mode by pressing the navigation pad left/right. The alarm function
is typically used together with Area max.

4

For Alarm, select one of the following by pressing the navigation pad left/right:

■ Above

■ Below

For Alarm output, select Silent by pressing the navigation pad left/right.5

6

Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the navigation pad left/right.

➲ Alarm temp will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously se-
lected in the Settings dialog box.

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7.5 – Creating a text comment file

ActionStep

7

Specify Delta alarm by pressing the navigation pad left/right.

➲ Delta alarm will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously select-
ed in the Settings dialog box.

7.4.4 Setting up an audible alarm

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Meas. mode and press YES to display the Meas. mode dialog box.2

3

4

6

7

Select Meas. mode by pressing the navigation pad left/right. The alarm function
is typically used together with Area max.

For Alarm, select one of the following by pressing the navigation pad left/right:

■ Above

■ Below

For Alarm output, select Beep by pressing the navigation pad left/right.5

Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the navigation pad left/right.

➲ Alarm temp will only be be available if Update ref temp has been previously
selected in the Settings dialog box.

Specify Delta alarm by pressing the navigation pad left/right.

➲ Delta alarm will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously select-
ed in the Settings dialog box.

7.5 Creating a text comment file

Follow this procedure to create a text comment file where any value of first label will
be used as an image description:

ActionStep

1

2

16 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

Using any ASCII text editor (Notepad, Wordpad etc), type the first label within
brackets:

<Recommendation>

On the next line, type the values you want to use, but this time without brackets:

Check connections
Check cables
Check gaskets
Check mountings

7.6 – Changing level & span

ActionStep

3

5

6

The final result should look like this:

<Recommendation>
Check connections
Check cables
Check gaskets
Check mountings

Save the file to Desktop and change the file extension to .tcf.4

Transfer the *.tcf file to your PDA. You can also move the file to the camera using
ThermaCAM QuickView.

Beam the file from the PDA (or laptop) to the camera.

You can now add any of the values to an infrared image by pointing to Image
description on the File menu.

7.6 Changing level & span

7.6.1 Changing level

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Manual adjust on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES.2

3

For more information about level, see section 9.4.3 – Manual adjust/Automatic adjust
on page 34.

Press the navigation pad up/down to change the level. An arrow pointing upwards
or downwards will be displayed.

7.6.2 Changing span

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Manual adjust on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES.2

3

Press the navigation pad left/right to change the span. Two arrows pointing away
from each other or towards each other will be displayed.

For more information about span, see section 9.4.3– Manual adjust/Automatic adjust
on page 34.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 17

7.7 – Changing system settings

7.7 Changing system settings

7.7.1 Changing language

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU/YES.2

Press the navigation pad up/down to select Language.3

Press the navigation pad left/right to change the language.4

Press MENU/YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box.5

7.7.2 Changing temperature unit

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU/YES.2

Press the navigation pad up/down to select Temp unit.3

Press the navigation pad left/right to change the temperature unit.4

Press MENU/YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box.5

7.7.3 Changing date format

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU/YES.2

Press the navigation pad up/down to select Date format.3

Press the navigation pad left/right to change the date format.4

Press MENU/YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box.5

7.7.4 Changing time format

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU/YES.2

18 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

ActionStep

Press the navigation pad up/down to select Time format.3

Press the navigation pad left/right to change the time format.4

Press MENU/YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box.5

7.7.5 Changing date & time

ActionStep

Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.1

Point to Date/time on the Setup menu and press MENU/YES.2

7.8 – Working with the camera

3

Press the navigation pad up/down to select year, month, day, hour, minute and
second.

Press the navigation pad left/right to change each parameter.4

Press MENU/YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box.5

7.8 Working with the camera

7.8.1 Removing the lens

➲ Please note the following:

■ Before trying to remove fingerprints or other marks on the lens elements, see section

11.2 – Lenses on page 47.

■ Removing an IR lens will expose very sensitive camera parts. Do not touch any ex-

posed parts.

■ Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure below.

Trying to remove the lens by rotating the focus ring may damage the lens.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 19

7.8 – Working with the camera

10374803;4

Figure 7.1 Removing a lens. 1: Locking ring; 2: Focus ring

10396303;3

Figure 7.2 Removing a lens

ActionStep

1

Rotate the locking ring on the camera 30° counter-clock-wise until the index mark
is lined up with the laser window.

Carefully pull out the lens. Do not use excessive force.2

20 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

7.8 – Working with the camera

7.8.2 Adjusting the focus

➲ Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure 7.1 on
page 20. Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens.

ActionStep

To adjust the focus, rotate the focus ring clock-wise or counter-clock-wise.1

7.8.3 Inserting & removing the battery

➲ The camera is shipped with charged batteries. To increase the battery life, the
battery should be fully discharged and charged a couple of times. You can do this by
using the camera until the battery is fully depleted.

7.8.3.1 Inserting the battery

10396403;2

Figure 7.3 Inserting the battery

ActionStep

Remove lid of the battery compartment by pressing the locking mechanism.1

2

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 21

Insert the battery with the connectors facing the rear end of the camera and the
arrow symbol facing the front end of the camera.

Replace the lid of the battery compartment.3

7.8 – Working with the camera

7.8.3.2 Removing the battery

10396503;2

Figure 7.4 Removing the battery

ActionStep

Remove the lid of the battery compartment by pressing the locking mechanism.1

2

Remove the battery by firmly grabbing its rear end and carefully lifting it out from
the battery compartment.

Replace the lid of the battery compartment.3

For more information about the battery system, see section 10 – Electrical power
system on page 42.

22 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

8 Camera overview

8.1 Camera parts

10308903;5

Figure 8.1 Camera parts – front view

Description of partCallout

LCD1

IrDA infrared communication link2

Lid of the battery compartment3

Ring for hand strap4

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 23

8.1 – Camera parts

Description of partCallout

5

10315803;4

Laser LocatIR with lens cap

➲ Please note the following:

■ A laser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatIR is switched on.

■ Since the distance between the laser beam and the image center will vary by

the target distance, Laser LocatIR should only be used as an aiming aid. Always
check the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target.

■ Do not look directly into the laser beam.

■ When not in use, the Laser LocatIR should always be protected by the lens cap.

Focus ring6

Lens cap7

Figure 8.2 Camera parts – view from below

Description of partCallout

Tripod mount1

Trigger2

Lid of the battery compartment3

24 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

10310603;5

Figure 8.3 Camera parts – view from above

Description of partCallout

8.1 – Camera parts

1

SEL button

For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 8.2 –
Keypad buttons & functions on page 26

2

SAVE/FRZ button

For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 8.2 –
Keypad buttons & functions on page 26

3

Navigation pad

For more information about the functionality of the navigation pad, see section

8.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 26

LED indicator4

5

MENU/YES button

For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 8.2 –
Keypad buttons & functions on page 26

6

PWR/NO button

For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 8.2 –
Keypad buttons & functions on page 26

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 25

8.2 – Keypad buttons & functions

8.2 Keypad buttons & functions

CommentsButton

SAVE/FRZ button

SEL button

MENU/YES button

PWR/NO button

■ Briefly press SAVE/FRZ to freeze the current image and display a

dialog box where you can choose to save or cancel the image

■ Press and hold down SAVE/FRZ for more than one second to save

the current image without previewing

➲ The image will be saved according to the syntax IRnnnn.jpg where
nnnn is a unique counter. The counter can be reset by pointing to

Factory default on the Setup menu.

➲ Approx. 200–400 JPG images can be saved.

■ Press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust

the camera

■ Briefly press SEL to show current navigation pad focus, i.e. which

screen object you can change or move by using the navigation
pad.

■ Press SEL repeatedly to switch between different screen objects

■ Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar

■ Press MENU/YES to confirm selections in dialog boxes

■ Press MENU/YES to display the graphics if you have previously

selected Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar

■ Press PWR/NO when the camera is switched off to switch on the

camera

■ Press PWR/NO to cancel selections in dialog boxes

■ Press and hold down PWR/NO for more than two seconds to

switch off the camera

■ Press PWR/NO to leave freeze and recall mode

■ Press PWR/NO to display the graphics if you have previously se-

lected Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar.

Navigation pad

In menu mode:

■ Press left/right or up/down to navigate in menus and dialog

boxes

■ Press left/right or up/down to change or move a screen object

previously selected by using SEL

In manual adjust mode:

■ Press up/down to change the level (after having selected the

scale by pressing SEL)

■ Press left/right to change the span (after having selected the

scale by pressing SEL)

For more information about level and span, see section 9.4.3 –
Manual adjust/Automatic adjust on page 34

26 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

8.3 – Laser LocatIR

CommentsButton

Trigger

Pull the trigger to do one of the following:

■ Save the image

■ Switch on or switch off the Laser LocatIR

■ Autoadjust the camera

■ Update ref. temp

The function of the trigger depends on the trigger settings in the
Settings dialog box. For more information about trigger settings,
see section 9.4.9.1 – Settings on page 38

8.3 Laser LocatIR

By pulling the trigger on the bottom side of the camera body, a laser dot appears
approx. 40 mm/1.57" above the target.

➲ Please note the following:

■ A laser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatIR is switched on.

■ Since the distance between the laser beam and the image center will vary by the

target distance, Laser LocatIR should only be used as an aiming aid. Always check
the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target.

■ Do not look directly into the laser beam.

■ When not in use, the Laser LocatIR should always be protected by the lens cap.

For more information about trigger settings, see section 9.4.9.1 – Settings on page

38.

10376403;2

Figure 8.4 Wavelength: 635 nm. Max. output power: 1 mW. This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10
and 1040.11 except for deviations pursuant to Laser Notice No. 50, dated July 26th, 2001

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 27

8.4 – LED indicator on keypad

10311303;4

Figure 8.5 Distance between the laser beam and the image center

8.4 LED indicator on keypad

Figure 8.6 Explanations of the LED indicator on the keypad

ExplanationIndicator mode

Powering up or operating.Continuous green light

Battery charging in standby mode.Flashing green light

(0.25 sec. switched on + 0.25 sec. switched off)

Battery charging in power-on mode.Flashing green light

(3 sec. switched on + 0.06 sec. switched off)

No light

The camera is switched off, or the LCD is temporar­ily switched off.

28 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

9 Camera program

9.1 Result table

The results of measurement markers are displayed in a result table in the top right­hand corner of the screen.

Figure 9.1 Explanation of measurement markers appearing in the result table

ExplanationIcon

Spot

Area, maximum temperatureMax

Area, minimum temperatureMin

Area, average temperature

1

1

Color alarm above

Color alarm below

Difference between spot 1 and spot 2

9.2 System messages

9.2.1 Status messages

Status messages are displayed at the bottom of the screen, or in the top left part of
the screen. Here you will find information about the current status of the camera.

Figure 9.2 Status messages – a few examples

ExplanationMessage

Message is displayed when the image is frozen.Frozen

Manual

Restarting

Message is displayed when the camera is currently in manual adjust
mode.

Message is displayed during operations that take some time.Please wait

Message is displayed when the software is restarted, i.e. afterFactory
default.

Message is displayed while an image is being saved.Saving as

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 29

9.3 – Selecting screen objects

9.2.2 Warning messages

Warning messages are displayed in the center of the screen. Here you will find impor­tant information about battery status, for example.

Figure 9.3 Critical camera information – a few examples

ExplanationMessage

The battery level is below a critical level.Battery low

The camera will be switched off immediately.Shutting down

The camera will be switched off in 2 seconds.Shutting down in 2 seconds

9.3 Selecting screen objects

9.3.1 Selecting screen objects

Some screen objects – e.g. the scale, the information field, a spot etc. – can be selected
by pressing SEL repeatedly until the object is either highlighted or surrounded by
small brackets. After three seconds the cursor will automatically be hidden. Pressing
SEL or the navigation pad will display the cursor again.

When an object is selected you can use the navigation pad to change its value or,
where applicable, change its position.

9.3.2 Examples of selected screen objects

10383303;4

Figure 9.4 A selected measurement marker (spot). Press the navigation pad at this stage to move the
spot.

30 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

9.3 – Selecting screen objects

10383503;4

Figure 9.5 A selected temperature scale. Press the navigation pad up/down at this stage to increase/de­crease the level, and left/right to increase/decrease the span.

10383403;3

Figure 9.6 A selected color alarm. Press the navigation pad up/down at this stage to increase/decrease
the color alarm temperature.

10383803;3

Figure 9.7 A selected emissivity field. Press the navigation pad up/down at this stage to increase/decrease
the emissivity.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 31

9.4 – Menu system

9.4 Menu system

10381903;2

Figure 9.8 Vertical menu bar

9.4.1 Navigating the menu system

■ Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar

■ Press MENU/YES to confirm selections in menus and dialog boxes

■ Press PWR/NO to exit the menu system

■ Press PWR/NO to cancel selections in menus and dialog boxes

■ Press the navigation pad up/down to move up/down in menus, submenus and

dialog boxes

■ Press the navigation pad right/left to move right/left in menus and submenus, and

to change values in dialog boxes

32 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

9.4.2 Meas. mode

10429603;1

Figure 9.9 Meas. mode dialog box

Figure 9.10 Explanations of the Meas. mode dialog box

ExplanationValueLabel

9.4 – Menu system

Meas. mode

Alarm

Alarm output

■ None

■ Spot

■ Area max

■ Area min

■ Area avg

■ Diff spots

■ Off

■ Above

■ Below

■ Color only

■ Silent

■ Beep

■ Select Noneto disable the measurement mode.

■ Select Spot to lay out a spot, where the temper-

ature of the spot will be displayed in the result
table.

■ Select Area max to lay out an area on the

screen, where the maximum temperature in
the area will be displayed in the result table. A
measurement marker inside the area will con­tinuously indicate the maximum temperature.

■ Select Area min to lay out an area on the

screen, where the minimum temperature in the
area will be displayed in the result table. A
measurement marker inside the area will con­tinuously indicate the minimum temperature.

■ Select Area avg to lay out an area on the screen,

where the average temperature in the area will
be displayed in the result table.

■ Select Diff spots to calculate the difference

between two spots and display this difference
in the result table.

■ Select Off to disable the alarm

■ Select Above to assign an alarm color to all

pixels above the alarm temperature

■ Select Below to assign an alarm color to all

pixels below the alarm temperature

■ SelectColor only to assign only a color to the

pixels when an alarm is triggered.

■ Select Silent to additionally make the font of

the temperature result increase in size and be
displayed against a red background (i.e. a visual
alarm)

■ Select Beep to additionally make the camera

trigger a beep when an alarm is triggered.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 33

9.4 – Menu system

ExplanationValueLabel

N/ADelta alarm

User-definedRef temp

User-definedAlarm temp

Enter an delta alarm value by pressing the naviga­tion pad left/right.

➲ This label is only available if Update ref temp
has been previously selected in the Settings dialog
box.

For information purposes only.

The reference temperature is calculated and up­dated ’on the fly’.

➲ This label is only available if Update ref temp
has been previously selected in the Settings dialog
box.

Enter a temperature value by pressing the naviga­tion pad left/right.

9.4.3 Manual adjust/Automatic adjust

10386703;2

Figure 9.11 Manual adjust/Automatic adjust command.

Point to Manual adjust and press MENU/YES to manually select leveland span settings.
The level command can be regarded as the brightness, while the span command can
be regarded as the contrast.

■ Press the navigation pad up/down to change the level (indicated by an arrow

pointing upwards or downwards in the temperature scale)

■ Press the navigation pad left/right to change the span (indicated by two arrows

pointing away from each other or towards each other)

34 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

9.4 – Menu system

10392103;3

Figure 9.12 Symbols in the temperature scale, indicating (1) increasing span; (2) decreasing span; (3) in­creasing level, and (4) decreasing level

Point to Automatic adjust and press MENU/YES to put the camera in automatic mode,
continuously optimizing the image for best level and span.

9.4.4 Emissivity

10438903;1

Figure 9.13 Emissivity dialog box

Point to Emissivity on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES to display the
Emissivity dialog box.

■ To change the emissivity, press the navigation pad right/left

■ To display an emissivity table and select a value from the table, press Emissivity

table

■ To confirm the choice, press MENU/YES

■ To cancel any changes, press PWR/NO

■ To change T Refl(reflected ambient temperature), press the navigation pad right/left

■ To confirm the choice, press MENU/YES

■ To cancel any changes, press PWR/NO

For more information about emissivity and reflected ambient temperature, see section
15 – Thermographic measurement techniques on page 67 and section 17 – Theory
of thermography on page 73

➲ Please note the following:

■ When the scale is selected, you can change the emissivity directly by using the

navigation pad.

■ If you enter an emissivity value less than 0.30 the emissivity box will begin flashing

to remind you that this value is unusually low.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 35

9.4 – Menu system

9.4.5 Palette

10382603;3

Figure 9.14 Palette dialog box

Point to Palette on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES to display the Palette
dialog box.

■ To select another palette, press the navigation pad left/right

■ To confirm the choice, press MENU/YES

■ To cancel any changes, press PWR/NO

9.4.6 Range (extra option)

10382703;3

Figure 9.15 Range dialog box

Point to Range on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES to display the Range
dialog box.

■ To select another temperature range, press the navigation pad left/right

■ To confirm the choice, press MENU/YES

■ To cancel any changes, press PWR/NO

9.4.7 Hide graphics / Show graphics

10386803;2

Figure 9.16 Hide graphics/Show graphics command

Point to Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES to hide all
graphics currently displayed on the screen. To display the graphics again, either:

■ Point to Show graphics on the menu, or

■ Briefly press SEL, or

■ Briefly press MENU/YES, or

■ Briefly press PWR/NO

36 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

9.4 – Menu system

➲ The laser icon overrides the Hide graphics menu selection. This means that even
though Hide graphics is selected when the Laser LocatIR is lit, the laser icon will still
be displayed on the screen.

9.4.8 File

10567703;1

Figure 9.17 File menu

Figure 9.18 Explanations of the File menu

ExplanationCommand

Images

Delete image

Delete all images

Point to Images and press the joystick to display a thumbnail view
of the images in the internal camera memory. Open an image by
selecting the image using the joystick, then pressing MENU/YES.

10568903;1

Point to Delete image and press MENU/YES to delete a recalled
image.

This choice will display a confirmation box where you can either
confirm or cancel the deletion.

Point to Delete all images and press MENU/YES to delete all images.

This choice will display a confirmation box where you can either
confirm or cancel the deletion.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 37

9.4 – Menu system

ExplanationCommand

Image description

Point to Image description and press MENU/YES to display the Im­age description dialog box. Using this feature, you can add a brief

description to an image one of the following ways:

■ By sending a PocketWord file (*.psw) to the camera using a PDA

and the IrDA infrared communication link

■ By letting the camera read any value of the first label in a standard

FLIR Systems *.tcf file (text comment file) located in the camera
file system, and use this value as the image description

The image description can then be read out by other software – e.g.
FLIR Systems ThermaCAM QuickView.

➲ For information about how to create a text comment file, see
section 7.5 – Creating a text comment file on page 16

➲ Approx. 200–400 JPG images can be saved.

9.4.9 Setup

10383003;3

Figure 9.19 Setup menu

9.4.9.1 Settings

10567203;1

Figure 9.20 Settings dialog box

Figure 9.21 Explanations of the Settings dialog box

ExplanationValueLabel

Scale

■ On

■ Off

■ Select On to display the scale on the screen

■ Select Off to hide the scale

38 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

9.4 – Menu system

ExplanationValueLabel

Info field

Trigger

LCD intensity

■ On

■ Off

■ On + TRefl

■ Laser

■ Save

■ Disabled

■ One-shot autoad-

just

■ Update ref. temp.

■ Low intensity of the

LCD

■ Medium

■ High

■ Select On to display the information field at the

bottom of the screen

■ Select Off to hide the information field

■ Select On + TRefl to display the information

field and the reflected ambient temperature

■ Select Laser to activate the laser when pulling

the trigger

■ Select Save to save the current image when

pulling the trigger

■ Select Disabled to disable the trigger

■ Select One-shot autoadjust to autoadjust the

camera when pulling the trigger

■ Select Update ref. temp to update the refer-

ence temperature when pulling the trigger

If Update ref. temp. is selected:

By pulling the trigger for more than 1 second, a
dialog displaying the message Restart ref temp
at nn.n °C? will appear.

Do one of the following:

■ Select OK to purge the internal camera buffer

and begin a new sampling sequence

■ Select Cancel to leave the dialog box

■ Select Low to set the LCD intensity to the low-

est level

■ Select Medium to set the LCD intensity to

medium level

■ Select High to set the LCD intensity to the

highest level

Auto power off

■ None

■ 2 min

■ 5 min

■ 10 min

If the camera is switched on but currently not used,
it will automatically be switched off after a speci­fied time.

Set the time by pressing the navigation pad
left/right.

Display power off

■ None

■ 30 sec.

■ 60 sec.

■ 2 min.

If the camera is switched on but currently not used,
the display will automatically be switched off after
a specified time.

Set the time by pressing the navigation pad
left/right.

Prompt img. desc.

■ On

■ Off

If you want to be prompted for adding an image
description when saving an infrared image, select
On.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 39

9.4 – Menu system

➲ For protective reasons, the LCD will be switched off if the detector temperature
exceeds +60°C (+149°F) and the camera will be switched off if the detector temper­ature exceeds +68°C (+154.4°F)

9.4.9.2 Date/time

10382103;2

Figure 9.22 Date/time dialog box

Figure 9.23 Explanations of the Date/time dialog box

ExplanationLabel

1970–2036Year

1–12Month

1–31Day

Hour

■ 12 a.m.–12 p.m.

■ 1–24

The format depends on the settings in the Local Settings dialog
box.

00–59Minute

00–59Second

40 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

9.4.9.3 Local settings

10382203;3

Figure 9.24 Local settings dialog box

Figure 9.25 Explanations of the Local settings dialog box

ExplanationLabel

Configuration-dependentLanguage

9.4 – Menu system

Video output

Temp unit

Date format

Time format

Shutter period

■ NTSC

■ PAL

■ °C – degrees Celsius or

■ °F – degrees Fahrenheit

■ YYYY-MM-DD

■ YY-MM-DD

■ MM/DD/YY

■ DD/MM/YY

■ 24 hour

■ AM/PM

Press the navigation pad left/right to set the shutter period:

■ Normal: Camera calibration at least every 15th minute

■ Short: Camera calibration at least every 3rd minute

9.4.9.4 Camera info

The camera info panel shows information about memory usage, battery status, serial
numbers, software revisions, etc.

No changes can be made.

9.4.9.5 Factory default

Point to Factory default and press MENU/YES to reset all camera settings to factory
settings.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 41

10 Electrical power system

The camera’s electrical power system consists of the following parts:

■ a removable battery

■ a power supply

■ an internal battery charger

■ a stand-alone, external battery charger

The camera may powered either by using the battery, or by using the power supply.
When using the power supply, the battery will – if it’s inserted in the battery compart­ment – automatically be charged. You can still use the camera during charging.

➲ Please note the following:

■ The camera is shipped with charged batteries. To increase the battery life, the

battery should be fully discharged and charged a couple of times. You can do this
by using the camera until the battery is fully depleted.

■ The same power supply can be used for both the internal battery charger and the

external battery charger.

42 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

10306103;4

10.1 – Internal battery charging

Figure 10.1 Battery and battery compartment

Description of partCallout

Battery1

Battery cover2

Release button3

The removable battery gives an operation time of approx. 1.5–2 hours. When Battery
low is displayed on the screen it is time to charge the battery.

➲ The operation time of the camera when run on a battery is substantially shorter in
low temperatures.

10.1 Internal battery charging

To charge the battery using the internal battery charger, follow the instructions below:

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 43

10.2 – External battery charging

ActionStep

Make sure that the battery is correctly inserted into the camera.1

Connect the power cable to the camera.2

3

10305803;2

Figure 10.2 Battery full symbol

While charging, the battery status symbol will pulse until the battery is fully
charged. When the battery is fully charged the battery symbol will stop pulsing
and be completely filled.

10.2 External battery charging

You can also charge the battery by using the external battery charger. The battery
status during charging is indicated by a number of LEDs.

10379503;3

Figure 10.3 Stand-alone, external battery charger

44 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

10379603;4

Figure 10.4 LED indicators on the external battery charger

Figure 10.5 LED indicators – explanations of callouts

no battery is inserted

a battery is inserted

warm

10.3 – Battery safety warnings

Color & modeLED indicator no.Situation

Fixed red light1The charger is under power, but

Fixed green light1The charger is under power, and

Flashing green light1The battery is too cold or too

Flashing red light1The battery is out of order

5-2The battery is now being

charged

Pulsing green light from LED no.
5 to LED no. 2

Each LED represents 25% bat­tery capacity and will be lit ac­cordingly.

10.3 Battery safety warnings

■ Do not place the battery in fire or heat the battery.

■ Do not install the battery backwards so that the polarity is reversed.

■ Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to

each other with any metal object (such as wire).

■ Do not pierce the battery with nails, strike the battery with a hammer, step on the

battery, or otherwise subject it to strong impacts or shocks.

■ Do not solder directly onto the battery.

■ Do not expose the battery to water or salt water, or allow the battery to get wet.

■ Do not disassemble or modify the battery. The battery contains safety and protec-

tion devices which, if damaged, may cause the battery to generate heat, explode
or ignite.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 45

10.3 – Battery safety warnings

■ Do not place the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature loca-

tions.

■ When the battery is worn out, insulate the terminals with adhesive tape or similar

materials before disposal.

■ Immediately discontinue use of the battery if, while using, charging, or storing the

battery, the battery emits an unusual smell, feels hot, changes color, changes shape,
or appears abnormal in any other way. Contact your sales location if any of these
problems are observed.

■ In the event that the battery leaks and the fluid gets into one’s eye, do not rub the

eye. Rinse well with water and immediately seek medical care. If left untreated the
battery fluid could cause damage to the eye.

■ When charging the battery, only use a specified battery charger.

■ Do not attach the batteries to a power supply plug or directly to a car’s cigarette

lighter.

■ Do not place the batteries in or near fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery

becomes hot, the built-in safety equipment is activated, preventing the battery
from charging further, and heating the battery can destroy the safety equipment
and can cause additional heating, breaking, or ignition of the battery.

■ Do not continue charging the battery if it does not recharge within the specified

charging time. Doing so may cause the battery to become hot, explode, or ignite.

■ The temperature range over which the battery can be charged is 0–+45°C

(+32–+113°F). Charging the battery at temperatures outside of this range may
cause the battery to become hot or to break. Charging the battery outside of this
temperature range may also harm the performance of the battery or reduce the
battery’s life expectancy.

■ Do not discharge the battery using any device except for the specified device.

When the battery is used in devices aside from the specified device it may damage
the performance of the battery or reduce its life expectancy, and if the device
causes an abnormal current to flow, it may cause the battery to become hot, ex­plode, or ignite and cause serious injury.

■ The temperature range over which the battery can be discharged is -15–+45°C

(+18.8–+113°F). Use of the battery outside of this temperature range may damage
the performance of the battery or may reduce its life expectancy.

46 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

11 Maintenance & cleaning

11.1 Camera body, cables & accessories

The camera body, cables and accessories may be cleaned by wiping with a soft cloth.
To remove stains, wipe with a soft cloth moistened with a mild detergent solution
and wrung dry, then wipe with a dry soft cloth.

➲ Do not use benzene, thinner, or any other chemical product on the camera, the
cables or the accessories, as this may cause deterioration.

11.2 Lenses

All lenses are coated with an anti-reflective coating and care must be taken when
cleaning them. Cotton wool soaked in 96% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) may be used to
clean the lenses. The lenses should be wiped once with the solution, then the cotton
wool should be discarded.

If ethyl alcohol is unavailable, DEE (i.e. ‘ether’ = diethylether, C4H10O) may be used
for cleaning.

Sometimes drying marks may appear on the lenses. To prevent this, a cleaning solution
of 50% acetone (i.e. dimethylketone, (CH3)2CO)) and 50% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)
may be used.

➲ Please note the following:

■ Excessive cleaning of the lenses may wear down the coating.

■ The chemical substances described in this section may be dangerous. Carefully

read all warning labels on containers before using the substances, as well as ap­plicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets).

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 47

12 Troubleshooting

SolutionPossible reasonProblem

The LCD displays no image
at all.

but it is of poor quality.

The camera may have been switched off
automatically due the settings in the Set-
tings dialog box.

The LCD may have been switched off auto­matically due to the settings in the Settings
dialog box.

There is no battery in the battery compart­ment.

ment, but the battery is depleted.

If you are using the power supply, the
connector may not be properly inserted
into the power connector on the camera.

If you are using the power supply, the
mains plug may not be properly plugged
in into a mains supply.

If you are using the power supply, the
mains cable may not be properly plugged
in into the power supply.

The camera needs to be autoadjusted.

Press PWR/NO to switch on
the camera.

Press PWR/NO to switch on
the camera.

Insert a fully charged bat­tery.

Charge the battery.There is a battery in the battery compart-

Verify that the power sup­ply connector is properly
inserted.

Verify that the mains plug
is properly plugged in.

Verify that the mains cable
is properly plugged in.

Change the level.The level needs to be changed.The LCD displays an image,

Change the span.The span needs to be changed

Carry out an autoadjust
maneuver.

If your camera features an
additional range, change
the range.

Change the palette.A different palette may be more suitable

Focus the camera by rotat­ing the focus ring on the
lens.

Change the contrast of the
LCD.

but it is blurry.

The LCD displays an image,
but it is of low contrast.

The target may be hotter or colder than
the temperature range you are currently
using.

for imaging the target than the one you
are currently using.

The target may be out of focus.The LCD displays an image,

The contrast of the LCD may have accident­ly been set to too low a value.

48 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

SolutionPossible reasonProblem

The trigger button does
not work as expected.

The trigger button does
not work at all.

When connecting the in­frared camera to an exter­nal video monitor, no im­age appears.

The LCD does not display
the correct date & time.

any more images in the
camera.

The function of the trigger button may
have accidently been changed.

been disabled.

The video cable connector may not be
properly inserted into the video connector
on the camera.

The video cable connector may not be
properly inserted into the video connector
on the external monitor.

set to PAL video format, while the external
video monitor is set to NTSC video format,
and vice versa.

set to the wrong date & time.

The internal flash memory may be full.It is not possible to store

Change the function of the
trigger button.

Enable the trigger button.The trigger button may have accidentally

Verify that the video con­nector is properly inserted.

Verify that the video con­nector is properly inserted.

Change the video format.The camera may have accidentally been

Change the date & time.The camera may have accidentally been

To be able to save more
images, download the im­ages to your computer us­ing ThermaCAM Quick­View.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 49

13 Technical specifications &

dimensional drawings

➲ FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts and accessories, and
other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice.

13.1 Imaging performance

0.3 m (0.98 ft.)Minimum focus distance (25° lens)

ManualFocus

Approx. 15 secondsStart-up time

< 1 second @ +25°C (+77°F)Start-up time from stand-by

Detector type

13.2 Image presentation

Video output

13.3 Temperature range

13.4 Laser LocatIR

Type

Focal Plane Array (FPA), uncooled microbolometer

160×120 pixels

7.5–13μmSpectral range

2.5" color LCD, 16-bit colorsDisplay

Composite video CVBS (ITU-R BT.470 PAL/SMPTE
170M NTSC)

-20–+250 °C (-4–+482 °F)Temperature range, standard

+120–+900 °C (+248–+1652 °F)Temperature range, extra option

± 2°C / ± 3.6°F or ± 2% of readingAccuracy

Class 2Classification

Semiconductor AlGaInP diode laser,

1 mW/635 nm (red)

50 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

13.5 Electrical power system

13.5 – Electrical power system

Rechargeable Li/Ion batteryBattery type

1.5 hours. Display shows battery statusBattery operating time

Battery charging

Power management

Internal, AC adapter, or 12 VDC car adapter.

2-bay desktop charger.

AC adapter, 90–260 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 12 VDC outAC operation

11–16 VDCVoltage

Automatic shut-down and sleep mode (user-se­lectable)

13.6 Environmental specifications

-15–+45°C (+5–+113°F)Operating temperature range

-40–+70°C (-40–+158°F)Storage temperature range

Humidity

EMC

Operating & storage, 10–95%, non-condensing,
IEC 359.

IP 54Encapsulation

25 g, IEC 68-2-29Shock

2 g, IEC 68-2-6Vibration

EN 50081-2 (emission)
EN 50082-2 (immunity)

13.7 Physical specifications

0.7 kg (1.54 lb), including batteryWeight

Size (L×W×H)

246×80×135 mm (9.7×3.2×5.3") with 17 mm
lens

Standard, 1/4"-20Tripod mount

Plastics & rubberHousing

13.8 Communications interfaces

USB

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 51

Image transfer to PC
USB Rev 2.0 (full speed 12 Mbit)

13.9 – Pin configurations

Image transfer to PCRS-232 (optional)

13.9 Pin configurations

13.9.1 RS-232/USB connector

10384403;4

Figure 13.1 Pin configuration – RS-232/USB (on camera – operator’s side)

Figure 13.2 Pin configuration

Signal namePin

USB -1

RS-232_TX2

GND3

N/C4

USB POWER5

USB +6

N/C7

RS-232_RX8

52 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

13.9 – Pin configurations

13.9.2 Power connector

10402503;1

Figure 13.3 Pin configuration for power connector (on camera – operator’s side). A: Center pin; B: Chassis

2.5 mm DCConnector type:

Pin numberTypeSignal name

CENTER PINPOWER+12V

CHASSISPOWERGND

13.9.3 CVBS connector

10402503;1

Figure 13.4 Pin configuration for CVBS connector (on camera – operator’s side). A: Center pin; B: Chassis

RCA/PHONOConnector type:

Pin numberTypeSignal name

CENTER PINVIDEOCVBS

CHASSISPOWERGND

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 53

13.10 – Relationship between fields of view and distance

13.10 Relationship between fields of view and distance

10402003;1

Figure 13.5 Relationship between fields of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical
field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instantaneous field of view (size of one detector
element).

10564503;1

Figure 13.6 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D = distance
to target. 36 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 215 only.

54 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

13.10 – Relationship between fields of view and distance

10564803;1

Figure 13.7 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D = distance
to target. 17 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 215 only.

10565103;1

Figure 13.8 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D = distance
to target. 9.2 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 215 only.

10564603;1

Figure 13.9 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D = distance
to target. 36 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 243 only.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 55

13.10 – Relationship between fields of view and distance

10564903;1

Figure 13.10 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D =
distance to target. 17 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 243 only.

10565203;1

Figure 13.11 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D =
distance to target. 9.2 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 243 only.

10564703;1

Figure 13.12 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D =
distance to target. 36 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 247 only.

56 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

13.10 – Relationship between fields of view and distance

10565003;1

Figure 13.13 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D =
distance to target. 17 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 247 only.

10563603;1

Figure 13.14 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D =
distance to target. 9.2 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 247 only.

Figure 13.15 F-number and close focus limits for various lenses

9.2 mm17 mm36 mmIR lens →

0.010.300.70Close focus limit (m)

0.030.982.30Close focus limit (ft.)

1.21.21.2f-number

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 57

13.11 – Camera – dimensional drawing (36 mm IR lens)

13.11 Camera – dimensional drawing (36 mm IR lens)

10384503;3

Figure 13.16 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 36 mm IR lens.

58 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

13.12 – Camera – dimensional drawing (17 mm IR lens)

13.12 Camera – dimensional drawing (17 mm IR lens)

10384603;3

Figure 13.17 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 17 mm IR lens.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 59

13.13 – Camera – dimensional drawing (9.2 mm IR lens)

13.13 Camera – dimensional drawing (9.2 mm IR lens)

10384703;3

Figure 13.18 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 9.2 mm IR lens.

60 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

13.14 – Battery charger – dimensional drawing

13.14 Battery charger – dimensional drawing

10387403;3

Figure 13.19 Overall dimensions of the battery charger

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 61

13.15 – Battery – dimensional drawing

13.15 Battery – dimensional drawing

10387503;3

Figure 13.20 Overall dimensions of the battery

62 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

14 Glossary

Figure 14.1 Glossary of common infrared terms & expressions

ExplanationTerm or expression

absorption (absorption factor)

ambient

atmosphere

autoadjust

autopalette

blackbody

blackbody radiator

calculated atmospheric transmission

cavity radiator

color temperature

The amount of radiation absorbed by an object
relative to the received radiation. A number be­tween 0 and 1.

Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the
object being measured.

The gases between the object being measured
and the camera, normally air.

A function making a camera perform an internal
image correction.

The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of
colors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones
at the same time.

Totally non-reflective object. All its radiation is due
to its own temperature.

An IR radiating equipment with blackbody proper­ties used to calibrate IR cameras.

A transmission value computed from the temper­ature, the relative humidity of air and the distance
to the object.

A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside,
viewed through the bottleneck.

The temperature for which the color of a black­body matches a specific color.

The process that makes heat spread into a material.conduction

continuous adjust

difference temperature

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 63

A function that adjusts the image. The function
works all the time, continuously adjusting bright­ness and contrast according to the image content.

The process that makes hot air or liquid rise.convection

A value which is the result of a subtraction be­tween two temperature values.

An isotherm with two color bands, instead of one.dual isotherm

ExplanationTerm or expression

emissivity (emissivity factor)

emittance

estimated atmospheric transmission

external optics

filter

FOV

graybody

IFOV

image correction (internal or external)

The amount of radiation coming from an object,
compared to that of a blackbody. A number be­tween 0 and 1.

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit
of time and area (W/m2)

A transmission value, supplied by a user, replacing
a calculated one

Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be
put between the camera and the object being
measured.

A material transparent only to some of the infrared
wavelengths.

Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be
viewed through an IR lens.

Focal plane array: A type of IR detector.FPA

An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount
of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength.

Instantaneous field of view: A measure of the
geometrical resolution of an IR camera.

A way of compensating for sensitivity differences
in various parts of live images and also of stabiliz­ing the camera.

infrared

isotherm

isothermal cavity

Laser LocatIR

Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from
about 2–13 μm.

infraredIR

A function highlighting those parts of an image
that fall above, below or between one or more
temperature intervals.

A bottle-shaped radiator with a uniform tempera­ture viewed through the bottleneck.

An electrically powered light source on the camera
that emits laser radiation in a thin, concentrated
beam to point at certain parts of the object in front
of the camera.

64 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

ExplanationTerm or expression

laser pointer

level

manual adjust

NETD

object parameters

object signal

pixel

radiance

An electrically powered light source on the camera
that emits laser radiation in a thin, concentrated
beam to point at certain parts of the object in front
of the camera.

The center value of the temperature scale, usually
expressed as a signal value.

A way to adjust the image by manually changing
certain parameters.

Noise equivalent temperature difference. A mea­sure of the image noise level of an IR camera.

Undesired small disturbance in the infrared imagenoise

A set of values describing the circumstances under
which the measurement of an object was made,
and the object itself. (such as emissivity, ambient
temperature, distance etc.)

A non-calibrated value related to the amount of
radiation received by the camera from the object.

The set of colors used to display an IR image.palette

Stands for picture element. One single spot in an
image.

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit
of time, area and angle (W/m2/sr)

radiant power

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit
of time (W)

radiation

The process by which electromagnetic energy is
emitted by an object or a gas.

A piece of IR radiating equipment.radiator

range

The current overall temperature measurement
limitation of an IR camera. Cameras can have sev­eral ranges. Expressed as two blackbody tempera­tures that limit the current calibration.

reference temperature

A temperature which the ordinary measured val­ues can be compared with.

reflection

The amount of radiation reflected by an object
relative to the received radiation. A number be­tween 0 and 1.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 65

ExplanationTerm or expression

relative humidity

saturation color

span

spectral (radiant) emittance

temperature range

temperature scale

transmission (or transmittance) (factor)

Percentage of water in the air, relative to what is
physically possible. Air temperature dependent.

The areas that contain temperatures outside the
present level/span settings are colored with the
saturation colors. The saturation colors contain an
‘overflow’ color and an ‘underflow’ color.

There is also a third red saturation color that marks
everything saturated by the detector indicating
that the range should probably be changed.

The interval of the temperature scale, usually ex­pressed as a signal value.

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit
of time, area and wavelength (W/m2/μm)

The current overall temperature measurement
limitation of an IR camera. Cameras can have sev­eral ranges. Expressed as two blackbody tempera­tures that limit the current calibration.

The way in which an IR image currently is dis­played. Expressed as two temperature values lim­iting the colors.

infrared imagethermogram

Gases and materials can be more or less transpar­ent. Transmission is the amount of IR radiation
passing through them. A number between 0 and

1.

transparent isotherm

An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors, in­stead of covering the highlighted parts of the im­age.

66 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

15 Thermographic measurement

techniques

15.1 Introduction

An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object.
The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible
for the camera to calculate and display this temperature.

However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem­perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates
from the surroundings and is reflected in the object. The radiation from the object
and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere.

To measure temperature accurately, it is therefore necessary to compensate for the
effects of a number of different radiation sources. This is done on-line automatically
by the camera. The following object parameters must, however, be supplied for the
camera:

■ The emissivity of the object

■ The reflected temperature

■ The distance between the object and the camera

■ The relative humidity

15.2 Emissivity

The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which, in short,
is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object, compared to that
from a perfect blackbody.

Normally, object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from
approximately 0.1 to 0.95. A highly polished (mirror) surface falls below 0.1, while an
oxidized or painted surface has much higher emissivity. Oil-based paint, regardless
of color in the visible spectrum, has an emissivity over 0.9 in the infrared. Human skin
exhibits an emissivity close to 1.

Non-oxidized metals represent an extreme case of almost perfect opacity and high
spectral reflexivity, which does not vary greatly with wavelength. Consequently, the
emissivity of metals is low – only increasing with temperature. For non-metals,
emissivity tends to be high, and decreases with temperature.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 67

15.3 – Reflected temperature

15.2.1 Finding the emissivity of an object

15.2.1.1 Using a thermocouple

Select a reference point and measure its temperature using a thermocouple. Alter
the emissivity until the temperature measured by the camera agrees with the ther­mocouple reading. This is the emissivity value of the reference object. However, the
temperature of the reference object must not be too close to the ambient temperature
for this to work.

15.2.1.2 Using reference emissivity

A tape or paint of a known emissivity should be put onto the object. Measure the
temperature of the tape/paint using the camera, setting emissivity to the correct
value. Note the temperature. Alter emissivity, until the area with the unknown emis­sivity adjacent to the tape/paint has the same temperature reading. The emissivity
value can now be read. The temperature of the reference object must not be too
close to the ambient temperature for this to work either.

15.3 Reflected temperature

This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object and
the radiation emitted from the atmosphere between the camera and the object.

If the emissivity is low, the distance very long and the object temperature relatively
close to that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflect­ed temperature correctly.

68 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

16 History of infrared technology

Less than 200 years ago the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum,
or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less
obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.

10398703;1

Figure 16.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822)

The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material. Sir
William Herschel – Royal Astronomer to King George III of England, and already famous
for his discovery of the planet Uranus – was searching for an optical filter material to
reduce the brightness of the sun’s image in telescopes during solar observations.
While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in
brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the
sun’s heat, while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a
few seconds’ observation.

Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment,
with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction
in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat. He began the experiment
by actually repeating Newton’s prism experiment, but looking for the heating effect
rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum. He first blackened the
bulb of a sensitive mercury-in-glass thermometer with ink, and with this as his radiation
detector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum
formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism. Other ther­mometers, placed outside the sun’s rays, served as controls.

As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum,
the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red
end. This was not entirely unexpected, since the Italian researcher, Landriani, in a
similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect. It was Herschel,
however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 69

effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion
of the spectrum failed to locate this point.

10398903;1

Figure 16.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815)

Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum,
Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase. The maximum point,
when he found it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infrared
wavelengths’.

When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electro­magnetic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes
referred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to
popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only
began to appear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive
credit as the originator.

Herschel’s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early con­troversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wave­lengths. Different investigators, in attempting to confirm his work, used various types
of glass indiscriminately, having different transparencies in the infrared. Through his
later experiments, Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the
newly-discovered thermal radiation, and he was forced to conclude that optics for
the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively
(i.e. plane and curved mirrors). Fortunately, this proved to be true only until 1830,
when the Italian investigator, Melloni, made his great discovery that naturally occurring
rock salt (NaCl) – which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into
lenses and prisms – is remarkably transparent to the infrared. The result was that rock
salt became the principal infrared optical material, and remained so for the next
hundred years, until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930’s.

70 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

10399103;1

Figure 16.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854)

Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year
Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to

0.2°C (0.036°F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05°C (0.09°F)). Then a
breakthrough occurred; Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to
form the first thermopile. The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the
best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation – capable of detecting the
heat from a person standing three meters away.

The first so-called ‘heat-picture’ became possible in 1840, the result of work by Sir
John Herschel, son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his
own right. Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed
to a heat pattern focused upon it, the thermal image could be seen by reflected light
where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye. Sir
John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper, which
he called a ‘thermograph’.

10399003;2

Figure 16.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906)

The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major
breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 71

consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone
bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive
galvanometer responded. This instrument is said to have been able to detect the
heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters.

An English scientist, Sir James Dewar, first introduced the use of liquefied gases as
cooling agents (such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196°C (-320.8°F)) in
low temperature research. In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container
in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days. The common ‘thermos
bottle’, used for storing hot and cold drinks, is based upon his invention.

Between the years 1900 and 1920, the inventors of the world ‘discovered’ the infrared.
Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel, artillery, aircraft, ships –
and even icebergs. The first operating systems, in the modern sense, began to be
developed during the 1914–18 war, when both sides had research programs devoted
to the military exploitation of the infrared. These programs included experimental
systems for enemy intrusion/detection, remote temperature sensing, secure commu­nications, and ‘flying torpedo’ guidance. An infrared search system tested during this
period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1.5 km (0.94 miles),
or a person more than 300 meters (984 ft.) away.

The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the
bolometer idea, but the period between the two wars saw the development of two
revolutionary new infrared detectors: the image converter and the photon detector.
At first, the image converter received the greatest attention by the military, because
it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally ‘see in the dark’. However,
the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths,
and the most interesting military targets (i.e. enemy soldiers) had to be illuminated
by infrared search beams. Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer’s
position to a similarly-equipped enemy observer, it is understandable that military
interest in the image converter eventually faded.

The tactical military disadvantages of so-called 'active’ (i.e. search beam-equipped)
thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939–45 war for extensive
secret military infrared-research programs into the possibilities of developing ‘passive’
(no search beam) systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector. During
this period, military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status
of infrared-imaging technology. This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of
the 1950’s, and from that time adequate thermal-imaging devices finally began to
be available to civilian science and industry.

72 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

17 Theory of thermography

17.1 Introduction

The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still
new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind
thermography will be given.

17.2 The electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re­gions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the
radiation. There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands
of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are all governed by the same laws and the
only differences are those due to differences in wavelength.

10067803;1

Figure 17.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. 1:X-ray; 2: UV; 3:Visible; 4: IR; 5: Microwaves; 6:Radiowaves.

Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band. At the short-wavelength end
the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception, in the deep red. At the long­wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths, in the millimeter
range.

The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands, the boundaries
of which are also arbitrarily chosen. They include: the near infrared (0.75–3 μm), the

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 73

17.3 – Blackbody radiation

middle infrared (3–6 μm), the far infrared (6–15 μm) and the extreme infrared (15–100

μm). Although the wavelengths are given in μm (micrometers), other units are often
still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region, e.g. nanometer (nm) and
Ångström (Å).

The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is:

17.3 Blackbody radiation

A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it
at any wavelength. The apparent misnomer blackrelating to an object emitting radi­ation is explained by Kirchhoff’s Law (after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, 1824–1887), which
states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally
capable in the emission of radiation.

10398803;1

Figure 17.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)

The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation
characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing
material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical applica­tion of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of
a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides. Any radiation which
then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an in­finitesimal fraction can possibly escape. The blackness which is obtained at the
aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths.

By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is
termed a cavity radiator. An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gen­erates blackbody radiation, the characteristics of which are determined solely by the
temperature of the cavity. Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of ra­diation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo­graphic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example.

74 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

17.3 – Blackbody radiation

If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the
source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the
incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow
as the temperature increases further. In fact, the definition of the so-called color
temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be
heated to have the same appearance.

Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody.

17.3.1 Planck’s law

10399203;1

Figure 17.3 Max Planck (1858–1947)

Max Planck(1858–1947) was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation
from a blackbody by means of the following formula:

where:

W

λb

c

h

k

T

λ

Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ.

Velocity of light = 3 × 108m/s

Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10

Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10

Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody.

Wavelength (μm).

-34

Joule sec.

-23

Joule/K.

➲ The factor 10-6is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in
Watt/m2m. If the factor is excluded, the dimension will be Watt/m2μm.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 75

17.3 – Blackbody radiation

Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a
family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero
at λ = 0, then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength λ

and after passing

max

it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths. The higher the temperature, the
shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs.

10327103;3

Figure 17.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolute
temperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2× 103(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm)

17.3.2 Wien’s displacement law

By differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we
have:

This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathemati-
cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the
temperature of a thermal radiator increases. The wavelength of the color is the same
as the wavelength calculated for λ

. A good approximation of the value of λ

max

max

for
a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule-of-thumb 3 000/T
μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates
with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet
spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm.

76 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

17.3 – Blackbody radiation

10399403;1

Figure 17.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)

The sun (approx. 6 000K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle
of the visible light spectrum.

At room temperature (300K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far
infrared, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77K) the maximum of the almost
insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared
wavelengths.

10327203;3

Figure 17.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100K to 1000K. The dotted line represents
the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law.
1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2 (μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm).

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 77

17.3 – Blackbody radiation

17.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law

By integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emit­tance (Wb) of a blackbody:

This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig
Boltzmann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is
proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Graphically, Wbrepre­sents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature. It can be shown
that the radiant emittance in the interval λ = 0 to λ

is only 25% of the total, which

max

represents about the amount of the sun’s radiation which lies inside the visible light
spectrum.

10399303;1

Figure 17.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)

Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human
body, at a temperature of 300K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain
1 kW. This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating ab­sorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not
vary too drastically from the temperature of the body – or, of course, the addition of
clothing.

17.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters

So far, only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed. How­ever, real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength
region – although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral in­tervals. For example, a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the
visible light spectrum, but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 μm, and beyond 3 μm
it is almost black.

There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like
a blackbody: a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may
be reflected, and a fraction τ may be transmitted. Since all of these factors are more

78 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

17.3 – Blackbody radiation

or less wavelength dependent, the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral depen­dence of their definitions. Thus:

■ The spectral absorptance α

= the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by

λ

an object to that incident upon it.

■ The spectral reflectance ρ

= the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by

λ

an object to that incident upon it.

■ The spectral transmittance τ

= the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted

λ

through an object to that incident upon it.

The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength,
so we have the relation:

For opaque materials τλ= 0 and the relation simplifies to:

Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant
emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we
have the definition:

The spectral emissivity ελ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to
that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength.

Expressed mathematically, this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance
of the object to that of a blackbody as follows:

Generally speaking, there are three types of radiation source, distinguished by the
ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength.

■ A blackbody, for which ε

■ A graybody, for which ε

■ A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength

= ε = 1

λ

= ε = constant less than 1

λ

According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab­sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is:

From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ+ ρλ= 1):

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 79

17.3 – Blackbody radiation

For highly polished materials ελapproaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting
material (i.e. a perfect mirror) we have:

For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes:

This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at
the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody.

10401203;1

Figure 17.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2:
Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody.

80 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

17.4 – Infrared semi-transparent materials

10327303;3

Figure 17.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black-
body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator.

17.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials

Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick
flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its
volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is
partially absorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected
back into the interior. The back-reflected radiation is again partially absorbed, but
some of it arrives at the other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is
reflected back again. Although the progressive reflections become weaker and
weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought.
When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi­transparent plate is obtained as:

When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:

This last relation is a particularly convenient one, because it is often easier to measure
reflectance than to measure emissivity directly.

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 81

18 Emissivity tables

This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and
FLIR Systems’s own measurements.

18.1 References

Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y.1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison, Wisconsin: University
of Wisconsin – Extension, Department of Engineering and Applied Science.

William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

Jones, Smith, Probert: External thermography of buildings..., Proc. of the Society of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol.110, Industrial and Civil Applications
of Infrared Technology, June 1977 London.

Paljak, Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings, Swedish Building Research Institute,
Stockholm 1972.

Vlcek, J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at
λ = 5 µm. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.

Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather
satellites, Defence Documentation Center, AD 617 417.

Öhman, Claes: Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E-Box. Teknisk rapport, AGEMA 1999.
(Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report, AGEMA 1999.)

18.2 Tables

Figure 18.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6: Reference

654321

Aluminum

dull

Aluminum

dull

Aluminum

gray, dull

90.95LW70anodized, black,

90.67SW70anodized, black,

90.97LW70anodized, light

82 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

18.2 – Tables

654321

Aluminum

Aluminum

90.61SW70anodized, light

gray, dull

20.55T100anodized sheetAluminum

40.09T100as received, plateAluminum

20.09T100as received, sheetAluminum

90.46LW70cast, blast cleanedAluminum

90.47SW70cast, blast cleanedAluminum

40.05T100dipped in HNO3,

plate

30.093 µm27foilAluminum

30.0410 µm27foilAluminum

10.2–0.3T50–500oxidized, stronglyAluminum

10.04–0.06T50–100polishedAluminum

20.05T100polished, sheetAluminum

40.05T100polished plateAluminum

30.283 µm27roughenedAluminum

30.1810 µm27roughenedAluminum

10.06–0.07T20–50rough surfaceAluminum

Aluminum

90.03–0.06LW70sheet, 4 samples
differently
scratched

Aluminum

90.05–0.08SW70sheet, 4 samples
differently
scratched

20.04T20vacuum depositedAluminum

Aluminum

50.83–0.94SW17weathered, heavi­ly

10.60T20Aluminum bronze

10.28TpowderAluminum hydrox-

ide

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 83

18.2 – Tables

654321

10.46Tactivated, powderAluminum oxide

Aluminum oxide

Brass

10.16Tpure, powder (alu­mina)

10.96T20boardAsbestos

10.78TfabricAsbestos

70.94SW35floor tileAsbestos

10.93–0.95T40–400paperAsbestos

10.40–0.60TpowderAsbestos

10.96T20slateAsbestos

80.967LLW4Asphalt paving

10.22T20–350dull, tarnishedBrass

90.04–0.09SW70oxidizedBrass

90.03–0.07LW70oxidizedBrass

20.61T100oxidizedBrass

10.59–0.61T200–600oxidized at 600°CBrass

10.03T200polishedBrass

20.03T100polished, highlyBrass

20.20T20rubbed with 80­grit emery

10.06T20sheet, rolledBrass

Brass

with emery

Brick

glazed, rough

Brick

tory

10.2T20sheet, worked

50.68SW17aluminaBrick

50.86–0.81SW17commonBrick

10.85T1100Dinas silica,

10.66T1000Dinas silica, refrac-

84 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

18.2 – Tables

654321

Brick

Brick

Brick

Brick

Brick

Brick

10.80T1000Dinas silica,
unglazed, rough

50.68SW17firebrickBrick

10.85T20fireclayBrick

10.75T1000fireclayBrick

10.59T1200fireclayBrick

70.94SW35masonryBrick

10.94T20masonry, plas­tered

20.93T20red, commonBrick

10.88–0.93T20red, roughBrick

10.46T1000refractory, corun­dum

10.38T1000–1300refractory, magne­site

10.8–0.9T500–1000refractory, strong­ly radiating

10.65–0.75T500–1000refractory, weakly
radiating

Brick

Brick

SiO2, 64% Al2O

2

3

10.66T1230silica, 95% SiO

10.29T1500sillimanite, 33%

50.87SW17waterproofBrick

90.06LW70phosphor bronzeBronze

90.08SW70phosphor bronzeBronze

10.1T50polishedBronze

10.55T50–150porous, roughBronze

10.76–0.80TpowderBronze

20.95T20candle sootCarbon

10.96Tcharcoal powderCarbon

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 85

18.2 – Tables

654321

Carbon

Copper

Copper

Copper

20.98T20graphite, filed sur­face

10.97Tgraphite powderCarbon

10.95–0.97T20–400lampblackCarbon

60.90SW20untreatedChipboard

10.10T50polishedChromium

10.28–0.38T500–1000polishedChromium

10.91T70firedClay

10.98T20blackCloth

20.92T20Concrete

70.95SW36dryConcrete

50.97SW17roughConcrete

80.974LLW5walkwayConcrete

10.07T20commercial, bur­nished

10.018T80electrolytic, care­fully polished

40.006T–34electrolytic, pol­ished

10.13–0.15T1100–1300moltenCopper

10.6–0.7T50oxidizedCopper

40.78T27oxidized, blackCopper

20.78T20oxidized, heavilyCopper

Copper

ness

Copper

cial

10.88Toxidized to black-

10.02T50–100polishedCopper

20.03T100polishedCopper

40.03T27polished, commer-

86 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

18.2 – Tables

654321

Copper

Copper

40.015T22polished, mechan­ical

40.008T22pure, carefully
prepared surface

40.07T27scrapedCopper

10.84TpowderCopper dioxide

10.70Tred, powderCopper oxide

10.89TEbonite

10.85T80coarseEmery

10.9T20Enamel

10.85–0.95T20lacquerEnamel

60.85SW20hard, untreatedFiber board

90.88LW70masoniteFiber board

90.75SW70masoniteFiber board

90.89LW70particle boardFiber board

90.77SW70particle boardFiber board

60.85SW20porous, untreatedFiber board

10.018T130polishedGold

10.02–0.03T200–600polished, carefullyGold

20.02T100polished, highlyGold

80.849LLW20polishedGranite

80.879LLW21roughGranite

Granite

90.77–0.87LW70rough, 4 different
samples

Granite

90.95–0.97SW70rough, 4 different
samples

10.8–0.9T20Gypsum

Ice: See Water

Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004 87

18.2 – Tables

654321

10.81T50castingIron, cast

10.95T1000ingotsIron, cast

10.28T1300liquidIron, cast

10.60–0.70T800–1000machinedIron, cast

40.63T38oxidizedIron, cast

20.64T100oxidizedIron, cast

40.66T260oxidizedIron, cast

40.76T538oxidizedIron, cast

10.64–0.78T200–600oxidized at 600°CIron, cast

40.21T38polishedIron, cast

20.21T40polishedIron, cast

10.21T200polishedIron, cast

10.87–0.95T900–1100unworkedIron, cast

90.09LW70cold rolledIron and steel

90.20SW70cold rolledIron and steel

Iron and steel

rust

Iron and steel

fully polished

Iron and steel

with emery

Iron and steel

sheet

10.61–0.85T20covered with red

40.05T22electrolyticIron and steel

40.05T100electrolyticIron and steel

40.07T260electrolyticIron and steel

10.05–0.06T175–225electrolytic, care-

10.24T20freshly worked

10.55–0.61T950–1100ground sheetIron and steel

20.69T20heavily rusted

10.77T20hot rolledIron and steel

88 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

18.2 – Tables

654321

10.60T130hot rolledIron and steel

10.74T100oxidizedIron and steel

40.74T100oxidizedIron and steel

10.78–0.82T125–525oxidizedIron and steel

20.79T200oxidizedIron and steel

40.89T1227oxidizedIron and steel

10.80T200–600oxidizedIron and steel

10.88T50oxidized stronglyIron and steel

10.98T500oxidized stronglyIron and steel

20.07T100polishedIron and steel

10.14–0.38T400–1000polishedIron and steel

10.52–0.56T750–1050polished sheetIron and steel

10.24T20rolled, freshlyIron and steel

10.56T50rolled sheetIron and steel

Iron and steel

10.95–0.98T50rough, plane sur­face

50.96SW17rusted, heavilyIron and steel

40.69T22rusted red, sheetIron and steel

10.69T20rusty, redIron and steel

10.16T150shiny, etchedIron and steel

Iron and steel

10.82T20shiny oxide layer,
sheet,

Iron and steel

10.28T40–250wrought, carefully
polished

90.85LW70heavily oxidizedIron galvanized

90.64SW70heavily oxidizedIron galvanized

40.07T92sheetIron galvanized

10.23T30sheet, burnishedIron galvanized

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18.2 – Tables

654321

10.28T20sheet, oxidizedIron galvanized

40.064T24sheetIron tinned

Lacquer

Lacquer

Lacquer

Lacquer

90.92–0.94LW703 colors sprayed
on Aluminum

90.50–0.53SW703 colors sprayed
on Aluminum

10.4T20Aluminum on
rough surface

10.83T80bakeliteLacquer

10.96–0.98T40–100black, dullLacquer

20.97T100black, matteLacquer

10.87T20black, shiny,
sprayed on iron

10.92T100heat–resistantLacquer

10.8–0.95T40–100whiteLacquer

20.92T100whiteLacquer

10.28T20oxidized, grayLead

40.28T22oxidized, grayLead

10.63T200oxidized at 200°CLead

10.08T250shinyLead

Lead

ished

40.05T100unoxidized, pol-

40.93T100Lead red

10.93T100Lead red, powder

10.75–0.80TtannedLeather

10.3–0.4TLime

40.07T22Magnesium

40.13T260Magnesium

40.18T538Magnesium

90 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004

der

18.2 – Tables

654321

20.07T20polishedMagnesium

10.86TMagnesium pow-

10.08–0.13T600–1000Molybdenum

10.19–0.26T1500–2200Molybdenum

10.1–0.3T700–2500filamentMolybdenum

50.87SW17Mortar

70.94SW36dryMortar

10.25T700rolledNichrome

10.70T700sandblastedNichrome

10.65T50wire, cleanNichrome

10.71–0.79T500–1000wire, cleanNichrome

10.95–0.98T50–500wire, oxidizedNichrome

40.041T122bright matteNickel

Nickel

10.045T100commercially
pure, polished

Nickel

10.07–0.09T200–400commercially
pure, polished

40.04T22electrolyticNickel

40.06T38electrolyticNickel

40.07T260electrolyticNickel

40.10T538electrolyticNickel

Nickel

20.05T20electroplated, pol­ished

Nickel

40.045T22electroplated on
iron, polished

Nickel

10.11–0.40T20electroplated on
iron, unpolished

Nickel

40.11T22electroplated on
iron, unpolished

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20.37T200oxidizedNickel

40.37T227oxidizedNickel

40.85T1227oxidizedNickel

10.37–0.48T200–600oxidized at 600°CNickel

40.045T122polishedNickel

10.1–0.2T200–1000wireNickel

10.52–0.59T500–650Nickel oxide

10.75–0.86T1000–1250Nickel oxide

20.27T200.025 mm filmOil, lubricating

20.46T200.050 mm filmOil, lubricating

20.72T200.125 mm filmOil, lubricating

Oil, lubricating

Paint

Paint

Paint

20.05T20film on Ni base: Ni
base only

20.82T20thick coatingOil, lubricating

90.92–0.94LW708 different colors
and qualities

90.88–0.96SW708 different colors
and qualities

10.27–0.67T50–100Aluminum, vari­ous ages

10.28–0.33Tcadmium yellowPaint

10.65–0.70Tchrome greenPaint

10.7–0.8Tcobalt bluePaint

50.87SW17oilPaint

60.94SW20oil, black flatPaint

60.92SW20oil, black glossPaint

60.97SW20oil, gray flatPaint

60.96SW20oil, gray glossPaint

92 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004