exakta 35mm User Guide

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EXAKTA
EXAKTA
EXAKTA
EXAKTA

I, II
VAREX
VAREX
VXsOO,

VX

V

IIa, IIb

VX1

OOO

EXAKTA RTL l
EXAKTA
EXA

l, la, ll, lla,

5OO

OOO

llb

C)

-e

,t)

J

F
F

ts

g

M p L

0

=@=ip';*i#t*i#,dfr

Ct
nl$fmtUl03

book
they could
the limltatlons of a camera or make efforts to sell an endless
chaln
devoted
with
Comero

experlence
sents at the same time the
colfected by the Focal Press Clrcle of Photogrophers
filtered through lheir considered

Seul
?und.

1994t flEtl lTP., i!
FOCAL

E

I!

Instruclons. lt ls, however, more

of

No Comero

be.

of accessorles. lt

guestions

to the

particular

a

ls complled

Guldc

ln handling the equipment in

cotologn

fot frcc

gu.tio-vituol

metlnds,

PRESS lNC..

;i.:"#'ht"'/"0,"'r','.'r1*,i:l

]li

-l

scrupulous

and advising

camira
very best

6uldc

ls stralghtforward, practical

to take

ofhow

camera, rather than to

by

an

gist

Fitta Edtrtq: |pril,

Sccond Editim: Morch, 196l

Thitd Edrtton: Septembr 1952

Foutth Edition: tllarch, 1961

Fifth

Edition : Apt,t. 1965

Sixth Edition:

Scvcnth Editr'oa: August, 1967

Eighth Edition: Moy, 1969

Ninth Editioa: Februory, 1972

Tcnt./n Edition: Moy,

qcnah

E

Tvelfh

books on

d

l0 Erst.l0th

Jutf,

Ediaion:

Jonuory,

Edition: Moy. 1979

photogtophf,

rcprogtophl,

Fitzroy Squerc, London WIP

Strcct, Ncw

ln fully

describlng the

on its use is the

type

of manufacturer's

will attempt

the best photographs

praise

author who

questlon.

of all available

ludgment.

1956

1966

1971

lg78

ctnemotogrophy,

grophic

on ond

York

critlcal than

to

camouflage

of ir. The

has had long

lt repre-

literature

tcreyirion.

printing

to:

6BH,

Ensland.

10016,

USA.

and

nd

HOW

Lod tbc

Hold th.

thc

Crrry

rlth lbe

Shoot

Untosd

CharCc

ofi

Cd

Focer

abG

llca

A!$r

ttrc

Usc

Choo3e

0Lcn

Ucc

thc

Urc

chco.lPo

Tafc

irrl

Urc

for

Crrc

Erd.fr

ErrLtr

Enlh

Drrtrr

tic

prra.crpotcd

c4oeed

dop

Grltosurc

thc

rhuttcr

fi|[

rbc

lcccr

crncn

Errhr

fild

leogthc

.

TO. .

20'

13

24

16

26

30

32

33

50

28

64

27

!4

7t

45

79

83

76

WHAT

Acccssories
Aperture

Carrying
Chsnging
Closc-ups
Coating
Colour
Cutting
Dclaycd sction
Dcpth of
Exposurc

Filns
Filtcrs

IS

Bellows attachmclt

camcra

lcnscs

film

film

ficld

Ext?nsion tubcs
Filn transport

crposurcs

Flash
Focr.sing

0lm

Handling

camcra

Holdhg

distance

Hypcrfoc&l
Irnscs

camera

Irading

casscttcs

Loading

attachment

Micro

6ndcr

P.cntaprism

fiItcr

Pol,arizing

findcr

Rc8ex
Relcasing
Safdisbt
Shooting

Shutter
Stop
Suppleoartarics

focusing

Zooo

WHERE?

85
28
8E
t6
.15
79
17
12
33
28
52

g

g)

25
34
79
83

52
34
21
s7
45

t7
55
2l
75
IE
21
t4
26
27
2t
79
56

l3

EXAKTA

GUIDE

How to

Exakta

The

Varex V,

Exakta

vx500,

AIso the Exa

By W.

vx1000,

I, Ia, II, IIa,

D. EMANUEL

Edition

Tw,elfth

35

Use

I, IL

VX, IIa,

RTLL000

mm.

IIb,

IIb and 500

The 35 mm.

Handling

Loading
Carrying
Viewing
Holding
Shooting
Unloading
Unloading

Changing
Cutting

Exakta

Safelight

Handling.

Loading Cassettes
Cassettes

Cassettes
The Choice

Colour

Exakta

the Exakta

without

Rewinding

Partly-Exposed

Film

Exposed Film

Off

Parts

Films

Winding and

Trimming

Darkroom
Refills
White Material

the Film

of Film

Length

any Number

for

Exposures

with Bulk Film
with

of Black-and-

mm. Black-and-

35

Films

Conversion

Systems

Film

35 mm. Colour

CONTENTS

Page

Models 4

13
13
16
18
27
26
30

32
32
33

34
34

34

Required

of

36
37

Refills 37

Daylight

of Film Speed

or

lVhite

Films 43

39
39
40
4l

42

Wide-angle
Long-focus

The

DeDth
Coirtrol
Limits
The Hyperfocal
Safety-zone

Hyperfocal

The

Examat
Exposure Meter Attachment

The TTL Pentaprism

Fitting

Using

Open aperture
Stop
Fitting and

Using

Lenses
Lenses

Lenses

Exakta

Compared

Technique

Depth

Technique ofExposare
Attachment

the Exakta

Meter

battery

of Focus 52

of Field 52

of Debth of Field 54

Depth of Field 55

of

Distance

Focusing 56

Distance and

of Field Tables 57
Hyperfocal
Depth of Field

Depth of
Depth of

down measurement

Distance 57

for

Lenses 58

Standard

Field

for

Vlide-angle

Lo ng-fo

TTL

the TTL

the TTL Pentaprism

an

Lenses

Field

for

cu s Le n s e s 6O-63

Meter

RTL1000 66

prism

measuring 68

changing

Exposure Meter

for

Page

48
48

50

56

59

&
65

66

68
68

70
7l

7l

Focal Press

FocaUHastings

London

.

House .

New

York

Lenses

Exakta

Setting and Changing

The

Choice

Standard

of

lrnses

Lenses

45 The Technique
45

Lenses

46
47

2

Tone

The Use of Filters

Polarizing

of

Filter Factors

Filter

74
74
75
76

Page

the

Coe of

Close-up Work

Canera
Storage
Exercise
Running test after
Keeping

the interior clean

Treating the camera with

care

Coping with tropical

conditions

Supplementary Lenses

Close-up Focusing

for

Lenses

Extension

Close-up Focusing Table

for

Some items
book may not be
marketing conditions vary widely, and

photographic

the

This book is

Net Books'and may not

Printcd

snd bound in Grcat Britaio by Maund & Irvinc Ltd., Tring, Hcrts.

storage

Supplementary
Tubes
Extension Tubes

@

ISBN

AII rights reserved.

reproduced,

may be
or tansmitted, in any
electronic,

o r o t he r w

i s

of equipment

.fieely

dealer.

sold suhject

77
77 How to
77 Flash Exposures
77
78

7g
78

80
80

Table

82
82

83 How to . . . llthat is where?

1979

Focal Press Limited

(excl.

USA)

(USA

ISBN

No

stored in a

mechanical,

e'''

l!?;i

or

available

to
resold

be

only) 0 8038 1943 9

#,';;i:,

Flash

with the Exakta

Use Flash

Exakta

Accessories

Convercion of Feet

into

Metic Units 90

Slwtter Speeds to Anest

Movement

240 44780

0

part

form
photocopying,

certain

the Standard

in the

8

publication

of this

retrieval

or

by any

recording

p.e

r

i s s io n of t he

m

materials mentioned

in

every eountry.

are

outside

Conditions

below the

UK

3

and

system,

means,

Import

the control of

of sale
net

Inches

in

price.

this
and

Page

of

84
84
85

86

9l

92

THE 35

mm. Exakta

The 35

taking lens serves

actual
picture
to reflect
focusing screen.

and

different

film

screen

the lens

focusing screen

controlled

the mirror

between

focusing

tion, depth of field

will appear

lens

and

critical

adiustment

foieground

photograph

of the shutter

and covers

and the

The shutter

shutter

left.

to

being wound up;

in front of

tion to

while the camera

widest

speeds

exposures

is used

and

picture

the

Film and

purposes
runs along

positions

is on the

to

has

at

the

top of it. Thus, the

go

and once

by a mirror on

is introduced

lens and film, thus reflecting

showing exactly the same

screen,

the

on

ground

on the underside, and shows

brilliant

all

focusing

(aided

of the extent of definition

background and,

and

before the negative

for exposure, the

the focusing screen. Then

image is recorded on the

of the Exakta

(except

RTLI000, see

"Self-capping"

the negative material, thus

it. With this type

possible

range of speeds.

from l/30

from 1/8

mm. EXAKTA

is a

single-lens

both for focusing and

to form the

to be taken on

the same distance

and

back

alternately

and relative

negative.

over. It is the

"focal

is loaded. The Exakta

(early

(early

image on the film as

focusing screen are for all

from the

at right angles

the camera while

of

light entering

in two directions: once

to the film. This

point-duty.

into the

path

brightness of the subject

The screen

right way

by a built-in

lastly, composition

is exposed.

mirror first snaps

the shutter

fi.Im.

is a self-capping

page

10) travelling from

means that

plane"

of

means that

shutter,

it

Ienses can be changed

Besides

ll25) to l/1000 sec.,

1/10) to 12 secs.

MODELS

reflex camera. The

to

By setting the

the

the

magnifier), as well as

remains

ensuring full

taking the

well

ground-glass

to

a

intents

lens, but in

each

other. The

the focusing

through

to the

two-way

traffic is

shutter,

light-rays

of the

image on to the

outlines,

is a

image magnified

up and

towards

defini-

plano-convex

permits

both the

of the

With the release

upwards

goes

across

plane

focal

right

while

closed

it moves

right

protec-

shutter has

the instantaneous

can

time

be set.

automatic

as

as

the

(self-timer)

A delayed-action

release

is built-in and coupled
to the shutter, allowing all speeds from 1/1000 to 6 secs. to
be released with a delaying time of about 12
wide choice of
miniature cameras

the other

On

longer

automatic shutter

is

and

useful for certain specialised work.

hand, this shutter is more complicated

those of most of the other miniature cameras

handling. Shutter

careful

fi.lm transport

with
focusing

Exakta

position.

lenses include

winding

and the swing of

the
Tessar, Pancolar, Domiron,
besides a wide range
manufacturers. The

of

lenses

more

use of telephoto, wide-angle and

to

from 20

1000

mm.

and apertures up to/l.8.

is

well-known

Orestegon

specialised

are

interchangeable, allowing the

particularly

feature of the single-lens reflex type is

zo

used,
shows in every case the correct image with the lens
The

special

finders

interchangeability

are required, as the reflex

of the lens
forward use of extension tubes for close-ups
least complication

in

camera

of focusing. The same

photomicrography,

etc.

The reflex-finder hoodpermits normal reflex image

focusing as

and
means of a
VX1000,
finder to
permits

The waist-level reflex

models

V, VX, IIa,IIb, VX500, VXl000 and RTL1000-as

well as eyeJevel

pentaprism

in the Exakta V, VX, IIa, IIb,

RTL1000 and Exa I. It

be

used for viewing

critical focusing.

finder

well as on the Exa I-against

viewing

has

only A magnifying

is interchangeable

an eye-level

secs. This very

is unique

speeds

for

than

and needs

automatically coupled

mirror into

the

Domiplan,

as standard

lenses

lenses,

by

the

Jena

other

fast lenses

unique

One

that, whatever lens is

finder

permits

employed.

the

straight-

without the

goes

for using

the

viewing

focusing

and

by

VX500,

direct

a

vision frame

glax

in Exakta

pentaprism

reflex

finder.

The body of the Exaktas

shape, approximately 6 x 3* x 3 in. It is

in

alloy

one

piece

covered, and has a hinged back. It is comparatively

(except

RTL1000) is of trapezoid

die-cast aluminium

with the negative aperture, leather-

small

3
4

5
6

7
8

16--------

1,

Shutter

speed knob.

levcr. 3,
Shutter
lease

Slow
lever.
cover.

.Rewind

Film

Rewind
Cassette chambar.
Film

aperture. 16,

menual switch,
grism

pentaprism
minder. 32, Frame coun-

,1,

releasc.
lock.
preview.

relerse.

speed

speed tensioning

9.

10, Finder

speed

button.

eyepiecc. 19, Pente-

I 9a,

change

Zl, Lens change

31,

back.

39, Lens lockin3

Rear

with rtandrd

5, Depth

6, Self-

7, Slow

knob.

Finder hood

hood.

crank. 12.

reminder.

arbor. l,l,

Auto-

17, Rc-

18. Pentr.

Finder syst€m

aligning

Shut-

24, Depth

Distancc

coupling

Film-type

lug. 3.1,

35.

Film

leader

Tripod bush.

vicw of

pcntrprirm.

view of

focusing

back.

opened

view of

Re-

l5.

Film

of

8,

of

rc-

:-32

-24

camerr with
Ccntre:

Bottom: Bottom

2, Rapid-wind

field
timer
shutter

11,
13,

wlnd
prism.

lock. 20. Flash contact.
21, Lens
mark.
aligning mark. 23,
ter release.
field scale. 25.
scale. 26, Lens locking
lever,27, Lens. 28, Focur­ing magnifier. 29, Findsr
hood release catch. 30.
TTL
pin.

ter. 33, Carrying
Camere
wind sprocket. 36, Take­up spool,37, Film lcader
mark. 38,
guide.
lever..{0.

Top: Front

cem€ra with
hood and

crmere
l6m .ttached,

EI--s-­SRRRRRRR-p*:+--7..

t

I

I

I

i-----------28

I

lr----------'29

-----tu-:trI

------:r-­:-------i---25

-------39

1, Slow
leyed action
F6cusing screen.
indicator.
lul. 5,
FocusinS hood.7,
ture rin8.8,
prism
9, Bayonet

10.
Film cutting
Rewind
llb).13, Tripod

1.1.
15,

16.
Eyepieco in
Film counter.19,
ter
for
Depth

22. Distance scale.
Focusint
teprism.25,
covcr. 26, Shutter re­laase. 27, Lens
28,
piece
flnder.

knob.

Film

3.

.1.

Carrying

Magnifier

Aper-

pente-

Hood

(not

on 11b).

crtch

mount.

lens

sockets.

Flesh

knife.12,
(crenk

knob

bush.

knob.

speed

Shuttcr

Repid lever

Rewind button.

setting.
preselector

Beck lock. 29, Eye-

hood.18,
20, Rcleasc
field scale.

of

mount.

pentaprism

in

wind.

Coun-

iris.

24, Pen-

Release

catch.

de-

and

speed

EXAKTA

3-Y

4

5

2,

6

6,

7----------

l1,

on

17,

21,
23,

ltA,

llB, VX500 AND VXt000

--------

------------"

CONTROLS

-t8

-14

________20

-----------21

'---------22

-----------23

THE EXA MODELS

The Exa

1, introduced in 1963

the same as

the models currenr up to
Its styling was
shutter

speeds changed.

improved, however, and

(below),

is basically

(right).

1951

the

(.)

b

t<
a

J

F
F
B

view

foPl Top
with focusing hood.
Centre:
out lensr. with
prism.
view of upper
pentaprism.

of camera

Front view with-

penta-

Eodom: Rear

part

with

11--------

The 1954 Exa lla

(obove),

but has a
film transport.
ground glass
fresnel

centre. The
mirror.

The

Exa lla) is
rangefinder,

fully automatic

screen or with a

screen and

Exa llb is as lla. but with instant

'1967

Exa 500
fitted with

extended shutter speed range

8

(left)

detachable back and improved

lt can be supplied

split-image

(similar

pentaprism

diaphragm lens,

is similar

ground glass

rangefinder

appearance to the

in

and microprism

to the Exa ll

with standard

with

in the

return

and

EARLIER

Right: Model
Kine
interchangeable focusing
screen
for bulbs

Right: Models
have interchangeable
screens and
synchronized,
sets of sockets. The
model of the
single
each side.

35 mm.

I, the original

Exakta, has non-

and is

synchronized

only.

V

and

are M- and

having two

VX has

concentric socket

1956

EXAKTA

VX

X-

a

at

MODELS

Left: Model ll is similar

I, but has a different

Model
hood and film counter.

of housing

spite

in
ment
bush,
flash

fast

and

internal

bulbs

and hooks

approximately

Focusing
which
on all
4 or 3
depth

The

36 exposures

buiit in

is

is effected

part

is

models

ft. There

field.

of

is the

film

(except

of the

indicating

I x l|

be transported
unnecessary,
indicator

or

ind a

focal

the

interchangeabla

synclironisation

flash

for a

grams).

(950

oz.

33

by a

lens-mount.

the distances

scales

also

are

(24x36

in.

cassette

film

35

In

spool

transport

standard
RTL1000).

from

to take-up

plane

shutter,

It

lenses.

for electronic

neck-strap.

helical

rapid

focusing

A

from

provided

miniature

mm.

mm.). A

latest

the

to cassette,

rewinding.

with

indicator

also

for

fiIry

model
.m?.king.rewinding

arrange-

reflex

a

has

flash and

weight

The

focusing

is found

qcqle

infinity

reading

for

film

cultin^g

the

film type

A

complete

tripod

screw,

down

off the

up

knife

film can

the

is

to

to

mechanism.

(the

A through-the-lens

to

marketed,
the Exakta
viewfinder

TTL

a
a TTL
with

Exakta

EXAKTA

ments
sierificant

inierchangeable
prism

ih.rtter
timer
svnchronised
ind
automatic
used
has
irank.

made

and

model

prism

inteinal

Models

of the

advances
internal

foi

from

covers

left-trand

apertures.

for automatic

also

self-setting

filir cutting

The

or

RTL1000

8 sec.
the

at

metering

by Harwix,
EXA
exposure

(details

attachment

metering

(1970).

but

Exakta,

photographic

in

viewfinder

light
td 1/1000

irom

speeds

sec.,

lil25

New

side.

The

counter,

frame

knife

finder

Berlin,

unit

This

I.
on

meter

page

for

converting

65). For
automatic

is available,

model

This

has been

consists

systems

measurement.

sec. and

to l/1000

I sec.

l/30 sec'

at

bulbs

of lenses

range

of the

lenses

with

aperture

rewind

eailier

of the

Examat) has-

can be

which

combines

the

exposure

byExakta

made

embodies

redesigned

technology.

of a coupled

has a qretal

It

the

built-in

B;

sec.

Shutter release

with internally
earlier Exakta
an adapter

pin

remains

models

a

the

model RTL1000

and

One

Electronic

on

9epr-essed,
has been

been

with

used

pentaprism

into

camera

system

(page66).

the refine'

all

incorporates

the three

of

penta'

!TL-

plane

-focal

delayed-action

flash

right

on

controlled

can

models

the release..

rewind

omitted.

is

be

It

l0

EXAKTA
above
models
shutter
the Varex IIa
closing)

special

for
available
finder.

EXAKTA IIb

geometrical
The rewind
needed.

EXAKTA

return mirror and

EXAKTA VAREX

VXl000,

EXAKTA VAREX VX

only

EXAKTA

plug

­EXAKTA

it except
permit

­EXAKTA

finder, so
prismatic
page

change

EXAKTA I

Exakta II with

manipulation.

its

The Exakta cameras

Exakta"
produced.

VAREX IIa

description.

are
mechanism and an improved

which also

for

The

with shutter speeds
two flash sockets.
instead of concentric

that it

working from

that
attachment can be

The flash contact

84).

in the mechanical construction

to

Its main differences compared

three

co-axial

is fitted with an improved reflex

accepts the interchangeable

purposes,

The

e.g. with split image rangefinder

pentaprism).

the

lenses have fully automatic

standard

(1964)

scales

speed
kndb has a crank. The catch

VX1000

minor mechanical

VAREX VX

VAREX

has

no

cassette to cassette and

(1949)

II

pentaprism

the

(1936),
quite

minor mechanical differences

distinguish

"Kine"

prefix

(1957).

flash sncker.

is similar

(1130,

(1967)

is

VX500

of l/30 to

(1950

(1951)

sockets.

(1950),

V

film type or transport

is as Exakta V

placed

is for flash

the original

using 35

them from the roll film

was dropped

model

This

/X.

M

film indicator. The 196l model of

This hood

1160, lll25,

as

(1969)

the

attachment

rnm. film were originally

has

to the model IIa of 1961, but has

to

the

Exakta

improvements.

is

a scaled-down
U500

is

similar

has flash sockets

predecessor

has no interchangeable

but

is not usable

on top

bulbs

of the film

pre-war

general

in

follows

with the earter

and F). a specially silent

(with

hood

ground-glass

no

preset

11250, 1/500,

secure

IIb, but with

sec. and B only.

to the model IIa, but

of the VX is similar

indicators, it does

the

back

of

the

only, and

Exakta, is similar

Kine

in

1950,

one-fnger

screens

(up

to now only

vision

direct

iris.

U1000

the finder

instan

version

for a two-pin flash

hinged.

is not

(but

a special

reflex hood,- see

is

there

called

however.

a minor

then also

transport.

which do not affect

Exaktas

frame

sec.).

is

not

of

has

not

reflex

"Kine

the

the

improved

(1963),

EXA IIa

transport.

film

IIb

EXA

can bd

imase

-viewfindor

the

mechanical

500

EXA

automatic

prism

rangefuider,-shutter

flash synchronization.

XM

I

EXA
1/50. l/100,
abti6n.'filrir
omitted.

cut-off)and

undue

in. 6 cm.) cannot

2

EXA I

EXA I
1/175 sec.,

and bulbs.

flash

EXA Ia

to

to

In handiing,-ihe

Whert

Exakta.
pointed

out in

similar

(1965),

vieived

when

improvements.

(1967)

diiphragm

(iSS:)

has a shutter
l/i50
wind is by

Long focus

(1961),

as

(tgefi-nas

B, single

(1965),

similar

differences

the text.

similar

before
the film

improved version

is an

lens,

and B

sec.

a

lenses beyond

similarly

made.

be

I 1953 with

improved

flash contact

to EXA I

Exa cameras

to II, but

to

but

IIa,

and after

has not been

pentaprism

ll2 sec.

speeds

of different

only,

transport

close-ups

improved

styling,

with symbol

(1963),

are

occur which

has detachable

with instant

exposure),

with fresnel

two

knob;

mm. are not

100

with

shutter

substantially

are

back and

retum.

warning signal

a

advanced,

the-Exa IIb

of

screen

1/500 sec.

and

with speeds

design

flash contacts,

the film cutting

usable

extension

longer

hood.

reflex

but

1130,1160,lll25.

speeds

setting

lever film

with

the- same

not self-evident,

mirror

general

and

with fully

and micro-

and B, and

of

no delayed

device

(with-out

tubes

electronic

for

transport.

as

these are

(the

in

-1125,
is

than

the

Exa Models

Exas are simplified

The
its features,
interchangeable
Exakta, an
with

EXA
single flash
finder
lenses,

in

inexpensive standard

pre-set

diaphragm,

(1959)

II

contact, but no delayed

permanently

is

may

used

be

particular

versions of
the reflex focusing-viewing

lens system.

is available

has

shutter

fitted. Most Exakta accessories,

in it.

the

In addition

lens,

f2.9

for the Exa

speeds from

action.

tl

They retain many

Exakta.

to the lenses

Meritar, 3

50 mm.

models.
ll2 to 11250
The eye-level

system and

listed for

element

sec. and.

pentaprism

including all

the
the

of

B,

t2

HANDLING

To start with, we take it
Exakta, together with
first task is to load

Loading

The fi.lm
daylight,
procedure

should

or at least in

is

as

1. Open camera-back.

2.

Insert film.

3. Fix film

4.

Close camera.

on take-up

5. Open finder

6. Transport

7. Wind film-winder once more

8.

fiIm indicator.

Set

qamera

1. Open

camera opening knob on the
some Exa models,
the

rewind knob

The rewind

2.

film cassette into right-hand

and delayed

The mouth of the

the take-up spool.
taking care

which

cassette

the cassette lies

3. Hold the cassette in

with the

end

spool of the
can be turned on its
convenient

under the tongue

The film

projects

is

inserted from

right

of the filrn is

key is

action

that

chamber

position

a cassette of film,

the camera with fi.Im.

be

loaded into

the shadow of

follows:

spool.

hooil.

film twice

back

as far as

its

from

against

hand

camera

and

pulling

by

press

camera back lock.

it

pulled

will

out

knob)

with its hollow

cassette with the film

The rewind knob is

plate

centre

the Exa has

of

the roller towards the

beneath the

the

edge of the

position

4 to

in.

412

pushed

under the

(below

axis to

bring

for inserting the

the spool should

THE EXAKTA

granted

for

release.

downwards and turning the

camera base.

go.

far

as

as it will

side film chamber

is

not

a cassette

with
(10

to ll cm.) film from it. The

the

film winder). The take-up

the

t3

that we

in

front

camera

the

and set

part

end has to

now fully

pushed

camera, so that the mouth of

guide.

the left

spring

spring tongue into the most

film. While fixing the film

prevented

be

in subdued

your

picture-counter.

earlier models

On

On RTLI@0,

go,

then

(below

towards rewind key.

point

pushed

upwards.

guide

(a

chamber). The loaded

thumb, while

tongue

of the

from turning

our

have

of us. Our

body.

The

milled

and

pull

place

loaded

slow speed

towards

back,

metal sheath

pulling

free

take-up

spool

it

holding
make sure that the

film transport sprockets.

the

On

push

and

and over the film transport

rest
take-up

On
chamber and
spool.
side outwards except on Exa
inwards. Now insert the take-up
that its top engages in
perforation

When working
VX500
cassette
spool

and attach
take-up cassette
and.insert

point

must

perforations

the
sprockets, and

To work
replace the take-up
the

same

4. Cfose the

up

by

that the circular

pushedfirmly

is
the

ball

with

its

groove

towards the
rewind key must

is clanrped to the

closed.

is

RTLI000

On

Transport

ally.
the

automatic frame counter

5,

6, 7 below.

The finder-hood

5.
the back base of the hood.

6. Wind
any speed except
moved forward the first two
light while inserting
leader-frames

with one

still

RTL1000,

it with its lower

spool must not

the Exa I

push

The film is wound on to

of the

and VXl000,

(page

37), remove any

it in the take-up

towards the film

of the film

close the

from cassette

loading

camera

peg

into the
of the left thumb. The
locking-key

on the

body

body

just

and release the film transport lever

springs open

release the film transport

and

do

finger. Before closing

perforations

pull

the

beginning of

perforation

poir^t

(1961)

the film

film in the film transport

with two

the end of the

(No.

spool by an

procedure

back. With the

upwards, is hooked with

of the

until

be allowed to catch in the

camera and cannot be

press

(:Z).

T

zot

upwards

camcra, remove the take-up

end under the

the shaft of the film transport knob,

cassettes

trim the

free

page

4,

chamber. The slit of the take-up

aperture of the camera.

engage

camera back.

to

cassette on Exa I

as described for use of the take-up

inside

the camera connected

interior of the camera. This is

camera, and the

the locking-key

back

by

This action implies that

frames, which have
the film into the
count as

of the

sprocket. The wire frame

take-up

the

(1963)

I

spool into its chamber,

with the

film end

cut-off film end from the

fresh film to the

37).

Assemble

in

the teeth of the

empty

cassette and

Kine Exakta I and

camera

back,

gently

home; it will lock

points

to No. l. Igaore the

pressing

twice with the

camera.

part

of the 36 exposures.

the camera

film engage in the

the

film to the

from above under the

(but

in any other

of the take-up

spring

spool with the

and later, where

sprockets.

Exakta

square.

Open

centre spool of the

the

take-up

Make sure that

(1961)

cameras, simply
adopt

to the

held in the

its lower end into the

itself

back

into

snaps

camera back so that it

pulled

out when the

and repeat until

its

catch in the middle of

the film

been exposed

These

back,

teeth

green

mark

film

on the

position).

spool from its

emulsion

it winds
ensuring

and the

VX, IIa, b,

the take-up

centre

cassette,

cassette

transport

film

otherwise

spool.

II, take care

rewind

key

with

best done

hand

right

pressed

lightly

position.

The

back

automatic-

points

shutter set

has

been

two wasted

of

to

to

l4

Top row: Open

row: Attach

Seiond

guide).

Close

film
Third- rowi Open
film
Eottotn row: iet
indicator.

counter

(except

camera

leader

camera back.

finder

on

nim speed

(on

back

RTL 1000,

to'take-up

where applicable.

hood,
RTL 1000).

indicitor on earlier

spool

pull

rewind knob

up

(on

1 000, lay leader across

RTL

Make two

models

l5

LOADING

lully)

'blind'

(tefi),

on

insert.film

and

spool

exposures.

1000

RTL

EXAKTA

THE

cassette.

passing

after

Wind on again

(centre).

Set

under

and

film type

piece

the

The third

7.
position,

the exposure
(in

arrow
triangle). On
(against
be indicated

the camera beside
of the segment
the direction
segment.
set

disc, seen
knob,

8. The

Exakta
on

C)

b

a

J

with
models
and-white; black

Iight

Carrying

However

F
F
B

strap hanging
unsuitable
lost
a short
in the
finder
the camera

There are

Exaktas:

The ever-ready
holding screw

a
opened case

set

­Outfit

together
one

film-wind brings

the same time

at

counting

models

eailier

until No. I

no account

the arrow), as

correctly.

(1961)

I

The Exa

(while

of the arrow

the subtractive

On

20 respectively.

to 36 or

the Exakta

On

the

in

will rotate when

film indicator around

the

the

type. The

IIa, b

VX and

the transport

of

base

of film

speed

have instead a

Exa 500

elegant

from the shoulder,

quick

for

in this way. A

round

strap

position

right

hood

or,

when

up to eye

a number

case carries

which

cases in several

with auxiliary

lens or any of

the. other Exakta

pulling

disc is set

the

disc

points

to

must the

the subsequent

film counter

transport knob. Turn

the film

pressing

until No. I

VX, IIa, b, VX500

cut-out

circular

the film

the base

(on

VX500, 1000

loaded into

film type indicator

C:colour,

has both types

it may

action.

better method

neck,

the

ready

working

level,

of different

prevents

variations are available

lenses, filters,

unexposed

first

film tight. After

the

to

I by moving its

No.

the direction

itself) in

picture

the

counter

daylight

counting mark

counting disc be turned

exposure numbers

is a segment cut

the top of one

points

to the

of Exa I

and VX1000

the

on

outside

transported.

is

being

the slow-speed

of

in its centre,

lever) should be

the camera as

with

type; red C:colour,

of reminder.

be to carry the camera

this

Many a

good

is to carry

for

Opening

it lies on

that

so

work.

with the

is then a matter

of

types

cases

the Exakta ready

the camera

accessories

films, etc.

from

Also, separate

are also on

of film into

winding on,

knob

setting

of the engraved

(small

black
backwards
would not

and

film control

the

knob of

on RTLI000

S : black:

on

has

top of

in front

it) in

Exa 500,

Early

artificial

long

a

quite

is

been

the

the

out in the

the knob

finger against

index mark of

(1963)

of the slow-speed

set in accordance

a reminder.

the

symbols

position

shot
the Exakta

chest-

one's

case and

the

pentaprism lifting

of a split-second.

available
use, and

for

fallirrg

to take

for the
there

oft

out

the Exakta,

cases-for

market.

the

on

he

is

l6

LOADING THE

EXA

is

it

Generally,

experience

the

taking

in which to

ways

photographs.

make
accelerator,

going

before

without

camera
automatically

lives-but

of

the camera

of

The

following

particularly v,atched

.:ing

and closing

setting the shutter.

of

manipulat@ all

in

picture

by

work them

brakes and

the

"all

out"

being able

is not less

it is not

itself.

are

the

(3)

foremost

importance to acquire

parts

getting

thoroughly

before actually

Surely one

even

with it. Going

to do the

dangerous.

less wasteful of

the mechanical

when
fnder

Releasing.

the earlier Exakta:

using

hood.

that eventually

acquainted

should try

the horn of

all out

"right

may be less

It

live

points

(2)

Winding

sufficient

lead to

with

setting out

gears,

the

a new car

with a new

thing" almost

wasteful

pictures, if

must

that

(l)

Open'

the

film

the

to

the

not

be

and

rffi

Top

left:

Tob cent?a: lnsert

right: Fix the

Top
(entre

lcft:

Ccntrc:

Ccntre
Bottont

models),
Sottom ccntre:

teke-up spool

the
and later,

camerr back,

Open the

the
film on the teke-up spool.
thc

Closc

flndcr hood

Open the

right: Advancc

left: Set the

path

The

6n

film

film

cessette.

cemcn brck.

(on

film twice,

the

councer

film inside the cemera'

of the

cXA

I

up

the

Exe I only).

pressing

for the

1961,

to

release eech time.

the

first

(slightly

exposure

lt winds up emulsionside-out

emulsion

but

l7

different on thc

side

in on th€ EXA |

two

(1953)

o_n

Viewing

reflex

The

finder

focusing devices.

REFLEX FINDER.

the
pressed

bbservation
exposure.
convex
screen;
image
neeative
F<ii
addition
front
pressed
held by
enlarged,

first
showing
ttre

olmost

horizmtal
cornsr

Thc

position,

working

more critical

wall

ddition of the 35

tatei models

when the

do-wn,

of the

The screen

the lower side

lens,

lens also acts as

the

in the finder

seen

whi le-natural

the magnifying

to

the finder

of

towards

inward

a catch.

so that it

only a comparatively

have a bigg6r.

whole 6eld

{he

position

of the back of

magnifier has a

focusihg a built-in

Looking down,

the eye-level

and

frame

The

the catch on

ground-glass

of

may

mm. Exakta

pressing

by

the finder

protecting

finder

To bring

hood

automatically

screen

the Exakta is actually

of which

powerful

a

hood is bigger

outlines and defi

ly-the

ground

hood; to bring

the reflex image,

focused

be

small

rectangular-shaped

viewed.

to be

the small

hood.

cover

pentaprism

purely

is

the finder

the back

was 6tted

hood of the

of the finder hood

image up

is matted

magnifier. Therefore,

the

than

magrifier may be

glass.

The magnifier

it into

where it

the reflex

with

ease and

with

central section

circular

The magnifier

stud on the right-hand

(except

Exakta

l8

are

viewing device.

a

Exakta into

opens up,

one side

to

nition remain

image appears

moment of

to the

of the

ground-glass

a

form

image

actual

employed in

is erect in

position,

it is simply

will

be automatically

accuracy.

a circular

of the

magnifier, allowing

is released from

and

I)

viewing-

has to

permitting

plano-

reflex

the

on the

iden tical.

the

further

While-the

magnifier,

field,

bottom

shows

be

its

the

lla, llb,

well

as the

pentaprism

use at eye

eyeJevel

ll the

ground

finder and also

other types

purposes

finder

Exa I

screen

Right: The standard reflex
fitted to all models is used by
looking down on the screen.
With Models
and RTL
and
changeable
type, which
level. In
finder is fixed.

Eelow: The
of the
the reflex finder of the 1961
Exakta lla
interchanged
for special scientific
(see page

V, VX,

1000

as

la, the viewing unit is inter-

with a

permits

the Exa

normal

pentaprism

llb may be readily

and

with

20).

REFLEX FINDER

VX

eye-level

An
made for Model ll and

(left).

hood

for Models

evepiece to exclude stray

AND PENTAPRISM

pentaprism

An accessory for the

V. VX,

attachment has been

fits

on

VX

lla, llb,

light

toD of the erected

pentaprism"unit

RTL

and

0000is,an

(right),

whole image,
critical

The

reflex finder image seen is the
lens and reflected
only visible
the

shutter is released. It has a twofold

outlines

The reflex finder

condenser bases with split-image range finder, etc.

There
required.
to ensure the
(page

8l), keeping stray light

picture.

to the
hold the
lines

of the

frame, if

The

second
is at the same time
results. The less
all too hastily,
definition. There
full aperture,
possible
turn the
object

at which one intends to focus

more

sharp up to a certain
definition.
the focusing mount.

slowly

narrowed down

the

very
surrounding
and beyond the
sufficiently
good

enough

The
determining
be folded back
release.
should now be lowered
of

us-we may

picture

the

picture

The
left to right.
camera will
object

to

that thc

so

focusing.

after

picture,

of the

should be no difficulty in

It is advisable to view the

brightest

In

camera

picture

intentional tilting is not

purpose

which one should

definition. The best way to

helicslfocusW mount to andfro while

It is

at

best definition. It is a case of

to the critical sharp

sharp,

for enlarging.

built-in magnifying

the

The camera, which had to

as a whole.

on

Similarly, movements

have to

follow

camera can

the mirror on to the

by

the

film has been wound on, and it

to

second

ofExakta IIa

possible

spite of the fact that one is likely

quite

experienced user of the

a seemingly sharp impression

are, however, different degrees of sharpness even

this

point

but no one should be deceived by this fact:

critical
and

get

the

it.

from

level, one should make sure that the vertical

parallel

run

ofthe reflex

the

one of

point,

"beyond"

The degree of movement of

until one unmistakably arrives at

of maximum definition, the image still appears

glass

focus. Having

the

whole

again. Otherwise-with

excellent definition,

ground-glass

be turned against the apparent movement

used without lowering

be

picture produced

permit

the

best

(1961)

and

getting

picture

reflex-image. The finder hood

most important facton

first

the

screen,

with the

aimed at.

finder, obtaining the

reflex screen is apt to accept,

make use of

arrive at

accurately becomes

beyond which it will again lose

stage that we reverse the movement of

"encirclement"

point.

It must be repeated that, before

swung

into

found

image

on

raised when

be

but are bound

screen appeani

are also shown reversed

screen.

purpose:

definition to

IIb accepts

the outlines

withfull-opened

gives

sides

in

critical

observing

position

this, the

the

screen surveyed

it after

the

by

The

first to show the

camera

reflex image

disappears once

obtained.

be

also the special

as exact as

aperture

additional

of

extension
brilliancy

automatically

ground-glass

the

definition,

best

ensuring

good

of the image as best

determining

the

focusing mount is

usingi

the magnifier

upright

the

best

definition

from

magnifier should

to lose sight of

is to

how the main

more

and

point

the

the sharp

it is

not

will assist in

before

the

magnifier,

front

in

reversed

but

and the

of the

of

is

to

at

20

PENTAPRISM

rla,

lfi)0,
reflex finder and is
method. To change
housing is lifted
while on EXAKTA VXl0(n,

plate

front

the

With
eye_level and see-n upight
makes

accurate focusing

position

vertical

The

base

_

the flat

side of which

for special ones,

ground-glass

normal
giving uniform
finder

focusing, in

prisms

are mounted in
image_in
two

disrupted halves

image is seen,

For more

glaphy

and qhotomicrography,
changed for
image), or

Prism finders

page

65.

FRAME
a direct vision
inwards themagnifyingglass
aperture in the
frame in the

To use the
and also the

w_ill

sight
frame-finder,
the left,

away from

of the

back frame to

"round

the corner"
when holding
looking

straight ahead,

gives

the correct

be expected

The

frame finder cannot

distance

of the

frame

the

FINDER.

b, VX, V

and

an

from the

up

bodily and replaced

is depressed.
pentaprism

is

straightfonvard.

pentaprism

of the

with split-image

bqghtness

addition to

the s,pot

_appears

in

and

specialised types

glass

clear

ground-glass

for

combined

FINDER.

frame finder.

back wall

front wall,

frame finder

protective

define the

and then

outlines

one must

the eye,

find the limitations

is deceptive,

the eye

field only

to be

free of

subject as

setting the

EXA

extremely

position,

in

easy, and

ground

is a

screen

a clear

are

position

this

(to permit

The Exakta models

form a direct

of Exakta

cover. The

not attempt to turn the

close to and

will

parallax.

be

This is for the

I; it is interchangeable

valuable

rbflex to the ey+level

IIa,VX or V the

and the

finder

or on

edge to edge.

normal

spot in the centre

disrupted;

brought into line

of work, in

the

with

a centre spot of

with exposure

This is brought

in front

of the finder hood,

of the

nor must the

as only

appear on the

for the

used

for focusing,

based on the

focusing

Exakta

alternativelocusing-viewinc

by the

the

image is

right way round.

changrng from

consists of

screen. This

rangefinders

an extra-bright

They

screbn focusing.

on turning

one has

focused
particular

ground-glass

focusing

on the more

meter

prior

into

of thefinder hood.

vision frame finder

IIa, VX. V,

frame when viewed through

picture

aimed at. When

eye be moved from the

ofthe field of

the section

in the centre of the

negative. The-frame finder

standard 5 cm. lenses,

size oflts appearance

scale of the lens mount

2l

RTL

1000. VXS00.

against

th6

normai

finder, ihe

other findbr

sliding

viewed

The

the horizontal

plano<onvex

a

basels interchangeabld

available

fresnel lens

give

split-image

of the

the focusing

so that

accurately.

for macrophoto-

condenser may

3 or 10 mm.

findei

housine,

catch

on thl

and focused

bright image

to

lens,

eithei

on a
screen
range-

Two small

screen, and the

ring, the

one c-ontinuous

brilliant

a-erial

are available:

to

1961 were

position

together

II,

camera to the right

fitted with

pressing

by

The reciangular

with the open

for eye level.

lift

up the magnifier

using the

view. This spying

in the

seen

opening while

centre

findel

and it cannot

apart from

guessing

within

accord.

the

at

the

be

see

the

or

T{OIDING-REFLEX

The

standard reflex

image, but

it is reversed

Using

the-reflex finder,
operates the helical
thereleasebutton(left), Themagnifierinthehoodisusedtoobtaincriticafocus(cintre).

obtain vertical

To

leycl

€ye

(right);

focusing while

pictures,

in this

screen

right-to-left.

the Exakta

the operator

position

FINDER

shows an uorirht

is.held firmly

the left

hand

may stand sideways,and

the

image is upside

against the chest;

grips

the camera.

down.

the

the index

hold

the cainera

22

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using

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screen.

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ffiffiffi

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finder
on the. front
on either
Itnder may.
firmly

against

pactures,

verti€at

of Models v-vX,

plate

and then lifting

side

of the Exakta

then.be fitted,

the

_face

th€

imate

engraved'front

place(lel!

in its

(right

ientrei.

still remaining

lla and vXl000

(left),

ic

off

centie),

ihe

is removed

on Model

plate

are

and thi camera
caniira
upright

23

ntt

pressed

is turned

on

the screen

t ooo itru

by depressing

down.

used

throurh 90' derreds'

('ght),

AND

PENTAPRISM

finder;

or

the

The

;;;;"p.i*"

at eye'le;ei;

catch

h;iJ

i*oi".f in" r.n"li

over the

foi

hcedr,

ingly;

only very experienced

errors

when applying this method.

finder

for focusing and then to
viewing. Both these
moving objects. The frame finder will

photography

distant
subjects nearer to the
which, by
within
all over
fact,
in front of a reflex
fast
to
With the

(other)

presetting

the

limits of which the

(see page

preferable

motion

the mirror that shows the

eye on it, even

52).

to

any

camera. It is almost impossible

one is looking

when

frame finder it is easier to

photographers

It is safer first to

procedures

where infinity

the lens, ensure

This last

other when

change over to the

are unsuitable

camera, by using

setting only is

action is expected-will

method of viewing

dealing with rapidly

down with

direction of motion

before it becomes visible within

Holding

It is obvious
possible,
original negative, will become
is advisable to

particularly

A
when

working with long-focus

the

centre of
desirable
mount

with the right

camera

the

As

itself.

most

posrtron.

When working
camera
finger of which

while

the right hand supports

the

camera-body, which

hand, while

that the camera

as the

slightest shake,

visible in the enlargement.

stand always with

steady hold

gravity

to

hold

is

the camera by

hand,

and operates the

of the camera is necessary

lenses

further forward

grasping

while

shutter-release.

Exakta is horizontallv built. it

simply and naturaliy to

with the reflex

be

should

firmly held with

should be in

position

the camera

should rest against

thumb and index

the focusing mount.

photographs

Vertical

procedure
before,

then

is: hold

raise it to

cannot

and focus the camera horizontally,

be taken at chest level. The

position,

eyeJevel

24

will be

safe from serious

the

use

frame finder

more efficiently

that a c€rtain

follow movement

should

even

your

for

required; or, with

"zone

focusing"

depth of field-

be recorded sharp

and focusing is, in

moving subjects

to catch and

one's attention fixed

laterally reversed.

the finder frame.

be

held

if not

legs

apart.

(page

52). In

and therefore

the

the left

helical focusing

hand steadies

reflex

photographing

for

be used foi

methods,

shoot

and keep the

as steady
seen in

this

as

the

case
it is

the

obviouslv lends

photographs

at

finder

left

the

on

hand,

the

from

chest

release

underneath

palm

the

in

this

level,

the

the index

knob,
of the

finger support and handle

normal

turning it

the

at

as described

same time,

It

SHOOTING

WITH THE EXAKTA

sHooTrNG wrTH

ToP left:
ToP centre: Set speed.
Top
Bottom left: Set stop.

Eottom

Wind

right: Focus.

centret Release.

film.

THE EXA |

(t96t)

()

ts

a

5

F
F

that the focusing

so

it

right

on

at

the

in

fork between thumb

right hand supports the

the

against

working

When

or the

frame finder, the Exakta

back rested against cheek,

finger

index

For taking

or the

frame finder,

horizontal
so that the right hand holds
pressed

photographs,

against the forehead.

To release the

should be

pressure

finger
the camera.
slowly

and smoothly. The slower the

angles

release

knob.

horizontally

of the left

vertical

right

shutter

pressed

only,

The actual

screen is vertical

to

the object to

and index finger of the left hand,

camera

body,

One actually works

at eye level, either with

grasped

is

both elbows kept close to

hand

on the

photographs

at

left hands

and

the

but

camera body is turned

the Exakta from

(page

with the ball

the

keep

pressing

smoother must be the release.
speed knob while releasing!

For slow exposures in the

ing

at chest level, to inhale,

smoothly in order to avoid

using

When

long
eye level, rest the elbows
lean

against something

can be risked

When

without incurring camera

using

large aperture and

48), stand the Exakta

hand

shake.

exposures

against some

stable. In

on a table

Use o.f a tripod is necessary

working with

and
recommended for

instantaneous

the delayed-action

from

speeds

exposures of l/60

lenses.

the

and

eye examines the

photographed.

be

so that its

shutter release

eye level either with the

26) the
of the left

hand

down will

Keep

it is

thumb

"round

the

with

are employed

hands, the

both

the body, and the

button.

above and the camera is

shutter-release button

forefinger. Use

grip

and its

have

exposure time, the

your

hand clear of the

advisable, when work-

hold the breath

while

holding the cantera

support or at least

this

way,

1/10 sec. or

shake.

long-focus lenses

or other flat surface.

when taking time

release,

(1125)

1/30

(l/50)

to l12 sec. and

sec. with long-focus

image

The

lens rests
while the

to

comes

corner".
pentaprism

the

camera

pentaprism

as advised for

90" to the left

steady on

be

to

done

and release

more

(pages

exposures

it is

and

lie

at

45,

Top left:
speed.

Advance

Sottom

left: Focus. Eottom

the film

(with

knob
centre: Pre-set rhe

winding lever).

or

25

Iop right.. Set the shutrer

Eottom

apertrrre.

right! Release.

Shooting

Practice the operations

they will become

practically

described

automatic.

26

here so that in time

the camera

After

been loaded

has

follows:

as

Wind film

I.

2.

Set shutter speed.
Focus

3.

4.

Set stop.

3.

Release.

1. Wind film
wilh brake.

already been wound for

On.the Exa

,.

direction of its
move the transport

2. Theshutter.speeds

sec., as well as B
shutter-speed knob
turning the speed required
centre of the speed

given

on the knob indicate
etc., mean
setting B opposite the indicator,
as long as
made by setting T
pressue
pressure

The slow speed
exposure of
from

U10

speeds from l/1000 to

should

and

The
1/1000
to the orange triangle

OPERATE THE

TO

(a)

Set shutter-speed knob

(6)

Wind
direction.

(c)

Lift slow-speed
black
drop back.*
until the required
tensioning lever.

(d)

Release smoothly.

with firnr,

transport.

and determine

transport lever

the camera

If

(1961)

I

and Ia, turn

engraved

lever

of Exakta

(brief

(beside

knob

1130, 1160, lll25

the

release

button is

(Z

on the release

will close it

sec.) and use

RTL1000 shutter
sec. and

slow-speed knob asfar

figures

in early

button

again.

and delayed

slow speeds from

6

be carefully

seconds. Its handling is

B.

It is set

mark.

SLOW SPEEDS:

knob up, then turn

comes to lie

the

On

speed

as instructed

picture

as far as it

has

been reloaded

the first exposure.

arrow as

as far as

it will

and

Varex models

time)

and T

the film

opposite

letting

and

fractions

sec.

Short time exposures
when the

pressed.

cameras)

will open

action knob

ll4 to

of a delayed
studied and exercised.

speed dial

by turning

(or

to

B

as it will

opposite

RTL1000 the

(2-8

on

frame

go

will

and let it spring

with new

the

transport

film

far as it

will

go.

(time),

or Z

transport lever)

to

the index mark on

it

down

ofseconds,

shutter
Long time
the

to

indicator when

the shutter,

allows for

12 seconds

action release

carries the range from

the required speed to

T).

possibly
it so that

on

mark

slow-speed knob is turned

points

sec.)

27

page

from 1/30 to

again.

so that 30,60,125,

slightly

knob and let knob

to the mark

proceed

13,

film,-it has

knob in the

go.

the

On

Exa II
1/1000

are set on the

by lifting

will remain opeit

(on

tarz in a

required time in

it up,

tht fixCd

The

numbers

are made

exposures

a first

and a second

automatic

older

models

for all shutter

complicated

point

clockwise

on

back

by

are

I to

its

DELAYED ACTION RELEASE FOR

r11000 sEC.:

(a)

Set sh':tter-speed

(D)

Wind slow-speed knob
wise direction.

(c)

Lift slow-speed
lie against the

(d)

Release smoothly.

DELAYED ACTION RELEASE FOR

6 SEC.:
(a)

Set shutter-speed

(D)

Wind slow-speed l<nob as

(c)

Lift

slow-speed
required in
and let knob

(d)

Release smoothly.

The delayed

The Exa Ia, b shutter speeds are set with the lever or ring moving

past

a scale of engraved shutter

knob

rewind

represent fractions

175
175

The mark

sec.
speed scale.
the

shutter

The

Exa IIa, b and 500 shutter is set

ring until the desired speed

The RTLI000 delayed action

1/1000 sec. only:

(c)

Turn the

(6)

Turn the slow-speed tensioning lever

(c)

Release

place

8 sec. after release.

Focusing is

3.
lens
distance required
reflex image control

4. The stop is set on the lens mount, where the milled
the indication mark
engraved

accomplished by

mount which

on

*The

has

a black and a red mark.
working
mark, and the
against the

knob

to actual exposure time required.
as far as it will

knob

up, tum it so that any red figure

mark

on the knob and let knob

knob

to B

knob

up,

red comes

and finder. The speed figures engraved

At the B setting the

release is depressed.

shutter speed

the

on

the lens.

slow-speed knob of the earlier 35 mm. Exakta models

with delayed action) have to

black

to

drop back.*

time in

action

of a second, namely 1130, 1160, lll25,

the lever

on

points

required

preset

timing

the

bears

is opposite the

(page

18)

be turned in line with the

can

purpose

The

figures

black

mark.

SPEEDS FROM II3O TO

possibly

turn in

drop back.*

SPEEDS FROM TI8 TO

(or

Z).

as it will tzrz

far

turn

it so that

lie against the ma.rk on the knob

all cases is about 12 sec.

speeds

has to

shutter remains open

to the triangular

works with the speeds from 1

to the orange triangular mark.

device and the exposure will

turning the

distance markings either until the

distance mark, or

the

until

of the diaphragm is to adjust

this

In

(when

using

clockwise.

the

exposure time

on the top

(B)

point

to the mark on the

tuming its milled

by

clockwise

second milled ring on

subject

case,

be

mark.

to

its stop.

by

appears

front ring
aperture

the red figures

placed

against

the

slow shutter speeds)

28

a clock.

comes

centre

between

30,

@,125,

long

as

outer

take

the usual

fully sharp.

with

figure

(when

the

to

the

as

to

the

red

the effective opening
the depth of field
through the
(page

52).
brightness of
Both /oss

on the

focusing

should always be done at

To facilitate focusing at full aperture
correct stopping down,
setting-those of the 196l Exakta, the IIa, IIb, YX500, VXl000 and
RTL1000 have fully automatic iris

Sorne of the early lenses have behind
ring, and this is
until its index
then

released to spring back into its

Having focused at full aperture,
it stops at the
without

it being necessary

position.

Later lenses have an automatic iris
selecting the aperture required, a tensioning
set, and when
automatically set to the selected apertue
starts moving.

lenses

The

and RTLI000 do

automatically when the shutter

5. Release by
the camera. The release
is closed, to

to

fitted

the models with interchangeable
of a release knob cover-and on the RTLI000 a
the right-hand

of the lens. The

(page

lens

in any

The reduction in light means obviously a reduction in

the

reflex image

of

lieht

ground-glass

pushed

mark

preselected

the

the

of

not

pressing

protect

At the same

52).

given

time, the

and inueased depth of

points

shutter

196l

the shutter-release

with

more diftcult, therefore

aperture.

full

the

later

backwards towards

the aperture one wants to use. It is

to

setting. The exposure

to move the camera from the

release is depressed the diaphragm

Exakta, IIa,IIb, VX500, VXIOU), Exa 500

tensioning. The iris opens up again

require

against accidental release. A release

knob

is released.

is blocked as

release.

this opening, the

smaller

time,

exposure

increase of depth of field.

an

field

with

lenses have

preset.

the aperture scale a milled

original

the aperture ring is turned, until

preselecting

knob

finder hood in the form

light

as less

time must

make the

subsequent

preselective

the

camera and

reflex

can

be

accurate
focusing

quick

aperture

position.

is then made

mount. After

lever on the mount is

just

gently,
long as the finder hood

the shutter

before

without shaking

locking disc for

Unloading

procedure

the

it

new

all

After

be removed

exposures

from the

on the film
camera

and

been made,

have

replaced with a
When working from cassette to take-up spool,
is as follows:

1. Depress rewind

pin.

2. Rewind film into cassette

3. Open camera-back.

4.

Remove cassette.

5. Close

camera-back

or reload with film.

29

greater

pass

longer

and

turned

taking

lock is

has to

one.

press

l. After all exposures

in

camera
earlier models,
the exposure counter and shutter-speed
while rewinding
lever in this
position

while

which has to be

lever

the Exa

On

counter. On

2. Press the centre of the

is

3. Open the camera back

4.

5.

U

body as it

camera

of the cassette. Then turn

spool
direction until

rewinding

Correct
transport

Incidentally,

turns in the opposite direction

Exakta

which has to

film.

rewind

earlier Exakta models, raise

On
bottom and
the Exa, turn in the direction of
resistance is
more turns. The
spool and is wound back

The cassette of exposed

downwards as far as
Before

closing the camera

position.

original

and VX and Exa
position,

down, and on the original models
V

visible.

is

nloading

working

When

have been

taken,

plate;

bottom

press

(No.2).

position

rewinding;

(1961)

I

Exa I, keep it depressed while rewinding.

will

the film is

indicator

the centre screw securing

VX and RTLI000

be turned

turn it clockwise

felt, wind over this resistance and

film end now comes off the spring of

While the rewind

on the earlier

will

it

pin

the

situated

the original

On

which has to be folded up and

while the original Exaktas

pushed

sideways so

and Exa 500

film rewind knob as far inwards towards the

go;

this engages the rewind

completely

observed by

can be

the slow-speed

beside

rewind knob has a

in the direction of the engraved arrow

with the thumb

into the cassette.

(see page

film is taken

go.

it will

back,

will spring automatically back

models the rewind lever

without Rewinding

from cassette to cassette, the

the

automatically depressed. On

stay

on the camera

knob and

35

the

rewind

the rewind knob in a clockwise

wound back

the movement

to the lever

the rewinding key on the camera

the arrow. Turn until a slight

13, No.

out by

push

the rewind

pin

turned

for unloading the Exakta VX, IIa, IIb, VX500
is

follows:

as

pin

rewind

mm.

that the letter R is visible.

knob.

the film transport lever

itself.

1).
pulling

of

the

sideways

on

RTLI000

plate

top

between

keep

it depressed

Exakta models is

left in this

have a reversing

pin

is

behind

key

the

on

into its

cassette.

the film

of

fold-over handle

index finger. On

and

give

two or three

the take-up

the rewind key

knob

back

RTLI000, IIa, IIb

into

its normal

has

to be

so that the letter

the

centre

into its

folded

film

procedure

and VXl000

a

to

30

Depress

vEP,sJ>

RLwind

rewind

film inio

camera back or reload.

ro*

7op left:

rvPtcfr.

right:

Top

Eottom right: Close

lcft: Dcpress thc rcversing
thr

cerrdttc. Thc uppqr

pin

RTL1

Top centre: Depress

000.

to the

rvP!g"r,!, evP,v

Exa ll, che lower

on

cassette. Bottorn reft:

button. Ccntre:
referr

UNLOADING

centre

Open camera back.Eottom

UNLOADTNG

Rcwind thc

film. Ritht:

row

to

3l

THE

knob, not on

of rewind

centre: Removecassette'

THE

QPen.thc -cemcra

(1961

|

the Exe

EXA

).

EXAKTA

RTL1

(1961)

|

remoYc

and

000.

film with

Cut

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. The
body beside
clockwise
the other
2 in.) cuts

and its

2. Turn the

into the cassette

two blind

Make
Open camera-back.
Remove

camera-back

Close

knob of the

direction.

end

the

knob screwed

fihn transport

3. Open camera

4. Remove

5. Close

Changing

cassette

camera

Partly Exposed

Replacing

if a few

happen

black-and-white

som-e

of a fast

instead
First
and

(see

litfle

a
would
from the
be to run
cassette,
darkroom
rewound
beginning
ana
camera can

camera
with the
exposed framei

note

then

page

iesistance

then

To use

in the usual

the number

rewind

30,

have

take-up

the risk

when

in

film

of

put

be loaded
partly

the

lens cap

built-in

exposures.

cassettes.

fitm cutting

the rewind

of which a

back

back

a

No. 2). One

to

order

the film,

have

knob) is unscrewed

knob

This

so

and

(see page

(see

above,

(see

colour

one,

knife is

back by

lever

protect

above, No.

exposed

photographs

pictures,

is an easy

film right across.

partly

of

the film

(In

is

felt.

be

overcome

but to do

spool,

of rewinding

film would

the

be able to

to

to be taken

has

note

it into a

container or

with another

exposed

(see

page

way

on-winding

been

wbund off.

cutting

reload with

or

(on

knife

is fitted

fitted. Pulling

The

turning

release

and

it from

13, No.

No. 4).

5).

Film

fllm

or a

exposed

back into

to be careful

has

the

ordinary

in order

have to

out

the number

film again, it

l3). It

pressing

on and

32

knife.

fiIm.

the

bottom

turyin-g

by

to the end

the

rod is then

knife

it clockwise.

twice to wind

light.

l).

by another

made

were

slow-speed

with

matter

frames on the

its original

to

way,

pull

to

instance

this

so in

whole film

the

be extricated

later on.)

it

reload

of the camera.

of exposure_s

it up.

wrap

of fi.lm.

type

to

has

be

be

the

on

through

release
the safe

is then run

To

of the camera

it- in an anti'

pushed

rod

(about

back

of a long
knob out

the film fully

might

one, as

between

in

film used

the Exakta.

counter

fi.lm

cassette

wind only

until

this resistance

the film

end

would

into the

in the

The

the

On

taken

Now the

into

loaded

thecamera

all the

until

it is

side,

at

the

advisable
making

-to

Cutting

shooting or wasting the whole

arise. For
film
the
If more space is required-for
processing-it
the knif-e into
last

exposed

it. To remove the
rolled

Exakta

release
to

to wind

"blind"

stop

The desire

cutting knife described

exposed frames; the

frame. The camera

film is not

and

procedure

The

IIa, IIb and VX.

the

the take-up

off one frame

exposures it

it

right down

Exposed

Off

process

to

that

reason

is

advisable to rnake

action, which

protected

film, it is

wrapped

up light-tight

is sinrplified wiren using

tr.vice),

shutter

cassette,

and to set the

Film Parts

some of the 36 exposures

all nrodels have

on

cut is made

gives

must

Make trvo

open the

rvhich

more

is wise-in

page

now be

rvhen opening

simply drawn frorn the

can

than actually

addition to covering

shutter to the highest

of the load

exarnple,

32. This can

about I in.

one

blind exposure

about 2|

opened

ready for

blind

canlera,

then

be removed.

in the

been fitted

when film

in. handiing

the camera

exposures

of the

be used for

behind the last

in the

prccessing.

take-up

a

and cut off the

exposed.

speed.

Exakta rvithout

canrcra ntight

with the

cutting off

exposure.

clips

are used in

before bringing

space

darkroom,

back to

take-up

cassette

(wind

the

filnr close

When

the lens

easily

built-in

after the

as the

remove

spool,

in the

film

and

EXAKTA

Exakta uses standard

The

to 36

up

a metal or
be

centre spool and
light tight.
cassettes and can be

lengths,
into empty cassettes

100
and

page
a suitable

Safelight

"panchro-safelight"
complete darkness.

advisable
daylight

exposures I x

DAYLIGHT

placed

DAYLIGHT

FILM

plastic

cassette,

into the

camera

REFILL FILM. The film is

covered with

The

daylight

loaded

DARKROOM

generally

REFILL

for 36

in

BULK FILM. Uncut 35

(5

ft.

to 30 m.),

from

loaded into an empty

While the

insertion

13, we have to see

the case of

In

length

fi.lm in the

of

black-and-white

may be

This is not difficult.

to first

practise

before starting darkroom

FILMS

perforated

(24x

1| in.
CASSETTE.

which is light

removed

and

an opaque

refills have to be used in

into them

FILM.

exposures,

the darkroom.

mm. film in lengths

lengths may be

which

cassette

the loaded cassette is

of

the

how

darkroom.

used,

fiIling with

35 mm. film

36 mm.)

The

film

tight, so that it can

in daylight.

leader

in

daylight.

These

which must be loaded

(see page

cassette itself is loaded with

films only,

but it is

safest

a dummy

work.

giving

loading.

at one

is

supplied in

supplied on a

to render it

empty

ready-cut

are

of 16 to

cut, trimmed

37).
described

the

dark

to work in

It is,

however,

film in

on

green

Handling,lVinding

When

taken

handling

not to

handled and spooled on to

by

holding the

and index finger

and

Trinming the

the actual film,

touch its emulsion

the centre spool of the

its

film by

(page

35).

edges,

At

importance that the spot on

.tJ

34

Film

particular

(matt)

side.lt should

preferably

the same time,

care

between thumb

it is of no less

which the loading

must

be
only be
cassette

is done

t

HANDLING,

888@

Above: Completc cassette
rnd its

component

(8elow:

Handle thc film

sdtes.

Right: Winding
the film on the
spool.

parts.

(left)

by its

trVINDING,

TRIMMING

##

Abovc: The film ends
trimm€d to

shape.

Right:
ettach
to

the spool.

M#ir'r:*#ry

Selow:

Cessette inserted in tlodel

lle, llb and

VX

for

cassette-to-

35

Eelow:
Exakta
(Exa

is similar, but with leed

carsette on the

35

mm. FILM

heve

to be

How to
the film

Cassette inserted in the

cassettc-to-sDool

for

left.)

use.

perfectly

be

should
clean

negative

Whgn using

rvork-bench

indicate
of
lengths

various

film.

This considerably

in

the darkroom.

The fihn

ends need
of film, make
centre

spool

length

of film

curved

cut

should

for the take-up

start between
tion-when
through

-The

of

TENGTH

Number

Exposures

perforation

a

ready-cut

the cassette,

OF FILM

Length

of

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
11
12
13

Film

Required

in.
11*
13+
15 38
16* 41
17t 4s
1e* 49
20* s3
22
23* 60

2s+
26t
28+ 72

30

dry, clean

produce

will

bulk

film in loading

can be marked

distances, let

trimming.

either

a straight

of the cassette

(see

table belorv).

the ninth

emulsion

is towards
hole.

film is now

as described

REQUIRED

of Number

of

Exposures

cm.

30

14

34

15
16
17
18
19
20

56

21 42
22 431

64

23

68

24
25 48

76

26

and

dust free.

the

desired result!

cassettes,

with notches

us

say for 12,24,36

sirnplifies the

At the beginning

wedge-shaped

or

and

measure

At the

end of this,

(page

spool

and

tenth bottom

you-and

spooled on the

page

on

FOR ANy

Length
Reguired

In,
31t
33
34+
36*
37t
3et 100
40+

4s 114

46+
49+ 126

NU/VBER

of Number

Film

cm.

80
84
88
92
96

103
107
1't1

118
122

37.

Exposures

36

Only

a spotless,

the edge

or

drawing-pins

eiposures

measuring-of

of the roll

cut

off

the required

rnake

35).

The curved

must

centre

One

lvill

OF EXPOSURES

Length of

of

27 sl
28
29 54
30
31
32
33
34
3s
36
37 66
38 67i-

Including

Film

Required

ln.

szi

ss*
57
s8+
60

61+

63

64+

trimming

­of

the

to

film

for the

the
cut

Derfora-

go

not

spool

to

have

cm.

130
133

137
141
14s

1-{8

152
1s6
160
164
167
171

m_4ke

sure, while

winding

edges.

When

winding

great pressure

no
are not

squeezed

to take the

of the latter

leglect
kinds

of exposure
These are
zigzag lines
centre

of the

Loading

Cassettes

The majority

is in

a shell with

first

due to

running

picture.

of cassettes

the

film on and

put

is
when
precaution

effects

electrical

from

top

and bottom
shell by a light-trapped
spo-ol can
or bottom
the

makers
supplied in
robustly
condition,
will

Cassettes

2.

3.

be,removed

of the cassette,

particular

Most

of the

to be

it.

made

these

give

perfectly

with Bulk

1. Work

2. Prepare

3.

4.

5.

6. Insert

7.
As described

As

in the

film.
Open cassette.
Fix

film

on centre
Wind film

centre

project

to

Close

cassette.

described

on

above.

container.

cassettes

used

once

However,

and

the light-trapping

cassettes

satisfactory

Filrn

darkroom

on centre

spool

from

the light-trap.

page

34.

on, to hold

off, care

on the

film,

drawing through

may

precaution

may

known as

discharges,

the

edge

consist

slot

from

cassette

the

shell by rernoving

cover.

(the
according
are actually

only,

and

fiovided

can be

reloaded many

results-z/

or Darkroom

in

appropriate

spool.

spool.

into

shell; the

37

the

film only by

must be

and that

the

result

in fogging,

give

rise

"lightning

and

appear

of the film

of a centre

The film leaves

mouth).

to the

construction

intended

rviih

the film

they are

velvet

slot is in

handled

Refills

safelight.

first 2 in.

its

taken that

the film-ends

hand. Failure

while

peculiar

to

flashes".

as dark,

towards

spool

the

which

the

The centre

either top

oT

by their

originally

reasSnably

good

times,

and

carefutly.

of film has

If the centre spool

4.
end of the film into
a spring,
centre spool is without

round the
used

Where

7.
them to the shell,

been

to

thread the

proved

centre spool, so that on

secure the film

top

both

fitted

is

it. In cases where the

end under it

any suitable fitting to hold the film, it has

to

best

wind a 1* in.

(see

page

and bottom covers

preferably

with a length of

with a film

and

(4

either side about * in. tape is

35).
are

Cassettes with Daylight Refills

1. No darkroom is

2.

Remove

necessary.

film

wrappings and label of

3. Open cassette.

4.

Introduce refill
paper

leader has

5. Close cassette.

6. Pull out
off

7. Cut

4. The actual

5.

See No. 7 above.

The

There

kind

centre spool

of Black-and-White

Choice

is

no such thing

picture.

of
especially with regard to colour
latitude and, more

into shell of cassette; the first 2 in.

project

to

paper

leader

paper

leader.

of the

Each type of film

particularly,

from

2 in.

and

cartridge is

Material

"best"

as a

has

sensitivity, speed,

grain.

COLOUR SENSITIVITY. Practically
that can
They are what is

unlike
which
material : black-out
scientific copying and research work.
filter to cut out blue light, to

be used

INFRA-RED

the

are not visible to the human eye. Special

in the

known as

FILM. Infra-red film is a negative material which,

panchromatic

films,

photography.

are sensitive

Exakta

panchromatic.

is made sensitive to infra-red
long-distance

It must be used with an infra-red

it is

which

also very sensitive.

38

catch, thread the

centre spool

fold

it sharply back. If the
piece

cm.)

loose, it is

adhesive cellulose tape.

is

fitted with

of cellulose tape

essential to fix

refill.

light-trap.

of fiIm.

needed.

not

film for any or every

certain

characteristics,

gradation,

35 mm.

all

to all colours.

applications of

shots, mist

penetration,

tapered

of

films

rays,

this

COPYING FILM.

ledgers,

etc.),
grain,
panchromatic

SPEED.

is

expressed

according to

a micro+opyingfilm

high resolution

type.

The sensitivity

as a number

the system

American standard

is._an

Fpeed

possible

by
respect. To
foolish as

Slow
ex-pggurg.
a high degree
qplleasantll visible.
sharpness.

goping with fast

[g{
lighling,

40-80

Medium
gradation.-They
graphy,

or 20-23 DIN.

-last

able degrees
including
right
unusual,
shots in

U-ltra

-

dull
ill-lit stage
where
used
qo_sq in d-efinition_and
ASA or

asset, but

disadvantages

call the

to select

films

of

.are

Their

-main

of-enlargement

On- the-other

general

nor for

ASA or 17-20 DIN.

films

-speed
are the

other

than

in

with

films

film for the

fast films

weather, interior

normal materials

for

somewhat coarser

of. e-nlargement)

poor

light

-photographer

to arrest

poor

fast movement

light.

are

pictures.

general

photography.

The

28-33 DIN.

advantage-i_s

-

and

primarily

These

For

-copying

and contrast.

of film

of degrees,

used.

(ASA)

and

it is

a

of the

fastest film

a racing

lovr

Such films

movement

poor

s{rapshots

graininess.

sensitivill

without
hand,
work

yield

still

most

suitable material

light.

will

interiors

ratings

intended

films

are totally

car

these

in

are 200-400

in

The high

black-and-white

can be recommendeil.

For coloured

materials

principal

The

the

German standard

quality

originals

to light

or

as

which must

material

the best

for

reOuirine

the extremely

its

also

slow films

in other

poor

a reasonably

These films

grain

cope witir
in favourable
who

wants to

with high

poor

are speciaiist

inadequate.

Speed ratings

would

daily motoring.

_comparatively

fine

granular

yiEld

light.

for high-speed

light, hight

structuie-becominE

images

aie not very

than exceptionilly

Such

fine

for

are rated

(still

acceptable

mosf fight

conditi6ns.

be
shutter
ASA

or 2+-Zt'nlN,

lypis

They

speed

is alhieved

range

(books,

objecrs

It lias

there

general

in

juit

a nimber,

iystems

filrirs

speeds,

are the
(DIN).

piid

be

in

some

other

be

iust

grain,

peimiiting

greates'i

of

the

Juitable

are iatdd

grain

with

ill-round

prepared

pho-tography

pi-oto-

at 80-160

for

reason-

conditions,

This is th6

for the

as well

sports shots in
for-condltions

should

not

at some

from 500-1600

fin6
is

for

as

great

good

good

ASA

and

bc

35 mm. BTACK-AND-WHITE

a

Adox-

Adox KB 14
Adox KB 17
Adox

KB 21
Adox KB 25
Adox UKBIT

Agfa-

Agfapan
lsopan

lF

lsopan

ISS ...

Agfapan

1

000

Dia

Direct

Ansco-

Super Hypan

o

-h

at

a

J

Ferrania-

P24
P30

f 55

P35

Pan
F,P.4
H.P.4

F

and BS Arithmetic

Reversal

25 Reversal

Speed in ASA

40

80
200
500

80

1t

80

400

1

000

40

160
320
640

50
125
400

Kodok-

Panatomic
Plus X
Tri-X

Pan ...

Konica-

Konipan S ...
Konipan SS...
Konipan SSS

Wolfen-

Orwo,

NP

15

NP

20

NP 27

Perutz-

P14
P't7
P 2'l

Tura-

Pan

14

Pan 17
Pan 21
Pan 24

FILMS

X

Speed

in ASA

ond BS Arithmetic

40
125
400

100
200

400

I

80

400

40

80

200
500

50

40

80

200
400

F
F
B

as

The above
film.
minimum
film
tilm manulacturers.
to

earlier standards

ftctor
films

black-and-white films).
half

The table on

wit! the exposure_met-er,

This-applies

methods

speed figures

speeds, These

gorrect exposures,

and of the image

against-under-exposure-by

about

as fast

have

figures,

quality.

Sometirnes, films

which in effect

per

100

cent

others

as

of similar

page

this

to black-and-white

not changed

are based on the latest

when

used on the

to make

the most

They

are also the

are, however,

incorporated

the

(well

you

So

indicates

even if

for colour

simple

witirin ttre

may

come across films

type,

because of ttris

the

current film

the film

negative

films.

ASA

exposure
of the versatility
figures

still

a

process

exposure latitude

difference

materials

speeds to

only;

packing gives

Standard

quoted

rated according

generous
of overexposing

apparently

a lower rating.

give

meter,

oflhe

most

by

safet!

of

mos'[

only

in ritingJ.

be usid

speed rating

for

CONYERS'ON

A5A & 85

Arith.

+

(New)

5

6

t5

50
100
200
400
800

1 600

*Also

table

In this

one immediately above

In some systems this doubling

speed

film speed itself is

GRAIN. Silver
To the
magnifying
visible.
become visible by moderate enlarging,
grain

the more enlarging will it
granular
is in

direct
the

film,
same
development

nf nancr cln

GRADATION. Each filnr
various
only a short tone
hard negative
in the
speaking,

films, rvhich

fast

LATITUDE. Latitude is the
tives, even
exposure. Films
exposure.
of definition
graininess.

Our negative material has

help towards

each value

by 3 each time

number

naked eye they form

Obviously, il the

effect
coarser

time

degrees of

subject, it is known

proportional

grains

glass

or microscope

the

in

relation

the

that the

(hence,

brightness on its eri.rulsion.

range in the

material.

low-speed

are

with a

certain amount of

praised

Iikely

but are

which in

good

results. There

OF FILM SPEED

ASA

Log

(New)

to
2o
2o
40
50
50
70
8o
9o

Weston

Master lll and later

represents twice

it.

(B.S.

to the

themselves

a cornpact, dark mass;

grain

of

a small

print.

to the speed

grain
grain

fine-grain

films

softer.

allow without

As

a rule, it can

of tlre film

and vice

can,

to a certairt

developmeni),

has

subject, we

it is

If

able to reproduce

"low

as a

grain possess

of fine

ability of the

particularly

for
to have less
big enlargements is

a

number

of film speed

form the

the separate

versa.

an ability of its own to

contrast",

is a special

4l

SYSIEMS

6

9
12
15
18
21
21
27
30

55

meters.

as fast a film speed

means increasing the

DIN),

Log.

exposure required

negative

and the finer the

under- or

"resolving

of

while in others

picture

clumps of

rs

coarse, it will soon

showing any unpleasant

be said tliat tlre

(page

40). The faster the

It may be

extent,

correct

If the film

"higlr

of

speak

a

a wide range of tones

"soft"

or

a higher contrast than

film to

(more

wide latitude

power",

just

additional

"protective

OJ

Log

160
19"
220
250
280
310
340
370
400
430

as the

the

(ASA).

in the emulsion.

but under tl.re

grains

are

structure

grain

size

pointed

influenced

be

exposure, choice

can

filrn. Cenerally

yield

may facilitate

as unpleasant as

properties

the

out at

by

reproduce
reproduce

contrast" or

usable nega­often) over.

loss

causing

which

coating",

hardened
protects
grey,

emulsion and thus causing

gelatine
it against
order_to

in

layer

on top

scratches.

avoid reflection

of

The base has

halation.

the

actual

been coloured,

of the light

sensitive layer

coming through

as a rule

which

the

Colour Film

There

are two types

type is

first
colour. These
dark
addition the
brownish,

negative

parts

of the subject

reds

negatives

colours are

are

These colour negatives
of material
You can
prints

in the normal

The
produces

was

sxposed in the camera.

be

of

viewed by transmitted

projector

Both kinds
balanced

EXPOSING

give

to

also use these

second

type of colour

positive

and colour

of colour

for daylight

COLOUR FILM.
colour film is very
tain the
electric meter.
only
colour

exposure time accurately

produce

Underexposed

dense

values are

diluted colours;

great

Avoid

contrast

have the light coming from

photographs

For

your

Load

pictures

Photofloods.

a

and vice

camera

indoors

Daylight

versa with

of colour film

colour

film and

resemble

are light

reversed. Thus,

blue-green,

are then

prints

colour

negatives

way.

colour

transparencies

These transparencies

light

prints

can also be made

film

or one

of several

small. It is

or

distorted.

therefore important

weak

Overexposure

underexposure

such as deep

behind

by

daylight, use

with

by the light

artificial light

of high-power

fllm

may

the

special conversion

for the

produces

Exakta.

negatives

ordinary negatives-the

and vice
greens

and

printed

or colour

to obtain

material

versa-and

blues

are

are reddish.

on a similar kind

enlargements.

black-and-wtrite

is reversal

on the

projected

or

from

are available in

artificial light

The exposure

with

a reliable

and overexposed

transparencies,

but

produces

gives

hard, degraded

shadows;

you.

daylight

film when

electric

be

used in artificial

filters

The

yellow

fi.lm

and

film

which

can

then

through

them.

two

types,

sources.

latitude

to ascer-

photo-

films not

also

the

pale,

colours.

preferably
type film.

taking

bulbs

light

recom-

in
in

or

a

of

or

42

Ncgotivc

Emulsions

Agfacolor

CNS
Ferraniacolor
Fuiicolor
Kodacolor
Orwo
Perucolor

Rcyersol
Agfacolor
Agfacolor
Anscochrome
Anscochrome
Anscochrome

Anscochrome
Anscochrome

Ektachrome
H.S. Ektachrome
H.S. Ektachrome
Ferraniacolor

Ferraniecolor
Ferreniecolor

Fuiichrome
Kodachrome

Kodachrome
Kodachrome
Perutz

N27

N 100

X

Color NCl6

Emulsions

CTl8
CK20

64
1(X)
T
200
50O

X

CR
Dia

Dia.28

Rl00

ll
llA
X

Color

C't8

100

35 mm.

COLOUR

FlU,tlS

Specd in ASA

ond BS Arithmetic

Universal
Universal
Universal
Universal
Universal
Universal

Daylight
Artificial

light
Daylight
Daylight

Artificial

light
Daylight
Daylight
Daylight

B
50

A

Daylight

Artificial

light
Daylight

Artificial

li3ht
Daylisht
Daylight
Deylight
Artificial light
Daylight
Daylight

80

40

100

54
32

oo

50
80

64
100
100
200
500

64
160

25

50

40
50

00

25

.t0

61

50

Proccssin3

U

U

M
U
L
U

M
i4
M
1-,1
M
M
l,t
U
U
U
U

U

L
M
t4
M
M
M

DISPLAYING THE COLOUR PICTURE.
transparency can
viewers. The simplest
frame into which the
is

held against a

enlarged and well

artificial light source of their

an

be

viewed in a
consist

picture

lighied background,
illuminated.

The most satisfactory way is to
in a slide
projection

projector

screen. Transparencies will also

which

will

variety

magnifying

of a

inserted.

can be

the

More elaborate viewers have

own.

project

throw a

large

enlargements.

colour negative can be

The
colour

paper

produce

to
tively, the colour negatives can be
transparency film to
viewing or

projection

printed

a colour

produce

print

colour transparencies for

in exactly the

enlarged

or

of any size.

printed

same

above.

colour

The

of transparency

glass
If the

picture

in

set

viewer

appears

the transparency

picture

on to a

yield

colour

directly on

Alterna-

positive

on

way as explained

a

PROCESSING:
processed
cln be

me4ded by

only

procetsed

M-films

by

an approv-ed

by melns

the

daylight colour

For

distant landscapes,
altitudes,
cast.
produce
rncrease

a haze

This filter

.warmer

ln exposure.

processed

can

be

laboratory

processing

of special

manufacturers.

film

with

blue-tinted

scenes

filter should

is also

useful

tones.

The filter

througli

be used

when

43

onty

by the maker;

photographii

e

kits.

For flash

flash

on hazy

tb

using

doei not

L-films

detlcr;

pictures,

bulbs.

days and

prevent

eltctronic

call

can bc

U-filmr

use

at high

a bluiih

flash

for any

to

44

EXAKTA LENSES

range of lenses has been mounted for

A wide

cameras.

Exakta

in.

2l

(5.8

The standard

crn.).

Some of these lenses wei'e,

facturers

For that reason one

in this

of
"standard"

Exaktas

of the camera,

mav

book.

Lenses

apertures up to

most important feature

A

of any

lens in

is that,

focal length

.f1.5

any of the 35

whatever
image and accurate focusing is
housing. Consequently,

this

the

at

how short or how

This does not

device. The

time

same

long

hold

does away

the focal

good

frame finder is correct only for the standard

lenses.

The diaphragm on the Exaktas
milled ring engraved with the
mount. Pre-set
supplied

page

on

The mounts
(filters,

supplementaries, lens hood) can be slipped on or

or automatic aperture setting

with recent

models; their manipulation

29, No.4.

the lenses

of

screwed in.

and

Setting

The

the lens itself
right back, it is in the infinity

Focusing
mount to

Changing

rnm.

35

Exaktas use lenses in a focusing mount. That is

is fitted with a helical focusing ntount. When screwed

for nearer distanccs rs

screw it forward.

Lenscs

lenses

arc 2 in.

are, marketed by the manu-

or

quite

from

20 mm.

independently

r.vith

some

find Exaktas

can be interchanged with the

mm.

Exakta cameras.

the construction of the

of

lens

no

be

may

obtained

special

with

length

employed,

in the mirror reflex

finders

parallax,

of the

for the auxiliary

is

adjusted

aperture

figures on the

are arranged so

position.

done simply by

45

the 35

(5

of

lenses not

1000 mm.

to

the
needed,

are

no matter

lens.

.frante

by means of

lenses are

is

described

that

accessories

tuming the lens

mm.

cm.) or

them.

listed

and

correct

fnder

lens

to

say,

as

The focusing mount

times

in metres,

lens

has been

To remove the

at the

same time

and

simultaneously turning

few degrees, it will

the

from

tubularmount
on the
Now the lens
catch is heard

side
After focusing with
index
left-hand
stop the depth

On
high
for
avoided.
putting

a

complete
be cleaned

The Choice of

Oreston

for
aperture lenses

full
can
not
however, useful
ensure

camera

To insert

A depth of

The

It is wrong

The

a lens, this

lens comes to lie

field

of the distance

mark to

-stop

The treatment

account of its chemical

quality

this reason

When not in

bn

the lens cover

protection

occasionally with

Domiplan

fl.8

the

Exakta

opening. It will be

only be

stopping

a bright
possession

bears

with an index

set.

lens, it has to

pressing

be found that the

body.

of the

and mount

and seen to

calcuhtor

indicator the

the distance

the

-depth

offield to the

and care

is

susceptible
touching

Lenses

50 mm can be regarded

and the most suitable

to assume that the

enables

comparatively

down

in adverse

focusing

a distance scale,

indicating the

be held firmly

the lens catch

the lens

firmly to

lens

procedure

camera body, care

the mirror

f2.8

becomes

of one

is reversed.

opposite the red
are turned firmly

slip into the

is engraved

aperture values

reflex arrangement

required, one

of field to the

the

use, the lens

is

impossible, the

50 mm., Tessar

one to use them invariably

appreciated

image on the

or

foreground

background

of lenses is

composition,

to the influence

glass

with

or at least by

a clean,

high correction

small, so that more

necessary.

lighting conditions

more

of the longer focal length

as

a rule in feet.

distance

to which

in the

liglitly

disengages

being taken

dot

to

catch

the

on

can read

(see

a matter

should

for

that the

ground-glass.

left hand.

with the

the left.

After iurning

and can

The

lens is held

that the

on the

camera

the right

on the lens

page

the

lens

soft chamois leather.

as

Large

until the

lens mount.

will

be found

or

by setting

off bpposit6

and the

53).
of importance.

optical

of moisture,

fingers should be

protected

be

lined

a

case. Sincb

surface

50

f2.8

"standard"

general

use.

of the large

depth of field

often than
apertures
and they

some-

while

right

hand

be lifled

into

red

body.

lens

mount.

On either
engraved.

right-hand

glass

and

should

mm.

and

Ienses

at their

are,

also

the

the

dot

the
the

of

by

a

46

Ienses may
than necessary.

long_

of
agaln, the
with lenses
to thelonger
these
tripod is

tempt the

It must

focal

length

depth

of

shorter

axis, slow

lenses

tend more

not used-than

of focus

All Exakta lenses

appropriate bayonet

All modem
microscopically
surfaces, which
to

air surfaces
contrast of
especially

consequently

Standard

2in.f2.8 DOMIPLAN:

performance
graphic

in.

2
all average­g-!c.,

9ve!

illumination

2

-rn.

as the all-round
ave-lage-subjects
artifi-cial
rapid mov-ements.

even with
The

correction

O ? in.
high definition

unu-sual long
:

13* in.

lenses

fine deposit

reduces

in the

the image

in the

regions

brilliance

Lenses

aqd-

work of the

(5

cm.) TESSAR

expo^sures,

in

unfavourable

all over

(l-

cm.)

ORESTON

of

light work,

full aperture,

remains

DOMIRON:

f2.

and

extension

are

colour-correction

amateur

the

lens

all

interio-rs,

The

of

owner to

be

remembered

to be

has

is

considerably

focal length.

exposure

easily

with lenses

may be

used

flange.

coated.

This consists

of

some inorganic

considerably

lens.

The

is eliminated,

where

and

scatter of

the tones

contrast

three-element

a

photographer.

a universal

f2.8:

including

of wide
types,

definition

and

undiminished

similar

permitting

landscapes,

light

conditions.

negative and

1.8:

a six-element lens

f

aperture

particular

the

the theatre,

is to

great

it has

a

six-element

performance

ultra-close

47

use them

that

done

more

At the

speeds

of l/50

to camera

of normal focal

in

enlargers fitted

of

the

giving

are most

suitable

substani:6

light

reflection

light which

a more

aie most

needed.

triplet

for

four+lement

portraits,

It has

good

colour

for the Exaktis.

field

of its application

well

as

be considered-

brilliance

at

smaller apertures.

Gauss-type

to

the-Pancolar.

focusing

more

frequently

focusing

accuratEly,

more limited

same time,

or l/25

shake-if

a rigid
lenpfih.

with

the application

on the

between

impairi

brilliant

subdued

construction,

all

co-rrection.

and

negative,

and-rvher6

of

generai phloto-

lens

suitable

street

particularly

may

be considered

Apart

phbtography

as

as vEry-

coverinj

construction, of

but

down to

leni

a

as,

than

owing

wit[

an

of
slass
ltass

the

good

for

scenes,

even

-

from

is in

of

g6od,

power-

with

34 cm.

Earlier Exakta models were fitted

(similar

f2Biotar

Wide-angle Lenses

Wide-angle lenses have

of view than the
compared with the
page

66.

Wide-angle lenses rvill

where

as wide a field

groups,

large

where

the distance

a

by a wide-angle lens,
focal length
angle lenses can be
enhance

the foreground of
deliberate distortion.
tion

towards

bound to fall off to

giving generous

by

lV'ide-angle lenses

Flektogon/4
Flektogon/4
Orestegon/2.8 29 mrn.
Lydith
Flektogon/2.8
Primagon/4.5

Long-focus

Long-focus
constructioll, having
construction,
field

compared with the

page

50.

Given the
and subject, the longer
of the

subject.
far-distance
details, where

case when

mellowed
an

advantage

taking animals,

perspective

increased

of

Pancolar),58

to

shorter focal length and shorv

standard

standard

be

possible

as

photographing

for

subject-camera is restricted. Perspective,

of the lens. The exaggeration

/3.5

appears the more exaggerated the

put

to

has to

One

the edges of

a slight degree. This

exposure times.

the 35

for

20 rnm.
25 mm.

30 mm.

35 mm.

35 mm.

Lenses

lenses

for the 35 mm, Exakta

a correspondingly long

permits

which

same size negative

rvork,

one cannot

working

long-focus

standard Exakta lens is shorvn in

the focal length the larger is the reproduction

Long-focus lenses

such as

approach near

sports

which

distance is

lenses is that they

with other lenses,

mm./l.9 Primoplan,

lenses.

The increase in the field

Exakta

lenses is indicated

particularly

found

should be reproduced,
in

good

use in special cases-for example, to

a composition or to introduce sonte other

put

negatives

nurt.

Exaktas:

a much shorter mount. The decrease

and the same distance between

photographing

photographs

can be

streets-in fact, everywhere

narrow

of

up with the fact that the illumina-

taken witl-r wide-angle lenses

can be

are

thus

are

mountains or architectural

to

the object;

got

with the

pictorially

yield

such as 58 mm.

and others.

a wider

angle

covered

in the table on

useful for taking interiors

perspective

(to

offset

either lenses of normal

barrel;

particularly

portraits,

and

lorrger

advantageous.

less depth of focus

also for

as depicted

shorter the

of the wide-

son-re extent)

telephoto

or

the table

useful

this is also

where the

lens from

focus

The dis-

taking

camera

than

on

for

the

as

is

in

48