FLIR A3 SERIES, A6 SERIES Installation Manual

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Installation Manual

FLIR A3XX series FLIR A6XX series

T559498Publ. No. a461Revision English (EN)Language August 19, 2010Issue date

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Installation Manual

Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010

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Legal disclaimer

All products manufactured by FLIR Systemsarewarranted against defectivematerialsandworkmanship for aperiodof one(1)year from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction.

Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particular supplier only. FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.

The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal conditions of operation. Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty.

In the case of adefect inaproduct coveredbythis warrantytheproduct must notbe furtherusedin order toprevent additional damage.The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply.

FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.

FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above. No other warranty is expressed or implied. FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a

particular purpose. FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidentalor consequential loss or damage, whether basedon contract, tort

or any other legal theory. This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law. Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty, shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with

the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm. The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English.

© 2010, FLIRSystems. All rights reservedworldwide. No parts ofthesoftware including source codemaybe reproduced, transmitted, transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems.

This documentation must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent, in writing, from FLIR Systems.

Names and marks appearing on the products herein are eitherregistered trademarksor trademarksof FLIR Systems and/or its subsidiaries. All othertrademarks,trade names or companynames referenced herein areusedfor identification only andarethe property of theirrespective owners.

Quality assurance

The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard.

FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice.

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11 Warnings & Cautions .....................................................................................................................

32 Notice to user ..................................................................................................................................

53 Customer help ................................................................................................................................

64 Documentation updates .................................................................................................................

75 Important note about this manual .................................................................................................

86 Overview of camera models ..........................................................................................................

86.1 FLIR A300 .............................................................................................................................

96.2 FLIR A310 .............................................................................................................................

106.3 FLIR A315 .............................................................................................................................

116.4 FLIR A320 Tempscreen ........................................................................................................

126.5 FLIR A615 .............................................................................................................................

137 Packing list ......................................................................................................................................

148 Installation .......................................................................................................................................

148.1 General information ..............................................................................................................

158.2 System requirements ...........................................................................................................

168.3 Installation .............................................................................................................................

179 Mechanical installation ..................................................................................................................

179.1 Installation of fixed cameras .................................................................................................

189.2 Mounting and removing lenses (FLIR A3XX series) ............................................................

189.2.1 Mounting an additional infrared lens ....................................................................

199.2.2 Removing an additional infrared lens ...................................................................

209.3 Mounting and removing lenses (FLIR A6XX series) ............................................................

209.3.1 Removing an infrared lens ....................................................................................

219.3.2 Mounting an infrared lens .....................................................................................

2210 Connectors, controls, and indicators ...........................................................................................

2611 Example system overviews ...........................................................................................................

2912 Temperature screening ..................................................................................................................

3113 Cleaning the camera ......................................................................................................................

3113.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items ...........................................................................

3213.2 Infrared lens ..........................................................................................................................

3313.3 Infrared detector ...................................................................................................................

3414 Technical data .................................................................................................................................

3515 Pin configurations ..........................................................................................................................

3716 Mechanical drawings .....................................................................................................................

3716.1 FLIR A3XX series ..................................................................................................................

3716.1.1 Camera dimensions (front) ...................................................................................

3816.1.2 Camera dimensions (side) ...................................................................................

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3916.1.3 Camera dimensions (bottom) ...............................................................................

4016.1.4 Camera dimensions (with 10 mm/45° lens) .........................................................

4116.1.5 Camera dimensions (with 30 mm/15° lens) .........................................................

4216.1.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°) .....................................................................................

4316.1.7 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°) .....................................................................................

4416.2 FLIR A6XX series ..................................................................................................................

4416.2.1 Camera dimensions (front view, without lens) .....................................................

4516.2.2 Camera dimensions (side view, without lens) ......................................................

4616.2.3 Camera dimensions (side view, with 24.5 mm/25° lens) ......................................

4716.2.4 Specification of mounting interfaces, #1 .............................................................

4816.2.5 Specification of mounting interfaces, #2 .............................................................

4916.2.6 Camera dimensions (rear view) ............................................................................

5016.2.7 Infrared lens (24.5 mm/25°) ..................................................................................

5117 About FLIR Systems .......................................................................................................................

5217.1 More than just an infrared camera .......................................................................................

5217.2 Sharing our knowledge ........................................................................................................

5217.3 Supporting our customers ...................................................................................................

5317.4 A few images from our facilities ...........................................................................................

5518 Glossary ...........................................................................................................................................

5919 Thermographic measurement techniques ...................................................................................

5919.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................

5919.2 Emissivity ..............................................................................................................................

6019.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample .......................................................................

6019.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature .......................

6219.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity ...................................................

6319.3 Reflected apparent temperature ..........................................................................................

6319.4 Distance ................................................................................................................................

6319.5 Relative humidity ..................................................................................................................

6319.6 Other parameters ..................................................................................................................

6420 History of infrared technology ......................................................................................................

6821 Theory of thermography ................................................................................................................

6821.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................

6821.2 The electromagnetic spectrum ............................................................................................

6921.3 Blackbody radiation ..............................................................................................................

7021.3.1 Planck’s law ..........................................................................................................

7121.3.2 Wien’s displacement law ......................................................................................

7321.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law .........................................................................................

7421.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters .......................................................................................

7621.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials .....................................................................................

7822 The measurement formula .............................................................................................................

8423 Emissivity tables .............................................................................................................................

8423.1 References ............................................................................................................................

8423.2 Important note about the emissivity tables ..........................................................................

8523.3 Tables ....................................................................................................................................

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1 Warnings & Cautions

This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if

WARNING

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not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause interference to radio communications. It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designedto providereasonable protection againstsuch interference when operated in a commercial environment. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference. (Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Do not look directly into the laser

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beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation. Applies only to cameras with battery:

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Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery. The battery contains

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safety and protection devices which, if they become damaged, can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion or an ignition. If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes, do not rub

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your eyes.Flush well withwater and immediatelyget medical care. Thebattery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this. Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the

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specified charging time. If you continue to charge the battery, it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition. Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery. If you do not use the

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correct equipment, you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur. This can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion and injury to persons.

Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and

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warning labelson containersbeforeyou usea liquid: theliquids can bedangerous.

Do not point theinfrared camera (withor without the lens cover)at intensive energy

CAUTION

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sources, for example devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun. This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera. Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than +50°C (+122°F), unless

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specified otherwise in the user documentation. High temperatures can cause damage to the camera. (Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Protect the laser pointer with the

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protective cap when you do not operate the laser pointer. Applies only to cameras with battery:

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Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a

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specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems. Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery

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to each other with a metal object (such as wire). Do not get water or salt water on the battery, or permit the battery to get wet.

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1 – Warnings & Cautions

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Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Do not hit the battery with a

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hammer. Do not step on the battery, or apply strong impacts or shocks to it. Do not put thebatteries inor near a fire, orinto direct sunlight. When thebattery

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becomes hot, the built-in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging process. If the battery becomes hot, damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of the battery. Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with

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heat. Do not put the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature loca-

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tions. Do not solder directly onto the battery.

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Do not use the battery if, when you use, charge, or store the battery, there is

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an unusual smell fromthe battery,the battery feelshot, changes color, changes shape, or is in an unusual condition. Contact your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs. Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery.

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The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is ±0°C to

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+45°C (+32°F to +113°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation. If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range, it can cause the battery to become hot or to break. It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery. The temperature range through which you can dischargethe battery is −15°C

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to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation. Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery. When the battery is worn, apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape

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or similar materials before you discard it. Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.

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Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause damage. Be careful when you cleanthe infraredlens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective coating. Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective coating. In furnace and other high-temperature applications,you mustmount aheatshield on the camera. Using the camera in furnace and other high-temperature applications without a heatshield can cause damage to the camera. (Applies only to cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled.) Do not disable the automatic shutter in the camera for a prolonged time period (typically max. 30 minutes). Disabling the shutter for a longer time period may harm, or irreparably damage, the detector.

