exakta 35mm-2 User Guide

POSTED 6-27-'04

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50

EXAKTA LENSES

I

wide iange of

A vcry focal length and movement incorporated in the

reflex screen

the (2{

500 mm.) are for the

to

lenses

covering angles of

automatically shows the

rs available

view from 93o to 2fo. All

mount, and special

diagonal of the frame.

Exakta camerasr from 20 to 1000 mm.

for the

exact

picture

lenses have the focusing

viewfinders are not

The angles

area.

49

required

quoted

sincc

abovr

the standard lenses theii

size and the camera, the camera fixed on a tripod.

Long-focus

75 mm.

80 mm.f2.8 100 mm./2.8 100 mm./2.8 120

mm.f2.8 Biometar 135 mm./3.5 135

mm./2.8 Orestor 135 mm. 180 mm.f2.8 180 mm./3.5 Primotar 180 mrn./5.5 Tele 200

mm.

250 mm./5.5 Tele 300

mm./4 Orestegor

300 mm. 300

mm./4.5 Tele

400 mm./5.5 Tele 500 mm./8 Fernobjectiv 500 mm./5.6 500 mm.

1000 mm./5.6 While the Exa

some of the

the

on

Exa I. This occurs

plane

exceeds 70 mm.

focal length,

and thus

weight

have an

making it advisable

lenses

the

35 mm. Exaktas:

for Biotar

f4.5

Biometar Orestor

Trioplan Primotar

Sonnar

f4

Sonnar

Megor

Orestogor

f4

/4

Megor

Sonnar

Megor Megor

Orestegor

Mirrorlens, Jena

Mirrorlens,

II, IIa will take

long-focus lenses,

but longer

when the

This is

focal lengths

should be focused more carefully. Also,

adverse influence on our

to operate longish exposure times with

Jena

the same lenses

the edges

distance between the lens

negligible with lenses up to

should not

as the Exakta

the

of

negatives are cut off

used.

be

steady

and film

100 mm. in

grip

with

5l

TECHNIQUE OF FOCUS

of

Depth

critically sharp image the film represents focused. Still, distance Any represented in the small confusion Furthermore, point the larger the circle on the fi.Im. Indeed, we know, longer the focal narrower the focused which not from That aiea which, although not sharp language as

confusion still appears as a sharp distance at amounts to two minutes of arc at at a viewing distance of l0 in. regarded (13 permissible

Exakta this corresponds to l/30 mm. maximum

THE

of Fiekl

Strictly speaking, an

formed

"plane

point

"circle

to

perceive

"pin-point"

by

As a

18 and 18

x

the 24x36 mm.

For

image of a single

plane

in the

focus",

of

and

the distance on

points

focused at appear

lying outside

plane

confusion"; the diameter of this

of

increases in

greater

the

be represented lies from the

length

belt

in front of and

appears

image to be

an

delineation does not exceed certain

in front and behind the the human

"depth

matter

"pin-point"

offield".

of experience

which the angle of view which it subtends

as normal for a

cm.)

x24

diameter of

photographic

ideal

of

the

plane

fiIm

only-so

is

concerned. This

its distance from the

which the lens has been

front

in

to be

sharp. How

plane

the

of

the

with the aperture of the

size

its

focal

the larger the

and

behind the

of and

of focus will not

film

as a

length

plane

behind the distance

be

to

Still, the human eye does

sharp.

unsharp as

long

plane

sharp, can

eye, is

described

in

it is found that the circle of

point

if it is

most.

print

(25

between 4 x 6 in., and 6 x 8 in.

in

size, this means that

the

circle of

(1x

in.)

lf

In

cm.), which

confusion is l/6 mm.

negative of

plane

this

give

far

as the of the

actual

possible?

lens can

is

be

point,

but as a

circle

of

lens.

the further

the

of focus, and

the

aperture,

its departure

as

the

limits.

actually focused

be

accepted

photographic

seen

plain

as

from a

English,

may be

the highest

the 35 mm.

permissible

a

is

52

depth

The

of ficld scele

picture

which

the engraved lens, note thc distances you

ere using,

at 13 ft.

will

on each

side of

rnd these indicate thc extent

(.1

m.);

at

the dcpth of

f8

on

Exakta lens mounts shows the rengc

the

be edequetely sharp. The scale

setting mark for the distance ecale. Heving

the

on the scale opposite the two

field

is 9 to 76 lt.

shows thc series of

figures representing the

the depth of field.

of

(2.7

to 8 m.).

53

DEPTH OF FIELD

of dirtanccs

Abovc

ovcr

lens aperturer

focused

.pcttur.

the lcns ir

thc rec

points

circle of

diameter are of confusion accepted sufficiently

Control

of aperture separately.

depth to the point

()

b0

L{

a

.j4

the reflex the facilitates

fact

size of the a

happen

B F

B

field blur. Indeed, good fleld

of of field

lens mount

the aperture

of the

represented

on

of

covered

as

"sharp".

of Depth

lens

of

used,

The depth

the

field-being

employed-has

The reflex

image of the Exaktas

of field

In stopping

foreground

has

focused

one

image

magnifier and

the observation

Nevertheless,

that our

focusing screen

enlarged

that

circle

towards

the

very small

seen on

in

definition

in depth, one

tables than on

lenses of the

The

field calculator,

different stops

for the

been

has

figures, diverging

not more

one should

every case

confusion.

mm. Exakta negative

the 35

than 1i30

"depth

by

Field

of

the

distance

to

down,

the

and

at can

grows

too dark

focusing

considerably.

print,

and

from a

the extremes

ground-glass,

when importance

what appears

Exakta are

allowing

one

provided

mark.

the distance

To read, focusing or we are workingwith the

first set by

two index

guessing)

a 2 in.

marked 5.6 on

lines

to, let us say,

(5

Thus, all

mm. diameter

field" and

of

dependent

actually

on the focal focused at and the

be ascertained

permits

the increase

background

be

seen

from the actual

(up

to the state where

for observation).

extension

hood

make some

is

only

that the eye

mathematical

the

should

in addition

allowance

negative

cannot

point,

range of depth of

of tlie

enlargement

rather rely

the focusing screen.

on

fitted

to read off figures

distances

and

with a special

from either

index

side of

(obtained

10 ft. Assuming

lens with aperture./5.6,

cm.)

the depth

for every stop

control of the

which

by

a circle

can be

therefore

length

in definition

Use of

(see page

for the

size, not the

distinguish

it

so

will

is

show

attached

on depth of

rvith a depth

for

depth

at once. The

bearing

scale

the index

by reflex-

that

field ring

of

as

20)

can

to

s4

point

ra.rge

the

actually

while

The different dipth uiiusttfatile manufartureri

the accepted

v'ith tives

Qtoge

Limits

The

within

limits

tlrese

have expected

For

focus

'sharpness

focusing

to have

lens down

the

In

hyperfocal

of sharpness focuiing results.-This focusing

When

forces

the

as image. This to

iudge

grourrd--glass, which somewhat

Further,

side

one

on

of depth

to l0

set

will be surprised

reader

tlnse

front

of

the

said

tlris

as

only

us automatically

tables,

feld

growtds

as

fhe

S2).

Depth

held

widely

depth

is mistaken.

before,

in the

only

v-ery

exactly

is rbEiied.

should

the

be done

case of

distance

is required

the object

on

applies detailed making

magnifier

is all

picture

the

deceiving.

the assumed

permissible

standard

of

reason

as

always least

distant

use of-the

shows

6 ft., and

to

Field

of field

possible

on

the

is

field

of

ft.

given

for

-reason

the

lll\mm.

of ll30

of

depth

idea that

and

must

It

"pin-point"

critical

plane

actually

care should

at

may be-

It

be done

"depth"

afterwards.

landscapes,

(described below)

in the

to the

also

page

56.

to concentrate

only

better, as

its

by

as regards

circle

other

on

-the

therefore

circle

feld

everything completely

tlrc spot

far distance

built-in

a

general

of

55

from

to

these

find

the same

has been

calculator

be emphasized

on

far

portion

otherwise pin-sharp definition

conditions

that.

being

of confusi,ott,

mm.

for

is equally

definition

focused.

be taken

which the

on

emphasized

full aperture

with

the screen

should

use distance.

of

use

magnifier,

the

on

of

one

appearance

confusion

30 ft.

to

side

ft. to 30

6

figures on

allowed

l$xl in.

is misleading.

unsharp

to

and

notbe

if_the-

In

will

the safety-zone

main

whole

the

is rather

which

ft.,

very

in our

-perfectly the-

by

compared

nega-

shg-p

outside

as we

that,

the Exakta

can

place

greatest

again

^that

the

of

stopping

made

greatest

this case,

give

better

subject,

reflex

apt

on

can

been

has

be

the

be

the depth

laid down supposition Wir'en the depth of coni'usion more reason

possible.

as

0n is not region increases

The

The direction is focused reaches on the This adjustment desired distance extreme

Safety-zone

There like whole meter for ever. kind

FOR Focus

Focus

-

for

that

sections

small

field

of

is enlarged

why

other hand,

the

absolutely

unshirpness

of

graduallY.

only

Hyperfocal

of

depth

innnity

bf

such

on

the far

"infinity-near

io secure

far as

as

sharpness-in

Focusing

opportunities

are

iide,

and

time

technical

of

Everything Eierything

rest-would

the

and

situations

Such

pre-prepared depth

EXAKTA

35 mm.

(4

ft.

at 15

between

(9

30 ft.

at

Ueirveei'fS

ivhole

the

of

decreases

foc-using

in exactly

uniform

Distance

extends

field

than a distance

distance

point"

focus

of

adequate

possitile into

the

wait

armament

WITH

stoP

m.),

and 30

10

m.), stoP

fi. and

of

negative

the

accordingly,

the

at

should

within

outside

towards

(infinity), then

is always

far

in a

for

bear-reflex

to

be to

are

focusing

8-

8.

56

is

negative

time. That

same

carried

be

same

the

greater

a-

fo-r

camera.

the

that

"hyperfocal

the

or

distance

no

best dealt

ft.

infinity

advisable

sharpness

foreground,

the

only

photogr-apher's

man;

your

let

as

(5

cm.)

in.

2

be sharp.

wiU

will

tables

focus

is

viewed

greatly

are

belause.

way

depth

distance

depth

the

from

(see page

when,

focusing'

prey with follows:

LENS:

be sharp.

on the

derived

enlarged'

or

enlarged,

circle

the

just

is

as exactly

out

aq sharpness

of ield,

of field

in the

a lens

When

field

of

is focused

lens

distance"'

when

farthest

the

rather

57).

life which, bring

to

exposure

escapg

by applying

one

the

area

just

it is

than

your

you

a

Hyperfocal

These tables

laid down

In the relate to group the distance gives

depth of field.

of

Distance and Depth

have

been computed

page

on

depth of field tables the figures on

the

indicate the distance in feet

focusing

of the near limit

the distance of the distant limit

for circle of confusion.

52

setting of

the

mount. The corresponding figures above

HYPERFOCAL D'SIANCE

(For

ncer

requircd

n8 the

tivi

(5

cm.) lenses.

conversion into

point

in thc

Teblc of focusing d istances,

with the 2 in.

to infinity

Apenure

f

1.5

1.9, 2

2.2

2.8

3.5

3.2, 4 ,f.s

5.5

6.3 I 9

ll

12.5 t6 i8

z2

shrrpners is

infinity

NOTE.-The

mum

oJ'Field in

conformity with

lens stop.

The

bold

to

which

(in

feet and inches), and

(in

feet and inches)

greatest possi

Setting

(hyperfocel

far distuce.

ble depth of

metric unir, see

of lcns

in

feet

t60 120 110

80 70 60 50

.rc

35

30 25 20 17 l5 12 10

distence)

57

Tables

the

the left of

(middle)

poge

90)

figures in each

them

the figure

of the region

field

from thc forcarou

Extent ofdepti to infiniv

80 60 55 45 35 30 25

20

174

15

12-6

l0

not

usod when

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the lens has to

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d

EXPOSURE

time

OF

depends

on two sets

of

THE TECHMQUE

correct exposure

The

circumstances:

(l)

b

The amount and

photographed.

be

to

object the season of

(2) employed and exposure

The

EXPOSURE

the

The speed of film,

probably

in the case of special

correct exposure time can

TABLES. These are

calculations and

most of the factors

give

will of the leaflet

I

accurate

an exposure-figure

film.

A simplified

packed

with the film.

PHOTO-ELECTRIC

and

dependable exposure time. Some converts an

light-energy

indicator

CdS

over a

exposure meters employ a resistance. They very

sensitive and

battery which

years.

two

has an

To the experienced

colour of

year,

time

the kind of fi.lter used, the aperture

an allowance

practical

experience. They

given

above, and,

table is usually

EXPOSURE METERS.

means for arriving at

consist

electricity, which

into

table of light

narrow angle of acceptance,

a

have

accurate. They employ

average

Exakta

of the image on the reflex

guide

useful as an optical exposure time, matter a

standard

to

correct exposure,It acts

the

meter. By using a standard

l/60

e.g.

of habit to

for average subjects,

sec.

vary the

intensity of illumination or the corners of the screen details the latter

only if the subject

light reflected from the in its turn,

This,

of day, situation,

grain

fine

depends

weather, etc.

for

increase

an

development.

be ascertained by:

based on mathematical

tabulate all or

if

with

used

discretion,

which lies within the

contained

They are the right

photo-electric

a

of

cell which

in turn moves values. cadmium sulphide

mercury button

a

life, in normal use, of about

photographer,

focusing

screen soon

the brightness

becomes a

to

some

exposure

it can become a

aperture

is

so that the screen

to

be

may

of even

illumination).

see how

observed

on

latitude

in the

photo

are

extent

has

far

into

but

in

64

EXAMAT

This is

TTL

Meter Attachment

pentaprism

a and Exa I cameras exposure measuring measuring the

There are three

1. By varying shutter

2, By

light

methods

the

speed.

varying the

aperture.

3.

By measuring

on

as

To use the

Insert

1. unit with

cover.

2. Insert

3. Set film un_til the ASA or DIN

4.

Switch on "switched-on"

_ For aperture

5. Set camera

6. Set

S9t-

7.

with Turn

8. points

indicates a correct preselected. For

5. Set camera lens

6. Stop lens down Turn

7. until

8. Read the white meter.

ordinary manually Examat:

battery

a_c-oin,

The life

Examat

the

speed by turning

required speed

meter

procedure

The

lens

on the camera

the

shutter speed the white aperture ring

to

the zero index

If the meter

that

exposure

After use, switch

shutter speed

the main the meter

off the correct

setting

(PX13)

insert

of a battery exceeds

into

cut-out window.

by sliding the

position.

then varies

adjustment

manual

to

the

setting mark.

of the lens

needle

with the

adjustment

to manual aperture

to the

setting dial,

needle in

mark

finder

attachment

permits

which

by means

through the

combined viewfinding

of a built-in

lens.

of exposure

aperture

shutter

the

setting

speed

shutter speed-aperture

operated

by removing

battery with

the top

the two

points

metering:

preselected on the main

mark.

cannot

shutter

and

a slower shutter

preselected

the

shutter

and

battery

+

year.

one

of the camera

studs in the

to

the index mark

switch on the top

according

aperture

until the meter

with the

viewfinder

speed to

take

to the metering

setting.

shutter

setting dial

be aligned with the

preselected

speed

off the meter.

metering:

setting.

aperture value.

viewfinder

lines

be set

your picture.

speed.

65

for the

CdS meter,

measuring:

pre-selected

with a

pre-selected

combination

meters.

cover on the

sign upwards

body.

top of the meter

of the meter in tine

needle in

speed may have to

eyepiece

up

on the

After use, switch

side of the

and replace

on the

appropriate

left to

method used.

viewfinder

the

index mark, this

one

cannot obtain

at eye

with

zero

its

camera opposite

Exakta

green

the

level,

mark.

and

disc

be

off

manual

For

5. Set camera Turn the widest aperture

6. mark on the aperture dial. Turn the

7. to the

8. Select any shutter speed other on the

metering:

lens

automatic iris.

to

main

setting dial until the meter

zero

mark and switch off meter.

the

shutter speed

camera and lens.

value of

aperture

and

and aperture dials and transfer

Exposure Meter Attachment

special exposure meter

A

Varex, but was discontinued

pentaprism

a

built-in

a

focusing unit

photo-electric

incorporates a direct vision

To

the meter:

use

1. Set filrn speed.

2. Point camera at subiect.

index

3. Set

Read off

4.

shutter.

1. The film speed is set printed

either The light falling on the

3. needle in the cut-out window disc until the black triangle

or

In

needle.

red

4. The correct

the exposure time or

A

open

to needle

aperture-exposure combination

aperture numbers

(left)

DIN

white

poor

tiangle

vice versa.

translucent

cell is intended for incident light

or

band facing

light there may be no noticeable movement of the

this

In

case, open up the front

(V

opposite the black or white band facing the

)

aperture

you

Transfer this

plastic

The TTL Pentaprism

The TTL

the with

pentaprism

focusing-viewing system

internal through-the-lens measuring

unit was

in 1961. It is

(still

exposure

optical finder.

position.

turning

by

(from

2 to 22) to the

(righ|.

ASA

produces

cell

on top of the meter. Rotate the outer

(y

engraved on it

)

the

needle.

(in

to

for

the

use

want

to use

result

which

disc

the Exakta RTLI000

for

the Exakta RTLI000 combines

66

your

lens

to the white

needle in the finder

combination which

provided

available,

meter

the wedge-shaped disc

a certain deflection

cover

cut-out in the inner disc)

(on

the bush of the outer

to

the lens and shutter.

may be clipped

measurement. See

for the Exakta

a combination

page

see

and, in addition,

and transfer to lens

appropriate value in

points

of the cell

over

the closed or

described earlier

of the exposure,

setting

points

face each

them to

2l) with

with the

of the

to the

black

meter

and set the

needle.

page

72.

and

faces

disc)

of

it

www. butkus.

ore/chinon

TTL PENTAPRISM FOR

EXAKTA

r--------

RTLIOOO

6

10

12

automatically speed,

be connected to

may

The

taking into account film speed, shutter

aperture, any

measurement applies

light used in conjunction microprism centre. employed, with a

Fitting

The earlier. After driver grooves speed connected, shutter-speed

the film speed

matt screen with

the TTL Pentaprism

connecting of

fitting the

of the shutter-speed

base

the

on

setting disc

the shutter-speed

disc

extension tubes, etc., which

filters,

the camera. with the regular

If a completely

be increasedby 4 DIN and

to

has

bright

6 mm.

the TTL

from

prism

the

of

stop to stop.

into the

knob

prism

of the

is turned.

when the TTL

focusing screen

prism

with

matt focusing screen

centre spot

by 3 DIN.

is the same as described

camera,

on the camera

engage

in the

by rotating its shutter-

When correctly

will turn when the

is is

the

www.

pentaprism

The TTL The features are: finder eyepiece. 6, Cenrre 8, Change retting

mark. I 3,

finder replaces the normal

1 , TTL

over switch.9,

Push-button

butkus.

pentaprism.

disc

of

Film speed setting disc. 10, Shutter speed setting

for film

orglchinon

pentaprism

Battery

2,

speed

chamber.

setting

aperture setting device.

finder

reflex

or

3, Switch signal. 4, Meter switch, 5, View-

7.

disc

Lower

67

the

on

Exakte RTL 1 000

ol aperture setting

disc.

12, Shutter rpeed

device.

film

Pentaprism speed:

triangle

Using the TTL

Set the

that the orange

of the aperture setting line of the home white figures

far as it will

as disc ASA or

Open

With automatic automatic at the recess setting device points mediate values may

centre disc

at the two

lines. The film speed

DII.{)

go

into the TTL

of the aperture

DIN speed

Apertare

Measufing

(A), push

without

so that

triangular

to the

is

setting device

of the film to

aperture

change-over

line. Raise and turn

be

Meter

First turn

the

shutter-speed

is visible. Now turn

device.so

and

that its line

push

the change-over switch

(orange

pressing

finally set

by prism

and

with its white

be used.

(see

switch

page

on

lenses

the widest aperture of

mark on the

set).

Let the

inside

lower disc return. One

68

disc so

the lower disc

points

to the

figures ASA,

push-button

the

the lower

turning

line to the

lens to

29), set

lower disc

home

the lower aperture

lens used

the

(inter-

disc

White

Battery cover

Eyepiece Fresnel lens

Examat converts

The readings to be taken through

use.

in

lt combined viewing/focusing by a battery housed in the side of

earlier exposure

The

unit and exposure

focusing a direct-vision

replaces

viewfi

the Exakta

the normal

and

meter unit for

meter, but

nder,

the camera

EXPOSURE METER UNITS

Film speeds

setting mark

Shutter

speeds

res

Apertu

Zero index

Meter needle

Exa I cameras to TTL types, enabling

and

lens,

pentaprism

exposure

finder or focusing screen

meter attachment. lts CdS

unit.

the

Varex

the

did not read through

no matter

and

Exa I

what lens or attachments

was the lens. lt also incorporated

69

meter

a combined

accurate light

and serves as

powered

is

cover

Cell

light index

Poor Bright light

Needle

speeds

DIN ASA speeds Apertures

Shutter

pentaPrism

are

a

index

sPeeds

can NOT measure with incorrectly (smallest

aperture

To measure, shutter-speed disc Push meter switch circle

will appear the meter is subject and turn the until the shows

pointer

in the centre

cannot be reached, use

number).

pre-select

(one

can NOT use intermediate

(above

in the

window above it to indicate

switched on.

lower

the left-hand

on

the

of

a slower shutter speed. Read

and set

eyepiece)

Point

disc of the aperture

engraved circle. If the circle

the aperture setting device the aperture value triangular mark and transfer this to

set widest aperture

shutter speed on the

to

the left.

the camera towards

in

side

the viewfinder

pointing

aperture setting ring of the lens. Now release. Switch offthe meter by switch to the right.

can reverse the

One

procedure Turn the lower disc of the pointer

shows in to the circle. the required setting device disc. It

the lens if

on

the

If a larger

aperture on the central disc of the

points

to the triangular mark

may be necessary to

one does not arrive at a full aperture number.

required

position

or smaller

on the

aperture

aperture setting device until the

has

pre-select

and

Turn shutter-speed disc until

readjust

slightly

pointer

cannot be

to be

selected.

Stop Down Measurement

To use non-automatic lenses manual aperture lower

disc

home

setting,

the

at

push

recess

setting device so that the lines of all three

each other by raising the lower

of

To measure, shutter-speed

values must be circle will camera to

pointer

preset

the

setting disc above the mark.

set. Switch on appear in subject

the left

on

f.he

window

and turn the lens

the viewfinder

of

or automatic

the change-over

line.

Set the shutter-speed

disc and turning it.

shutter speed

meter-a

above

aperture ring until the

is in

discs are on top

by

NO

green

the

70

speeds).

green

A

that

the

setting device

off on to

the

turning the

the aperture.

aperture

the lower

on

the aperture

obtained,

lenses

for

switch of the

turning the

intermediate

indicator

Point

switch.

centre of the

circular mark there engraved. reached, switch off

required on the until the switch values; aperture setting ring. If pre-select

pre-select

meter.

can reverse the

One

lens,

pointer

in the

off meter. Do not

if necessary, make

a wider or smaller lens

a slower shutter speed. Release and

procedure

and turn the shutter-speed setting

finder show to the circle,

set

fine corrections by means of the

pointer

position

If this

pre-select

and

intermediate

position

cannot be reached,

aperture.

Fitting and Changing Battery

The TTL

with

battery in normal use is

the

To change

in

the side replace points battery dirt, battery TTL

Using

To

This may

accurate light-measuring instrument.

an subject-highlights,

the

so

The subjects-i.e., subjects with average areas of tones. reading

But

little

and have to modify the exposure reading to obtain the

So and accepting

pentaprism

a 625 or equivalent mercury

the battery,

wall of the

by new

one,

towards the

its contacts free

and

etc., which can impair

be removed

should

prism

unit is not used for

for the RTL1000

oxide

in

well

Exakta

battery.

excess of one

unscrew the battery compartment

prism,

TTL

making

screw

remove old

certain that its

lid

from

and

finger

close lid

marks,

the function of the meter. The

and stored in a dry

some time.

an Exposure Meter

get

the best results, the exposure meter has to

look like

a contradiction, since we have already said that it is

shadows

gives

it

reading

Exakta meter-as any other-is

you point

if

So

will be correct.

if the subject is not average-if there are large highlight areas

there is more to

shadow,

without

or large

and middle

is

us

an average one for

the meter

shadow areas

a meter than

using

question

But

tones-falls on the meter;

scaled

at a subject of this

with

just

the

reading indicated.

used intelligently.

be

light

from all

the whole

to

suit

light, dark

kind, the

highlights-then

few

best

pointing

typically

7l

cannot be

the aperture

disc

release and

shutter-speed

is

fitted

life

The

of

year.

battery

(f)

and

sign

plus

again. Keep perspiration,

place

if the

parts

of the

subject area.

average

middle

and

exposure

results. it

you

the

at

subject

REFLECTED LIGHT MEASUREMENT.

using the meter is to

photo-electric

the

is

method average mixture of highlights, shadows and

is a large near

the closer and is what

the meter at the optimum exposure. For instance, many reading of the the reading subject.

then subject, and take a reading

sky, "seen"

meter down to exclude some tone range.

shadows, so It is usual to

assessing subject at

subject. So correct exposure. with designed to reduce important light falling on

films, impossible

subject and main light-say, tum round and

called

gives

This

bright

to the

subject is a

you

therefore

you

For some subjects

you

cannot

If

try to find something near

When taking readings

you

have to

by the meter. The sky

Open views, such

INCIDENT LIGHT

exposure is to

instead of that reflected by

the light

the Exakta

purpose,

The incident

and

to make a close-up

To take a reading,

point

it directly at

cell is therefore that reflected by the subject, so this

"reflected

the correct exposure reading

area, or a large dark area,

main subject

figure

will reduce the

get

a

want.

part

sitter's

from

go

tilt the meter down slightly to reduce the area of sky

you

can

give

half

you get the

light

meter over

the

light method

for subjects

point

the sun-is coming

point

light measurement".

and take a close-up reading. For example, if

against

amount

reading in terms of a more average

you

take a reading from really close up, aiming

can

the

of

subject

face in

the

This is done by sliding

of

back

to

close up

from this.

general

of

as distant

give

a shorter exposure

the exposure-i.e., use

MEASUREMENT.

measure the strength of the light falling on

higher reading

a much

has to be cut down

the honeycomb cell of the meter which is

the lightjust

this is

and

over an angle

subject

the mer:r

is

with contrasting backgrounds

the method is simply

in

the meter at

the

a white or dark background,

of background affecting the meter

that

photographers

portraiture;

your

hand instead of

that

a subject

at hand that is similar in tone

scenes, including a

is a

bright

of it the

subject becomes

landscapes, usually have very light

it.

if

But

the

amount. It also serves another

right

to

reading.

that the meter includes all the

ensure

of almost a full 180'.

particularly

the opposite direction.

exactly

from the side, don't

this; turn round completely and

72

The

subject. The light reaching

provided

middle tones.

the

best

you

want to make

out-of-doors

needs a close-up

highlight, and by tipping

than the meter indicates.

the

point

you

than if

for the meter to indicate the

the white diffuser supplied

useful for reversal colour

to turn

method

usual

the

higher light

the meter straight

you point

your

has

subject

if there

But

method is to

by

which

subject,

sure

take a close-up

you

can

going

to the

up

readirrg,

good

deal of

"average"

it

at

when it is

back on

just

partly

to

value.

If the

going

has

take

the

of

an go

in

the

let

main light strike the

subject.

light

If the camera sun-you must then the meter towards the

AGAINST THE LIGHT tone range. The main lighting field of indicate final

This is all exposure for take a reading from the exposure the meter,

then

and

COLOUR larly careful reading is advisable. The meter is used in the

for

as often these tutes a highlight, with the

Because meter double the reading, and not multiply it mended for black-and-white negative films.

on the

position-say,

view,

so if

too

short an exposure

picture.

right

the

subject,

indicated.

pointing

the

double

FILMS

black-and-white films, although the incident light method is considered best for reversal films. This is because exposure of should be based on the highlights, and

of the

without

importance of the highlights, if

diffuser for an

meter at the same angle that it

subject is different from that on

the

if

subject is in the

go

up to the

subject and take the reading,

position.

camera

subjects are

you point

if

Another way is to use the incident light

it towards the subject from the

exposure indicated.

becomes a

the

meter straight at

and

you

want

a silhouette.

you

should either

position

camera

have only a small exposure latitude,

meter in effect reading directly from it.

against

give

and

the light

shade

extreme

very

you

take

give

four

yourself

and

cases of non-average

bright highlight in the

the

a silhouette effect in the

you

But if

a close-up reading or four to

camera

the

diffuser itself

you

is

shot, it

to

eight times as recom-

you

subject it will

want correct

eight

are using

73

strikes the

are in the

pointing

times

diffuser on

position,

particu-

so

same

consti-

to only

best

THE TECHNIQUE OF TONE

the

at

Use of Filters

The

the

way

the

photographic

The

panchromatic, and-white

quite of

tone values, so that the

false impression of the real

a

this discrepancy

Scientifically speaking,

be

over

red,

and one

panchromatic

ten

to as average brilliance of about four-fifths that of one-third, and red with two-thirds of the brightness of yellow.

is therefore

It rendering accuracy the other achieved

Filters are the

which will correspond with

to the impression of colours received by our eye,

comparative sensitivity

in our film will

by the use offilters.

intended to correct on our negative material

various degrees of Principally, they lighten objects of their own colour and darken those oJ' their

will darken

filter obtain a

colour rendering in our more closely to the object: here

we speak of

also be employed

picture

our

particularly

only light clouds are termed

can

dark sky, whereas the actual landscape revealed

'oeffect

Allfilters cut out

in exposure time is always necessary when using them.

black-and-white

fails to render colours

fllm, even though

in

photograph

scene.

is the

following.

to

times

as bright

the

as

eye

human

blue, three times

and a half times as bright as

film,

however,

registers blue with

yellow,

evident

have

that in

of the

to

brightness

to

order

various colours to

be

corrected. This can

of the actual

complententary colour

the blue of the sky).

impression made upon

"correction

produce

to

be made to

show heavy clouds against a

in a blue sky.

They

picture

which corresponds

filters". Filters may

certain effects; for instance,

Filters employed

fi.lters".

parts

certain

the light

of

74

their true black-

gives

often

The explanation

yellow

appears

bright

as

green.

The

green

with

a colour

obtain

some degree of

each

be

picture.

(e.g. a yellow

may be used to

to

such ends

increase

by

the

our eye

and an

a

can

figures

Exact

according not only sensitivity the

Yellow-Light

Green

Orange-Light.

Red

Yellow

Green

Blue

The following a short and

YELLOW FILTERS mainly reduce rendering photography normal blue sky. should be

also hold back films are comparatively oversensitive

to the film used, on the nature of of

photograph

ln Daylight

(1)

Medium

(3)

Dark

-Light

...

Medium

Dark...

-Light

...

Dark ."

In Artificial Light

-Light

(1)

Medium

(3)

Dark

-Light

...

.,.

Dark

explanation of their use. The best

handling

it darker, and are therefore

used and

FILTERS

GREEN

only

the film and on the colour of

has to

(2)

...

(2)

...

gives

list

filters is the Focal Filter Chart.

in order to obtain clearly defined

In the

vice

(render

red

given

be

for the

the filter,

be

taken.

FILTER FACTORS

a summary of

of a very light blue sky, a darker

case versa.

have

a similar

it

darker),

75

for each

particular

exposure

but

ratio depends

on

the light in which

Panchromotic lnfro-red

Film Film

1.5

t.5

1.5 2-

35-

't.5

the filters

particularly

effect to

to which some

(photographing

recommended

practical guide

the actinic effect of blue,

suitable for

cloud effects

yellow

filters, but

panchromatic

it too light).

case,

the colour

10 15

and

to

choosing

landscape

on a

filter

they

SKY

FILTERS are

background and a dark foreground, such as often occur in landscape

photography. are obtainable as the object should cover the top if.

plcture. an

very extreme

sunshine into moonlight effects, etc. used absorb

darker

(as

the

exposure time has been determined for the

ORANGE

"effect"

filter for

distances

clear

RED FILTERS

contrast, creating

DARK RED FILTERS to

for scientific

BLUE FILTERS

part

of the red sensitivity. This results in

(lips).

reds

FILTERS FOR

designed

They serve mainly to avoid

graduated green

in landscapes)

part

FILTERS

give

drawing

in landscapes, eliminating

of still stronger effect than the

are

purposes,

for

are

COLOUR

photographing

for

partial

yellow

or

is bright, the coloured

the lens.

of

overcorrection,

heavy

filters. If the top

No exposure increase is

and serve,

clouds against a dark sky, and

light

black sky with brilliant clouds, faking

be used only with infra-red film. Chiefly

penetrates

it

panchromatic

mist.

film in

PHOTOGRAPHY-see

with

scenes

overexposure, and

part

of the filter

necessary

part

darker

therefore,

haze, etc.

filter, for

orange

light.

artificial

skin tones

better

page

43.

a bright

part

of the

They

and

of

as

Polarizing Filter

polished

Highly

successfully so as to obtain a true

they will reflect too much light and

since reproduction overcome introduced. It suppresses plane,

while light will freely polished in one extinguished position

The Exaktas front of the filter on to the lens in the slightly being about

wooden surfaces, water, vibrate

plane

over the lens.

The filter has to

the lens, or desired result on the reflex-focusing screen,

best

tinted, the

subjects can be very dimcult to illuminate

photographic

glare

with a

this difficulty the

vibrating

pass.

Light reflections

(:it

is

placing

by

rotated to find out its best

be

for this observation. The filter is

are ideal

then

and

exposure

three times.

which obscures

light

in

a

polarized)

the

by slowly rotating

position

selected.

time

should be

polarizing

vibrating in plane

at

glass,

from

can therefore be almost

and polarizing

the

As the

rendering,

spoil the

so

the detail. To

filter

right

one

angles

been

has particular

to this

china, enamel,

to a large extent

on the

simply

and

proper

held

push

filter

lens.

find

the

filter in

position

filter one can

polarizing

increased, the factor

in

76

is

CARE

Storage

When not in

and

damp precaution,

Care should be in abnormally temperature

Take the however well made deterioration

Exercise

Cameras exercised your

camera

its

normal operations

l. Set the

2.

Turn to a release and

3. Examine the

4.

Check

5.

Check the

These exercises retaining ensuring the

Running Test

Before

your

be ment,

make a few

camera

at

time

for a test

avoid a

use, the camera preferably

dust,

inserted

high

is best.

precaution

and corrosion.

(like

most mechanical instruments)

regularly to

where

shutter release

slow shutter speed and

fire. Also

fllm transport

viewfinder.

the

natural

camera

after

embarking

constant

least

four

film to be

possibly

spoiled

OF THE

into

a

taken to

low

or

of removing any batteries,

these may be there is

keep

you

can

at least

exposure

will

keep

qualities

is ready for instant

Storage

on

a companion, trial

exposures. It is

weeks

exposed and

holiday record.

CAMERA

should in its case, polythene

see

them

get

once a

and fire several

operate delayed

meter for correct

the mechanism

holiday

prior

77

and, as an

bag.

that

the

temperatures-normal

good

in

at it easily

month:

again set the shutter

of the lubricant-thus

where

or on an

advisable to

your

to

processed.

protected

be

camera

always a risk

condition.

put

and

times.

action device.

in

use when required.

your

important

departure to

from

additional

is not

kept

room

because

need

to be

Store

it through

operation.

good

order,

camera will

assign-

test the

This will

of

give

Keeping

ditions where mechanism, with flying dust, the camera. down on camera fall upon

therefore, is fi.lm.

Treating produced

allow back of

|f knock,

trouble-free

Coping with Tropical

as occur in humidity protect

camera. These

on organic

problems. should be

leave keep

the Interior

your

When

its case into

Small spotless.

Your camera

it to be

you protect

High and widely

The camera

the camera unnecessarily

it in its

camera

dust

take

the

a

sand, etc.,

This

applies

a sandy beach.

in

chips of film

the

a car, nor treat

you

the life

position

such a

it.

This could

always make

with

in

wax

your

Check

Camera with

is a

great

swung by its

the

camera will be amply service.

varying

desert regions

rainy

seasons,

and continued

conditions

matter.

should

polished,

case. The lens

Clean

is used

or sand

precaution

polythene

particles

fine,

care

Conditions

Sand,

be

on the beach,

can easily

particularly,

Furthermore,

that

ruin a camera.

can

easily sure that camera

Care precision

and

shoulder

as if

it were

against

repaid by

temperatures and dry seasons,

call for

also cause

dust and insects

kept

dry and

parts

metal

should be

78

or other

infiltrate

puiting

of

or

other container prevented

are

direct

damage

the inside

every

instrument.

attention

as robust

possible

good performance

exposed to

the

from

of

course, if it

avoid leaving

sunlight

time it is

strap, thrown into

years

special

the

lightly

covered with

is allowed

the mechanism;

your

of

loaded

It

to detail. Do

as a

damage

of excellent

with low

and very

precautions

growth

may

clean. Leather

greased.

heat.

con-

into

the

instrument

so that

entering

is laid

the

to

camera

with

been

has

not

the

battleship.

due to-a

and

humidity,

high

to

of the

of moulds

present

parts

Never

Always

lens

the

cap when clean, dirt and tapping. Wipe the lens mesh fabric

or tape. (e.g.

moved from a cool removed before use and the

not in

use. Outer lens

grit

removed with

surface with cotton-wool

(butter

photographic

Store

a tin which should be

In a

humid

gel).

silica

muslin) when

equipment

sealed with adhesive

atmosphere, add some desiccating

Condensation on the lens mav

place

into

Lumid heat;

whole camera carefully wiped

surfaces have to be kept

an

required.

in an airtight metal

occur

before re-storing.

Films should not be original airtight tins peratures life of

of 90'F

most for as short a time as and film in the

(32'C).

films is limited

glove

trouble.

Films should

be exposure-within a week or two climates, within a few container with desiccant

in a refrigerator, but

keep

longer than

kept

(tropical

possible

packing)

continual 100'F

At

month

to a

in

the camera. Storing camera

compartment

processed

as

soon

or,

days. Keep the film

(to

absorb moisture). If

you

if

only

of the car is inviting

exposed fllm and the container is sealed.

79 80

air-blower

and

or

open

box

(e.g.

medical)

agent

when

the

camera is

this has to be

months in

six

their

at continual tem-

(38"C),

or two. Keep films

possible

as

in

very hot humid

in

after

an airtight

possible,

can dry out

by

the

CLOSE-UP

single-lens reflex

The close-up lenses as the exact definition, focusing almost any other type of necessitates expensive not

photography.

extension tubes,

or

screen.

When working with supplementary

Parallax, which makes close-up work with

auxiliary attachments, simply does

exist in the Exaktas.

cameras

WORK

are

the

actual

can be controlled

camera at least very difficult or

Supplementary Lenses

Exakta

The

cameras

This figure varies somewhat

can

focused down to about 3 ft.

be

in

accordance

employed.

The field covered at 3 ft.

with a 2 in.

251+tt in.

photograph

To

work,

similar three lenses, described as a

diopter, and

+2 photographic

venient to

get interchangeable filter mount, required and a distance at which one has

distances covered by these supplementary

The

Supplementary Lens

diopter

*l

diopter

*2

diopter from 13$

*3

field covered. the distance at

The

as well

set, ground-glass.

intended for

son:

closer range for table top, copying and

at

supplementary

giving

covering

a

dealers

lenses

these

lenses can be

a scope which can reasonably

practical

all

diopter. These may be

*3

or opticians.

of suitable

so

lens can be inserted in

to work.

Distance Covered

from 39$ to 19 in.

definition can

as

following table

The

general

information and

from 19f to 13 in. ( 50 to 33 cm.)

to

be

particularly

suited

image covered, as well

the reflex-

on

with the lens

(5

cm.) lens is

range of

used. A

needs, are a

One will

diopter,

*l

had from

find it con-

diameter to fit into an

that

mount only

one

accordance

with

lenses are:

(100

to 50 cm.)

in. ( 33 to 25 cm.)

9+ which the lens has to observed

giving

purposes

on

these

the

figures

compari-

of

for

be

is

the

be

reflex

is

&ght: The two-in-one adaptor (A) provides The extension tubs set E) C-5 mm., D:15 mm.. E: 30 mm.

5

gives

to 60 mm.; B:10 mm.,

10

leng extension.

mm.

(8,

C,

ACCESSORIES FOR CLOSE.UPS

D.

!eft: The lens camera magnifier for is shown fitted to the microscope attachment Type 2.

magnifier

lens to be used as a

photomicrography,

attachment

distortion-free

etc.

enables

scre€n

The camerr

the

CIOSE.UP FOCUS'NG IABIE

(For

conversion into metrie

Lens setting

(feet)

o

100

50 25 15 10

8 6 5 4 3* 3

It required when perfect

be noted that no change in exposure

should

working with these close-up lenses. To

definition,

diopter

*1

3ei

38* 37 34t 32*

2et

27t 25' 23t 2tt 201 181

iMeasured

is

it

FOR

SUPPLEMENTARY

poge

units, see

focused

dioDter

+2

191 191 1e* 18* 17t 16tr 168 1s* 14t 14 131 12*

on

lens.

Distonces

from supplementary

advisable to stop down.

90)

(inches)

I-ENSES

.

+3

diopt r

131

13 12r 12t

12t

111 1'tt 11* 101 108 10

9

time is

obtain

Right: The bellows attachment close-ups and macrophotography, giving

lens extensions between 35

rnd 220 mm. A simolified miniature

focusing attachment

bellows

lenr l25mm.

cxtensions

between 35

for

gives

and

www.

butkus.

org/chinon

The depth of

very small

6 2 in. with f I diopter 2 in. with

I in. with

1} in. with

*

when

field,

one. One can count on an approximate in. with f I diopter

diopter lens, at/6.3 and

*2

diopter lens, at16.3 and 3*

*2

diopter lens, at16.3 and

*3

in. with

*3

diopter

Extension Tubes

Instead of supplementary

extension

tubes body. They extension of

can

be fitted

can

be had in different

the lens

of

working

such close range,

at

lens,

at16.3 and

lens, atl6.3

lens, at

f6.3

lenses for close-up between the lens and

the Exakta at

82

is obviously

total depth of:

infinity setting; 3* ft. setting;

and

infinity

setting;

ft.

setting; infinity setting; 3i ft. setting.

and

focusing,

camera

lengths to increase

Their

purpose

will.

a

the

is

to that

similar distances are rather

the

of

supplementary

less. natural size, and even straight on to the film

A set lengths extension. There is fit to the camera, to take the lens. of 10 screwed 15 mm. separate item, length used alone to the set

The Exa I is 20-50 mm. Longer picture

a b b+c a+ b+c b+d

a+ b+d a+

b+c+d

b+e

a*b*e

a+b+c+e b+d b+c+d+e

tubes

of which are fitted

(b).

mm.

betrveen

(d),

and

with bayonet

tubes.

of

without

extensions,

field.

c Lo s E- u P' o

Extension

(^^.)

+e

'Note

that the

consists

a back

and

These screw

lengthen

To

them.

and 30

there

is

give

5 mm.

suitable

cutting

however,

";'

(For

conversion

Focused

5 10 15

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

values for 2{ in.

mm.

l::

They

allow

larger-thanJife

(see

table

of a

together

below).

number

to

section

a front

section with

together to

the tube,

There

are

(e).

In

addition and

a two-in-one

fittings

at

extension;

for

use with

off any of the

produce

ff^tfI*"s'oN

2::.f

€

into metric units,

on

(tn.)

21* 91x14

1

8* 3* x 4t 5i 6 13 s* 4* 4* 4* 4 3l 3t

Subject

oreo (tn.) (magnificotion)

4tx7

I

28x3*

x 23 0.s

1* x 28 1tx2 1* x 11

1x1*

+*x1+

*xl*

+lxlfT

(5,8

cm.) lenses are rather different.

83

lenses,

but the

photographs

size, to

of sections provide

the required

with bayonet

bayonet fitting

give

an extension

intermediate

three-5

adaptor ring

each end

it may

or

(a).

be

extension tubes

picture

a

noticeably reduced

ruBEs

poge

see

90)

Scole

of ExDosure

reproduction

0.1 O.2

0.3

0.4

0.6 o-7

0.8 3.2

0.9 3.6

1.0

1.1 4.4

1.2

working

up to

be taken

various

of

fitting

rings

are (c),

mm.

sold as

5 mm.

of

This is

used with

from area.

foctor

1.2 1-4 1-7

2

2.3 2-6

2.9

4

4.8

FLASH

Flash is an efficient available, own

to

a

at any time or current

1/50 sec. Each afterwards.

is used most allow a medium shutter speed-provided on focal

-see _

flash tube. with

accumulator.

How to socket is fitted

the means On release, the the flash bulb coincides with the instant

marked for electronic the may l/100 and

marked speed,of ll30 or F flash

if the Exakta bulb will

such as at

"sun"

private

The flash

exposure

Electronic

All Exakta

battery case

Exakta

shutter

be used

The Exakta

Ordinary

place.

bulb is similar to

passes

bulb is inserted in

to set off the

of the light towards

since the flash

plane

shutters do

instructions

flash is

Unlike flash

power

supplied

Use Flash

cameras

on the

of a special

contact

II, V and VX models have

(formerly

M

flash.

speed of l/50

(e.g.,

1/1000 sec.

Varex

F, for use

(U25)

bulbs.)

"M"

shutter produce

still

WITH THE

light source

indoors,

night,

with

through

bulb will flash

or small

below.

(with

two-pin

shutter

and sets off the

V) for flash bulbs

With the X setting,

Philips

lfa, IIb and VXl000

with small

sec.

class

you

which

a small electric

it, it lights

only once

a flash

bulb, while a reflector

the

subject. The light

aperture to

it is

not faster than 1/50

is shorter than the

free the

not

produced

from

camera front. An electric

is set to

by an electric discharge

these

bulbs,

the

mains or various types

are internally synchronized

flash bulb and reflector)

plug (the

automatically closed the

that the

sec. With the M setting,

P.F.24 or P.F.45)

bulbs

(The

letters

flash bulbs may

U5

an instantaneous

EXAKTA

where

can illuminate

up in an intense

whole

tubes

bulb, so that the

sec.; the

or

no

etc.

1956 VX takes

and one marked

electronic flash

(P.F.l,

M

insufficient

the

In

flash

your

bulb. However,

flash lasting

and has to

gun,

the

current of the

behind the

is strong enough to

used for

be

negative area simultaneously

will

shutter is fully open.

two

with shutter

also

and F do nor

be used with the

shot.

the exposure; the

sec.-has

exposure time,

yield

thousands

for flash.

cable is connected

to the flash

a concentric

firing circuit through

peak

of flash

sets

focal-plane flash

have

a third flash socket,

P.F.5, etc.)

short flash

daylight is

you

subjsct or scene

X

can be used with

speeds between

signify class

duration

your

carry

when the

about

be discarded

battery

directi

bulb

no effect but since

in a suitable

flashes

of

battery or

A flash

from

socket by

plug).

light

of the

contacts. one

(formerly

bulbs

shutter

at a

"X"

contact

of the

E)

M

84

with one flash

Cameras

---€xcept install an

contact above), establish older cameras.

of sec. and

qlmera set the

speed. For bulbs, set the flash and black-and-white films.

and-white only are now discontinued.

l2 ft. 18 ft. 25 ft. 35 ft.

Shutter 6ft.

t/100 1l2so I

films. larger. Outdoors at night, increme the

RTLI000, see

"X"

contact into these cameras. While the single flash

cameras have

it is

advisable

the correct

The Exakta RTL1000

Exa cameras

When Blue+intedflash

6 ft. 9 ft.

Speed

/500

The

(X)

the

body

(2 (3 (4 (6 (8 (12

above exposures In small bright rooms, use one stop smaller;

which is

with flash

have the flash

plate,

top

flash

symbol opposite the

working

attachment

t#ith

m.) ... m.) ... m.) ... m.)

,..

m.)

...

m,)

With M-synchronizotion

(2

m.l

4

f f1o F6.s rs F3.s f2.2 f6.s

contact are unsuitable

below. A reliable workshop can, however,

designed for

been

practical

to

make

working, as variations

has

shutter suitable for use with electronic flash at 11125

bulbs at 1/30 sec.

opposite

with flash, it is essential

DrzlDs are suitable for colour-reversal, colour negative

X-synchronizotion and shutter set dt

(3

f

apply to

synchronization setting marked on the

the

shutter speed disc. For the is

connected

gft.

m.)

10

f4 f3 f2

dot between

bulb sign opposite the dot.

(or

Clear bulbs,

FIASH

EXPOSURES

G.E.,G.E.C.,

Mozdo: Mozdo: PF 60

No. I No.5

Philips: Philips:

Philips PF

ond

12ft. 18Ft. (4

m.)

f8 fs.6 f3.s f2.2

rooms

of average brightness and 30-320 BS

aperture by two stops.

85

for

electronic

"M"

synchronization

tests

one

the bulb

originally intended

PF1 PF'

AG1

f16

f11 18 f't6 f22 fs.6 f11 f16 f1 f8 fl1 f2.s fs.6 r8

focal-plane

with

have

been found in these

flash

contact on

electronic

1/30 and

to transport the

inserted).

"8"

or t/5 sec.

G.E.,G.E.C., Phitips:.

f22

68 bulb on Exakta

(5

or

23 (8

m,)

in large darker rooms,

m.)

bulbs to

the

side wall

l/60 shutter

frlm before

for black-

ft.

(8G1

flash

(see

flash,

35

fr.

(12

m.l

1.8

f

25 ASA)

one stop

EXAKTA

o

FINDER leather box 35 mm. Exakta. It cuts of the reflex image and makes focusing

EXAKTA LENS HOOD. stray when used. This is a metal tube There brilliance by available for the different Exakta lenses.

hoods are slightly conical shaped

HOOD

which

light

from objects outside the

photographing

picture

no

is

the

use of

ACCESSORIES

EXTENSION.

pushed

can be

out stray

against the

which

could not be improved in

a lens

over the reflex

light, increases

protect

To

light,

placed

over the front of the lens.

hood.

tubes which are

This

easier.

picture

a lens

Various

one's lens

is a collapsible

area,

hood has

lens

The Exakta lens

to the lens mount.

EXAKTA can be screwed into the release It facilitates releasing the

CABLE RELEASE. A cable Exakta the

release

MICROSCOPE

ments

BUTTON

RELEASE. A convex metal button

shutter while wearing

which

screws

into the

button.

(page

ATTACHMENTS. The micro

88) of the Exakta consist simply

increasing its

knob,

is

release

screw thread

supplied for

in

of a which can be fitted to the microscope around holding the eyepiece; hinged to this

which fastens to the camera. by means

of the

hinged

tubes is swung to one side. The microscope can usual way, set and focused. Now the Exakta is into the taking the Exakta shows the appear on exchange mount.

both

sary, corrected by

position.

the negative.

regards

as

The

picture Type2

Adjustments

picture

observation through

(Type

1) is

connecting

After

microscope,

to the

now

ground-glass

and its

is not

screen image of

definition as

but

hinged,

which may be found neces-

framing

and focusing, can be

the reflex image. Particu-

86

of

hood

the

the brilliance

against

particularly

to be

clarity and

hoods

are

pushed

on

surface.

gloves.

the

the centre

attach-

metal

tube

the draw-tube

a second tube

the Exakta

the camera

be

used in the

back

swung

it

will

a rapid

has

of

Right: For stercoscopic graphy,

two ettachments

available

for use with

(5

2 in. 65 mm. basc end infinity-6f l2 mm. base and covers 6{

ft.-8 in, The stereo effect bc observed on means of 1 stereo viewer. ir dso used to vicw

ides.

rl

the stendard

cm.) lenr. One has

is for distences

ft. The other has

the screen

the finishcd

photo-

thc renge

which

EXAKTA

ers

a

can

by

STEREO

ATTACHMENT

FURTHER EXAKTA ACCESSORIES

Right: Microscope

I, with a hinged clamp; and

Type

2, with a rapid exchange

Type mount, The camera without lens, the microscope

forming the image.

optics

attachments

is used

@I@ .^

- a /afdf

w

ffre

ii

,i,=.,i

FT

t:t

!r+

T-T

TT

tllT:a)

--.i.-.t,

o

E

(t,

J

,h:-:lj

-------

iHEJ

Above.' The

dimensions of a stereo slide proiection, standerd 2x2 uced

for 2.1x 36

prrcncies.

mounted

The mount

(50x50

in.

mm.

(in

mm.) er

trans-

mm.) is e

for

8clow.'

Thc stereo lttachment

prisms,

P.L. "see"

len: to

produce

and

-R

thc right-eye imegc

and P.R., which enable

the subiect

two imeges side by

consistc o ltwo

from two viewpointr

ridc on the film

end L the left-eye

the cemerr

imegc.

F

Above,' The

ettrchment-i.e.

and bellows extension-may used on a tripod or similar support. multipurpose

comolete bellows

focusing slide

Here it

is

stand for copying.

set up

Eelow:

The Kolpofot

for close-ups, clinical

includes

It

(13.5

5N in.

around

tube

be

the

on

electronic

flash attachment

flash

photography.

head

with

and medical

the bellows attachment, a special

cm.)

lens,

and

f4

lens mount.

the

a flash

when taking living

larly the microscope or of enlargement

the

is

image

reflex

FOCUSING

close-ups and

macrophotography. tripod or copying stand and bracket clamped to the slide. A control

and

slide,

therefore

BELLOWS ATTACHMENT. This

focusing slide and

objects, following up the object on

by moving the mechanical stage of the

slide

may

invaluable.

prove

determined by objective and eyepiece.

SLIDE.

is to facilitate focusing for

This

The slide

is screwed to

the camera attached to

knob

the camera, to and fro.

is used with the

gives

3.5 to 22 cm. lens extension for

close-ups and macrophotography. o

PRISM ATTACHMENT FOR EXAKTA I and

pushed

is camera to be used visible, right way up finder therefore This in the viewfinder. The tional

A VX, where finder

A for the Exakta, sirch as a multipurpose stand photography,

graphy; endoscope, for The description of these instruments has as being beyond the

over the opened finder hood, and allows the

level. The full reflex image is

at eye

right way round. The

and

particularly

is

moves in the

valuable in following moving

prism

direction as the

same

attachment carries an addi-

magnifier.

similar attachment is available for the Exakta V and

it is interchangeable

(pages

18-21).

range of specialised

duplicating

and adaptbrs

gastroscope,

photographing

for medical instruments-cystoscope,

cavities

scope

attachments have

transparencies

ophthalmoscope, the Koloscope

with the regular reflex

the

of

human and animal

of this booklet.

been

photomicro-

and

been

omitted here

The degree

moves

II.

This

image

in the

object.

subjects

produced

for macro-

body.

the

CONYERS'ON OF

lleny cameras arc merked the tebles in this book

cquivdent lcngthr.

e

3lrncc

arc.rlso

FEET AND 'NCHES

either

only in

given

metric or Blitish rystem,

thc

one system. The following

in only

'NTO A4ETR'C

UN'TS

whilc moct of

teble showr et

a a

I 2 in. 3 in. .t

5 in. 6 7 in, 8 in.

9 in. 10 in. ll

t ft.

2 Ir.

3 ft.

4 Ir,

5 ft.

6 ft.

7

8

9 ft.

l0 fr. l5 ft. 20 ft. 30 fr.

.t0 50 ft.

l0O ft.

British ao

in.

I

in.

*

in.

*

in.

lr. ft.

ft.

Mctric

0.32 cm.

0.6.f cm.

1.27 cm, 2,5.{ cm.

5.08 cm,

7.62 cm.

10.2 cm.

12.7 cm.

15.2 cm.

17.8 cm.

20.3 cm.

22.9 cm.

25..f

27.9 cm.

30.5 cm.

61.0 cm.

91.{ cm.

1.Tl m.

1.52 m.

1.83

2.13

2.11 n.

2.71 m.

3.05

.{.57

6.10

9.1,1 m,

12.20

15.2,f m.

30.€ m.

cm.

m. m.

m.

0.5 cm. I cm. 2 cm. 3 cm.

.l 5 cm. I 6

7 cm. 2l in. 8 cm. 3* in. 9 cm, 3* in.

10 12 cm. 15 20 25 cm. 30 cm,

.{0 50

60 cm. 231 in. 80 cm.

l0O cm.

1.5 2 m. 6|t. 7 in.

2.5 m. I ft, 3 in,

m. m.

3

4 m. 13 ft. 2 In.

5 m. 16

l0 m. llft.9 ln.

f 5 20 m.

Eritish

/Uctric ro

rt I *l

cm. lfi in,

cm. 2l in.

cm. 3ff in.

cm. cm. 7f

cm. cm.

m.

lfiin.

f]

.lf 5l in.

9ff llf in. tSf 191

3l * in. 39f

.tft.

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9

t0

ft,

ft. 5

491t. 2 in, 65 k. 7 In.

in. in. in.

in,

in.

in, in.

ln. ln.

in.

ln.

89

90

SHUTTER SPEEDS TO ARRESI MOVET{iENT

Subiect

Swimmer

Welker Runner Cyclist Sketer

welking

Horse

trottinS

..

gallopin8

,,

Rrcehorse

Weves Hcrvy Borts making

Tnmcr Motor cer

Slow trrin ... Express trein Aeroplanc...

...

wrves

knots

10

...

20 knoc

on

open road...

given

The vrlues for PERPENDIC.

ULAR displacemcnt

to the opticel axis.

HOTION optical time by 50

MOTION optical time

.l5c

exis increasc

per

perellel

axis incre.sc

per

30O

Gent.

Speed

With

in

m.P.h.

Lcngth

z*

3 t0 ft.

12t

Speed m.P.h.

15 28

1

o-t

I l9 31

t5 11

1r+ 23

20

35-80

25 60

100 1l7SO 1l1so 1l2OO

9s-7q)

rre

With o wide-angle lens normol one-third

with o

to

holf

cent.

three tirnes the

to

of the time listed lenses should

Distancc Between

3m. 5m, 7.5 m. 12.5 m 25 m. 50 m.

17 h. 2t lc.

Shutter Speeds in Fractions of Sccondr

rlso I rpo I rxe

2 1 3

4 6 1120i) 1ll0o 1l7S r I

10 r 20 30

,t0 60 1l7so

80 I

r

160

/30

r/r00 r/60 1110

1l1?5 I

l7s

1l2so 1/150

11200

/300

I

1l+co 1

/600

I

000 1

/r

/600

1l7so

length the exposure

focol

longer

lens twice

the exposure

normol

be

used.

Camerr

I

1l2]5

r

/50r /30

r/r0o 1160 r

11123 1lls 1

/250

11100 1lzso 11125 1

r/50o 11300 1/rs0 1175

000

/1

of two-thirds of

indicoted obove,

thon

the normol

permissible

is

time

focol

obove

for

9l

and Obiect

12it. 83 fr. 165 ft.

rltz | zts l rtz

1l1S

118 1lt

1l25 1112

/50

r/1s0 1l7S 1110

r

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r

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160

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the

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ond

with

lengh

focol

HOWTO...

Exalrta

Load the

Exalda

Hold the

Exakta

the

Carry

Exaktr

Shoot with

Unload

Ctange

Cut offexposed

Focus

Set the

Assess

Use

Cloose the

Use

Take close-ups

Use

Care

the

Exakta

the

part-exposed

stop

the exposure

the shutter

film

fiIters

the lenses

flash

for

camera

films

lengths

13 24

15

26 30 32 33

20,52

28 & 27

34 74 45 80 84 77

WHAT IS WHERE?

Accessories Aperture Arresting movement Bellows attachment

camera

Carrying Changing Clos+ups Coating Colour Cutting Delayed action Depth of field Exposure Extension Film Films Filters Flash exposures Focusing Handling Holding Hyperfocal I-enses Loading Loading Micro attachment Pentaprism finder Polarizing filter Reflex finder Releasing Safelight Shooting Shutter Stop Supplementaries Zone focusing

lenses

film

tubes

transport

film

camera

distance

camera cassettes

86 28 9t 89 l6 45 80 47

42 33 28 52 & 82 26 34 80 84 52 34 24 57 45

13 37 86 2l 76

18 24 34 26 27 28

80

56

The Focalguide

Clyde through technical snobbery and how cameras buyers, owners,

The Focalguide

A concise kind, including cartridge loading cameras.

disadvantages of each typc and of

and

beginner on choice of camera

The Focalguide

Leonard

book

This accessories work for all users, students, how to choose it, most of its

to Cameras Clyde

each reader on which camera

advises

jargon,

concentrates on selecting

work, and how to use them.

designers and salesmen.

to

introduction to

to the 35mm

Gaunt

tells exactly

advantages

sales

35mm

photography

how the single

it and

use

and overcome

get

flannel,

Leonard Gaunt

and how to

Single Lens

best results

the

its few disadvantages.

Reynolds

he needs.

gadget gimmickry the right camera

It is wdtten

with 35mm

its accessories,

get

lens

amateurs

cameras

the advantages

It shows

the most

Ref,ex

reflex camera

professionals-

and

out of it,

He cuts

and

for the

for camera-

of any

advises

it.

from

and its

make the

price

job,

the

The Focalguide to

Magic is no mystery-just another man's skill. This survey of

photography explains what the exposure stage. rules with

Focalguide to Low Light Photography Paul Petzold

The

Photography by colour or picture

under a street sports stadium, it offers.

The Focalguide to Flash

Bad light does not

'flash'

know-how

exhaustive treatment of flash

fundamentals

in to the most sophisticated.

Effects

which brings about

you

can

It

your

black-and-white is the

teaches

camera.

'existing

light

you

can learn to make the most of the opportunities

stand

your

at

it studies applications and techniques; the simplest

Tricks

and

fantastic

while taking

achieve

you

light', however dull, indoors

subject.

night, in

at

Giinter Spitzing

in

the way of

fingertips.

photography.

Gi.inter Spitzing

changes in the subject,

the

how

to have fun and bend the

Whether

a smokey

good

results when

users

Camera

After

picture-that

and out,

you

find

pub

or a floodJit

you

welcome

will

a thorough course

is at

in

your

have

this

The Focalguide to Lenses Leonard

A the moit modern. It studies a wary eye open for new lenses, performance.

The

A made of and the way they work, which prior needed for emphasis on colour.

The Focalguide to

Colour advice about achieving the snapshots and successful

guide

compact

Focalguide to Filters guide

knowledge

is everywhere.

photographer

to all lenses used

gimmicks,

for

probes

and

to all types of filter

of the subject. job

each

and

Colour

has

ever taken. It

their history and

examines

the theory

Clyde

photography,

in

is

the

David Lynch

is

easy. Colour

good

colour

pictures.

in

It tells him

first such

photos

forms a bridge between

93

Gaunt

photography-the

the validity

behind

Reynolds

assumes

even

while

desigrr

of claims

lens design

the materials they

reader has

the

which filter

exactly

book to

isn't expensive.

if they are the

earliest

keeping

put

its main

successful

made

and

are

no

Here is

fust

to

is

The Focalguide

good

Get light when taking valuable

aids

problems and artificial light.

Focalguide to Home

The

Why

wait to see the

hour

an

of

how

Find out and-white

Focalguide to Enlarging

The

Here are the techniques used for enlarging and black-and-white exactly what want-and it takes less money, time think.

Lighting

to

photos

from

pictures.

to success. Special

of high

contrast

removing photography.

results

them

simple and inexpensive it is for both colour and black-

photography.

you

enlarge-just

Paul Petzold

the start by mastering the use of artificial

from

You don't need

photo

Flash,

lighting

Processing R. E.

when

the camera, and

a small section of the

and domestic lamps

paid

attention

is

conditions and of combining day

you

process

can

you

a darkroom either.

Spitzing

Gi.inter

graphic

It is fun to

do,

and trouble than

the

to

Jacobson

your

films

save money ?

can

effects in colour

you

can control

photo

you

are

perennial

within

you

if

might

94

exakta 35mm-2 User Guide

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual