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A315f
User Manual
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FLIR A300f, A310f, A315f User Manual

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User’s manual FLIR A3xx f series
User’s manual FLIR A3xx f series
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
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Table of contents
1.1 Legal disclaimer .......................................................................1
1.2 Usage statistics ........................................................................ 1
1.3 Changes to registry ................................................................... 1
1.4 U.S. Government Regulations...................................................... 1
1.5 Copyright ................................................................................1
1.6 Quality assurance .....................................................................1
1.7 Patents...................................................................................1
1.8 EULA Terms ............................................................................ 1
3.1 User-to-user forums .................................................................. 3
3.2 Calibration...............................................................................3
3.3 Accuracy ................................................................................ 3
3.4 Disposal of electronic waste ........................................................3
3.5 Training ..................................................................................3
3.6 Documentation updates ............................................................. 3
3.7 Important note about this manual..................................................3
3.8 Note about authoritative versions..................................................3
4.1 General ..................................................................................4
4.2 Submitting a question ................................................................ 4
4.3 Downloads ..............................................................................5
5.1 FLIR A3xx f series.....................................................................6
7.1 Installation overview .................................................................. 9
7.2 Installation components.............................................................. 9
7.3 Location considerations .............................................................9
7.4 Camera mounting ..................................................................... 9
7.5 Prior to cutting/drilling holes ...................................................... 10
7.6 Back cover ............................................................................ 11
7.7 Removing the back cover ......................................................... 11
7.8 Connecting power................................................................... 12
7.9 Video connections .................................................................. 12
7.10 Ethernet connection ................................................................ 12
8 Verifying camera operation ....... ..... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ............ .... 13
8.1 Power and analog video ........................................................... 13
8.2 IP Communications ................................................................. 13
9 Technical data . ....... ....... ....... ..... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ................... 14
9.1 Online field-of-view calculator .................................................... 14
9.2 Note about technical data ......................................................... 14
9.3 Note about authoritative versions................................................ 14
9.4 FLIR A300f 25°....................................................................... 15
9.5 FLIR A300f 45°....................................................................... 18
9.6 FLIR A310f 15°....................................................................... 21
9.7 FLIR A310f 25°....................................................................... 25
9.8 FLIR A310f 45°....................................................................... 29
9.9 FLIR A310f 6° ........................................................................ 33
9.10 FLIR A310f 90°....................................................................... 37
9.11 FLIR A315f 25°....................................................................... 41
9.12 FLIR A315f 45°....................................................................... 44
9.13 FLIR A315f 90°....................................................................... 47
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Table of contents
10 Mechanical drawings .. ....... ....... ....... ................... ....... ....... ....... ........ 50
11 CE Declaration of conformity ................... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ..... . 60
12 Pin configurations and schematics..................... ....... ....... ....... .......... 62
12.1 Pin configuration for camera I/O connector ................................... 62
12.2 Schematic overview of the camera unit digital I/O ports ................... 62
13 Cleaning the camera ..... ....... ............ ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ..... .. ..... . 63
13.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items..................................... 63
13.1.1 Liquids....................................................................... 63
13.1.2 Equipment.................................................................. 63
13.1.3 Procedure .................................................................. 63
13.2 Infrared lens .......................................................................... 63
13.2.1 Liquids....................................................................... 63
13.2.2 Equipment.................................................................. 63
13.2.3 Procedure .................................................................. 63
14 About FLIR Systems ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......................... ....... .... 64
14.1 More than just an infrared camera .............................................. 65
14.2 Sharing our knowledge ............................................................ 65
14.3 Supporting our customers......................................................... 65
15 Glossary ..... .......................... ....... ....... .......................... ....... ....... ... 67
16 Thermographic measurement techniques .... ..... ....... ....... ....... ....... ..... 70
16.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 70
16.2 Emissivity.............................................................................. 70
16.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample.................................... 70
16.3 Reflected apparent temperature ................................................. 73
16.4 Distance ............................................................................... 74
16.5 Relative humidity .................................................................... 74
16.6 Other parameters.................................................................... 74
17 History of infrared technology... ....... ....... ....... ................... ....... ....... .. 75
18 Theory of thermography ....... ..... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ..... ....... ....... . 78
18.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 78
18.2 The electromagnetic spectrum................................................... 78
18.3 Blackbody radiation................................................................. 78
18.3.1 Planck’s law ................................................................ 79
18.3.2 Wien’s displacement law................................................ 80
18.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law ................................................. 81
18.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters ................................................. 82
18.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials............................................. 84
19 The measurement formula. ....... ....... ....... ..... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .. 85
20 Emissivity tables .. ....... .......................... ....... ....... .......................... .. 89
20.1 References............................................................................ 89
20.2 Tables .................................................................................. 89
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Legal disclaimer
1
1.1 Legal disclaimer
All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service,and inaccordance withFLIR Systems instruction.
Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship fora period of two (2) years from thedelivery dateof the original purchase, providedsuch prod­ucts have been undernormal storage, use and service,and inaccordance with FLIR Systems instruction, and provided that the camera has been regis­tered within 60 days of original purchase.
Detectors for uncooled handheldinfrared camerasmanufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten (10) years from the delivery date of the originalpurchase, pro­vided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction, and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.
Products which are notmanufactured byFLIR Systems but included in sys­tems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particular supplier only. FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.
The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and isnot transferable. It is not applicable toany product which has been subjected to misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal conditions of operation. Expendable parts areexcluded from the warranty.
In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage. The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply.
FLIR Systems will, atits option,repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if,upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or work­manship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one­year period.
FLIR Systems has noother obligationor liabilityfor defects than those set forth above.
No other warranty is expressed or implied. FLIR Systems specifically dis­claims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
FLIR Systems shall notbe liablefor any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential loss or damage, whether based on contract, tort or any other legal theory.
This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law. Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this war-
ranty, shall be finally settledby arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of theStockholm Chamber of Commerce. The place of ar­bitration shall be Stockholm. The language to be usedin the arbitral proceed­ings shall be English.
1.2 Usage statistics
FLIR Systems reserves theright to gather anonymous usage statistics to help maintain and improve the quality of oursoftware and services.
1.3 Changes to registry
The registry entry HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet \Control\Lsa\LmCompatibilityLevel will be automatically changed to level 2 if the FLIR Camera Monitor service detectsa FLIR camera connected tothe computer with a USB cable. The modification will only be executed if the camera device implements aremote network service that supports network logons.
1.4 U.S. Government Regulations
This product may be subject to U.S. Export Regulations. Please send any in­quiries to exportquestions@flir.com.
1.5 Copyright
© 2016, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts ofthe software including source codemay be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed or translated into any language or computer language inany form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical,manual or otherwise, without theprior written permission of FLIR Systems.
The documentation must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, re­produced, translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without priorconsent, inwriting, from FLIR Systems.
Names and marks appearing on the products herein areeither registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and/or its subsidiaries.All other trademarks, trade names orcompany names referenced herein areused for identification only and arethe propertyof their respective owners.
1.6 Quality assurance
The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has beencertified inaccordance with the ISO 9001 standard.
FLIR Systems is committedto apolicy of continuous development; therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the prod­ucts without prior notice.
1.7 Patents
One or several of the following patentsand/or design patents may apply to the products and/or features. Additional pending patents and/or pending de­sign patents may also apply.
000279476-0001; 000439161; 000499579-0001; 000653423; 000726344; 000859020; 001106306-0001; 001707738; 001707746; 001707787; 001776519; 001954074; 002021543; 002058180; 002249953; 002531178; 0600574-8; 1144833; 1182246; 1182620; 1285345; 1299699; 1325808; 1336775; 1391114; 1402918; 1404291; 1411581; 1415075; 1421497; 1458284; 1678485; 1732314; 2106017; 2107799; 2381417; 3006596; 3006597; 466540; 483782; 484155; 4889913; 5177595; 60122153.2;
602004011681.5-08; 6707044; 68657; 7034300; 7110035; 7154093; 7157705; 7237946; 7312822; 7332716; 7336823; 7544944; 7667198; 7809258 B2; 7826736; 8,153,971; 8,823,803; 8,853,631; 8018649 B2; 8212210 B2; 8289372; 8354639 B2; 8384783; 8520970; 8565547; 8595689; 8599262; 8654239; 8680468; 8803093; D540838; D549758; D579475; D584755; D599,392; D615,113; D664,580; D664,581; D665,004; D665,440; D677298; D710,424 S; D718801; DI6702302-9; DI6903617-9; DI7002221-6; DI7002891-5; DI7002892-3; DI7005799-0; DM/057692; DM/061609; EP 2115696 B1; EP2315433; SE 0700240-5; US 8340414 B2; ZL
201330267619.5; ZL01823221.3; ZL01823226.4; ZL02331553.9; ZL02331554.7; ZL200480034894.0; ZL200530120994.2; ZL200610088759.5; ZL200630130114.4; ZL200730151141.4; ZL200730339504.7; ZL200820105768.8; ZL200830128581.2; ZL200880105236.4; ZL200880105769.2; ZL200930190061.9; ZL201030176127.1; ZL201030176130.3; ZL201030176157.2; ZL201030595931.3; ZL201130442354.9; ZL201230471744.3; ZL201230620731.8.
1.8 EULA Terms
• Youhave acquired a device (“INFRARED CAMERA”) that includes soft­ware licensed by FLIRSystems AB from Microsoft Licensing, GP or its affiliates (“MS”). Those installed software products of MS origin, as well as associated media, printed materials, and “online” or electronic docu­mentation (“SOFTWARE”) are protected by international intellectual property laws and treaties.The SOFTWARE is licensed, not sold. All rights reserved.
• IF YOU DO NOTAGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT (“EULA”), DO NOT USE THEDEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE. IN­STEAD, PROMPTLYCONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUC­TIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE(S) FOR A REFUND.
ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE, WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS EULA (OR RATIFICATION OFANY PREVIOUS CONSENT).
• GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE. ThisEULA grantsyou the following license:
◦ Youmay use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE. ◦ NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOL-
ERANT.FLIR SystemsAB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.
◦ NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is
provided “AS IS” and withall faults.THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE) IS WITH YOU. ALSO, THERE IS NOWARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.IF YOU HAVERECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES
REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE, THOSE WAR­RANTIES DO NOTORIGINATE FROM, AND ARE NOT BINDING ON, MS.
◦ No Liability for Certain Damages. EXCEPTAS PROHIBITED BY
LAW,MS SHALLHAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PER­FORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE. THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLYEVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PUR­POSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U.S. TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOL­LARS (U.S.$250.00).
◦ Limitations on Reverse Engineering, Decompilation, and Dis-
assembly. You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disas-
semble the SOFTWARE,except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable lawnotwithstanding this limitation.
◦ SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRIC-
TIONS. You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or transfer ofthe Device, and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA. If the SOFTWARE is an up­grade, any transfer mustalso include all prior versionsof the SOFTWARE.
◦ EXPORT RESTRICTIONS. You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is
subject to U.S. export jurisdiction. You agree to comply with all ap­plicable international and national laws that apply to the SOFT­WARE, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, as well as end-user, end-use and destination restrictionsissued by U. S. and other governments.For additional information see http:// www.microsoft.com/exporting/.
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Safety information
2
WARNING
Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on con­tainers before you use a liquid. The liquids can be dangerous. Injury to persons can occur.
CAUTION
Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at strong energy sources, for example, devices that cause laser radiation, or the sun. This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera.
CAUTION
Do not use the camera in temperatures more than +50°C (+122°F), unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data. High temperatures can cause damage to the camera.
CAUTION
Do not apply solvents or equivalent liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. Damage to the bat­tery and injury to persons can occur.
CAUTION
Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has an anti-reflective coating which is easily dam­aged. Damage to the infrared lens can occur.
CAUTION
Do not use too much force to clean the infrared lens. This can cause damage to the anti-reflective coating.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled.
Do not disable the automatic shutter in the camera for a long time period (a maximum of 30 minutes is typical). If you disable the shutter for a longer time period, damage to the detector can occur.
NOTE
The encapsulation rating is only applicable when all the openings on the camera are sealed with their correct covers, hatches, or caps. This includes the compartments for data storage, batteries, and connectors.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras where you can remove the lens and expose the infrared detector.
Do not use the pressurized air from the pneumatic air systems in a workshop when you remove dust from the detector. The air contains oil mist to lubricate the pneumatic tools and the pressure is too high. Damage to the detector can occur.
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Notice to user
3
3.1 User-to-user forums
Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit:
http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/
3.2 Calibration
We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact your lo­cal sales office for instructions on where to send the camera.
3.3 Accuracy
For very accurate results, we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature.
3.4 Disposal of electronic waste
As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environmen­tally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste.
Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details.
3.5 Training
To read about infrared training, visit:
• http://www.infraredtraining.com
• http://www.irtraining.com
• http://www.irtraining.eu
3.6 Documentation updates
Our manuals are updated several times per year, and we also issue product-critical notifi­cations of changes on a regular basis.
To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at: http://support.flir.com It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find the
latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products.
3.7 Important note about this manual
FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply
to your particular camera model.
3.8 Note about authoritative versions
The authoritative version of this publication is English. In the event of divergences due to translation errors, the English text has precedence.
Any late changes are first implemented in English.
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Customer help
4
4.1 General
For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com
4.2 Submitting a question
To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
When you want to submit a question, make sure that you have the following information to hand:
• The camera model
• The camera serial number
• The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex­ample, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire)
• Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.)
• Version of any programs from FLIR Systems
• Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual
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Customer help
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4.3 Downloads
On the customer help site you can also download the following, when applicable for the product:
• Firmware updates for your infrared camera.
• Program updates for your PC/Mac software.
• Freeware and evaluation versions of PC/Mac software.
• User documentation for current, obsolete, and historical products.
• Mechanical drawings (in *.dxf and *.pdf format).
• Cad data models (in *.stp format).
• Application stories.
• Technical datasheets.
• Product catalogs.
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Introduction
5
5.1 FLIR A3xx f series
Figure 5.1 FLIR A3xx f series camera
The main function of the FLIR A3xx f series camera is, through adding the housing, to in­crease the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A3xx f series camera to IP 66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A3xx f series camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that do not call for the highest speed or reaction and who uses a PC. Due to its composite video output, it is al­so an excellent choice for thermal image automation applications, where you can utilize its unique properties such as looking through steam.
Key features:
• MPEG-4 streaming.
• PoE (Power over Ethernet).
• Built-in web server.
• General purpose I/O.
• 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.).
• Synchronization through SNTP.
• Composite video output.
• Multi-camera utility software: FLIR IP Config and FLIR IR Monitor included.
• Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 images @ 3 Hz, radiometric.
• Multi-camera software: FLIR Sensors Manager allows users to manage and control a FLIR A3xx f series camera in a TCP/IP network.
Typical applications:
• Fire prevention, critical vessel monitoring, and power utility asset management.
• Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible).
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List of accessories and services
6
Product name Part number
Ethernet cable CAT-6, 2m/6.6 ft. T951004ACC
FLIR IR Camera Player DSW-10000
FLIR Sensors Manager, pro
4130235
FLIR Tools T198584 FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application) APP-10002
FLIR Tools Mobile (iPad/iPhone Application) APP-10003
FLIR Tools+ (license only) T198583
HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
324-0004-00
High temp. option +1200°C/+2192°F for FLIR T/ B2xx to T/B4xx and A3xx, A3xxf, A3xxpt, A3xxsc series
T197000
ITC Advanced General Thermography Course ­attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-ADV-3021
ITC Advanced General Thermography Course­group of 10 pers.
ITC-ADV-3029
ITC Advanced Thermal applications course - at­tendance 1 pers. (3 days)
ITC-ADV-3061
ITC Advanced Thermal applications course ­group up to 10 pers. (3 days)
ITC-ADV-3069
ITC Automated safety systems training - attend­ance 1 pers (3 days)
ITC-AUT-3101
ITC Automated safety systems training - group of up to 10 pers (3 days)
ITC-AUT-3109
ITC conference fee ITC-CON-1001 ITC Customized workshop - per person (per day) ITC-EXP-1041
ITC In-house training - additional attendance 1 pers. (per day)
ITC-EXP-1021
ITC In-house training - group up to 10 pers. (per day)
ITC-EXP-1029
ITC Infrared application and system consultancy (per day)
ITC-EXP-1050
ITC Level 1 Thermography Course - additional student to on site class, 1 pers
ITC-CER-5105
ITC Level 1 Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-CER-5101
ITC Level 1 Thermography Course – group of 10 pers.
ITC-CER-5109
ITC Level 2 Thermography Course - additional student to on site class, 1 pers
ITC-CER-5205
ITC Level 2 Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-CER-5201
ITC Level 2 Thermography Course – group of 10 pers.
ITC-CER-5209
ITC R&D basics for industry users - group up to 6 pers. (2 days)
ITC-EXP-2036
ITC Short course Fever Screening - additional stu­dent to on site class (2 days)
ITC-EXP-2025
ITC Short course Fever Screening - attendance 1 pers. (2 days)
ITC-EXP-2021
ITC Short course Fever Screening - inclusive 10 pers. (2 days)
ITC-EXP-2029
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List of accessories and services
6
Product name Part number
ITC Short course Introduction to thermography ­inclusive 10 pers. (1 day)
ITC-EXP-1019
ITC Short course Introduction to thermography
-attendance 1 pers. (1 day)
ITC-EXP-1011
ITC Software course - attendance 1 pers. (per day)
ITC-SOW-0001
ITC Software course - group up to 10 pers. (per day)
ITC-SOW-0009
ITC Training 1 day - attendance 1 pers. ITC-EXP-1001
ITC Training 1 day - group up to 10 pers. ITC-EXP-1009
ITC Training 2 days - attendance 1 pers. ITC-EXP-2001
ITC Training 2 days - group up to 10 pers. ITC-EXP-2009
ITC Training 3 days - attendance 1 pers. ITC-EXP-3001
ITC Training 3 days - group up to 10 pers. ITC-EXP-3009
ITC travel time for instructor ITC-TFT-0100 PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
500-0463-00
POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
4119507
Power cable, pigtailed 1910586ACC
Power supply for A3xx f, IP66 T911182
ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver.
3.3
T198566
ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
T198567
Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Center and South Africa)
ITC-TOL-1003
Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Europe, Balcans, Turkey, Cyprus)
ITC-TOL-1001
Travel and lodging expenses instructor (other) ITC-TOL-1005
Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Russia/ GUS, Middle East, North Africa)
ITC-TOL-1002
Travel and lodging expenses instructor (various) ITC-TOL-1004
Video cable, 3.0 m/9.8 ft.
908929
WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
500-0462-00
Note FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice.
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Installation
7
7.1 Installation overview
Figure 7.1 FLIR A3xx f series camera
The FLIR A3xx f series camera is an infrared thermal imaging camera intended for out­door applications, and can be installed in a fixed location or on a pan/tilt mechanism.
The FLIR A3xx f series camera is intended to be mounted on a medium-duty fixed ped­estal mount or wall mount commonly used in the CCTV industry. Cables will exit from the back of the camera housing. The mount must support up to 30 lbs. (15 kg).
The FLIR A3xx f series camera is both an analog camera and an IP camera. The video from the camera can be viewed over a traditional analog video network or it can be viewed by streaming it over an IP network using MPEG-4 encoding. Analog video will re­quire a connection to a video monitor or an analog matrix/switch. The IP video will require a connection to an Ethernet network switch, and a computer with the appropriate soft­ware for viewing the video.
The camera can be controlled through IP communications. The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max. (allowed range: 10–30 VDC) and heaters
on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W. In order to access the electrical connections and install the cables, it is necessary to tem-
porarily remove the back cover of the camera housing.
7.2 Installation components
In addition to the items included in the cardboard box, the installer will need to supply the following items:
• Electrical wire, for system power: up to 100′ (three conductor, shielded, gauge deter­mined by cable length and supply voltage).
• Camera grounding strap.
• Coaxial RG59U video cables (BNC connector at the camera end) for analog video.
• Shielded Category 6 Ethernet cable for control and streaming video over an IP net­work; and also for software upgrades.
• Miscellaneous electrical hardware, connectors, and tools.
7.3 Location considerations
The camera will require connections for power, communications (IP Ethernet, and/or RS­232/RS-422), and video.
Note Install all cameras with an easily accessible Ethernet connection, to support fu­ture software upgrades. Ensure that cable distances do not exceed the referenced standard specifications and adhere to all local and Industry standards, codes, and best practices.
7.4 Camera mounting
FLIR A3xx f series cameras must be mounted upright on top of the mounting surface, with the base below the camera. The unit should not be hung upside down.
The FLIR A3xx f series camera can be secured to the mount with three to five ¼″-20 bolts or studs, as shown below.
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Installation
7
Note Use washers to protect the painting.
Once the mounting location has been selected, verify that both sides of the mounting surface are accessible.
Figure 7.2 FLIR A3xx f series camera mounting (mm)
If the camera is to be mounted on a pole or tower or other hard-to-reach location, con­nect and operate the camera as a bench test at ground level prior to mounting the cam­era in its final location.
Use a thread-locking compound such as Loctite 242 or an equivalent with all metal-to­metal threaded connections.
Using the template supplied with the camera as a guide, mark the location of the holes for mounting the camera.
If the template is printed, ensure that it is printed to scale so that the dimensions are correct.
Once the holes are drilled in the mounting surface, install three (3) to five (5) ¼″-20 bolts or threaded studs in the base of the camera with thread-locking compound.
7.5 Prior to cutting/drilling holes
When selecting a mounting location for the FLIR A3xx f series camera, consider cable lengths and cable routing. Ensure that the cables are long enough, given the proposed mounting locations and cable routing requirements, and route the cables before you in­stall the components.
Use cables that have sufficient dimensions to ensure safety (for power cables) and ad­equate signal strength (for video and communications).
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Installation
7
7.6 Back cover
Figure 7.3 Back cover of a FLIR A3xx f series camera.
1. Breather valve.
2. Ground lug.
3. Shipping plug.
4. Mounting screw (×4).
5. Shipping plug.
The FLIR A3xx f series camera comes with two ¾″ NPT cable glands, each with a three­hole gland seal insert. Cables can be between 0.23″ and 0.29″ OD. Typically, up to five cables may be needed. Plugs are required for any insert hole(s) not being used.
Figure 7.4 ¾″ NPTcable gland.
If non-standard cable diameters are used, you may need to locate or fabricate the appro­priate insert to fit the desired cable. FLIR Systems does not provide cable gland inserts other than what is supplied with the system.
Insert the cables through the cable glands on the enclosure before terminating and con­necting them. (In general, the terminated connectors will not fit through the cable gland.) If a terminated cable is required, make a single clean cut in the gland seal to install the cable into the gland seal.
Proper installation of cable sealing glands and use of appropriate elastomer inserts is critical to long-term reliability. Cables enter the camera mount enclosure through liquid­tight compression glands. Be sure to insert the cables through the cable glands on the enclosure before terminating and connecting them (the connectors will not fit through the cable gland). Leave the gland nuts loosened until all cable installation has been com­pleted. Inspect and install gland fittings in the back cover with suitable leak sealant, and tighten to ensure water-tight fittings. PTFE tape or pipe sealant (e.g., DuPont RectorSeal T) is suitable for this purpose.
7.7 Removing the back cover
Use a 3 mm hex key to loosen the screws, exposing the connections at the back of the camera enclosure. There is a grounding wire connected between the case and the back cover as shown.
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Installation
7
Figure 7.5 Rear view of a FLIR A3xx f series camera, after the back cover has been removed.
1. Camera power.
2. Camera heater.
3. Video.
4. I/O ports.
5. Ethernet.
7.8 Connecting power
The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max. (allowed range: 10–30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
The camera itself does not have an on/off switch. Generally, the FLIR A3xx f series cam­era will be connected to a circuit breaker, and the circuit breaker will be used to connect or interrupt the power supply to the camera. If power is supplied to it, the camera will be in one of two modes: Booting Up or Powered On.
The power cable supplied by the installer must use wires that are of a sufficient gauge size (16 AWG is recommended) for the supply voltage and length of the cable run, to en­sure adequate current-carrying capacity. Always follow local building codes.
Ensure that the camera is properly grounded. Typical to good grounding practices, the camera chassis ground should be provided using the lowest resistance path possible. FLIR Systems requires using a grounding strap anchored to the grounding lug on the back plate of the camera housing and connected to the nearest earth-grounding point.
Note The terminal blocks for power connections will accept a maximum 16 AWG wire size.
7.9 Video connections
The analog video connection on the back of the camera is a BNC connector. The camera also provides an RCA video connector that can be used to temporarily monitor the video output, without disconnecting the BNC connection.
The video cable used should be rated as RG59U or better to ensure a quality video signal.
7.10 Ethernet connection
The cable gland seal is designed for use with shielded Category 6 Ethernet cable.
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Verifying camera operation
8
Prior to installing the camera, use a bench test to verify camera operation and to config­ure the camera for the local network.
8.1 Power and analog video
Follow this procedure:
1. Connect the power and video cables to the camera.
2. Connect the video cable from the camera to a display/monitor, and connect the
power cable to a power supply. The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max. (al­lowed range: 10–30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W. Verify that video output is displayed on the monitor.
3. Use an Ethernet cable to connect the camera either directly to a computer or to a
router that is connected to the same network as the computer.
4. Close down all applications on the computer.
5. Insert the CD-ROM into the CD drive on the computer. The installation should start
automatically. Should the installation not start automatically, start Windows Explorer and double-
click SETUP.HTM on the CD-ROM.
6. Click one of the following:
• Install (for all FLIR A3xx f series cameras).
• Install ( for series cameras).
• Install (for and series cameras). Note For series cameras, you can use to set up and control the camera. For more
information, see section , page . Use to identify the unit in the network and set the IP address if necessary.
7. Follow the on-screen instructions.
8.2 IP Communications
It is assumed that a FLIR A3xx f system will be set up on an existing network and be as­signed an IP address from the DHCP server.
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Technical data
9
9.1 Online field-of-view calculator
Please visit http://support.flir.com and click the photo of the camera series for field-of­view tables for all lens–camera combinations.
9.2 Note about technical data
FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Please check http://support.flir.com for latest changes.
9.3 Note about authoritative versions
The authoritative version of this publication is English. In the event of divergences due to translation errors, the English text has precedence.
Any late changes are first implemented in English.
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Technical data9
9.4 FLIR A300f 25°
P/N: 61201-1003 Rev.: 35207
General description
The main purpose of the housing on the FLIR A300f is to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A300 to IP66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A300 camera provides an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that do not call for the highest speed or reaction and who uses a PC. Due to its composite video output, it is also an excellent choice for thermal image automation ap­plications, where you can utilize its unique properties such as looking through steam.
Key features:
• Encapsulation to IP66.
• MPEG-4 streaming.
• PoE (Power over Ethernet).
• Built-in web server.
• General purpose I/O.
• 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.).
• Synchronization through SNTP.
• Composite video output.
• Multi-camera utility software: FLIR IP Config and FLIR IR Monitor included.
• Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 pixel images at 3 Hz, radiometric.
Typical applications:
• Fire prevention, critical vessel monitoring, and power utility asset management
• Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible)
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD < 0.05°C @ +30°C (+86°F) / 50 mK
Field of view (FOV)
25° × 18.8°
Minimum focus distance 0.4 m (1.31 ft.)
Focal length 18 mm (0.7 in.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV) 1.36 mrad
Lens identification Automatic F-number 1.3 Image frequency 30 Hz
Focus Automatic or manual (built in motor)
Zoom 1–8× continuous, digital, interpolating zooming on
images
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
microbolometer
Spectral range
7.5–13 µm
Detector pitch 25 µm
Detector time constant Typical 12 ms
Measurement
Object temperature range
• –20 to +120°C (–4 to +248°F)
• 0 to +350°C (+32 to +662°F)
Accuracy ±4°C (±7.2°F) or ±4% of reading
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Technical data9
Set-up
Color palettes Color palettes (BW, BW inv, Iron, Rain)
Set-up commands Date/time, Temperature (°C/°F)
Storage of images
Storage media Built-in memory for image storage
File formats Standard JPEG, 16-bit measurement data
included
Ethernet
Ethernet Control and image
Ethernet, type 100 Mbps
Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, connector type RJ-45
Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary
Ethernet, video streaming MPEG-4, ISO/IEC 14496-1 MPEG-4 ASP@L5
Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 320 × 240 pixels @ 3 Hz
- Radiometric
Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0
Ethernet, protocols TCP, UDP, SNTP, RTSP, RTP, HTTP, ICMP, IGMP,
ftp, SMTP, SMB (CIFS), DHCP, MDNS (Bonjour), uPnP
Digital input/output
Digital input, purpose
Image tag (start/stop/general), Input ext. device (programmatically read)
Digital input
2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC
Digital output, purpose
Output to ext. device (programmatically set)
Digital output 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC, max. 100 mA
Digital I/O, isolation voltage 500 VRMS
Digital I/O, supply voltage 12/24 VDC, max. 200 mA
Digital I/O, connector type
6-pole jackable screw terminal
Composite video
Video out
Composite video output, PAL and NTSC compatible
Video, standard
CVBS (ITU-R-BT.470 PAL/SMPTE 170M NTSC)
Video, connector type
Standard BNC connector
Power system
External power operation The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max.
(allowed range: 10-30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage Allowed range 10–30 VDC
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –25°C to +50°C (–13°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C
to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F)
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Technical data9
Environmental data
EMC
• EN 61000-6-2 (Immunity)
• EN 61000-6-3 (Emission)
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Encapsulation IP 66 (IEC 60529)
Bump 5 g, 11 ms (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Physical data
Weight 5 kg (11.0 lb.)
Size (L × W × H) 460 × 140 × 159 mm (18.1 × 5.5 × 6.3 in.)
Base mounting
Housing material Aluminum
System features
External power operation (heater) 24 VDC, 25 W max.
External power, connector type (heater) 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage (heater) Allowed range 21-30 VDC
Automatic heaters Clears window from ice
Shipping information
Packaging, type
Cardboard box
List of contents
• Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing
• FLIR Sensors Manager download card
• FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM
• Lens cap
• Printed documentation
• Small accessories kit
Packaging, weight
Packaging, size 534 × 207 × 230 mm (21.0 × 8.1 × 9.1 in.)
EAN-13 7332558008843 UPC-12
845188009380
Country of origin Sweden
Supplies & accessories:
• T197000; High temp. option +1200°C (+2192°F)
• T911182; Power supply for A3xx f, IP66
• T951004ACC; Ethernet cable CAT6, 2 m/6.6 ft.
• 1910586ACC; Power cable, pigtailed
• 908929; Video cable, 3.0 m/9.8 ft.
• 324-0004-00; HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
• 500-0463-00; PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
• 4119507; POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
• 500-0462-00; WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
• T198584; FLIR Tools
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player
• APP-10002; FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
• T198567; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
• T198566; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3
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Technical data9
9.5 FLIR A300f 45°
P/N: 61201-1004 Rev.: 35207
General description
The main purpose of the housing on the FLIR A300f is to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A300 to IP66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A300 camera provides an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that do not call for the highest speed or reaction and who uses a PC. Due to its composite video output, it is also an excellent choice for thermal image automation ap­plications, where you can utilize its unique properties such as looking through steam.
Key features:
• Encapsulation to IP66.
• MPEG-4 streaming.
• PoE (Power over Ethernet).
• Built-in web server.
• General purpose I/O.
• 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.).
• Synchronization through SNTP.
• Composite video output.
• Multi-camera utility software: FLIR IP Config and FLIR IR Monitor included.
• Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 pixel images at 3 Hz, radiometric.
Typical applications:
• Fire prevention, critical vessel monitoring, and power utility asset management
• Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible)
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD < 0.05°C @ +30°C (+86°F) / 50 mK
Field of view (FOV)
45° × 33.8°
Minimum focus distance 0.20 m (0.66 ft.)
Focal length 9.66 mm (0.38 in.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV) 2.45 mrad
Lens identification Automatic F-number 1.3 Image frequency 30 Hz
Focus Automatic or manual (built in motor)
Zoom 1–8× continuous, digital, interpolating zooming on
images
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
microbolometer
Spectral range
7.5–13 µm
Detector pitch 25 µm
Detector time constant Typical 12 ms
Measurement
Object temperature range
• –20 to +120°C (–4 to +248°F)
• 0 to +350°C (+32 to +662°F)
Accuracy ±4°C (±7.2°F) or ±4% of reading
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Technical data9
Set-up
Color palettes Color palettes (BW, BW inv, Iron, Rain)
Set-up commands Date/time, Temperature (°C/°F)
Storage of images
Storage media Built-in memory for image storage
File formats Standard JPEG, 16-bit measurement data
included
Ethernet
Ethernet Control and image
Ethernet, type 100 Mbps
Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, connector type RJ-45
Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary
Ethernet, video streaming MPEG-4, ISO/IEC 14496-1 MPEG-4 ASP@L5
Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 320 × 240 pixels @ 3 Hz
- Radiometric
Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0
Ethernet, protocols TCP, UDP, SNTP, RTSP, RTP, HTTP, ICMP, IGMP,
ftp, SMTP, SMB (CIFS), DHCP, MDNS (Bonjour), uPnP
Digital input/output
Digital input, purpose
Image tag (start/stop/general), Input ext. device (programmatically read)
Digital input
2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC
Digital output, purpose
Output to ext. device (programmatically set)
Digital output 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC, max. 100 mA
Digital I/O, isolation voltage 500 VRMS
Digital I/O, supply voltage 12/24 VDC, max. 200 mA
Digital I/O, connector type
6-pole jackable screw terminal
Composite video
Video out
Composite video output, PAL and NTSC compatible
Video, standard
CVBS (ITU-R-BT.470 PAL/SMPTE 170M NTSC)
Video, connector type
Standard BNC connector
Power system
External power operation The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max.
(allowed range: 10-30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage Allowed range 10–30 VDC
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –25°C to +50°C (–13°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C
to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F)
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Technical data9
Environmental data
EMC
• EN 61000-6-2 (Immunity)
• EN 61000-6-3 (Emission)
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Encapsulation IP 66 (IEC 60529)
Bump 5 g, 11 ms (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Physical data
Weight 4.8 kg (10.6 lb.)
Size (L × W × H) 460 × 140 × 159 mm (18.1 × 5.5 × 6.3 in.)
Base mounting
Housing material Aluminum
System features
External power operation (heater) 24 VDC, 25 W max.
External power, connector type (heater) 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage (heater) Allowed range 21-30 VDC
Automatic heaters Clears window from ice
Shipping information
Packaging, type
Cardboard box
List of contents
• Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing
• FLIR Sensors Manager download card
• FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM
• Lens cap
• Printed documentation
• Small accessories kit
Packaging, weight
Packaging, size 534 × 207 × 230 mm (21.0 × 8.1 × 9.1 in.)
EAN-13 7332558005514 UPC-12
845188005719
Country of origin Sweden
Supplies & accessories:
• T197000; High temp. option +1200°C (+2192°F)
• T911182; Power supply for A3xx f, IP66
• T951004ACC; Ethernet cable CAT6, 2 m/6.6 ft.
• 1910586ACC; Power cable, pigtailed
• 908929; Video cable, 3.0 m/9.8 ft.
• 324-0004-00; HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
• 500-0463-00; PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
• 4119507; POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
• 500-0462-00; WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
• T198584; FLIR Tools
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player
• APP-10002; FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
• T198567; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
• T198566; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3
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Technical data9
9.6 FLIR A310f 15°
P/N: 61201-1102 Rev.: 35207
General description
The main purpose of the housing on the FLIR A310f is to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A310 to IP66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A310 camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that need built in “smartness” such as analysis, alarm functional­ity, and autonomous communication using standard protocols. The FLIR A310 camera also has all the necessary features and functions to build distributed single- or multi-camera solutions utilizing standard Ethernet hardware and software protocols.
The FLIR A310 camera also has built in support to connect to industrial control equipment such as PLCs, and allows for sharing of analysis and alarm results and simple control using the Ethernet/IP and Modbus TCP field bus protocols.
Key features:
• Encapsulation to IP66.
• Support for the EthernetIP field bus protocol (analyze, alarm, and simple camera control).
• Support for the Modbus TCP field bus protocol (analyze, alarm, and simple camera control).
• Built-in extensive analysis functionality.
• Extensive alarm functionality, as a function of analysis and more.
• On schedule: file sending (FTP) or e-mail (SMTP) of analysis results or images.
• On alarms: file sending (FTP) or e-mail (SMTP) of analysis results or images.
• MPEG-4 streaming.
• PoE (Power over Ethernet).
• Built-in web server.
• General purpose I/O.
• 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.).
• Synchronization through SNTP.
• Composite video output.
• Multi-camera utility software: FLIR IP Config and FLIR IR Monitor included.
• Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 pixel images at 7–8 Hz, radiometric.
Typical applications:
• Safety with temperature alarms (multi-camera applications), fire prevention, critical vessel monitor­ing, and power utility asset management.
• Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible).
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD < 0.05°C @ +30°C (+86°F) / 50 mK
Field of view (FOV)
15° × 11.25°
Minimum focus distance 1.2 m (3.93 ft.)
Focal length 30.38 mm (1.2 in.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
0.82 mrad
Lens identification Automatic F-number 1.3 Image frequency 30 Hz
Focus Automatic or manual (built in motor)
Zoom 1–8× continuous, digital, interpolating zooming on
images
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
microbolometer
Spectral range
7.5–13 µm
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Technical data9
Detector data
Detector pitch 25 µm
Detector time constant Typical 12 ms
Measurement
Object temperature range
• –20 to +120°C (–4 to +248°F)
• 0 to +350°C (+32 to +662°F)
Accuracy ±4°C (±7.2°F) or ±4% of reading
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter
10
Area 10 boxes with max./min./average/position (7 if
FLIR Sensors Manage is used)
Isotherm 1 with above/below/interval Measurement option Measurement Mask Filter
Schedule response: File sending (ftp), email (SMTP)
Difference temperature Delta temperature between measurement func-
tions or reference temperature
Reference temperature Manually set or captured from any measurement
function
Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos-
pheric temperature and relative humidity
Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
temperature
External optics/windows correction Automatic, based on input of optics/window trans-
mission and temperature
Measurement corrections
Global and individual object parameters
Alarm
Alarm functions 6 automatic alarms on any selected measurement
function, Digital In, Camera temperature, timer
Alarm output Digital Out, log, store image, file sending (ftp),
email (SMTP), notification
Set-up
Color palettes Color palettes (BW, BW inv, Iron, Rain)
Set-up commands Date/time, Temperature (°C/°F)
Storage of images
Storage media Built-in memory for image storage
File formats Standard JPEG, 16-bit measurement data
included
Ethernet
Ethernet
Control, result and image
Ethernet, type 100 Mbps
Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, connector type RJ-45
Ethernet, communication
TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary
Ethernet, video streaming
MPEG-4, ISO/IEC 14496-1 MPEG-4 ASP@L5
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Technical data9
Ethernet
Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 320 × 240 pixels @ 7-8 Hz
- Radiometric
Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0
Ethernet, protocols Ethernet/IP, Modbus TCP, TCP, UDP, SNTP, RTSP,
RTP, HTTP, ICMP, IGMP, ftp, SMTP, SMB (CIFS), DHCP, MDNS (Bonjour), uPnP
Digital input/output
Digital input, purpose Image tag (start/stop/general), Input ext. device
(programmatically read)
Digital input 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC
Digital output, purpose As function of ALARM, Output to ext. device (pro-
grammatically set)
Digital output 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC, max. 100 mA
Digital I/O, isolation voltage 500 VRMS
Digital I/O, supply voltage 12/24 VDC, max. 200 mA
Digital I/O, connector type
6-pole jackable screw terminal
Composite video
Video out Composite video output, PAL and NTSC
compatible
Video, standard CVBS (ITU-R-BT.470 PAL/SMPTE 170M NTSC)
Video, connector type Standard BNC connector
Power system
External power operation The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max.
(allowed range: 10-30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage
Allowed range 10–30 VDC
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –25°C to +50°C (–13°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C
to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F)
EMC
• EN 61000-6-2 (Immunity)
• EN 61000-6-3 (Emission)
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Encapsulation IP 66 (IEC 60529)
Bump 5 g, 11 ms (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Physical data
Weight 4.8 kg (10.6 lb.)
Size (L × W × H) 460 × 140 × 159 mm (18.1 × 5.5 × 6.3 in.)
Base mounting
Housing material Aluminum
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Technical data9
System features
External power operation (heater) 24 VDC, 25 W max.
External power, connector type (heater) 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage (heater) Allowed range 21-30 VDC
Automatic heaters
Clears window from ice
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
• Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing
• FLIR Sensors Manager download card
• FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM
• Lens cap
• Printed documentation
• Small accessories kit
Packaging, weight
Packaging, size 534 × 207 × 230 mm (21.0 × 8.1 × 9.1 in.)
EAN-13 7332558004845 UPC-12
845188004866
Country of origin Sweden
Supplies & accessories:
• T197000; High temp. option +1200°C (+2192°F)
• T911182; Power supply for A3xx f, IP66
• T951004ACC; Ethernet cable CAT6, 2 m/6.6 ft.
• 1910586ACC; Power cable, pigtailed
• 908929; Video cable, 3.0 m/9.8 ft.
• 324-0004-00; HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
• 500-0463-00; PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
• 4119507; POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
• 500-0462-00; WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
• T198584; FLIR Tools
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player
• APP-10002; FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application)
• T198567; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
• T198566; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3
• 4130235; FLIR Sensors Manager, pro
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
24
Technical data9
9.7 FLIR A310f 25°
P/N: 61201-1103 Rev.: 35207
General description
The main purpose of the housing on the FLIR A310f is to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A310 to IP66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A310 camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that need built in “smartness” such as analysis, alarm functional­ity, and autonomous communication using standard protocols. The FLIR A310 camera also has all the necessary features and functions to build distributed single- or multi-camera solutions utilizing standard Ethernet hardware and software protocols.
The FLIR A310 camera also has built in support to connect to industrial control equipment such as PLCs, and allows for sharing of analysis and alarm results and simple control using the Ethernet/IP and Modbus TCP field bus protocols.
Key features:
• Encapsulation to IP66.
• Support for the EthernetIP field bus protocol (analyze, alarm, and simple camera control).
• Support for the Modbus TCP field bus protocol (analyze, alarm, and simple camera control).
• Built-in extensive analysis functionality.
• Extensive alarm functionality, as a function of analysis and more.
• On schedule: file sending (FTP) or e-mail (SMTP) of analysis results or images.
• On alarms: file sending (FTP) or e-mail (SMTP) of analysis results or images.
• MPEG-4 streaming.
• PoE (Power over Ethernet).
• Built-in web server.
• General purpose I/O.
• 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.).
• Synchronization through SNTP.
• Composite video output.
• Multi-camera utility software: FLIR IP Config and FLIR IR Monitor included.
• Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 pixel images at 7–8 Hz, radiometric.
Typical applications:
• Safety with temperature alarms (multi-camera applications), fire prevention, critical vessel monitor­ing, and power utility asset management.
• Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible).
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD < 0.05°C @ +30°C (+86°F) / 50 mK
Field of view (FOV)
25° × 18.8°
Minimum focus distance 0.4 m (1.31 ft.)
Focal length 18 mm (0.7 in.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
1.36 mrad
Lens identification Automatic F-number 1.3 Image frequency 30 Hz
Focus Automatic or manual (built in motor)
Zoom 1–8× continuous, digital, interpolating zooming on
images
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
microbolometer
Spectral range
7.5–13 µm
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
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Technical data9
Detector data
Detector pitch 25 µm
Detector time constant Typical 12 ms
Measurement
Object temperature range
• –20 to +120°C (–4 to +248°F)
• 0 to +350°C (+32 to +662°F)
Accuracy ±4°C (±7.2°F) or ±4% of reading
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter
10
Area 10 boxes with max./min./average/position (7 if
FLIR Sensors Manage is used)
Isotherm 1 with above/below/interval Measurement option Measurement Mask Filter
Schedule response: File sending (ftp), email (SMTP)
Difference temperature Delta temperature between measurement func-
tions or reference temperature
Reference temperature Manually set or captured from any measurement
function
Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos-
pheric temperature and relative humidity
Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
temperature
External optics/windows correction Automatic, based on input of optics/window trans-
mission and temperature
Measurement corrections
Global and individual object parameters
Alarm
Alarm functions 6 automatic alarms on any selected measurement
function, Digital In, Camera temperature, timer
Alarm output Digital Out, log, store image, file sending (ftp),
email (SMTP), notification
Set-up
Color palettes Color palettes (BW, BW inv, Iron, Rain)
Set-up commands Date/time, Temperature (°C/°F)
Storage of images
Storage media Built-in memory for image storage
File formats Standard JPEG, 16-bit measurement data
included
Ethernet
Ethernet
Control, result and image
Ethernet, type 100 Mbps
Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, connector type RJ-45
Ethernet, communication
TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary
Ethernet, video streaming
MPEG-4, ISO/IEC 14496-1 MPEG-4 ASP@L5
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
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Technical data9
Ethernet
Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 320 × 240 pixels @ 7-8 Hz
- Radiometric
Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0
Ethernet, protocols Ethernet/IP, Modbus TCP, TCP, UDP, SNTP, RTSP,
RTP, HTTP, ICMP, IGMP, ftp, SMTP, SMB (CIFS), DHCP, MDNS (Bonjour), uPnP
Digital input/output
Digital input, purpose Image tag (start/stop/general), Input ext. device
(programmatically read)
Digital input 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC
Digital output, purpose As function of ALARM, Output to ext. device (pro-
grammatically set)
Digital output 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC, max. 100 mA
Digital I/O, isolation voltage 500 VRMS
Digital I/O, supply voltage 12/24 VDC, max. 200 mA
Digital I/O, connector type
6-pole jackable screw terminal
Composite video
Video out Composite video output, PAL and NTSC
compatible
Video, standard CVBS (ITU-R-BT.470 PAL/SMPTE 170M NTSC)
Video, connector type Standard BNC connector
Power system
External power operation The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max.
(allowed range: 10-30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage
Allowed range 10–30 VDC
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –25°C to +50°C (–13°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C
to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F)
EMC
• EN 61000-6-2 (Immunity)
• EN 61000-6-3 (Emission)
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Encapsulation IP 66 (IEC 60529)
Bump 5 g, 11 ms (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Physical data
Weight 5 kg (11.0 lb.)
Size (L × W × H) 460 × 140 × 159 mm (18.1 × 5.5 × 6.3 in.)
Base mounting
Housing material Aluminum
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
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Technical data9
System features
External power operation (heater) 24 VDC, 25 W max.
External power, connector type (heater) 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage (heater) Allowed range 21-30 VDC
Automatic heaters
Clears window from ice
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
• Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing
• FLIR Sensors Manager download card
• FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM
• Lens cap
• Printed documentation
• Small accessories kit
Packaging, weight
Packaging, size 534 × 207 × 230 mm (21.0 × 8.1 × 9.1 in.)
EAN-13 7332558004821 UPC-12
845188004842
Country of origin Sweden
Supplies & accessories:
• T197000; High temp. option +1200°C (+2192°F)
• T911182; Power supply for A3xx f, IP66
• T951004ACC; Ethernet cable CAT6, 2 m/6.6 ft.
• 1910586ACC; Power cable, pigtailed
• 908929; Video cable, 3.0 m/9.8 ft.
• 324-0004-00; HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
• 500-0463-00; PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
• 4119507; POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
• 500-0462-00; WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
• T198584; FLIR Tools
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player
• APP-10002; FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application)
• T198567; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
• T198566; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3
• 4130235; FLIR Sensors Manager, pro
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
28
Technical data9
9.8 FLIR A310f 45°
P/N: 61201-1104 Rev.: 35207
General description
The main purpose of the housing on the FLIR A310f is to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A310 to IP66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A310 camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that need built in “smartness” such as analysis, alarm functional­ity, and autonomous communication using standard protocols. The FLIR A310 camera also has all the necessary features and functions to build distributed single- or multi-camera solutions utilizing standard Ethernet hardware and software protocols.
The FLIR A310 camera also has built in support to connect to industrial control equipment such as PLCs, and allows for sharing of analysis and alarm results and simple control using the Ethernet/IP and Modbus TCP field bus protocols.
Key features:
• Encapsulation to IP66.
• Support for the EthernetIP field bus protocol (analyze, alarm, and simple camera control).
• Support for the Modbus TCP field bus protocol (analyze, alarm, and simple camera control).
• Built-in extensive analysis functionality.
• Extensive alarm functionality, as a function of analysis and more.
• On schedule: file sending (FTP) or e-mail (SMTP) of analysis results or images.
• On alarms: file sending (FTP) or e-mail (SMTP) of analysis results or images.
• MPEG-4 streaming.
• PoE (Power over Ethernet).
• Built-in web server.
• General purpose I/O.
• 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.).
• Synchronization through SNTP.
• Composite video output.
• Multi-camera utility software: FLIR IP Config and FLIR IR Monitor included.
• Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 pixel images at 7–8 Hz, radiometric.
Typical applications:
• Safety with temperature alarms (multi-camera applications), fire prevention, critical vessel monitor­ing, and power utility asset management.
• Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible).
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD < 0.05°C @ +30°C (+86°F) / 50 mK
Field of view (FOV)
45° × 33.8°
Minimum focus distance 0.20 m (0.66 ft.)
Focal length 9.66 mm (0.38 in.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
2.45 mrad
Lens identification Automatic F-number 1.3 Image frequency 30 Hz
Focus Automatic or manual (built in motor)
Zoom 1–8× continuous, digital, interpolating zooming on
images
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
microbolometer
Spectral range
7.5–13 µm
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
29
Technical data9
Detector data
Detector pitch 25 µm
Detector time constant Typical 12 ms
Measurement
Object temperature range
• –20 to +120°C (–4 to +248°F)
• 0 to +350°C (+32 to +662°F)
Accuracy ±4°C (±7.2°F) or ±4% of reading
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter
10
Area 10 boxes with max./min./average/position (7 if
FLIR Sensors Manage is used)
Isotherm 1 with above/below/interval Measurement option Measurement Mask Filter
Schedule response: File sending (ftp), email (SMTP)
Difference temperature Delta temperature between measurement func-
tions or reference temperature
Reference temperature Manually set or captured from any measurement
function
Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos-
pheric temperature and relative humidity
Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
temperature
External optics/windows correction Automatic, based on input of optics/window trans-
mission and temperature
Measurement corrections
Global and individual object parameters
Alarm
Alarm functions 6 automatic alarms on any selected measurement
function, Digital In, Camera temperature, timer
Alarm output Digital Out, log, store image, file sending (ftp),
email (SMTP), notification
Set-up
Color palettes Color palettes (BW, BW inv, Iron, Rain)
Set-up commands Date/time, Temperature (°C/°F)
Storage of images
Storage media Built-in memory for image storage
File formats Standard JPEG, 16-bit measurement data
included
Ethernet
Ethernet
Control, result and image
Ethernet, type 100 Mbps
Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, connector type RJ-45
Ethernet, communication
TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary
Ethernet, video streaming
MPEG-4, ISO/IEC 14496-1 MPEG-4 ASP@L5
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
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Technical data9
Ethernet
Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 320 × 240 pixels @ 7-8 Hz
- Radiometric
Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0
Ethernet, protocols Ethernet/IP, Modbus TCP, TCP, UDP, SNTP, RTSP,
RTP, HTTP, ICMP, IGMP, ftp, SMTP, SMB (CIFS), DHCP, MDNS (Bonjour), uPnP
Digital input/output
Digital input, purpose Image tag (start/stop/general), Input ext. device
(programmatically read)
Digital input 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC
Digital output, purpose As function of ALARM, Output to ext. device (pro-
grammatically set)
Digital output 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC, max. 100 mA
Digital I/O, isolation voltage 500 VRMS
Digital I/O, supply voltage 12/24 VDC, max. 200 mA
Digital I/O, connector type
6-pole jackable screw terminal
Composite video
Video out Composite video output, PAL and NTSC
compatible
Video, standard CVBS (ITU-R-BT.470 PAL/SMPTE 170M NTSC)
Video, connector type Standard BNC connector
Power system
External power operation The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max.
(allowed range: 10-30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage
Allowed range 10–30 VDC
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –25°C to +50°C (–13°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C
to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F)
EMC
• EN 61000-6-2 (Immunity)
• EN 61000-6-3 (Emission)
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Encapsulation IP 66 (IEC 60529)
Bump 5 g, 11 ms (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Physical data
Weight 4.8 kg (10.6 lb.)
Size (L × W × H) 460 × 140 × 159 mm (18.1 × 5.5 × 6.3 in.)
Base mounting
Housing material Aluminum
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
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Technical data9
System features
External power operation (heater) 24 VDC, 25 W max.
External power, connector type (heater) 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage (heater) Allowed range 21-30 VDC
Automatic heaters
Clears window from ice
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
• Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing
• FLIR Sensors Manager download card
• FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM
• Lens cap
• Printed documentation
• Small accessories kit
Packaging, weight
Packaging, size 534 × 207 × 230 mm (21.0 × 8.1 × 9.1 in.)
EAN-13 7332558005125 UPC-12
845188005320
Country of origin Sweden
Supplies & accessories:
• T197000; High temp. option +1200°C (+2192°F)
• T911182; Power supply for A3xx f, IP66
• T951004ACC; Ethernet cable CAT6, 2 m/6.6 ft.
• 1910586ACC; Power cable, pigtailed
• 908929; Video cable, 3.0 m/9.8 ft.
• 324-0004-00; HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
• 500-0463-00; PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
• 4119507; POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
• 500-0462-00; WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
• T198584; FLIR Tools
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player
• APP-10002; FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application)
• T198567; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
• T198566; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3
• 4130235; FLIR Sensors Manager, pro
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
32
Technical data9
9.9 FLIR A310f 6°
P/N: 61201-1101 Rev.: 35207
General description
The main purpose of the housing on the FLIR A310f is to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A310 to IP66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A310 camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that need built in “smartness” such as analysis, alarm functional­ity, and autonomous communication using standard protocols. The FLIR A310 camera also has all the necessary features and functions to build distributed single- or multi-camera solutions utilizing standard Ethernet hardware and software protocols.
The FLIR A310 camera also has built in support to connect to industrial control equipment such as PLCs, and allows for sharing of analysis and alarm results and simple control using the Ethernet/IP and Modbus TCP field bus protocols.
Key features:
• Encapsulation to IP66.
• Support for the EthernetIP field bus protocol (analyze, alarm, and simple camera control).
• Support for the Modbus TCP field bus protocol (analyze, alarm, and simple camera control).
• Built-in extensive analysis functionality.
• Extensive alarm functionality, as a function of analysis and more.
• On schedule: file sending (FTP) or e-mail (SMTP) of analysis results or images.
• On alarms: file sending (FTP) or e-mail (SMTP) of analysis results or images.
• MPEG-4 streaming.
• PoE (Power over Ethernet).
• Built-in web server.
• General purpose I/O.
• 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.).
• Synchronization through SNTP.
• Composite video output.
• Multi-camera utility software: FLIR IP Config and FLIR IR Monitor included.
• Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 pixel images at 7–8 Hz, radiometric.
Typical applications:
• Safety with temperature alarms (multi-camera applications), fire prevention, critical vessel monitor­ing, and power utility asset management.
• Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible).
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD < 0.05°C @ +30°C (+86°F) / 50 mK
Field of view (FOV)
6° × 4.5°
Minimum focus distance 4 m (13.11 ft.)
Focal length 76 mm (3.0 in.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
0.33 mrad
Lens identification Automatic F-number 1.3 Image frequency 30 Hz
Focus Automatic or manual (built in motor)
Zoom 1–8× continuous, digital, interpolating zooming on
images
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
microbolometer
Spectral range
7.5–13 µm
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
33
Technical data9
Detector data
Detector pitch 25 µm
Detector time constant Typical 12 ms
Measurement
Object temperature range
• –20 to +120°C (–4 to +248°F)
• 0 to +350°C (+32 to +662°F)
Accuracy ±4°C (±7.2°F) or ±4% of reading
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter
10
Area 10 boxes with max./min./average/position (7 if
FLIR Sensors Manage is used)
Isotherm 1 with above/below/interval Measurement option Measurement Mask Filter
Schedule response: File sending (ftp), email (SMTP)
Difference temperature Delta temperature between measurement func-
tions or reference temperature
Reference temperature Manually set or captured from any measurement
function
Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos-
pheric temperature and relative humidity
Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
temperature
External optics/windows correction Automatic, based on input of optics/window trans-
mission and temperature
Measurement corrections
Global and individual object parameters
Alarm
Alarm functions 6 automatic alarms on any selected measurement
function, Digital In, Camera temperature, timer
Alarm output Digital Out, log, store image, file sending (ftp),
email (SMTP), notification
Set-up
Color palettes Color palettes (BW, BW inv, Iron, Rain)
Set-up commands Date/time, Temperature (°C/°F)
Storage of images
Storage media Built-in memory for image storage
File formats Standard JPEG, 16-bit measurement data
included
Ethernet
Ethernet
Control, result and image
Ethernet, type 100 Mbps
Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, connector type RJ-45
Ethernet, communication
TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary
Ethernet, video streaming
MPEG-4, ISO/IEC 14496-1 MPEG-4 ASP@L5
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
34
Technical data9
Ethernet
Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 320 × 240 pixels @ 7-8 Hz
- Radiometric
Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0
Ethernet, protocols Ethernet/IP, Modbus TCP, TCP, UDP, SNTP, RTSP,
RTP, HTTP, ICMP, IGMP, ftp, SMTP, SMB (CIFS), DHCP, MDNS (Bonjour), uPnP
Digital input/output
Digital input, purpose Image tag (start/stop/general), Input ext. device
(programmatically read)
Digital input 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC
Digital output, purpose As function of ALARM, Output to ext. device (pro-
grammatically set)
Digital output 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC, max. 100 mA
Digital I/O, isolation voltage 500 VRMS
Digital I/O, supply voltage 12/24 VDC, max. 200 mA
Digital I/O, connector type
6-pole jackable screw terminal
Composite video
Video out Composite video output, PAL and NTSC
compatible
Video, standard CVBS (ITU-R-BT.470 PAL/SMPTE 170M NTSC)
Video, connector type Standard BNC connector
Power system
External power operation The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max.
(allowed range: 10-30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage
Allowed range 10–30 VDC
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –25°C to +50°C (–13°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C
to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F)
EMC
• EN 61000-6-2 (Immunity)
• EN 61000-6-3 (Emission)
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Encapsulation IP 66 (IEC 60529)
Bump 5 g, 11 ms (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Physical data
Weight 5 kg (11.0 lb.)
Size (L × W × H) 460 × 140 × 159 mm (18.1 × 5.5 × 6.3 in.)
Base mounting
Housing material Aluminum
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
35
Technical data9
System features
External power operation (heater) 24 VDC, 25 W max.
External power, connector type (heater) 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage (heater) Allowed range 21-30 VDC
Automatic heaters
Clears window from ice
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
• Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing
• FLIR Sensors Manager download card
• FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM
• Lens cap
• Printed documentation
• Small accessories kit
Packaging, weight
Packaging, size 534 × 207 × 230 mm (21.0 × 8.1 × 9.1 in.)
EAN-13 7332558005682 UPC-12
845188005894
Country of origin Sweden
Supplies & accessories:
• T197000; High temp. option +1200°C (+2192°F)
• T911182; Power supply for A3xx f, IP66
• T951004ACC; Ethernet cable CAT6, 2 m/6.6 ft.
• 1910586ACC; Power cable, pigtailed
• 908929; Video cable, 3.0 m/9.8 ft.
• 324-0004-00; HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
• 500-0463-00; PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
• 4119507; POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
• 500-0462-00; WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
• T198584; FLIR Tools
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player
• APP-10002; FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application)
• T198567; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
• T198566; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3
• 4130235; FLIR Sensors Manager, pro
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
36
Technical data9
9.10 FLIR A310f 90°
P/N: 61201-1105 Rev.: 35207
General description
The main purpose of the housing on the FLIR A310f is to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A310 to IP66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A310 camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that need built in “smartness” such as analysis, alarm functional­ity, and autonomous communication using standard protocols. The FLIR A310 camera also has all the necessary features and functions to build distributed single- or multi-camera solutions utilizing standard Ethernet hardware and software protocols.
The FLIR A310 camera also has built in support to connect to industrial control equipment such as PLCs, and allows for sharing of analysis and alarm results and simple control using the Ethernet/IP and Modbus TCP field bus protocols.
Key features:
• Encapsulation to IP66.
• Support for the EthernetIP field bus protocol (analyze, alarm, and simple camera control).
• Support for the Modbus TCP field bus protocol (analyze, alarm, and simple camera control).
• Built-in extensive analysis functionality.
• Extensive alarm functionality, as a function of analysis and more.
• On schedule: file sending (FTP) or e-mail (SMTP) of analysis results or images.
• On alarms: file sending (FTP) or e-mail (SMTP) of analysis results or images.
• MPEG-4 streaming.
• PoE (Power over Ethernet).
• Built-in web server.
• General purpose I/O.
• 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.).
• Synchronization through SNTP.
• Composite video output.
• Multi-camera utility software: FLIR IP Config and FLIR IR Monitor included.
• Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 pixel images at 7–8 Hz, radiometric.
Typical applications:
• Safety with temperature alarms (multi-camera applications), fire prevention, critical vessel monitor­ing, and power utility asset management.
• Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible).
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD < 0.05°C @ +30°C (+86°F) / 50 mK
Field of view (FOV)
90° × 73°
Minimum focus distance 20 mm (0.79 in.)
Focal length 4 mm (0.157 in.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
6.3 mrad
Lens identification Automatic F-number 1.3 Image frequency 30 Hz
Focus Automatic or manual (built in motor)
Zoom 1–8× continuous, digital, interpolating zooming on
images
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
microbolometer
Spectral range
7.5–13 µm
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
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Technical data9
Detector data
Detector pitch 25 µm
Detector time constant Typical 12 ms
Measurement
Object temperature range
• –20 to +120°C (–4 to +248°F)
• 0 to +350°C (+32 to +662°F)
Accuracy ±4°C (±7.2°F) or ±4% of reading
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter
10
Area 10 boxes with max./min./average/position (7 if
FLIR Sensors Manage is used)
Isotherm 1 with above/below/interval Measurement option Measurement Mask Filter
Schedule response: File sending (ftp), email (SMTP)
Difference temperature Delta temperature between measurement func-
tions or reference temperature
Reference temperature Manually set or captured from any measurement
function
Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos-
pheric temperature and relative humidity
Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
temperature
External optics/windows correction Automatic, based on input of optics/window trans-
mission and temperature
Measurement corrections
Global and individual object parameters
Alarm
Alarm functions 6 automatic alarms on any selected measurement
function, Digital In, Camera temperature, timer
Alarm output Digital Out, log, store image, file sending (ftp),
email (SMTP), notification
Set-up
Color palettes Color palettes (BW, BW inv, Iron, Rain)
Set-up commands Date/time, Temperature (°C/°F)
Storage of images
Storage media Built-in memory for image storage
File formats Standard JPEG, 16-bit measurement data
included
Ethernet
Ethernet
Control, result and image
Ethernet, type 100 Mbps
Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, connector type RJ-45
Ethernet, communication
TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary
Ethernet, video streaming
MPEG-4, ISO/IEC 14496-1 MPEG-4 ASP@L5
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
38
Technical data9
Ethernet
Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 320 × 240 pixels @ 7-8 Hz
- Radiometric
Ethernet, power Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af class 0
Ethernet, protocols Ethernet/IP, Modbus TCP, TCP, UDP, SNTP, RTSP,
RTP, HTTP, ICMP, IGMP, ftp, SMTP, SMB (CIFS), DHCP, MDNS (Bonjour), uPnP
Digital input/output
Digital input, purpose Image tag (start/stop/general), Input ext. device
(programmatically read)
Digital input 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC
Digital output, purpose As function of ALARM, Output to ext. device (pro-
grammatically set)
Digital output 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC, max. 100 mA
Digital I/O, isolation voltage 500 VRMS
Digital I/O, supply voltage 12/24 VDC, max. 200 mA
Digital I/O, connector type
6-pole jackable screw terminal
Composite video
Video out Composite video output, PAL and NTSC
compatible
Video, standard CVBS (ITU-R-BT.470 PAL/SMPTE 170M NTSC)
Video, connector type Standard BNC connector
Power system
External power operation The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max.
(allowed range: 10-30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage
Allowed range 10–30 VDC
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –25°C to +50°C (–13°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C
to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F)
EMC
• EN 61000-6-2 (Immunity)
• EN 61000-6-3 (Emission)
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Encapsulation IP 66 (IEC 60529)
Bump 5 g, 11 ms (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Physical data
Weight 5 kg (11.0 lb.)
Size (L × W × H) 460 × 140 × 159 mm (18.1 × 5.5 × 6.3 in.)
Base mounting
Housing material Aluminum
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
39
Technical data9
System features
External power operation (heater) 24 VDC, 25 W max.
External power, connector type (heater) 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage (heater) Allowed range 21-30 VDC
Automatic heaters
Clears window from ice
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
• Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing
• FLIR Sensors Manager download card
• FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM
• Lens cap
• Printed documentation
• Small accessories kit
Packaging, weight
Packaging, size 534 × 207 × 230 mm (21.0 × 8.1 × 9.1 in.)
EAN-13 7332558004258 UPC-12
845188004279
Country of origin Sweden
Supplies & accessories:
• T197000; High temp. option +1200°C (+2192°F)
• T911182; Power supply for A3xx f, IP66
• T951004ACC; Ethernet cable CAT6, 2 m/6.6 ft.
• 1910586ACC; Power cable, pigtailed
• 908929; Video cable, 3.0 m/9.8 ft.
• 324-0004-00; HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
• 500-0463-00; PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
• 4119507; POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
• 500-0462-00; WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
• T198584; FLIR Tools
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player
• APP-10002; FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application)
• T198567; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
• T198566; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3
• 4130235; FLIR Sensors Manager, pro
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
40
Technical data9
9.11 FLIR A315f 25°
P/N: 61201-1203 Rev.: 35207
General description
The main purpose of the housing on the FLIR A315f is to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A315 to IP66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A315 camera has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC software to solve problems and for whom 320 × 240 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
Key features:
• Encapsulation to IP66.
• Affordable.
• GigE compliant.
• GenICam compliant.
• Trigg/synchronization/GPIO.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 pixel images at 60 Hz, signal, temperature linear, and radiometric.
• Compliant with any software that supports GenICam, including National Instruments IMAQ Vision and Stemmers Common Vision Blox.
Typical applications:
• High-end infrared machine vision that needs temperature measurement.
• Slag detection.
• Food processing.
• Electronics testing.
• Power resistor testing.
• Automotive.
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD < 0.05°C @ +30°C (+86°F) / 50 mK
Field of view (FOV)
25° × 18.8°
Minimum focus distance 0.4 m (1.31 ft.)
Focal length 18 mm (0.7 in.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
1.36 mrad
Lens identification Automatic F-number 1.3 Image frequency 60 Hz
Focus Automatic or manual (built in motor)
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
microbolometer
Spectral range
7.5–13 µm
Detector pitch 25 µm
Detector time constant Typical 12 ms
Measurement
Object temperature range
• –20 to +120°C (–4 to +248°F)
• 0 to +350°C (+32 to +662°F)
Accuracy
±4°C (±7.2°F) or ±4% of reading
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
41
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos-
pheric temperature and relative humidity
Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
temperature
External optics/windows correction Automatic, based on input of optics/window trans-
mission and temperature
Measurement corrections
Global object parameters
Ethernet
Ethernet Control and image
Ethernet, type
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, connector type RJ-45
Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI-
Cam protocol
Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 320 × 240 pixels @ 60 Hz
- Signal linear
- Temperature linear
- Radiometric GigE Vision and GenICam compatible
Ethernet, protocols
TCP, UDP, SNTP, RTSP, RTP, HTTP, ICMP, IGMP, ftp, SMTP, SMB (CIFS), DHCP, MDNS (Bonjour), uPnP
Digital input/output
Digital input, purpose Image tag (start, stop, general), Image flow con-
trol, (stream on/off), Input ext. device (program­matically read)
Digital input
2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC
Digital output, purpose
Output to ext. device (programmatically set)
Digital output 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC, max. 100 mA
Digital I/O, isolation voltage 500 VRMS
Digital I/O, supply voltage 12/24 VDC, max. 200 mA
Digital I/O, connector type
6-pole jackable screw terminal
Power system
External power operation
The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max. (allowed range: 10-30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage
Allowed range 10–30 VDC
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –25°C to +50°C (–13°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C
to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F)
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
42
Technical data9
Environmental data
EMC
• EN 61000-6-2 (Immunity)
• EN 61000-6-3 (Emission)
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Encapsulation IP 66 (IEC 60529)
Bump 5 g, 11 ms (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Physical data
Weight 5 kg (11.0 lb.)
Size (L × W × H) 460 × 140 × 159 mm (18.1 × 5.5 × 6.3 in.)
Base mounting
Housing material Aluminum
System features
External power operation (heater) 24 VDC, 25 W max.
External power, connector type (heater) 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage (heater) Allowed range 21-30 VDC
Automatic heaters Clears window from ice
Shipping information
Packaging, type
Cardboard box
List of contents
• Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing
• FLIR Sensors Manager download card
• FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM
• Lens cap
• Printed documentation
• Small accessories kit
Packaging, weight
Packaging, size 534 × 207 × 230 mm (21.0 × 8.1 × 9.1 in.)
EAN-13 7332558006153 UPC-12
845188006464
Country of origin Sweden
Supplies & accessories:
• T197000; High temp. option +1200°C (+2192°F)
• T911182; Power supply for A3xx f, IP66
• T951004ACC; Ethernet cable CAT6, 2 m/6.6 ft.
• 1910586ACC; Power cable, pigtailed
• 324-0004-00; HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
• 500-0463-00; PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
• 4119507; POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
• 500-0462-00; WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
• T198584; FLIR Tools
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player
• APP-10002; FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
• T198567; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
• T198566; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
43
Technical data9
9.12 FLIR A315f 45°
P/N: 61201-1204 Rev.: 35207
General description
The main purpose of the housing on the FLIR A315f is to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A315 to IP66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A315 camera has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC software to solve problems and for whom 320 × 240 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
Key features:
• Encapsulation to IP66.
• Affordable.
• GigE compliant.
• GenICam compliant.
• Trigg/synchronization/GPIO.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 pixel images at 60 Hz, signal, temperature linear, and radiometric.
• Compliant with any software that supports GenICam, including National Instruments IMAQ Vision and Stemmers Common Vision Blox.
Typical applications:
• High-end infrared machine vision that needs temperature measurement.
• Slag detection.
• Food processing.
• Electronics testing.
• Power resistor testing.
• Automotive.
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD < 0.05°C @ +30°C (+86°F) / 50 mK
Field of view (FOV)
45° × 33.8°
Minimum focus distance 0.20 m (0.66 ft.)
Focal length 9.66 mm (0.38 in.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
2.45 mrad
Lens identification Automatic F-number 1.3 Image frequency 60 Hz
Focus Automatic or manual (built in motor)
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
microbolometer
Spectral range
7.5–13 µm
Detector pitch 25 µm
Detector time constant Typical 12 ms
Measurement
Object temperature range
• –20 to +120°C (–4 to +248°F)
• 0 to +350°C (+32 to +662°F)
Accuracy
±4°C (±7.2°F) or ±4% of reading
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
44
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos-
pheric temperature and relative humidity
Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
temperature
External optics/windows correction Automatic, based on input of optics/window trans-
mission and temperature
Measurement corrections
Global object parameters
Ethernet
Ethernet Control and image
Ethernet, type
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, connector type RJ-45
Ethernet, communication TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI-
Cam protocol
Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 320 × 240 pixels @ 60 Hz
- Signal linear
- Temperature linear
- Radiometric GigE Vision and GenICam compatible
Ethernet, protocols
TCP, UDP, SNTP, RTSP, RTP, HTTP, ICMP, IGMP, ftp, SMTP, SMB (CIFS), DHCP, MDNS (Bonjour), uPnP
Digital input/output
Digital input, purpose Image tag (start, stop, general), Image flow con-
trol, (stream on/off), Input ext. device (program­matically read)
Digital input
2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC
Digital output, purpose
Output to ext. device (programmatically set)
Digital output 2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC, max. 100 mA
Digital I/O, isolation voltage 500 VRMS
Digital I/O, supply voltage 12/24 VDC, max. 200 mA
Digital I/O, connector type
6-pole jackable screw terminal
Power system
External power operation
The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max. (allowed range: 10-30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage
Allowed range 10–30 VDC
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –25°C to +50°C (–13°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C
to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F)
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
45
Technical data9
Environmental data
EMC
• EN 61000-6-2 (Immunity)
• EN 61000-6-3 (Emission)
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Encapsulation IP 66 (IEC 60529)
Bump 5 g, 11 ms (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Physical data
Weight 4.8 kg (10.6 lb.)
Size (L × W × H) 460 × 140 × 159 mm (18.1 × 5.5 × 6.3 in.)
Base mounting
Housing material Aluminum
System features
External power operation (heater) 24 VDC, 25 W max.
External power, connector type (heater) 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage (heater) Allowed range 21-30 VDC
Automatic heaters Clears window from ice
Shipping information
Packaging, type
Cardboard box
List of contents
• Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing
• FLIR Sensors Manager download card
• FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM
• Lens cap
• Printed documentation
• Small accessories kit
Packaging, weight
Packaging, size 534 × 207 × 230 mm (21.0 × 8.1 × 9.1 in.)
EAN-13 7332558005699 UPC-12
845188005900
Country of origin Sweden
Supplies & accessories:
• T197000; High temp. option +1200°C (+2192°F)
• T911182; Power supply for A3xx f, IP66
• T951004ACC; Ethernet cable CAT6, 2 m/6.6 ft.
• 1910586ACC; Power cable, pigtailed
• 324-0004-00; HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
• 500-0463-00; PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
• 4119507; POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
• 500-0462-00; WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
• T198584; FLIR Tools
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player
• APP-10002; FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
• T198567; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
• T198566; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
46
Technical data9
9.13 FLIR A315f 90°
P/N: 61201-1205 Rev.: 35207
General description
The main purpose of the housing on the FLIR A315f is to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A315 to IP66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.
The built-in FLIR A315 camera has features and functions that make it the natural choice for anyone who uses PC software to solve problems and for whom 320 × 240 pixel resolution is sufficient. Among its main features are GigE Vision and GenICam compliance, which makes it plug-and-play when used with software packages such as IMAQ Vision and Halcon.
Key features:
• Encapsulation to IP66.
• Affordable.
• GigE compliant.
• GenICam compliant.
• Trigg/synchronization/GPIO.
• 16-bit 320 × 240 pixel images at 60 Hz, signal, temperature linear, and radiometric.
• Compliant with any software that supports GenICam, including National Instruments IMAQ Vision and Stemmers Common Vision Blox.
Typical applications:
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD < 0.05°C @ +30°C (+86°F) / 50 mK
Field of view (FOV)
90° × 73°
Minimum focus distance 20 mm (0.79 in.)
Focal length 4 mm (0.157 in.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV) 6.3 mrad
Lens identification Automatic F-number 1.3 Image frequency 60 Hz
Focus Automatic or manual (built in motor)
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
microbolometer
Spectral range
7.5–13 µm
Detector pitch 25 µm
Detector time constant Typical 12 ms
Measurement
Object temperature range
• –20 to +120°C (–4 to +248°F)
• 0 to +350°C (+32 to +662°F)
Accuracy ±4°C (±7.2°F) or ±4% of reading
Measurement analysis
Atmospheric transmission correction Automatic, based on inputs for distance, atmos-
pheric temperature and relative humidity
Optics transmission correction Automatic, based on signals from internal sensors
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.01 to 1.0
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
temperature
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
47
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
External optics/windows correction Automatic, based on input of optics/window trans-
mission and temperature
Measurement corrections
Global object parameters
Ethernet
Ethernet Control and image
Ethernet, type Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet, standard IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, connector type RJ-45
Ethernet, communication
TCP/IP socket-based FLIR proprietary and GenI­Cam protocol
Ethernet, image streaming 16-bit 320 × 240 pixels @ 60 Hz
- Signal linear
- Temperature linear
- Radiometric GigE Vision and GenICam compatible
Ethernet, protocols
TCP, UDP, SNTP, RTSP, RTP, HTTP, ICMP, IGMP, ftp, SMTP, SMB (CIFS), DHCP, MDNS (Bonjour), uPnP
Digital input/output
Digital input, purpose Image tag (start, stop, general), Image flow con-
trol, (stream on/off), Input ext. device (program­matically read)
Digital input
2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC
Digital output, purpose
Output to ext. device (programmatically set)
Digital output
2 opto-isolated, 10–30 VDC, max. 100 mA
Digital I/O, isolation voltage 500 VRMS
Digital I/O, supply voltage 12/24 VDC, max. 200 mA
Digital I/O, connector type 6-pole jackable screw terminal
Power system
External power operation The camera operates on 12/24 VDC, 9 W max.
(allowed range: 10-30 VDC) and heaters on 24 VDC, 25 W max. In total: 34 W.
External power, connector type 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage
Allowed range 10–30 VDC
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –25°C to +50°C (–13°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C
to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F)
EMC
• EN 61000-6-2 (Immunity)
• EN 61000-6-3 (Emission)
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Encapsulation IP 66 (IEC 60529)
Bump 5 g, 11 ms (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
48
Technical data9
Physical data
Weight 5 kg (11.0 lb.)
Size (L × W × H) 460 × 140 × 159 mm (18.1 × 5.5 × 6.3 in.)
Base mounting
Housing material Aluminum
System features
External power operation (heater) 24 VDC, 25 W max.
External power, connector type (heater) 2-pole jackable screw terminal
Voltage (heater) Allowed range 21-30 VDC
Automatic heaters
Clears window from ice
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
• Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing
• FLIR Sensors Manager download card
• FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM
• Lens cap
• Printed documentation
• Small accessories kit
Packaging, weight
Packaging, size 534 × 207 × 230 mm (21.0 × 8.1 × 9.1 in.)
EAN-13 7332558005705 UPC-12
845188005917
Country of origin Sweden
Supplies & accessories:
• T197000; High temp. option +1200°C (+2192°F)
• T911182; Power supply for A3xx f, IP66
• T951004ACC; Ethernet cable CAT6, 2 m/6.6 ft.
• 1910586ACC; Power cable, pigtailed
• 324-0004-00; HARD CASE - WITH FOAM, F - SERIES
• 500-0463-00; PEDESTAL MOUNT ASSY - F-SERIES
• 4119507; POLE ADAPTER - F-SERIES
• 500-0462-00; WALL MOUNT ASSY- F-SERIES
• T198584; FLIR Tools
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player
• APP-10002; FLIR Tools Mobile (Android Application)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
• T198567; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6
• T198566; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
49
Mechanical drawings
10
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
50
159
140
85
460
464
A
25,4 25,4
25,4 25,4
5x 1/4 - 20 19 mm
DETAIL A
SCALE 1 : 2
NOMINAL BASE SURFACE DIAMETER,
127
Där ej annat anges/Unless otherwise stated
Kanter brutna
Edges broken
Hålkälsradier
Ra µm
Fillet radii
Ytjämnhet/Roughness
Blad/Sheet
Rev
Ritn nr/Drawing No
ArtNo.
Skala/Scale
Size
Datum/Date
Kontr/Check
Konstr/Drawn
Material
Ytbehandling/Surface treatment
Gen tol
Benämning/Denomination
Denna handling får ej delges annan, kopieras i
sin helhet eller delar utan vårt medgivande .
Överträdelse härav beivras med stöd av gällande lag.
FLIR SYSTEMS AB
This document must not be communicated or
copied completely or in part, without our permission.
Any infringement will lead to legal proceedings.
FLIR SYSTEMS AB
A3
Utdrag ur/Excerpt from ISO 2768-m
±0,1
±0,2
±0,3
±0,5
±0,8
(400)-1000
(120)-400
(30)-120
(6)-30
0,5-6
ISO 2768-mK
1(1)
-
1:5
-
-
-
H. ÖSTLING
A
T127376
F-SERIES
DIMENSIONAL DRAWING
HAOS
2011-11-25
2011-11-28
-
H. ÖSTLING
Ändrad av/Modified by
Ändrad/Modified
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1 32 54
C
F
B
D
G
E
A
-
70mm
2,76in
70mm 2,76in
33,3mm
1,31in
35mm
1,38in
33,3mm
(2x)
1,31in
2,9mm
0,11in
32,7mm
(3x)
1,29in
182mm
7,16in
172mm
6,76in
12mm
(3x)
0,47in
24mm
(3x)
0,94in
35mm 1,38in
M4 (6x)
UNC 1/4-20 (3x)
Camera with built-in IR lens f=18 mm (25°)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 632 54
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
F
C
E
G
D
A
B
-
-
Scale
1:1
A
Size
Modified
R&D Thermography
2012-04-18
CAHA
Basic dimensions FLIR A3xx/SC3xx
T125002
1(8)
A3
Denomination
Drawn by
Check
Size
Drawing No.
Sheet
7
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
Product may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited.
172mm
6,76in
264,4mm
10,41in
85,4mm
3,36in
68mm
2,68in
33,3mm
(2x)
1,31in
Lens support
Optional
82,5mm
3,25in
33,3mm
1,31in
70mm
2,76in
41,3mm
1,62in
118,1mm
4,65in
41,3mm
1,62in
12mm
(3x)
0,47in
24mm
(3x)
0,94in
M4 (6x)
UNC 1/4"-20 (3x)
3,55in
90,1mm
For additional dimensions see page 1
Camera with Lens IR f=4 mm (90°) incl support
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 632 54
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
F
C
E
G
D
A
B
-
-
Scale
1:1
A
Size
Modified
R&D Thermography
2012-04-18
CAHA
Basic dimensions FLIR A3xx/SC3xx
T125002
2(8)
A3
Denomination
Drawn by
Check
Size
Drawing No.
Sheet
7
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
Product may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited.
70mm 2,76in
33,3mm
1,31in
70mm
2,76in
35mm
1,38in
213mm
8,37in
34mm
1,33in
47mm
1,85in
33,3mm
(2x)
1,31in
171mm
6,75in
35mm 1,38in
12mm
(3x)
0,47in
24mm
(3x)
0,94in
66,4mm
2,62in
M4 (6x)
UNC 1/4"-20 (3x)
1,51in
38,4mm
For additional dimensions see page 1
Camera with Lens IR f=10 mm (45°)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 632 54
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
F
C
E
G
D
A
B
-
-
Scale
1:1
A
Size
Modified
R&D Thermography
2012-04-18
CAHA
Basic dimensions FLIR A3xx/SC3xx
T125002
3(8)
A3
Denomination
Drawn by
Check
Size
Drawing No.
Sheet
7
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
Product may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited.
20mm
0,77in
199mm
7,82in
58mm
2,28in
33,3mm
(2x)
1,31in
171mm
6,75in
33,3mm
1,31in
70mm 2,76in
70mm
2,76in
35mm
1,38in
35mm 1,38in
12mm
(3x)
0,47in
24mm
(3x)
0,94in
52,3mm
(3x)
2,06in
M4 (6x)
UNC 1/4"-20 (3x)
0,95in
24,3mm
Camera with Lens IR f=30 mm (15°)
For additional dimensions see page 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 632 54
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
F
C
E
G
D
A
B
-
-
Scale
1:1
A
Size
Modified
R&D Thermography
2012-04-18
CAHA
Basic dimensions FLIR A3xx/SC3xx
T125002
4(8)
A3
Denomination
Drawn by
Check
Size
Drawing No.
Sheet
7
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
Product may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited.
172mm
6,76in
280mm
11,03in
101,1mm
3,98in
109mm
4,29in
48mm
(2x)
1,89in
33,3mm
(2x)
1,31in
96mm 3,78in
Lens support
Optional
Base support
Optional
108,5mm
4,27in
48mm 1,89in
8mm
0,31in
70mm
2,76in
54,3mm
2,14in
35mm
1,38in
45mm
±0,1
1,77in
±0,00
54,3mm
2,14in
88,5mm 3,48in
54,5mm
2,15in
90mm
±0,1
3,54in
±0,00
UNC 1/4"-20 (5x)
4,17in
105,8mm
For additional dimensions see page 1
Camera with Lens IR f=76 mm (6°) incl support
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 632 54
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
F
C
E
G
D
A
B
-
-
Scale
1:1
A
Size
Modified
R&D Thermography
2012-04-18
CAHA
Basic dimensions FLIR A3xx/SC3xx
T125002
5(8)
A3
Denomination
Drawn by
Check
Size
Drawing No.
Sheet
7
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
Product may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited.
162mm
6,38in
341mm
13,43in
172mm
6,76in
68mm 2,68in
33,3mm
(2x)
1,31in
Lens support
Optional
82,5mm
3,25in
41,3mm
1,62in
33,3mm
1,31in
70mm 2,76in
55mm
2,17in
41,3mm
1,62in
12mm
(3x)
0,47in
24mm
(3x)
0,94in
194,8mm
7,67in
M4 (6x)
UNC 1/4"-20 (3x)
WD =
21mm
0,83in
Object plane
6,56in
166,8mm
For additional dimensions see page 1
Camera with Close-up lens 1X (25 µm) incl support
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 632 54
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
F
C
E
G
D
A
B
-
-
Scale
1:1
A
Size
Modified
R&D Thermography
2012-04-18
CAHA
Basic dimensions FLIR A3xx/SC3xx
T125002
6(8)
A3
Denomination
Drawn by
Check
Size
Drawing No.
Sheet
7
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
Product may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited.
172mm
6,76in
30,5mm
1,2in
209,5mm
8,25in
55mm
2,17in
33,3mm
(2x)
1,31in
12mm
(3x)
0,47in
24mm
(3x)
0,94in
M4 (6x)
UNC 1/4"-20 (3x)
35mm
1,38in
63,2mm
(3x)
2,49in
WD =
33mm
mm
1,3in
Object plane
33,3mm
1,31in
70mm 2,76in
35mm
1,38in
70mm
2,76in
1,39in
35,2mm
For additional dimensions see page 1
Camera with Close-up lens 2X (50 µm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 632 54
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
F
C
E
G
D
A
B
-
-
Scale
1:1
A
Size
Modified
R&D Thermography
2012-04-18
CAHA
Basic dimensions FLIR A3xx/SC3xx
T125002
7(8)
A3
Denomination
Drawn by
Check
Size
Drawing No.
Sheet
7
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
Product may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited.
172mm
6,76in
30,5mm
1,2in
55mm
2,17in
209,5mm
8,25in
33,3mm
(2x)
1,31in
70mm 2,76in
33,3mm
1,31in
70mm
2,76in
35mm
1,38in
12mm
(3x)
0,47in
24mm
(3x)
0,94in
35mm 1,38in
63,2mm
(3x)
2,49in
M4 (6x)
UNC 1/4"-20 (3x)
WD =
79mm
mm
3,11in
Object plane
1,39in
35,2mm
For additional dimensions see page 1
Camera with Close-up lens 4X (100 µm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 632 54
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
F
C
E
G
D
A
B
-
-
Scale
1:1
A
Size
Modified
R&D Thermography
2012-04-18
CAHA
Basic dimensions FLIR A3xx/SC3xx
T125002
8(8)
A3
Denomination
Drawn by
Check
Size
Drawing No.
Sheet
7
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
Product may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited.
CE Declaration of conformity
11
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
60
Pin configurations and schematics
12
12.1 Pin configuration for camera I/O connector
1 IN 1 2 IN 2 3
OUT 1
4
OUT 2
5
I/O +
6
I/O –
12.2 Schematic overview of the camera unit digital I/O ports
Figure 12.1 Schematic overview of the camera unit digital I/O ports.
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
62
Cleaning the camera
13
13.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items
13.1.1 Liquids
Use one of these liquids:
• Warm water
• A weak detergent solution
13.1.2 Equipment
A soft cloth
13.1.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Soak the cloth in the liquid.
2. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid.
3. Clean the part with the cloth.
CAUTION
Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause damage.
13.2 Infrared lens
13.2.1 Liquids
Use one of these liquids:
• A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol.
• 96% ethyl alcohol (C
2H5
OH).
13.2.2 Equipment
Cotton wool
13.2.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Soak the cotton wool in the liquid.
2. Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.
3. Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool.
WARNING
Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on con­tainers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.
CAUTION
• Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective coating.
• Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective coating.
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
63
About FLIR Systems
14
FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and mar­keting of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and gov­ernment applications. Today, FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958—the Swedish AGEMA In­frared Systems (formerly AGA Infrared Systems), the three United States companies In­digo Systems, FSI, and Inframetrics, and the French company Cedip.
Since 2007, FLIR Systems has acquired several companies with world-leading expertise in sensor technologies:
• Extech Instruments (2007)
• Ifara Tecnologías (2008)
• Salvador Imaging (2009)
• OmniTech Partners (2009)
• Directed Perception (2009)
• Raymarine (2010)
• ICx Technologies (2010)
• TackTick Marine Digital Instruments (2011)
• Aerius Photonics (2011)
• Lorex Technology (2012)
• Traficon (2012)
• MARSS (2013)
• DigitalOptics micro-optics business (2013)
• DVTEL (2015)
Figure 14.1 Patent documents from the early 1960s
FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Bos­ton, MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn, Estonia. Direct sales offices in Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Sweden, and the USA —together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our internation­al customer base.
FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We antici­pate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
64
About FLIR Systems
14
ones. The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and the first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations.
Figure 14.2 1969: Thermovision Model 661. The camera weighed approximately 25 kg (55 lb.), the oscilloscope 20 kg (44 lb.), and the tripod 15 kg (33 lb.). The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen.
Figure 14.3 2015: FLIR One, an accessory to iPhone and Android mobile phones. Weight: 90 g (3.2 oz.).
FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the cam­era systems itself. From detector design and manufacturing, to lenses and system elec­tronics, to final testing and calibration, all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers. The in-depth expertise of these infrared specialists en­sures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your in­frared camera.
14.1 More than just an infrared camera
At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infra­red camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera sys­tems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera– software combination. Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance, R & D, and process monitoring is developed in-house. Most software is available in a wide varie­ty of languages.
We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications.
14.2 Sharing our knowledge
Although our cameras are designed to be very user-friendly, there is a lot more to ther­mography than just knowing how to handle a camera. Therefore, FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center (ITC), a separate business unit, that provides certi­fied training courses. Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands-on learning experience.
The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice.
14.3 Supporting our customers
FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
65
About FLIR Systems
14
no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language.
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
66
Glossary
15
absorption (absorption factor)
The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re­ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1.
atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, nor-
mally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction. autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying
cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time. blackbody Totally non-reflective object. All its radiation is due to its own
temperature. blackbody
radiator
An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to cali-
brate IR cameras. calculated at-
mospheric transmission
A transmission value computed from the temperature, the relative
humidity of air and the distance to the object.
cavity radiator A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside, viewed through
the bottleneck. color
temperature
The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a spe-
cific color. conduction The process that makes heat diffuse into a material. continuous
adjust
A function that adjusts the image. The function works all the time,
continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the im-
age content. convection
Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into mo-
tion, either by gravity or another force, thereby transferring heat from
one place to another. dual isotherm An isotherm with two color bands, instead of one. emissivity
(emissivity factor)
The amount of radiation coming from an object, compared to that of
a blackbody. A number between 0 and 1.
emittance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area
(W/m
2
)
environment
Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being
measured. estimated at-
mospheric transmission
A transmission value, supplied by a user, replacing a calculated one
external optics Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the
camera and the object being measured. filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths. FOV Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR
lens. FPA Focal plane array: A type of IR detector.
graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a
blackbody for each wavelength. IFOV Instantaneous field of view: A measure of the geometrical resolution
of an IR camera.
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
67
Glossary
15
image correc­tion (internal or external)
A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of
live images and also of stabilizing the camera.
infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm. IR infrared
isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below
or between one or more temperature intervals. isothermal
cavity
A bottle-shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through
the bottleneck. Laser LocatIR An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser
radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the
object in front of the camera. laser pointer An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser
radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the
object in front of the camera. level The center value of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a
signal value. manual adjust A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters. NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference. A measure of the image
noise level of an IR camera. noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image
object parameters
A set of values describing the circumstances under which the meas-
urement of an object was made, and the object itself (such as emis-
sivity, reflected apparent temperature, distance etc.) object signal A non-calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by
the camera from the object. palette The set of colors used to display an IR image. pixel
Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image. radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and
angle (W/m
2
/sr)
radiant power
Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time (W) radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy, is emitted by an ob-
ject or a gas. radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment.
range
The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR
camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two
blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration. reference
temperature
A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be com-
pared with. reflection The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the re-
ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1. relative
humidity
Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water va-
pour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in saturation
conditions. saturation
color
The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level/span
settings are colored with the saturation colors. The saturation colors
contain an ‘overflow’ color and an ‘underflow’ color. There is also a
third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the de-
tector indicating that the range should probably be changed.
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68
Glossary
15
span
The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal
value. spectral (radi-
ant) emittance
Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and
wavelength (W/m
2
/μm)
temperature difference, or difference of temperature.
A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature
values.
temperature range
The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR
camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two
blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration. temperature
scale
The way in which an IR image currently is displayed. Expressed as
two temperature values limiting the colors. thermogram infrared image transmission
(or transmit­tance) factor
Gases and materials can be more or less transparent. Transmission
is the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number be-
tween 0 and 1. transparent
isotherm
An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors, instead of covering
the highlighted parts of the image. visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera, as opposed to the normal,
thermographic mode. When a camera is in video mode it captures
ordinary video images, while thermographic images are captured
when the camera is in IR mode.
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
69
Thermographic measurement techniques
16
16.1 Introduction
An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature.
However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera­ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object. The radiation from the object and the re­flected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere.
To measure temperature accurately, it is therefore necessary to compensate for the ef­fects of a number of different radiation sources. This is done on-line automatically by the camera. The following object parameters must, however, be supplied for the camera:
• The emissivity of the object
• The reflected apparent temperature
• The distance between the object and the camera
• The relative humidity
• Temperature of the atmosphere
16.2 Emissivity
The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which, in short, is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object, compared to that from a per­fect blackbody of the same temperature.
Normally, object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approx­imately 0.1 to 0.95. A highly polished (mirror) surface falls below 0.1, while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity. Oil-based paint, regardless of color in the visi­ble spectrum, has an emissivity over 0.9 in the infrared. Human skin exhibits an emissiv­ity 0.97 to 0.98.
Non-oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity, which does not vary greatly with wavelength. Consequently, the emissivity of metals is low – only increasing with temperature. For non-metals, emissivity tends to be high, and decreases with temperature.
16.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample
16.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature:
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
70
Thermographic measurement techniques16
16.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method
Follow this procedure:
1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b).
Figure 16.1 1 = Reflection source
2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
Figure 16.2 1 = Reflection source
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3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings:
• Emissivity: 1.0
• D
obj
: 0
You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods:
Figure 16.3 1 = Reflection source Figure 16.4 1 = Reflection source
Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two important reasons:
• A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity
• A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface, usually by gluing
and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator.
16.2.1.1.2 Method 2: Reflector method
Follow this procedure:
1. Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil.
2. Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size.
3. Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure. Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera.
4. Set the emissivity to 1.0.
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5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down.
Figure 16.5 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil.
16.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity
Follow this procedure:
1. Select a place to put the sample.
2. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure.
3. Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample.
4. Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature. Heating must be reasonably even.
5. Focus and auto-adjust the camera, and freeze the image.
6. Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast.
7. Set emissivity to that of the tape (usually 0.97).
8. Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions:
• Isotherm (helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have
heated the sample)
• Spot (simpler)
• Box Avg (good for surfaces with varying emissivity).
9. Write down the temperature.
10. Move your measurement function to the sample surface.
11. Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measurement.
12. Write down the emissivity.
Note
• Avoid forced convection
• Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections
• Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent, and has a high emissivity you
are certain of
• This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are
the same. If they are not, your emissivity measurement will be wrong.
16.3 Reflected apparent temperature
This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object. If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.
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16.4 Distance
The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera. This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts:
• That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and
the camera.
• That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera.
16.5 Relative humidity
The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere. To do this set the relative humidity to the cor­rect value. For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be left at a default value of 50%.
16.6 Other parameters
In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com­pensate for the following parameters:
• Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam-
era and the target
• External optics temperature – i.e. the temperature of any external lenses or windows
used in front of the camera
• External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows
used in front of the camera
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Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec­trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to­day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
Figure 17.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822)
The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material. Sir William Herschel – Royal Astronomer to King George III of England, and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus – was searching for an optical filter material to re­duce the brightness of the sun’s image in telescopes during solar observations. While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun’s heat, while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds’ observation.
Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment, with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat. He began the experiment by ac­tually repeating Newton’s prism experiment, but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum. He first blackened the bulb of a sensi­tive mercury-in-glass thermometer with ink, and with this as his radiation detector he pro­ceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism. Other thermometers, placed outside the sun’s rays, served as controls.
As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum, the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end. This was not entirely unexpected, since the Italian researcher, Landriani, in a similar experi­ment in 1777 had observed much the same effect. It was Herschel, however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maxi­mum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to lo­cate this point.
Figure 17.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815)
Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Her­schel confirmed that the heating continued to increase. The maximum point, when he found it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infrared wavelengths’.
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When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag­netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re­ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to ap­pear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator.
Herschel’s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early contro­versies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths. Different investigators, in attempting to confirm his work, used various types of glass in­discriminately, having different transparencies in the infrared. Through his later experi­ments, Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly-discovered thermal radiation, and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would prob­ably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively (i.e. plane and curved mir­rors). Fortunately, this proved to be true only until 1830, when the Italian investigator, Melloni, made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt (NaCl) – which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms – is remark­ably transparent to the infrared. The result was that rock salt became the principal infra­red optical material, and remained so for the next hundred years, until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930’s.
Figure 17.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854)
Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a break­through occurred; Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile. The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermome­ter of the day for detecting heat radiation – capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away.
The first so-called ‘heat-picture’ became possible in 1840, the result of work by Sir John Herschel, son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right. Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pat­tern focused upon it, the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the inter­ference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye. Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper, which he called a ‘thermograph’.
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Figure 17.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906)
An English scientist, Sir James Dewar, first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cool­ing agents (such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196 °C (-320.8 °F)) in low tem­perature research. In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days. The common ‘thermos bottle’, used for storing hot and cold drinks, is based upon his invention.
Between the years 1900 and 1920, the inventors of the world ‘discovered’ the infrared. Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel, artillery, aircraft, ships – and even icebergs. The first operating systems, in the modern sense, began to be developed during the 1914–18 war, when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared. These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion/detection, remote temperature sensing, secure communications, and ‘flying tor­pedo’ guidance. An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1.5 km (0.94 miles), or a person more than 300 meters (984 ft.) away.
The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolome­ter idea, but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors: the image converter and the photon detector. At first, the image converter received the greatest attention by the military, because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally ‘see in the dark’. However, the sensitivity of the im­age converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths, and the most interesting mili­tary targets (i.e. enemy soldiers) had to be illuminated by infrared search beams. Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer’s position to a similarly-equipped enemy observer, it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded.
The tactical military disadvantages of so-called 'active’ (i.e. search beam-equipped) ther­mal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939–45 war for extensive secret military infrared-research programs into the possibilities of developing ‘passive’ (no search beam) systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector. During this peri­od, military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared­imaging technology. This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950’s, and from that time adequate thermal-imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry.
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18.1 Introduction
The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given.
18.2 The electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation. There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the elec­tromagnetic spectrum. They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength.
Figure 18.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. 1: X-ray; 2: UV; 3: Visible; 4: IR; 5: Microwaves; 6: Radiowaves.
Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band. At the short-wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception, in the deep red. At the long-wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths, in the millimeter range.
The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands, the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen. They include: the near infrared (0.75–3 μm), the middle infrared (3–6 μm), the far infrared (6–15 μm) and the extreme infrared (15–100 μm). Although the wavelengths are given in μm (micrometers), other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region, e.g. nanometer (nm) and Ångström (Å).
The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is:
18.3 Blackbody radiation
A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength. The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation is ex­plained by Kirchhoff’s Law (after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, 1824–1887), which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation.
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Figure 18.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)
The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation charac­teristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material rep­resents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides. Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possibly escape. The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths.
By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator. An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates black­body radiation, the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity. Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera­ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example.
If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipi­ent red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further. In fact, the definition of the so-called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance.
Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody.
18.3.1 Planck’s law
Figure 18.3 Max Planck (1858–1947)
Max Planck (1858–1947) was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula:
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where:
W
λb
Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ.
c
Velocity of light = 3 × 10
8
m/s
h Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10
-34
Joule sec.
k
Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10
-23
Joule/K.
T Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody.
λ Wavelength (μm).
Note The factor 10-6is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m
2
, μm.
Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0, then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength λ
max
and after passing it ap­proaches zero again at very long wavelengths. The higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs.
Figure 18.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolute temperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm
2
× 103(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm)
18.3.2 Wien’s displacement law
By differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we have:
This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathemati­cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the tem­perature of a thermal radiator increases. The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for λ
max
. A good approximation of the value of λ
max
for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule-of-thumb 3 000/T μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wave­length 0.27 μm.
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Figure 18.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)
The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum.
At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra­red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignif­icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.
Figure 18.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm
2
(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm).
18.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law
By integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emittance (W
b
) of a blackbody:
This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig Boltz- mann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is propor­tional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Graphically, W
b
represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature. It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval λ = 0 to λ
max
is only 25% of the total, which represents about the
amount of the sun’s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum.
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Figure 18.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)
Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m
2
, we obtain 1 kW. This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not vary too drasti­cally from the temperature of the body – or, of course, the addition of clothing.
18.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters
So far, only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed. However, real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region – although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals. For ex­ample, a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spec­trum, but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 μm, and beyond 3 μm it is almost black.
There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody: a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may be re­flected, and a fraction τ may be transmitted. Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent, the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral dependence of their definitions. Thus:
• The spectral absorptance α
λ
= the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an
object to that incident upon it.
• The spectral reflectance ρ
λ
= the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob-
ject to that incident upon it.
• The spectral transmittance τ
λ
= the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted
through an object to that incident upon it.
The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength, so we have the relation:
For opaque materials τλ= 0 and the relation simplifies to:
Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have the definition:
The spectral emissivity ε
λ
= the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that
from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength. Expressed mathematically, this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of
the object to that of a blackbody as follows:
Generally speaking, there are three types of radiation source, distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength.
• A blackbody, for which ε
λ
= ε = 1
• A graybody, for which ε
λ
= ε = constant less than 1
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• A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp-
tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is:
From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ+ ρλ= 1):
For highly polished materials ελapproaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting materi­al (i.e. a perfect mirror) we have:
For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes:
This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody.
Figure 18.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wave­length; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody.
Figure 18.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black­body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator.
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18.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials
Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially ab­sorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the inte­rior. The back-reflected radiation is again partially absorbed, but some of it arrives at the other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again. Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi-transparent plate is obtained as:
When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:
This last relation is a particularly convenient one, because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly.
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As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob­ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself.
This description of the measurement situation, as illustrated in the figure below, is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions. What has been neglected could for in­stance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sources outside the field of view. Such disturbances are difficult to quantify, however, in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected. In case they are not negli­gible, the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious, at least to a trained operator. It is then his responsibility to modify the measure­ment situation to avoid the disturbance e.g. by changing the viewing direction, shielding off intense radiation sources etc.
Accepting the description above, we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output.
Figure 19.1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation.1: Sur­roundings; 2: Object; 3: Atmosphere; 4: Camera
Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature T
source
on short distance generates a camera output signal U
source
that is proportional to
the power input (power linear camera). We can then write (Equation 1):
or, with simplified notation:
where C is a constant. Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would conse-
quently be εW
source
.
We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms:
1. Emission from the object = ετW
obj
, where ε is the emittance of the object and τ is the
transmittance of the atmosphere. The object temperature is T
obj
.
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2. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τW
refl
, where (1 – ε) is the reflec-
tance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature T
refl
.
It has here been assumed that the temperature T
refl
is the same for all emitting surfa­ces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation. It is, however, a necessary simplifica­tion in order to derive a workable formula, and T
refl
can – at least theoretically – be giv-
en a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding. Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings = 1. This is
correct in accordance with Kirchhoff’s law: All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces. Thus the emittance = 1. (Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the ob­ject to be considered.)
3. Emission from the atmosphere = (1 – τ)τW
atm
, where (1 – τ) is the emittance of the at-
mosphere. The temperature of the atmosphere is T
atm
.
The total received radiation power can now be written (Equation 2):
We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3):
Solve Equation 3 for U
obj
(Equation 4):
This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are:
Table 19.1 Voltages
U
obj
Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T
obj
i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested
object temperature.
U
tot
Measured camera output voltage for the actual case.
U
refl
Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T
refl
according to the calibration.
U
atm
Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T
atm
according to the calibration.
The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation:
• the object emittance ε,
• the relative humidity,
• T
atm
• object distance (D
obj
)
• the (effective) temperature of the object surroundings, or the reflected ambient tem­perature T
refl
, and
• the temperature of the atmosphere T
atm
This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case. The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surround­ings do not contain large and intense radiation sources.
A natural question in this connection is: How important is it to know the right values of these parameters? It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative
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magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is impor­tant to use correct values of which parameters.
The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values:
• τ = 0.88
• T
refl
= +20°C (+68°F)
• T
atm
= +20°C (+68°F)
It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measur­ing high temperatures since the ‘disturbing’ radiation sources are relatively much stron­ger in the first case. Should also the object emittance be low, the situation would be still more difficult.
We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point, what we call extrapolation. Imagine that we in a certain case measure U
tot
= 4.5 volts. The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4.1 volts, a value unknown to the operator. Thus, even if the object happened to be a blackbody, i.e. U
obj
= U
tot
, we are actually performing extrapola-
tion of the calibration curve when converting 4.5 volts into temperature. Let us now assume that the object is not black, it has an emittance of 0.75, and the trans-
mittance is 0.92. We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0.5 volts together. Computation of U
obj
by means of Equation 4 then results in U
obj
= 4.5 /
0.75 / 0.92 – 0.5 = 6.0. This is a rather extreme extrapolation, particularly when consider­ing that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts! Note, though, that the applica­tion of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitations exist. We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera, and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algo­rithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
Figure 19.2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW cam­era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos­phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T
refl
= 20°C (+68°F); T
atm
= 20°C (+68°F).
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Figure 19.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam-
era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos­phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T
refl
= 20°C (+68°F); T
atm
= 20°C (+68°F).
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This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems.
20.1 References
1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press,
N.Y.
2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison, Wisconsin: Uni-
versity of Wisconsin – Extension, Department of Engineering and Applied Science.
4. William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
5. Jones, Smith, Probert: External thermography of buildings..., Proc. of the Society of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol.110, Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology, June 1977 London.
6. Paljak, Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings, Swedish Building Research Institute,
Stockholm 1972.
7. Vlcek, J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities
at λ = 5 µm. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.
8. Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather
satellites, Defence Documentation Center, AD 617 417.
9. Öhman, Claes: Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E-Box. Teknisk rapport, AGEMA
1999. (Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report, AGEMA
1999.)
10. Matteï, S., Tang-Kwor, E: Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811-21
between –36°C AND 82°C.
11. Lohrengel & Todtenhaupt (1996)
12. ITC Technical publication 32.
13. ITC Technical publication 29.
14. Schuster, Norbert and Kolobrodov, Valentin G. Infrarotthermographie. Berlin: Wiley-
VCH, 2000.
Note The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave (SW) camera. The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution.
20.2 Tables
Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference
1 2 3 4 5 6
3M type 35 Vinyl electrical
tape (several colors)
< 80 LW ≈ 0.96 13
3M type 88 Black vinyl electri-
cal tape
< 105 LW ≈ 0.96 13
3M type 88 Black vinyl electri-
cal tape
< 105 MW < 0.96 13
3M type Super 33 +
Black vinyl electri­cal tape
< 80 LW ≈ 0.96 13
Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0.55 2 Aluminum anodized, black,
dull
70
SW
0.67 9
Aluminum anodized, black,
dull
70 LW 0.95 9
Aluminum anodized, light
gray, dull
70
SW
0.61 9
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Emissivity tables20
Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Aluminum anodized, light
gray, dull
70 LW 0.97 9
Aluminum as received, plate 100 T 0.09 4
Aluminum as received,
sheet
100 T 0.09 2
Aluminum cast, blast
cleaned
70
SW
0.47 9
Aluminum cast, blast
cleaned
70 LW 0.46 9
Aluminum dipped in HNO
3
,
plate
100 T 0.05 4
Aluminum foil
27 10 µm 0.04 3
Aluminum foil
27 3 µm 0.09 3
Aluminum oxidized, strongly 50–500 T 0.2–0.3 1
Aluminum polished 50–100 T 0.04–0.06 1
Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0.05 4
Aluminum polished, sheet 100 T 0.05 2
Aluminum rough surface
20–50 T 0.06–0.07 1
Aluminum roughened 27 10 µm 0.18 3
Aluminum roughened 27 3 µm 0.28 3
Aluminum sheet, 4 samples
differently scratched
70
SW
0.05–0.08 9
Aluminum sheet, 4 samples
differently scratched
70 LW 0.03–0.06 9
Aluminum
vacuum deposited
20 T 0.04 2
Aluminum weathered,
heavily
17
SW
0.83–0.94 5
Aluminum bronze 20 T 0.60 1 Aluminum
hydroxide
powder T 0.28 1
Aluminum oxide activated, powder T 0.46 1
Aluminum oxide pure, powder
(alumina)
T 0.16 1
Asbestos board 20 T 0.96 1 Asbestos fabric T 0.78 1 Asbestos floor tile
35
SW
0.94 7
Asbestos
paper 40–400 T 0.93–0.95 1
Asbestos powder T 0.40–0.60 1
Asbestos slate 20 T 0.96 1 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0.967 8
Brass dull, tarnished 20–350 T 0.22 1
Brass oxidized 100 T 0.61 2 Brass oxidized 70
SW
0.04–0.09 9 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0.03–0.07 9 Brass oxidized at 600°C
200–600 T 0.59–0.61 1
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Emissivity tables20
Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Brass polished 200 T 0.03 1
Brass polished, highly 100 T 0.03 2
Brass rubbed with 80-
grit emery
20 T 0.20 2
Brass sheet, rolled 20 T 0.06 1
Brass sheet, worked
with emery
20 T 0.2 1
Brick alumina 17
SW
0.68 5 Brick
common 17
SW
0.86–0.81 5 Brick Dinas silica,
glazed, rough
1100 T 0.85 1
Brick Dinas silica,
refractory
1000 T 0.66 1
Brick Dinas silica, un-
glazed, rough
1000 T 0.80 1
Brick firebrick
17
SW
0.68 5 Brick fireclay
1000 T 0.75 1
Brick fireclay
1200 T 0.59 1
Brick fireclay
20 T 0.85 1
Brick
masonry 35
SW
0.94 7
Brick
masonry, plastered
20 T 0.94 1
Brick red, common 20 T 0.93 2
Brick red, rough 20 T 0.88–0.93 1
Brick refractory,
corundum
1000 T 0.46 1
Brick refractory,
magnesite
1000–1300 T 0.38 1
Brick refractory,
strongly radiating
500–1000 T 0.8–0.9 1
Brick refractory, weakly
radiating
500–1000 T 0.65–0.75 1
Brick silica, 95% SiO
2
1230 T 0.66 1
Brick sillimanite, 33%
SiO
2
, 64% Al2O
3
1500 T 0.29 1
Brick waterproof
17
SW
0.87 5
Bronze phosphor bronze 70
SW
0.08 9
Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0.06 9
Bronze polished 50 T 0.1 1
Bronze porous, rough 50–150 T 0.55 1
Bronze powder T 0.76–0.80 1
Carbon
candle soot 20 T 0.95 2
Carbon
charcoal powder T 0.96 1
Carbon graphite powder T 0.97 1
Carbon graphite, filed
surface
20 T 0.98 2
Carbon lampblack 20–400 T 0.95–0.97 1
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Emissivity tables20
Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Chipboard
untreated 20
SW
0.90 6
Chromium
polished 50 T 0.10 1
Chromium polished 500–1000 T 0.28–0.38 1
Clay fired
70 T 0.91 1
Cloth
black 20 T 0.98 1
Concrete
20 T 0.92 2
Concrete dry 36 SW
0.95 7
Concrete rough 17 SW
0.97 5
Concrete
walkway
5
LLW 0.974 8
Copper
commercial, burnished
20 T 0.07 1
Copper electrolytic, care-
fully polished
80 T 0.018 1
Copper
electrolytic, polished
–34 T 0.006 4
Copper
molten 1100–1300 T 0.13–0.15 1
Copper
oxidized 50 T 0.6–0.7 1
Copper
oxidized to blackness
T 0.88 1
Copper
oxidized, black 27 T 0.78 4
Copper
oxidized, heavily 20 T 0.78 2
Copper
polished 50–100 T 0.02 1
Copper
polished 100 T 0.03 2
Copper
polished, commercial
27 T 0.03 4
Copper polished,
mechanical
22 T 0.015 4
Copper pure, carefully
prepared surface
22 T 0.008 4
Copper
scraped 27 T 0.07 4
Copper dioxide
powder T 0.84 1
Copper oxide
red, powder T 0.70 1
Ebonite T 0.89 1 Emery
coarse 80 T 0.85 1
Enamel 20 T 0.9 1 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0.85–0.95 1
Fiber board hard, untreated 20
SW
0.85 6
Fiber board masonite 70
SW
0.75 9 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0.88 9 Fiber board particle board 70
SW
0.77 9
Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0.89 9
Fiber board porous, untreated 20
SW
0.85 6
Glass pane (float glass)
non-coated 20 LW 0.97 14
Gold polished 130 T 0.018 1
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Emissivity tables20
Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Gold polished, carefully
200–600 T 0.02–0.03 1
Gold
polished, highly 100 T 0.02 2
Granite
polished 20 LLW 0.849 8
Granite rough 21 LLW 0.879 8
Granite rough, 4 different
samples
70
SW
0.95–0.97 9
Granite rough, 4 different
samples
70 LW 0.77–0.87 9
Gypsum
20 T 0.8–0.9 1
Ice: See Water Iron and steel cold rolled 70
SW
0.20 9 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0.09 9 Iron and steel covered with red
rust
20 T 0.61–0.85 1
Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0.05 4
Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0.05 4
Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0.07 4
Iron and steel electrolytic, care-
fully polished
175–225 T 0.05–0.06 1
Iron and steel freshly worked
with emery
20 T 0.24 1
Iron and steel ground sheet 950–1100 T 0.55–0.61 1
Iron and steel heavily rusted
sheet
20 T 0.69 2
Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0.60 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0.77 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0.89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 T 0.78–0.82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0.79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 200–600 T 0.80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0.88 1
Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0.98 1
Iron and steel polished 100 T 0.07 2
Iron and steel polished 400–1000 T 0.14–0.38 1
Iron and steel polished sheet 750–1050 T 0.52–0.56 1
Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0.56 1 Iron and steel rolled, freshly
20 T 0.24 1
Iron and steel rough, plane
surface
50 T 0.95–0.98 1
Iron and steel rusted red, sheet 22 T 0.69 4
Iron and steel rusted, heavily 17
SW
0.96 5
Iron and steel rusty, red 20 T 0.69 1
Iron and steel shiny oxide layer,
sheet,
20 T 0.82 1
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Emissivity tables20
Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Iron and steel shiny, etched 150 T 0.16 1
Iron and steel wrought, carefully
polished
40–250 T 0.28 1
Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70
SW
0.64 9
Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0.85 9
Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0.07 4
Iron galvanized sheet, burnished 30 T 0.23 1
Iron galvanized sheet, oxidized 20 T 0.28 1
Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0.064 4 Iron, cast casting 50 T 0.81 1
Iron, cast ingots 1000 T 0.95 1
Iron, cast liquid 1300 T 0.28 1
Iron, cast machined 800–1000 T 0.60–0.70 1
Iron, cast oxidized 100 T 0.64 2
Iron, cast oxidized 260 T 0.66 4
Iron, cast oxidized 38 T 0.63 4
Iron, cast oxidized 538 T 0.76 4
Iron, cast oxidized at 600°C
200–600 T 0.64–0.78 1
Iron, cast polished 200 T 0.21 1
Iron, cast polished 38 T 0.21 4
Iron, cast polished 40 T 0.21 2
Iron, cast unworked 900–1100 T 0.87–0.95 1
Krylon Ultra-flat black 1602
Flat black Room tempera-
ture up to 175
LW ≈ 0.96 12
Krylon Ultra-flat black 1602
Flat black Room tempera-
ture up to 175
MW ≈ 0.97 12
Lacquer 3 colors sprayed
on Aluminum
70
SW
0.50–0.53 9
Lacquer 3 colors sprayed
on Aluminum
70 LW 0.92–0.94 9
Lacquer Aluminum on
rough surface
20 T 0.4 1
Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0.83 1
Lacquer black, dull 40–100 T 0.96–0.98 1
Lacquer black, matte 100 T 0.97 2
Lacquer black, shiny,
sprayed on iron
20 T 0.87 1
Lacquer heat–resistant 100 T 0.92 1
Lacquer white 100 T 0.92 2
Lacquer white 40–100 T 0.8–0.95 1
Lead oxidized at 200°C
200 T 0.63 1
Lead oxidized, gray 20 T 0.28 1
Lead oxidized, gray 22 T 0.28 4
Lead shiny 250 T 0.08 1
#T559794; r. AJ/35709/35709; en-US
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