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2 Notice to user

Typographical conventions

User-to-user forums

Calibration

Accuracy

Disposal of electronic waste

This manual uses the following typographical conventions:

Semibold is used for menu names, menu commands and labels, and buttons in

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dialog boxes. Italic is used for important information.

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Monospace is used for code samples.

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UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons.

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Exchange ideas,problems, and infraredsolutions with fellowthermographers around the world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit:

http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/

(This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities.) We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact

your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera.

(This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities.) For very accurate results, we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have

started the camera before measuring a temperature. For cameras where the detector is cooled by a mechanical cooler, this time period

excludes the time it takes to cool down the detector.

10742803;a1

As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environmentally friendlyway, and in accordancewith existingregulationsfor electronicwaste.

Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details.

Training

Additional license information

To read about infrared training, visit:

http://www.infraredtraining.com

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http://www.irtraining.com

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http://www.irtraining.eu

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This license permits the user to install and use the software on any compatible computer, provided the software is used on a maximum of two (2) computers at the same time (for example, one laptop computer for on-site data acquisition, and one desktop computer for analysis in the office).

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2 – Notice to user

One (1) back-up copy of the software may also be made for archive purposes.

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3 Customer help

General

Submitting a question

Downloads

For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com

To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a fewminutes to registeronline. If you only wantto search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.

When you want to submit a question, makesure thatyou have the following information to hand:

The camera model

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The camera serial number

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The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your PC (for

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example, HDMI, Ethernet, USB™, or FireWire™) Operating system on your PC

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Microsoft®Office version

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Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual

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On the customer help site you can also download the following:

Firmware updates for your infrared camera

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Program updates for your PC software

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User documentation

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Application stories

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Technical publications

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4 Documentation updates

General

Our manuals are updated several times per year, and we also issue product-critical notifications of changes on a regular basis.

To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at: http://support.flir.com It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find

the latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products.

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5 Important note about this manual

General

NOTE

FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line.

This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model.

FLIR Systemsreserves therightto discontinuemodels,software, parts oraccessories, and other items, or to change specifications and/or functionality at any time without prior notice.

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6 Overview of camera models

6.1 FLIR A300

T638517;a1

The FLIR A300 camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that do not call forthe highest speed or reaction and who uses a PC. Due to to its composite video output, it is also an excellent choice for thermal image automation applications, where you can utilize its unique properties such as looking through steam.

Key features:

■ MPEG-4 streaming

■ PoE (Power over Ethernet)

■ Built-in web server

■ General purpose I/O

■ 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.)

■ Synchronization through SNTP

■ Composite video output

■ Multi-camera utility software: IP Config Utility and IR Monitor included

■ Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up

■ 16-bit 320 × 240 images @ 3 Hz, radiometric

■ Lenses: 25° included, 15° and 45° optional

Typical applications:

■ Fire prevention, critical vessel monitoring, and power utility asset management

■ Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible)

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6 – Overview of camera models

6.2 FLIR A310

T638517;a1

The FLIR A310 camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that need built in “smartness” such as analysis, alarm functionality and autonomous communication using standard protocols. The FLIR A310 camera also has all the necessary features and functions to build distributed single- or multi-camera solutions utilizing standard Ethernet hardware and software protocols.

The FLIR A310 camera also has built in support to connect to industrial control equipment such as PLCs, and allows for sharing of analysis and alarm results and simple control using the Ethernet/IP and Modbus TCP field bus protocol.

Key features:

■ Support forEthernetIP fieldbus protocol (analyse, alarm, and simple camera control)

■ Support for Modbus TCP field bus protocol (analyse, alarm, and simple camera

control)

■ Built-in extensive analysis functionality

■ Extensive alarm functionality, as a function of analysis and more

■ On schedule: file sending (FTP) or email (SMTP) of analysis results or images

■ On alarms: file sending (FTP) or email (SMTP) of analysis results or images

■ MPEG-4 streaming

■ PoE (Power over Ethernet)

■ Built-in web server

■ General purpose I/O

■ 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.)

■ Synchronization through SNTP

■ Composite video output

■ Multi-camera utility software: IP Config Utility and IR Monitor included

■ Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up

■ 16-bit 320 ×240 images @ 7–8 Hz, radiometric

■ Lenses: 25° included, 15° and 45° optional

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6 – Overview of camera models

Typical applications:

■ Safety with temperature alarms (multi-camera applications), fire prevention, critical

vessel monitoring, and power utility asset management

■ Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible)

6.3 FLIR A315

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The FLIR A315 camera has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC software to solve problems and for whom 320 × 240 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision™ and GenICam™ compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.

Key features:

■ Affordable

■ GigE compliant

■ GenICam compliant

■ Trigg/synchronization/GPIO

■ 16-bit 320 × 240 images @ 60 Hz, signal, temperature linear, and radiometric

■ Compliant withany softwarethat supports GenICam, includingNational Instruments

IMAQ Vision and Stemmers Common Vision Blox

■ Lenses: 25° included, 15° and 45° optional

Typical applications:

■ High-end infrared machine vision that needs temperature measurement

■ Slag detection

■ Food processing

■ Electronics testing

■ Power resistor testing

■ Automotive

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6 – Overview of camera models

6.4 FLIR A320 Tempscreen

T638517;a1

The FLIR A320 Tempscreen is a camera preconfigured to work well in applications where you want to find temperature deviations in a population of people, utilizing difference temperature alarms with a dynamically updated reference temperature.

In addition, the FLIR A320 Tempscreen camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that need built in “smartness” such as analysis, alarm functionality and autonomous communication using standard protocols. The FLIR A320 Tempscreen camera also has all the necessary features and functions to build distributed single- or multicamera solutions utilizing standard Ethernet hardware and software protocols.

Key features:

■ Screening: difference temperature alarm with a dynamic updated reference tem-

perature (visualized by the isotherm)

■ Built-in extensive analysis functionality

■ Extensive alarm functionality, as a function of analysis and more

■ On schedule: file sending (FTP) or email (SMTP) of analysis results or images

■ On alarms: file sending (FTP) or email (SMTP) of analysis results or images

■ MPEG-4 streaming

■ PoE (Power over Ethernet)

■ Built-in web server

■ General purpose I/O

■ 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.)

■ Synchronization through SNTP

■ Composite video output

■ Multi-camera utility software: IP Config Utility and IR Monitor included

■ Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up

■ 16-bit 320 × 240 images semi-real time, signal and temperature linear

■ Lenses: 25° included, 15° and 45° optional

Typical applications:

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6 – Overview of camera models

■ Safety with temperature alarms (multi-camera applications), fire prevention, critical

vessel monitoring, and power utility asset management

■ Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible)

6.5 FLIR A615

T638519;a1

The FLIR A615 camera has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone whouses PCsoftware tosolve problemsand needs640 ×480 pixel resolution. Among its main features are GigE Vision™and GenICam™compliance, which makes it plug-and-playwhen used with software packages such as IMAQ Visionand Halcon.

Key features:

■ Affordable

■ GigE compliant

■ GenICam compliant

■ Trigg/synchronization/GPIO

■ 16-bit 640 × 480 images @ 50 Hz, signal, temperature linear, and radiometric

■ Windowing mode: 640 × 240 @ 100 Hz or 640 × 120 @ 200 Hz

■ Compliant withany softwarethat supports GenICam, includingNational Instruments

IMAQ Vision and Stemmers Common Vision Blox

■ Open and well described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up

■ Lenses: 25° included, 15° and 45° optional

Typical applications:

■ High-end infrared machine vision that needs temperature measurement

■ Slag detection

■ Food processing

■ Electronics testing

■ Power resistor testing

■ Automotive

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7 Packing list

General

Contents

NOTE

The numberofpartsand accessories included depends onthecameramodel and/or customer configuration.

Hard transport case or cardboard box

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Infrared camera with lens

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ThermoVision™ System Tools & Utilities CD-ROM

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Application CD-ROM

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Calibration certificate

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Ethernet™ cable

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Mains cable

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Power cable, pig-tailed

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Power supply

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Printed Getting Started Guide

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Printed Important Information Guide

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User documentation CD-ROM

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Warranty extension card or Registration card

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six-pole screw terminal (mounted on camera)

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Hard transport case or cardboard box

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USB cable

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FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice.

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8 Installation

8.1 General information

Explanation

Default installation paths

NOTE

The following programs are included on the ThermoVision™ System Tools & Utilities application CD:

FLIR IP Config: A set-up and configuration program to detect and find FLIR au-

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tomation andscience cameras ona networkand automatically assign or manually set IP addresses. FLIR IR Monitor: A program to control FLIR automation and science cameras on

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a network. You typically use FLIR IR Monitor to change camera settings, lay out measurement tools on the screen, set up alarms, etc. FLIR IRCamera Player: APC-based remotecontrol and videoplayerfor IR cameras

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from FLIR Systems. A link to aweb installationof FLIR AXXXControl & Image Interfaces: Aninstallation

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that includes Interface Control Documents (ICDs), user documentation and Ccode examples. We recommend that you read through the documentation.

C:\Program Files\FLIR Systems\FLIR IP Config

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C:\Program Files\FLIR Systems\FLIR IR Monitor

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C:\Program Files\FLIR Systems\FLIR IR Camera Player

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C:\Program Files\FLIR Systems\AXXX Control & Image Interfaces

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Functionality in the PC programs is dependent on the camera model.

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8.2 System requirements

Microsoft®Windows®XP Professional, with Service Pack 2 (SP2)

Operating system

Hardware

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Microsoft®Windows®Vista Ultimate 32-bit

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Microsoft®Windows®7, 32- and 64-bit

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Personal computer with a 2 GHz 32-bit or 64-bit processor

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1 GB of RAM, or greater

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20 GB of hard disk space

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Super VGA (1024 × 768) or higher-resolution monitor

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Support for DirectX 9 graphics with:

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WDDM driver

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128 MB of graphics memory (minimum)

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Pixel Shader 2.0 (in hardware)

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32 bits per pixel

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DVD-ROM drive

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Audio output

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Keyboard and Microsoft®mouse, or a compatible pointing device

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8 – Installation

Software

SEE

Microsoft®Internet Explorer 6 or later

For specific information about system requirements for the operating systems mentioned above, please visit: http://www.microsoft.com/windows/.

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8 – Installation

8.3 Installation

General

NOTE

Procedure

Last-minute changes and other important information can be found in the read-me file on the CD-ROM. We recommend that you read this file before you install the programs.

If you experience problemsduring theinstallation, please visit our CustomerHelp

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by pointing your browser to http://support.flir.com. You must be an Adminstrator or a user with Administrative Rights to install the

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programs. A complete installation consists of several subinstallations, some of which are

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from third-party vendors. Do not abort these subinstallations, as they are needed for the complete installation. A complete installation can take up to 10 minutes to complete.

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Follow this procedure:

Close down all applications.1

Insert the ThermoVision™ System Tools & Utilities CD-ROM into the CD-

ROM drive on the computer. The installation should start automatically. Should the installation notstart automatically,start Windows®Explorer and

double-click SETUP.HTM on the CD-ROM.

Click one of the following:

Install FLIR IP Config.

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Install FLIR IR Monitor.

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Install FLIR Camera Player.

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Install AXXX Control & Image Interfaces.

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Follow the on-screen instructions.4

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9 Mechanical installation

9.1 Installation of fixed cameras

Mounting interfaces

Notes on permanent mounting

Vibrations

Further information

The camera unit has been designed to allow it to be mounted in any position. The housing hasthree mounting interfaces–bottom, left, andright – eachwith the following threaded holes.

FLIR A3XX cameras:

2 × M4 metric threaded holes

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1 × UNC ¼-20 standard tripod mount.

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FLIR A6XX cameras:

2 × M4 metric threaded holes

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1 × UNC ¼-20 standard tripod mount.

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If the camera unit is to be permanently mounted at the application site, certain steps are required.

The camera unit might need to be enclosed in a protective housing and, depending on the ambient conditions (e.g. temperature), the housing may need to be cooled or heated by means of water or air.

In very dusty conditions the installationmight also need to have a stream of pressurized air directed at the lens, in order to prevent dust build-up.

When mounting the camera unit in harsh industrial environments, every precaution should be taken when securing the unit.

If the environment exposesthe unit tosevere vibrations, theremay be aneed to secure the mounting screws by means of Loctite™ or another industrial brand of threadlocking liquid, as well as to dampen the vibrations by mounting the camera unit on a specially designed base.

For further information regarding mounting recommendations and environmental enclosures, contact FLIR Systems.

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9 – Mechanical installation

9.2 Mounting and removing lenses (FLIR A3XX series)

9.2.1 Mounting an additional infrared lens

NOTE

Procedure

Do nottouchthe lens surfacewhenyou mount an infraredlens. If this happens,clean the lens according to the instructions in section 13.2 – Infrared lens on page 32.

Follow this procedure to mount an additional infrared lens:

Push the lens release button to unlock the lens ring. The lens ring is made

of plastic and holds the plastic lens cap.

Rotate the lens ring 30° counter-clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).2

Carefully pull out the lens ring from the bayonet ring.3

Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring.4

Carefully push the lens into position.5

Rotate the lens 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).6

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9.2.2 Removing an additional infrared lens

Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens. If this happens,

NOTE

■

clean the lens according to the instructions in section 13.2 – Infrared lens on page 32. When you have removed the lens, put the lens caps on the lens immediately, to

■

protect it from dust and fingerprints.

9 – Mechanical installation

Procedure

Follow this procedure to remove an additional infrared lens:

Push the lens release button to unlock the lens.1

Rotate the lens counter-clockwise 30° (looking at the front of the lens).2

Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring.3

Correctly position the lens ring in front of the bayonet ring.4

Carefully push the lens ring into position.5

Rotate the lens ring 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).6

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9 – Mechanical installation

9.3 Mounting and removing lenses (FLIR A6XX series)

9.3.1 Removing an infrared lens

Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens. If this happens,

NOTE

■

clean the lens according to the instructions in section 13.2 – Infrared lens on page 32. When you have removed the lens, put the lens caps on the lens immediately, to

■

protect it from dust and fingerprints.

Procedure

Follow this procedure to remove an infrared lens:

Rotate the lens counter-clockwise 30° (looking at the front of the lens).1

Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring.2

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9.3.2 Mounting an infrared lens

9 – Mechanical installation

NOTE

Procedure

Do nottouchthe lens surfacewhenyou mount an infraredlens. If this happens,clean the lens according to the instructions in section 13.2 – Infrared lens on page 32.

Follow this procedure to mount an infrared lens:

Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring.1

Carefully push the lens into position.2

Rotate the lens 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens) until a click

is heard.

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10 Connectors, controls, and

indicators

FLIR A3XX series

Explanation

10769803;a2

This table explains the figure above:

Network cablewith an RJ45connector for Ethernet™connectivity and PoE™

(dependent on the camera model) Note: Only CAT-6 Ethernet™ cables should be used with this camera.

Video cable with a BNC connector for CVBS (composite video) output

(subject to camera model)

Power cable for 12–24 VDC power in

Note: The power connector on the camera is polarity protected.

Digital I/O ports, opto-isolated (six-pole screw terminal)

Pin configuration:

1 IN 1 2 IN 2 3 OUT 1 4 OUT 2 5 I/O + 6 I/O –

For a schematic overview of the digital I/O ports, see page 35.

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Power indicator

Note: The LEDs indicate the following:

ange.

10 – Connectors, controls, and indicators

ExplanationType of signal

The camera is starting up.The LED glows continuously or-

NOTE

The LED glows continuously red.

An error has been detected. Contact service.

The camera has started.The LED glows continuously

green.

The LED flashes 10 times per second.

Hardware reset button (for a factory default reset)

An error has been detected. Contact service.

Use an unbent paper clip or a similartool to press the reset button through the small hole on the back of the camera for 5 seconds, then release the button.

Cables for digital I/O ports should be 100 m/328 ft. maximum.

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10 – Connectors, controls, and indicators

FLIR A6XX series

Explanation

T638542;a1

This table explains the figure above:

Network cablewith an RJ45connector for Ethernet™connectivity and PoE™

(dependent on the camera model) Note: Only CAT-6 Ethernet™ cables should be used with this camera.

Power cable for 12–24 VDC power in

Note: The power connector on the camera is polarity protected.

USB cable with a USB mini-B connector for control and image transfer.3

Digital I/O ports, opto-isolated (six-pole screw terminal)

Pin configuration:

1 IN 1 2 IN 2 3 OUT 1 4 OUT 2 5 I/O + 6 I/O –

For a schematic overview of the digital I/O ports, see page 35.

Hardware reset button (for a factory default reset)

Use an unbent paper clip or a similartool to press the reset button through the small hole on the back of the camera for 5 seconds, then release the button.

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Power indicator

Note: The LEDs indicate the following:

ange.

10 – Connectors, controls, and indicators

ExplanationType of signal

The camera is starting up.The LED glows continuously or-

NOTE

The LED glows continuously red.

An error has been detected. Contact service.

The camera has started.The LED glows continuously

green.

The LED flashes 10 times per second.

An error has been detected. Contact service.

Cables for digital I/O ports should be 100 m/328 ft. maximum.

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11 Example system overviews

Figure

10777403;a3

Explanation

This table explains the figure:

Computer1

CAT-6 Ethernet™ cable with RJ45 connectors2

Industrial Ethernet™ switches with fiber optic ports3

Fiber optic cable4

FLIR A3XX/A6XX cameras5

Industrial process to be monitored, e.g., items on a conveyor belt6

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11 – Example system overviews

Figure

10777503;a3

Explanation

This table explains the figure:

Computer1

CAT-6 Ethernet™ cable with RJ45 connectors2

Industrial Ethernet™ switch3

FLIR A3XX/A6XX cameras4

Industrial process to be monitored, e.g., a gasifier5

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11 – Example system overviews

Figure

10777603;a4

Explanation

This table explains the figure:

Computer1

CAT-6 Ethernet™ cable with RJ45 connectors2

Industrial Ethernet™ switches with fiber optic ports3

Fiber optic cable4

Wireless access points5

CAT-6 Ethernet™ cablewith RJ45 connectors—poweringthe camera using

PoE (Power over Ethernet™, dependent on the camera model)

Industrial Ethernet™ switch7

FLIR A3XX/A6XX cameras8

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12 Temperature screening

Applicability

Description of the function

NOTE

Procedure

This section applies to the following camera models:

FLIR A320 (30 Hz) Temp screen

■

FLIR A320 (9 Hz) Temp screen

■

The screening function in allows you to screen a large number of persons for facial temperatures that lie above a set reference temperature.

When an elevated temperature is detected, the camera will trigger a visible and/or audible alarm.

You can change thetemperature 2°C/3.6°F (describedbelow) using theScreening

■

tab in FLIR IR Monitor (included on the ThermoVision™ System Tools & Utilities

1.5.1 HF2 (1.5.1.16)). HF2 can be downloaded from http://support.flir.com. The camerashould run for at least 30 minutes beforecarrying out measurements.

■

The distance to the face should be adapted so that the face covers more than

■

75% of the image width.

Follow this procedure:

Connect the camera to a video monitor.1

Connect the camera to power.2

Connect the IN 1 port to +10–30 VDC, using cables and an NO (normally

open) electrical switch.

Now aim the camera at a face (at the inner corner of the eye) having a

supposedly normal temperature. Close the switch for a period of less than 2 seconds to acquire a temperature sample. Repeat this procedure on at least 10 faces with supposedly normal temperatures. You have now set the reference temperature. If you want to reset or restart the reference temperature, close the switch for a period of more than 2 seconds. See the schematic drawing on the next page for setup details.

You can now begin the screening. Aim the camera at the faces of the per-

sons whose facial temperatures you want to screen (at the inner corner of the eye). If a person’s facial temperature ismore than 2°C/3.6°F above the set reference temperature, an alarm will be triggered.

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+ 10 - 30 volts

Ground

focus near

focus far

both = autofocus

Acquire sample Reset/restart reference temperature

Autofocus

Screening of elevated facial temperatures using FLIR A320

12 – Temperature screening

T638569;a1

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13 Cleaning the camera

13.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items

Liquids

Equipment

Procedure

CAUTION

Use one of these liquids:

Warm water

■

A weak detergent solution

■

A soft cloth

Follow this procedure:

Soak the cloth in the liquid.1

Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid.2

Clean the part with the cloth.3

Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause damage.

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13 – Cleaning the camera

13.2 Infrared lens

Liquids

Equipment

Procedure

WARNING

CAUTION

Use one of these liquids:

96% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH).

■

DEE (= ‘ether’ = diethylether, C4H10O).

■

50% acetone (= dimethylketone, (CH3)2CO)) + 50% ethyl alcohol (by volume).

■

This liquid prevents drying marks on the lens.

Cotton wool

Follow this procedure:

Soak the cotton wool in the liquid.1

Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.2

Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool.3

Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.

Be careful when you cleanthe infraredlens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective

■

coating. Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective

■

coating.

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13.3 Infrared detector

13 – Cleaning the camera

General

NOTE

CAUTION

Procedure

Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image. To remove any dust from the detector, follow the procedure below.

This section only appliesto cameras whereremoving the lensexposes the infrared

■

detector. In somecases thedustcannot be removedby following thisprocedure: the infrared

■

detector mustbe cleanedmechanically. Thismechanical cleaning mustbe carried out by an authorized service partner.

In Step2 below,do not usepressurized air frompneumatic air circuits ina workshop, etc., as this air usually contains oil mist to lubricate pneumatic tools.

Follow this procedure:

Remove the lens from the camera.1

Use pressurized air from a compressed air canister to blow off the dust.2

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14 Technical data

For technical data, refer to the datasheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the camera.

Datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com.

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15 Pin configurations

Pin configuration for I/O connector

ConfigurationPin

1 IN 1

IN 22

OUT 13

OUT 24

I/O +5

I/O –6

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15 – Pin configurations

Schematic overview of the digital I/O ports

10771603;a1

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16 Mechanical drawings

16.1 FLIR A3XX series

16.1.1 Camera dimensions (front)

Figure

10770303;a1

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16 – Mechanical drawings

16.1.2 Camera dimensions (side)

Figure

NOTE

10770403;a1

The BNC connector on the rear panel is dependent on the camera model.

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16.1.3 Camera dimensions (bottom)

16 – Mechanical drawings

Figure

NOTE

10770503;a1

The BNC connector on the rear panel is dependent on the camera model.

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16 – Mechanical drawings

16.1.4 Camera dimensions (with 10 mm/45° lens)

Figure

NOTE

10770603;a1

The BNC connector on the rear panel is dependent on the camera model.

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16.1.5 Camera dimensions (with 30 mm/15° lens)

16 – Mechanical drawings

Figure

NOTE

10770703;a1

The BNC connector on rthe ear panel is dependent on the camera model.

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16 – Mechanical drawings

16.1.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°)

Figure

10762403;a1

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16.1.7 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°)

16 – Mechanical drawings

Figure

10762503;a1

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16 – Mechanical drawings

17 About FLIR Systems

FLIR Systemswas establishedin 1978to pioneerthe developmentof high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and government applications. Today, FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958—the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems (formerly AGA Infrared Systems), the three United States companies Indigo Systems, FSI, and Inframetrics, and the French company Cedip. In November 2007, Extech Instruments was acquired by FLIR Systems.

10722703;a2

Figure 17.1 LEFT: Thermovision® Model 661 from 1969. The camera weighed approximately 25 kg (55 lb.), the oscilloscope20 kg (44 lb.), and the tripod 15 kg (33 lb.). The operatoralso needed a 220 VAC generator set, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen.To the left of the oscilloscope thePolaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR i7 from 2009. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.

The companyhas soldmore than100,000 infraredcameras worldwidefor applications such as predictive maintenance, R & D, non-destructive testing, process control and automation, and machine vision, among many others.

FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Boston, MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is alsoa manufacturingplant in Tallinn, Estonia. Direct sales officesin Belgium,Brazil, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Sweden, and the USA—togetherwith a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our international customer base.

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17 – About FLIR Systems

FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We anticipate marketdemand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones.The companyhas set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and the first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations.

FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systemsitself. From detector design and manufacturing, to lenses and system electronics, to final testing and calibration, all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers. The in-depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera.

17.1 More than just an infrared camera

At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–software combination.Especially tailoredsoftware forpredictive maintenance, R & D, and process monitoring is developed in-house. Most software is available in a wide variety of languages.

We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications.

17.2 Sharing our knowledge

Although our cameras are designed to be very user-friendly, there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera. Therefore, FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center (ITC), a separate business unit, that provides certified training courses. Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly handson learning experience.

The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice.

17.3 Supporting our customers

FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language.

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17 – About FLIR Systems

17.4 A few images from our facilities

10401303;a1

Figure 17.2 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector

10401403;a1

Figure 17.3 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing

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17 – About FLIR Systems

10401503;a1

Figure 17.4 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration

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18 Glossary

ExplanationTerm or expression

absorption (absorption factor)

atmosphere

autoadjust

autopalette

blackbody

blackbody radiator

calculated atmospherictransmission

cavity radiator

color temperature

continuous adjust

The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1.

The gasesbetween the objectbeing measured andthe camera, normally air.

A function making a camera perform an internal image correction.

The IR image isshown with anuneven spread ofcolors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.

Totally non-reflective object. All its radiation is due to its own temperature.

An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras.

A transmissionvalue computed fromthe temperature, therelative humidity of air and the distance to the object.

A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside, viewed through the bottleneck.

The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color.

The process that makes heat diffuse into a material.conduction

A function that adjusts the image. The function works all the time, continuouslyadjusting brightness andcontrast according to the image content.

convection

emissivity (emissivity factor)

emittance

environment

estimated atmospheric transmission

Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010 55

Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion, either by gravity or another force, thereby transferring heat from one place to another.

An isotherm with two color bands, instead of one.dual isotherm

The amount of radiation coming from an object, compared to that of a blackbody. A number between 0 and 1.

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area (W/m2)

Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured.

A transmissionvalue, supplied bya user, replacing a calculated one

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18 – Glossary

ExplanationTerm or expression

external optics

FOV

graybody

IFOV

image correction(internal or external)

isotherm

isothermal cavity

Laser LocatIR

Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the camera and the object being measured.

A material transparent onlyto some ofthe infrared wavelengths.filter

Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens.

Focal plane array: A type of IR detector.FPA

An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength.

Instantaneous field of view: A measureof the geometrical resolution of an IR camera.

A way of compensatingfor sensitivity differencesin various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera.

Non-visible radiation,having a wavelengthfrom about2–13 μm.infrared

infraredIR

A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below or between one or more temperature intervals.

A bottle-shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck.

An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera.

laser pointer

level

manual adjust

NETD

object parameters

object signal

An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera.

The center value of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value.

A wayto adjust theimageby manually changingcertainparameters.

Noise equivalenttemperature difference. Ameasureof theimage noise level of an IR camera.

Undesired small disturbance in the infrared imagenoise

A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement ofan object was made, andthe object itself(such as emissivity, reflected apparent temperature, distance etc.)

A non-calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by the camera from the object.

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18 – Glossary

ExplanationTerm or expression

The set of colors used to display an IR image.palette

Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image.pixel

radiance

radiation

range

reference temperature

reflection

relative humidity

saturation color

span

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and angle (W/m2/sr)

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time (W)radiant power

The process by which electromagnetic energy, isemitted byan object or a gas.

A piece of IR radiating equipment.radiator

The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration.

A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with.

The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1.

Relative humidity represents theratio between thecurrent water vapour mass in the airand the maximum it may contain in saturation conditions.

The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level/span settings are colored with the saturation colors. The saturation colors contain an ‘overflow’ color and an ‘underflow’ color. There is also a thirdred saturation colorthat marks everything saturated by the detectorindicating that the range should probably be changed.

The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value.

spectral (radiant) emittance

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and wavelength (W/m2/μm)

temperature difference,or difference of temperature.

temperature range

A valuewhich is theresult of a subtraction between twotemperature values.

The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration.

temperature scale

The way in whichan IR imagecurrently is displayed.Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors.

infrared imagethermogram

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18 – Glossary

ExplanationTerm or expression

transmission (ortransmittance) factor

transparent isotherm

visual

Gases and materials can be more orless transparent. Transmission is the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number between 0 and 1.

An isothermshowing a linearspread of colors,instead of covering the highlighted parts of the image.

Refers to the video mode of a IR camera, as opposed to the normal, thermographicmode. When a camera isin video mode it captures ordinary video images, while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode.

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19 Thermographic measurement

techniques

19.1 Introduction

An infraredcamera measuresand imagesthe emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature.

However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object. The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorptionof the atmosphere.

To measure temperature accurately, it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources. This is done on-line automatically by the camera. The following object parameters must, however, be supplied for the camera:

■ The emissivity of the object

■ The reflected apparent temperature

■ The distance between the object and the camera

■ The relative humidity

■ Temperature of the atmosphere

19.2 Emissivity

The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which, in short, is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object, compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature.

Normally, object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0.1 to 0.95. A highly polished (mirror) surface falls below 0.1, while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity. Oil-based paint, regardless of color in the visible spectrum, has an emissivity over 0.9 in the infrared. Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0.97 to 0.98.

Non-oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and highreflexivity, which does not vary greatly with wavelength. Consequently, the emissivity of metals is low– onlyincreasing with temperature. For non-metals, emissivity tendsto behigh, and decreases with temperature.

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19 – Thermographic measurement techniques

19.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample

19.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature

Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature:

19.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method

Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a

= b).

10588903;a1

Figure 19.1 1 = Reflection source

If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if

cardboard.

10589103;a2

Figure 19.2 1 = Reflection source

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19 – Thermographic measurement techniques

Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the

following settings:

Emissivity: 1.0

■

: 0

■

obj

You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods:

10589003;a2

Figure 19.3 1 = Reflection source

Note: Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom-

mended for two important reasons:

■ A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity

■ A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface, usually by

gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator.

19.2.1.1.2 Method 2: Reflector method

Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil.1

Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size.2

Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure. Make sure that the side

with aluminum foil points to the camera.

Set the emissivity to 1.0.4

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19 – Thermographic measurement techniques

Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down.

10727003;a2

Figure 19.4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil

19.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity

Select a place to put the sample.1

Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure.2

Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample.3

Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature. Heating must be reasonably even.4

Focus and auto-adjust the camera, and freeze the image.5

Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast.6

Set emissivity to that of the tape (usually 0.97).7

Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions:

Isotherm (helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated

■

the sample) Spot (simpler)

■

Box Avg (good for surfaces with varying emissivity).

■

Write down the temperature.9

Move your measurement function to the sample surface.10

Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measure-

ment.

Write down the emissivity.12

Note:

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19 – Thermographic measurement techniques

■ Avoid forced convection

■ Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections

■ Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent, and has a high emissivity

you are certain of

■ This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface

are the same. If they are not, your emissivity measurement will be wrong.

19.3 Reflected apparent temperature

This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object. If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.

19.4 Distance

The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera.This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts:

■ That radiation from the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object

and the camera.

■ That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera.

19.5 Relative humidity

The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere. To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value. For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be left at a default value of 50%.

19.6 Other parameters

In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters:

■ Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the

camera and the target

■ External optics temperature – i.e. the temperature of any external lensesor windows

used in front of the camera

■ External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or win-

dows used in front of the camera

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20 History of infrared technology

Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.

10398703;a1

Figure 20.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822)

The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material. Sir William Herschel – Royal Astronomer to King George III of England, and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus – was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun’s image in telescopes during solar observations. While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun’s heat, while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds’ observation.

Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment, with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat. He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton’s prism experiment, but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum. He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury-in-glass thermometer with ink, and with this as his radiation detector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism. Other thermometers, placed outside the sun’s rays, served as controls.

As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum, the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end. This was not entirely unexpected, since the Italian researcher, Landriani, in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect. It was Herschel,

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however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point.

10398903;a1

Figure 20.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815)

Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Herschel confirmedthat the heating continued to increase. The maximum point, when he found it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infrared wavelengths’.

When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromagnetic spectrumas the‘thermometrical spectrum’.The radiationitself hesometimes referred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who shouldreceive credit as the originator.

Herschel’s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths. Different investigators, in attempting to confirm his work, used various types of glass indiscriminately, having different transparencies in theinfrared. Through his later experiments, Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly-discovered thermal radiation, and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively (i.e. plane and curved mirrors). Fortunately, this proved to be true only until 1830, when the Italian investigator, Melloni, made his great discovery that naturallyoccurring rock salt (NaCl) – which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms – is remarkably transparent to the infrared. The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material, and remained so for the next hundred years, until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930’s.

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10399103;a1

Figure 20.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854)

Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to

0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a breakthrough occurred; Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile. The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation – capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away.

The first so-called ‘heat-picture’ became possible in 1840, the result of work by Sir John Herschel, son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right. Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it, the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye. Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper, which he called a ‘thermograph’.

10399003;a2

Figure 20.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906)

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The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted ofa thinblackened strip of platinumconnected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded. This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters.

An English scientist, Sir James Dewar, first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents (such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196 °C (-320.8 °F)) in low temperature research. In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days. The common ‘thermos bottle’, used for storing hot and cold drinks, is based upon his invention.

Between the years 1900 and 1920, the inventors of the world‘discovered’ the infrared. Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel, artillery, aircraft, ships – and even icebergs. The first operating systems, in the modern sense, began to be developed duringthe 1914–18war, whenboth sideshad researchprograms devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared. These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion/detection, remote temperature sensing, secure communications, and ‘flying torpedo’ guidance. An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distanceof 1.5 km (0.94 miles), or a person more than 300 meters (984 ft.) away.

The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea, but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors: the image converter and the photon detector. At first, the image converter received the greatest attention by the military, because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally ‘see in the dark’. However, the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths, and the most interesting military targets (i.e. enemy soldiers) had to be illuminated by infrared search beams. Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer’s position to a similarly-equipped enemy observer, it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded.

The tactical military disadvantages of so-called 'active’ (i.e. search beam-equipped) thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939–45 war for extensive secret military infrared-research programs into the possibilities of developing ‘passive’ (no search beam) systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector. During this period, military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared-imaging technology. This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950’s, and from that time adequate thermal-imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry.

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21 Theory of thermography

21.1 Introduction

The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given.

21.2 The electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation. Thereis no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength.

10067803;a1

Figure 21.1 The electromagnetic spectrum.1: X-ray; 2: UV; 3: Visible; 4: IR; 5: Microwaves; 6: Radiowaves.

Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band. At the short-wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception, in the deep red. At the long-wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths, in the millimeter range.

The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands, the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen. They include: the near infrared (0.75–3 μm), the middle infrared (3–6 μm), the far infrared (6–15 μm) and the extreme infrared (15–100

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21 – Theory of thermography

μm). Although the wavelengths are given in μm (micrometers), other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region, e.g. nanometer (nm) and Ångström (Å).

The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is:

21.3 Blackbody radiation

A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength. The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation isexplained by Kirchhoff’s Law (after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, 1824–1887), which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation.

10398803;a1

Figure 21.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)

The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material representsalmost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides. Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeatedreflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possibly escape. The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths.

By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator. An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates blackbody radiation, the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity. Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example.

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If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further. In fact, the definition of the so-called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance.

Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody.

21.3.1 Planck’s law

10399203;a1

Figure 21.3 Max Planck (1858–1947)

Max Planck (1858–1947) wasable todescribe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula:

where:

λb

Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ.W

Velocity of light = 3 × 108m/sc

Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10

Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10

Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody.T

Wavelength (μm).λ

-34

Joule sec.h

-23

Joule/K.k

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➲ The factor 10-6is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m2, μm.

Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0, then increases rapidly to amaximum at a wavelength λ

and after passing

max

it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths. The higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs.

10327103;a4

Figure 21.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolute temperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2× 103(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm)

21.3.2 Wien’s displacement law

By differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we have:

This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathematically the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases. The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for λ

. A good approximation of the value of λ

max

for

a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule-of-thumb 3 000/T

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μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm.

10399403;a1

Figure 21.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)

The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum.

At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infrared, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.

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10327203;a4

Figure 21.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-logscales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dottedline represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm).

21.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law

By integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emittance (Wb) of a blackbody:

This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig Boltzmann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional tothe fourth power of its absolute temperature. Graphically, Wbrepresents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature. It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval λ = 0 to λ

is only 25% of the total, which represents

max

about the amount of the sun’s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum.

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10399303;a1

Figure 21.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)

Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.This power loss could not be sustained if it were notfor the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body – or, of course, the addition of clothing.

21.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters

So far, only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed. However, real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region – although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals. For example, a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum, but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 μm, and beyond 3 μm it is almost black.

There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody: a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may be reflected, and a fraction τ may be transmitted. Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent, the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral dependence of their definitions. Thus:

■ The spectral absorptance α

= the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by

an object to that incident upon it.

■ The spectral reflectance ρ

= the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by

an object to that incident upon it.

■ The spectral transmittance τ

= the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted

through an object to that incident upon it.

The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength, so we have the relation:

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For opaque materials τλ= 0 and the relation simplifies to:

Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have the definition:

The spectral emissivity ελ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength.

Expressed mathematically, this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows:

Generally speaking, there are three types of radiation source, distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength.

■ A blackbody, for which ε

■ A graybody, for which ε

■ A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength

= ε = 1

= ε = constant less than 1

According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is:

From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ+ ρλ= 1):

For highly polished materials ελapproaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material (i.e. a perfect mirror) we have:

For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes:

This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody.

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10401203;a2

Figure 21.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody.

10327303;a4

Figure 21.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator.

21.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials

Consider nowa non-metallic,semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the interior. The back-reflected radiation is again partially absorbed, but

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some of it arrives at the other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again. Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semitransparent plate is obtained as:

When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:

This last relation is a particularly convenient one, because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly.

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22 The measurement formula

As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via theobject surface.Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself.

This description of the measurement situation, as illustrated in the figure below, is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions. What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sources outside the field of view. Such disturbances are difficult to quantify, however, in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected. In case they are not negligible, the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious, at least to a trained operator. It is then his responsibility to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e.g. by changing the viewing direction, shielding off intense radiation sources etc.

Accepting the description above, we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output.

10400503;a1

Figure 22.1 A schematic representationof the generalthermographic measurement situation.1: Surroundings; 2: Object; 3: Atmosphere; 4: Camera

Assume thatthe received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature

on short distance generates a camera output signal U

source

that is proportional

source

to the power input (power linear camera). We can then write (Equation 1):

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or, with simplified notation:

where C is a constant. Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would

consequently be εW

source

. We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms: 1 – Emission from the object = ετW

is the transmittance of the atmosphere. The object temperature is T 2 – Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τW

flectance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature T It has here been assumed that the temperature T

, where ε is the emittance of the object and τ

obj

, where (1 – ε) is the re-

refl

is the same for all emitting surfaces

refl

within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation. It is, however, anecessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula, and T

can – at least theoretically – be given

refl

a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding. Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings = 1. This is

correct inaccordance withKirchhoff’s law: All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces. Thus the emittance = 1. (Note thoughthat the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered.)

3 – Emission from the atmosphere = (1 – τ)τW the atmosphere. The temperature of the atmosphere is T

, where (1 – τ) is the emittance of

atm

The total received radiation power can now be written (Equation 2):

We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3):

Solve Equation 3 for U

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(Equation 4):

obj

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22 – The measurement formula

This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are:

Figure 22.2 Voltages

obj

Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature

i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested

obj

object temperature.

tot

refl

atm

Measured camera output voltage for the actual case.U

Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature

according to the calibration.

refl

Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature

according to the calibration.

atm

The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation:

■ the object emittance ε,

■ the relative humidity,

■ T

atm

■ object distance (D

■ the (effective) temperature of the object surroundings, or the reflected ambient

temperature T

■ the temperature of the atmosphere T

refl

obj

, and

)

atm

This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case. The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources.

A natural question in this connection is: How important is it to know the right values of these parameters? It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters.

The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values:

■ τ = 0.88

■ T

= +20°C (+68°F)

refl

■ T

= +20°C (+68°F)

atm

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It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the ‘disturbing’ radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case. Should also the object emittance be low, the situation would be still more difficult.

We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point, what we call extrapolation. Imagine that we in a certain case measure U

= 4.5 volts. The highest calibration

tot

point for the camera was in the order of 4.1 volts, a value unknown to the operator. Thus, even if the object happened to be a blackbody, i.e. U

obj

= U

, we are actually

tot

performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4.5 volts into temperature.

Let us now assume that the object is not black, it has an emittance of 0.75, and the transmittance is0.92. We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0.5 volts together. Computation of U

by means of Equation 4 then results in U

obj

= 4.5/ 0.75/ 0.92– 0.5= 6.0.This isa ratherextreme extrapolation,particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts! Note, though, that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitations exist. We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera, and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.

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10400603;a2

Figure 22.3 Relative magnitudes of radiationsources under varyingmeasurement conditions (SWcamera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere

radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T

= 20°C (+68°F); T

refl

= 20°C (+68°F).

atm

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10400703;a2

Figure 22.4 Relative magnitudes of radiationsources under varyingmeasurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere

radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T

= 20°C (+68°F); T

refl

= 20°C (+68°F).

atm

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23 Emissivity tables

This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems.

23.1 References

Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y.

William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

Madding, R.P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison, Wisconsin:University of Wisconsin – Extension, Department of Engineering and Applied Science.

William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

Jones, Smith, Probert: External thermography of buildings..., Proc. of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol.110, Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology, June 1977 London.

Paljak, Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings, Swedish Building Research Institute, Stockholm 1972.

Vlcek, J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at λ = 5 µm. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.

Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites, Defence Documentation Center, AD 617 417.

Öhman, Claes:Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E-Box. Tekniskrapport,AGEMA 1999. (Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report, AGEMA 1999.)

Matteï, S., Tang-Kwor, E: Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811-21

between –36°C AND 82°C.

Lohrengel & Todtenhaupt (1996)11

ITC Technical publication 32.12

ITC Technical publication 29.13

23.2 Important note about the emissivity tables

The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave (SW) camera. The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution.

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23 – Emissivity tables

23.3 Tables

Figure 23.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6: Reference

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3M type 35

3M type 88

3M type Super 33+

Aluminum

13Ca. 0.96LW< 80Vinyl electrical tape (several colors)

13Ca. 0.96LW< 105Black vinyl electrical tape

13< 0.96MW< 105Black vinyl electrical tape

13Ca. 0.96LW< 80Black vinyl electrical tape

90.95LW70anodized, black,

dull

90.67SW70anodized, black,

dull

90.97LW70anodized, light

gray, dull

90.61SW70anodized, light

gray, dull

20.55T100anodized sheetAluminum

40.09T100as received, plateAluminum

20.09T100as received, sheetAluminum

90.46LW70cast, blast cleanedAluminum

90.47SW70cast, blast cleanedAluminum

Aluminum

plate

Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010 85

40.05T100dipped in HNO3,

30.093 µm27foilAluminum

30.0410 µm27foilAluminum

10.2–0.3T50–500oxidized, stronglyAluminum

10.04–0.06T50–100polishedAluminum

20.05T100polished, sheetAluminum

40.05T100polished plateAluminum

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23 – Emissivity tables

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30.283 µm27roughenedAluminum

30.1810 µm27roughenedAluminum

10.06–0.07T20–50rough surfaceAluminum

Aluminum

ide

Aluminum oxide

90.03–0.06LW70sheet, 4 samples differently scratched

90.05–0.08SW70sheet, 4 samples differently scratched

20.04T20vacuum depositedAluminum

50.83–0.94SW17weathered, heavilyAluminum

10.60T20Aluminum bronze

10.28TpowderAluminum hydrox-

10.46Tactivated, powderAluminum oxide

10.16Tpure, powder(alumina)

10.96T20boardAsbestos

10.78TfabricAsbestos

70.94SW35floor tileAsbestos

10.93–0.95T40–400paperAsbestos

10.40–0.60TpowderAsbestos

10.96T20slateAsbestos

80.967LLW4Asphalt paving

10.22T20–350dull, tarnishedBrass

90.04–0.09SW70oxidizedBrass

90.03–0.07LW70oxidizedBrass

20.61T100oxidizedBrass

10.59–0.61T200–600oxidized at 600°CBrass

10.03T200polishedBrass

20.03T100polished, highlyBrass

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23 – Emissivity tables

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Brass

Brick

20.20T20rubbed with 80grit emery

10.06T20sheet, rolledBrass

10.2T20sheet, worked with emery

50.68SW17aluminaBrick

50.86–0.81SW17commonBrick

10.85T1100Dinas silica, glazed, rough

10.66T1000Dinas silica, refractory

10.80T1000Dinas silica, unglazed, rough

50.68SW17firebrickBrick

10.85T20fireclayBrick

10.75T1000fireclayBrick

10.59T1200fireclayBrick

70.94SW35masonryBrick

10.94T20masonry, plastered

20.93T20red, commonBrick

10.88–0.93T20red, roughBrick

Brick

10.46T1000refractory, corundum

Brick

10.38T1000–1300refractory, magnesite

Brick

10.8–0.9T500–1000refractory, strongly radiating

Brick

10.65–0.75T500–1000refractory, weakly radiating

Brick

SiO2, 64% Al2O

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10.66T1230silica, 95% SiO

10.29T1500sillimanite, 33%

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23 – Emissivity tables

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50.87SW17waterproofBrick

90.06LW70phosphor bronzeBronze

90.08SW70phosphor bronzeBronze

10.1T50polishedBronze

10.55T50–150porous, roughBronze

10.76–0.80TpowderBronze

20.95T20candle sootCarbon

10.96Tcharcoal powderCarbon

Carbon

Copper

20.98T20graphite, filed surface

10.97Tgraphite powderCarbon

10.95–0.97T20–400lampblackCarbon

60.90SW20untreatedChipboard

10.10T50polishedChromium

10.28–0.38T500–1000polishedChromium

10.91T70firedClay

10.98T20blackCloth

20.92T20Concrete

70.95SW36dryConcrete

50.97SW17roughConcrete

80.974LLW5walkwayConcrete

10.07T20commercial, burnished

10.018T80electrolytic, carefully polished

40.006T–34electrolytic, polished

10.13–0.15T1100–1300moltenCopper

10.6–0.7T50oxidizedCopper

40.78T27oxidized, blackCopper

88 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010

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20.78T20oxidized, heavilyCopper

Copper

10.88Toxidized to blackness

10.02T50–100polishedCopper

20.03T100polishedCopper

40.03T27polished, commercial

40.015T22polished, mechanical

40.008T22pure, carefully prepared surface

40.07T27scrapedCopper

10.84TpowderCopper dioxide

10.70Tred, powderCopper oxide

10.89TEbonite

10.85T80coarseEmery

10.9T20Enamel

10.85–0.95T20lacquerEnamel

60.85SW20hard, untreatedFiber board

90.88LW70masoniteFiber board

90.75SW70masoniteFiber board

90.89LW70particle boardFiber board

90.77SW70particle boardFiber board

60.85SW20porous, untreatedFiber board

10.018T130polishedGold

10.02–0.03T200–600polished, carefullyGold

20.02T100polished, highlyGold

80.849LLW20polishedGranite

80.879LLW21roughGranite

Granite

90.77–0.87LW70rough, 4 different samples

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Granite

Ice: See Water

90.95–0.97SW70rough, 4 different samples

10.8–0.9T20Gypsum

10.81T50castingIron, cast

10.95T1000ingotsIron, cast

10.28T1300liquidIron, cast

10.60–0.70T800–1000machinedIron, cast

40.63T38oxidizedIron, cast

20.64T100oxidizedIron, cast

40.66T260oxidizedIron, cast

40.76T538oxidizedIron, cast

10.64–0.78T200–600oxidized at 600°CIron, cast

40.21T38polishedIron, cast

20.21T40polishedIron, cast

10.21T200polishedIron, cast

10.87–0.95T900–1100unworkedIron, cast

90.09LW70cold rolledIron and steel

90.20SW70cold rolledIron and steel

Iron and steel

rust

Iron and steel

ly polished

Iron and steel

with emery

Iron and steel

sheet

10.61–0.85T20covered with red

40.05T22electrolyticIron and steel

40.05T100electrolyticIron and steel

40.07T260electrolyticIron and steel

10.05–0.06T175–225electrolytic, careful-

10.24T20freshly worked

10.55–0.61T950–1100ground sheetIron and steel

20.69T20heavily rusted

90 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010

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10.77T20hot rolledIron and steel

10.60T130hot rolledIron and steel

10.74T100oxidizedIron and steel

40.74T100oxidizedIron and steel

10.78–0.82T125–525oxidizedIron and steel

20.79T200oxidizedIron and steel

40.89T1227oxidizedIron and steel

10.80T200–600oxidizedIron and steel

10.88T50oxidized stronglyIron and steel

10.98T500oxidized stronglyIron and steel

20.07T100polishedIron and steel

10.14–0.38T400–1000polishedIron and steel

10.52–0.56T750–1050polished sheetIron and steel

10.24T20rolled, freshlyIron and steel

10.56T50rolled sheetIron and steel

Iron and steel

10.95–0.98T50rough, plane surface

50.96SW17rusted, heavilyIron and steel

40.69T22rusted red, sheetIron and steel

10.69T20rusty, redIron and steel

10.16T150shiny, etchedIron and steel

Iron and steel

10.82T20shiny oxide layer, sheet,

Iron and steel

10.28T40–250wrought, carefully polished

90.85LW70heavily oxidizedIron galvanized

90.64SW70heavily oxidizedIron galvanized

40.07T92sheetIron galvanized

10.23T30sheet, burnishedIron galvanized

10.28T20sheet, oxidizedIron galvanized

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40.064T24sheetIron tinned

black 1602

Lacquer

Flat blackKrylon Ultra-flat

on Aluminum

rough surface

sprayed on iron

12Ca. 0.96LWRoom temperature

up to 175

12Ca. 0.97MWRoom temperature

up to 175

90.92–0.94LW703 colors sprayed

90.50–0.53SW703 colors sprayed

10.4T20Aluminum on

10.83T80bakeliteLacquer

10.96–0.98T40–100black, dullLacquer

20.97T100black, matteLacquer

10.87T20black, shiny,

10.92T100heat–resistantLacquer

10.8–0.95T40–100whiteLacquer

20.92T100whiteLacquer

10.28T20oxidized, grayLead

40.28T22oxidized, grayLead

10.63T200oxidized at 200°CLead

10.08T250shinyLead

Lead

ished

40.05T100unoxidized, pol-

40.93T100Lead red

10.93T100Lead red, powder

10.75–0.80TtannedLeather

10.3–0.4TLime

40.07T22Magnesium

40.13T260Magnesium

92 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010

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der

23 – Emissivity tables

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40.18T538Magnesium

20.07T20polishedMagnesium

10.86TMagnesium pow-

10.08–0.13T600–1000Molybdenum

10.19–0.26T1500–2200Molybdenum

10.1–0.3T700–2500filamentMolybdenum

50.87SW17Mortar

70.94SW36dryMortar

21 Black

Nickel

pure, polished

ished

iron, polished

> 0.97LW–60–150Flat blackNextel Velvet 811-

10 and 11

10.25T700rolledNichrome

10.70T700sandblastedNichrome

10.65T50wire, cleanNichrome

10.71–0.79T500–1000wire, cleanNichrome

10.95–0.98T50–500wire, oxidizedNichrome

40.041T122bright matteNickel

10.045T100commercially

10.07–0.09T200–400commercially

40.04T22electrolyticNickel

40.06T38electrolyticNickel

40.07T260electrolyticNickel

40.10T538electrolyticNickel

20.05T20electroplated, pol-

40.045T22electroplated on

Nickel

10.11–0.40T20electroplated on iron, unpolished

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Nickel

Oil, lubricating

Paint

40.11T22electroplated on iron, unpolished

20.37T200oxidizedNickel

40.37T227oxidizedNickel

40.85T1227oxidizedNickel

10.37–0.48T200–600oxidized at 600°CNickel

40.045T122polishedNickel

10.1–0.2T200–1000wireNickel

10.52–0.59T500–650Nickel oxide

10.75–0.86T1000–1250Nickel oxide

20.27T200.025 mm filmOil, lubricating

20.46T200.050 mm filmOil, lubricating

20.72T200.125 mm filmOil, lubricating

20.05T20film on Ni base: Ni base only

20.82T20thick coatingOil, lubricating

90.92–0.94LW708 different colors and qualities

90.88–0.96SW708 different colors and qualities

Paint

ages

10.27–0.67T50–100Aluminum, various

10.28–0.33Tcadmium yellowPaint

10.65–0.70Tchrome greenPaint

10.7–0.8Tcobalt bluePaint

50.87SW17oilPaint

60.94SW20oil, black flatPaint

60.92SW20oil, black glossPaint

60.97SW20oil, gray flatPaint

60.96SW20oil, gray glossPaint

10.92–0.96T100oil, various colorsPaint

94 Publ. No. T559498 Rev. a461 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2010

FLIR A3 SERIES, A6 SERIES Installation Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Table of contents

1 Warnings & Cautions

2 Notice to user

3 Customer help

4 Documentation updates

5 Important note about this manual

6 Overview of camera models

6.1 FLIR A300

6.2 FLIR A310

6.3 FLIR A315

6.4 FLIR A320 Tempscreen

6.5 FLIR A615

7 Packing list

8 Installation

8.1 General information

8.2 System requirements

8.3 Installation

9 Mechanical installation

9.1 Installation of fixed cameras

9.2 Mounting and removing lenses (FLIR A3XX series)

9.2.1 Mounting an additional infrared lens

9.2.2 Removing an additional infrared lens

9.3 Mounting and removing lenses (FLIR A6XX series)

9.3.1 Removing an infrared lens

9.3.2 Mounting an infrared lens

11 Example system overviews

12 Temperature screening

13 Cleaning the camera

13.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items

13.2 Infrared lens

13.3 Infrared detector

14 Technical data

15 Pin configurations

16 Mechanical drawings

16.1 FLIR A3XX series

16.1.1 Camera dimensions (front)

16.1.2 Camera dimensions (side)

16.1.3 Camera dimensions (bottom)

16.1.4 Camera dimensions (with 10 mm/45° lens)

16.1.5 Camera dimensions (with 30 mm/15° lens)

16.1.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°)

16.1.7 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°)

16.2 FLIR A6XX series

16.2.1 Camera dimensions (front view, without lens)

16.2.2 Camera dimensions (side view, without lens)

16.2.3 Camera dimensions (side view, with 24.5 mm/25° lens)

16.2.4 Specification of mounting interfaces, #1

16.2.5 Specification of mounting interfaces, #2

16.2.6 Camera dimensions (rear view)

16.2.7 Infrared lens (24.5 mm/25°)

17 About FLIR Systems

17.1 More than just an infrared camera

17.2 Sharing our knowledge

17.3 Supporting our customers

17.4 A few images from our facilities

18 Glossary

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Emissivity

19.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample

19.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature

19.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method

19.2.1.1.2 Method 2: Reflector method

19.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity

19.3 Reflected apparent temperature

19.4 Distance

19.5 Relative humidity

19.6 Other parameters

20 History of infrared technology

21 Theory of thermography

21.1 Introduction

21.2 The electromagnetic spectrum

21.3 Blackbody radiation

21.3.1 Planck’s law

21.3.2 Wien’s displacement law

21.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law

21.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters