exakta 35mm User Guide

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EXAKTA EXAKTA EXAKTA EXAKTA
I, II VAREX VAREX VXsOO,
VX
V
IIa, IIb
VX1
OOO
EXAKTA RTL l EXAKTA EXA
l, la, ll, lla,
5OO
OOO
llb
C)
-e
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F F
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book they could the limltatlons of a camera or make efforts to sell an endless chaln devoted with Comero
experlence sents at the same time the colfected by the Focal Press Clrcle of Photogrophers filtered through lheir considered
Seul ?und.
1994t flEtl lTP., i! FOCAL
E
I!
Instruclons. lt ls, however, more
of
No Comero
be.
of accessorles. lt
guestions
to the
particular
a
ls complled
Guldc
ln handling the equipment in
cotologn
fot frcc
gu.tio-vituol
metlnds,
PRESS lNC..
;i.:"#'ht"'/"0,"'r','.'r1*,i:l
]li
-l
scrupulous
and advising
camira very best
6uldc
ls stralghtforward, practical
to take
ofhow
camera, rather than to
by
an
gist
Fitta Edtrtq: |pril,
Sccond Editim: Morch, 196l
Thitd Edrtton: Septembr 1952
Foutth Edition: tllarch, 1961
Fifth
Edition : Apt,t. 1965
Sixth Edition:
Scvcnth Editr'oa: August, 1967
Eighth Edition: Moy, 1969
Ninth Editioa: Februory, 1972
Tcnt./n Edition: Moy,
qcnah
E
Tvelfh
books on
d
l0 Erst.l0th
Jutf,
Ediaion:
Jonuory,
Edition: Moy. 1979
photogtophf,
rcprogtophl,
Fitzroy Squerc, London WIP
Strcct, Ncw
ln fully
describlng the
on its use is the
type
of manufacturer's
will attempt
the best photographs
praise
author who
questlon.
of all available
ludgment.
1956
1966
1971
lg78
ctnemotogrophy,
grophic
on ond
York
critlcal than
to
camouflage
of ir. The
has had long
lt repre-
literature
tcreyirion.
printing
to:
6BH,
Ensland.
10016,
USA.
and
nd
HOW
Lod tbc
Hold th.
thc
Crrry
rlth lbe
Shoot
Untosd
CharCc
ofi
Cd
Focer
abG
llca
A!$r
ttrc
Usc
Choo3e
0Lcn
Ucc
thc
Urc
chco.lPo
Tafc
irrl
Urc
for
Crrc
Erd.fr
ErrLtr
Enlh
Drrtrr
tic
prra.crpotcd
c4oeed
dop
Grltosurc
thc
rhuttcr
fi|[
rbc
lcccr
crncn
Errhr
fild
leogthc
.
TO. .
20'
13
24
16
26
30
32
33
50
28
64
27
!4
7t
45
79
83
76
WHAT
Acccssories Aperture
Carrying Chsnging Closc-ups Coating Colour Cutting Dclaycd sction Dcpth of Exposurc
Filns Filtcrs
IS
Bellows attachmclt
camcra
lcnscs
film
film
ficld
Ext?nsion tubcs Filn transport
crposurcs
Flash Focr.sing
0lm
Handling
camcra
Holdhg
distance
Hypcrfoc&l Irnscs
camera
Irading
casscttcs
Loading
attachment
Micro
6ndcr
P.cntaprism
fiItcr
Pol,arizing
findcr
Rc8ex Relcasing Safdisbt Shooting
Shutter Stop Suppleoartarics
focusing
Zooo
WHERE?
85 28 8E t6 .15 79 17 12 33 28 52
g
g)
25 34 79 83
52 34 21 s7 45
t7 55 2l 75 IE 21 t4 26 27 2t 79 56
l3
EXAKTA
GUIDE
How to
Exakta
The
Varex V,
Exakta
vx500,
AIso the Exa
By W.
vx1000,
I, Ia, II, IIa,
D. EMANUEL
Edition
Tw,elfth
35
Use
I, IL
VX, IIa,
RTLL000
mm.
IIb,
IIb and 500
The 35 mm.
Handling
Loading Carrying Viewing Holding Shooting Unloading Unloading
Changing Cutting
Exakta
Safelight
Handling.
Loading Cassettes Cassettes
Cassettes The Choice
Colour
Exakta
the Exakta
without
Rewinding
Partly-Exposed
Film
Exposed Film
Off
Parts
Films
Winding and
Trimming
Darkroom Refills White Material
the Film
of Film
Length
any Number
for
Exposures
with Bulk Film with
of Black-and-
mm. Black-and-
35
Films
Conversion
Systems
Film
35 mm. Colour
CONTENTS
Page
Models 4
13 13 16 18 27 26 30
32 32 33
34 34
34
Required
of
36 37
Refills 37
Daylight
of Film Speed
or
lVhite
Films 43
39 39 40 4l
42
Wide-angle Long-focus
The
DeDth Coirtrol Limits The Hyperfocal Safety-zone
Hyperfocal
The
Examat Exposure Meter Attachment
The TTL Pentaprism
Fitting
Using
Open aperture Stop Fitting and
Using
Lenses Lenses
Lenses
Exakta
Compared
Technique
Depth
Technique ofExposare Attachment
the Exakta
Meter
battery
of Focus 52
of Field 52
of Debth of Field 54
Depth of Field 55
of
Distance
Focusing 56
Distance and
of Field Tables 57 Hyperfocal Depth of Field
Depth of Depth of
down measurement
Distance 57
for
Lenses 58
Standard
Field
for
Vlide-angle
Lo ng-fo
TTL
the TTL
the TTL Pentaprism
an
Lenses
Field
for
cu s Le n s e s 6O-63
Meter
RTL1000 66
prism
measuring 68
changing
Exposure Meter
for
Page
48 48
50
56
59
& 65
66
68 68
70 7l
7l
Focal Press
FocaUHastings
London
.
House .
New
York
Lenses
Exakta
Setting and Changing
The
Choice
Standard
of
lrnses
Lenses
45 The Technique 45
Lenses
46 47
2
Tone
The Use of Filters
Polarizing
of
Filter Factors
Filter
74 74 75 76
Page
the
Coe of
Close-up Work
Canera Storage Exercise Running test after Keeping
the interior clean
Treating the camera with
care
Coping with tropical
conditions
Supplementary Lenses
Close-up Focusing
for
Lenses
Extension
Close-up Focusing Table
for
Some items book may not be marketing conditions vary widely, and
photographic
the
This book is
Net Books'and may not
Printcd
snd bound in Grcat Britaio by Maund & Irvinc Ltd., Tring, Hcrts.
storage
Supplementary Tubes Extension Tubes
@
ISBN
AII rights reserved.
reproduced,
may be or tansmitted, in any electronic,
o r o t he r w
i s
of equipment
.fieely
dealer.
sold suhject
77 77 How to 77 Flash Exposures 77 78
7g 78
80 80
Table
82 82
83 How to . . . llthat is where?
1979
Focal Press Limited
(excl.
USA)
(USA
ISBN
No
stored in a
mechanical,
e'''
l!?;i
or
available
to resold
be
only) 0 8038 1943 9
#,';;i:,
Flash
with the Exakta
Use Flash
Exakta
Accessories
Convercion of Feet
into
Metic Units 90
Slwtter Speeds to Anest
Movement
240 44780
0
part
form photocopying,
certain
the Standard
in the
8
publication
of this
retrieval
or
by any
recording
p.e
r
i s s io n of t he
m
materials mentioned
in
every eountry.
are
outside
Conditions
below the
UK
3
and
system,
means,
Import
the control of
of sale net
Inches
in
price.
this and
Page
of
84 84 85
86
9l
92
THE 35
mm. Exakta
The 35
taking lens serves
actual picture to reflect focusing screen.
and
different
film
screen
the lens
focusing screen
controlled
the mirror
between
focusing
tion, depth of field
will appear
lens
and
critical
adiustment
foieground
photograph
of the shutter
and covers
and the
The shutter
shutter
left.
to
being wound up;
in front of
tion to
while the camera
widest
speeds
exposures
is used
and
picture
the
Film and
purposes runs along
positions
is on the
to
has
at
the
top of it. Thus, the
go
and once
by a mirror on
is introduced
lens and film, thus reflecting
showing exactly the same
screen,
the
on
ground
on the underside, and shows
brilliant
all
focusing
(aided
of the extent of definition
background and,
and
before the negative
for exposure, the
the focusing screen. Then
image is recorded on the
of the Exakta
(except
RTLI000, see
"Self-capping"
the negative material, thus
it. With this type
possible
range of speeds.
from l/30
from 1/8
mm. EXAKTA
is a
single-lens
both for focusing and
to form the
to be taken on
the same distance
and
back
alternately
and relative
negative.
over. It is the
"focal
is loaded. The Exakta
(early
(early
image on the film as
focusing screen are for all
from the
at right angles
the camera while
of
light entering
in two directions: once
to the film. This
point-duty.
into the
path
brightness of the subject
The screen
right way
by a built-in
lastly, composition
is exposed.
mirror first snaps
the shutter
fi.Im.
is a self-capping
page
10) travelling from
means that
plane"
of
means that
shutter,
it
Ienses can be changed
Besides
ll25) to l/1000 sec.,
1/10) to 12 secs.
MODELS
reflex camera. The
to
By setting the
the
the
magnifier), as well as
remains
ensuring full
taking the
well
ground-glass
to
a
intents
lens, but in
each
other. The
the focusing
through
to the
two-way
traffic is
shutter,
light-rays
of the
image on to the
outlines,
is a
image magnified
up and
towards
defini-
plano-convex
permits
both the
of the
With the release
upwards
goes
across
plane
focal
right
while
closed
it moves
right
protec-
shutter has
the instantaneous
can
time
be set.
automatic
as
as
the
(self-timer)
A delayed-action
release
is built-in and coupled to the shutter, allowing all speeds from 1/1000 to 6 secs. to be released with a delaying time of about 12 wide choice of miniature cameras
the other
On
longer
automatic shutter
is
and
useful for certain specialised work.
hand, this shutter is more complicated
those of most of the other miniature cameras
handling. Shutter
careful
fi.lm transport
with focusing
Exakta
position.
lenses include
winding
and the swing of
the Tessar, Pancolar, Domiron, besides a wide range manufacturers. The
of
lenses
more
use of telephoto, wide-angle and
to
from 20
1000
mm.
and apertures up to/l.8.
is
well-known
Orestegon
specialised
are
interchangeable, allowing the
particularly
feature of the single-lens reflex type is
zo
used, shows in every case the correct image with the lens The
special
finders
interchangeability
are required, as the reflex
of the lens forward use of extension tubes for close-ups least complication
in
camera
of focusing. The same
photomicrography,
etc.
The reflex-finder hoodpermits normal reflex image
focusing as
and means of a VX1000, finder to permits
The waist-level reflex
models
V, VX, IIa,IIb, VX500, VXl000 and RTL1000-as
well as eyeJevel
pentaprism
in the Exakta V, VX, IIa, IIb,
RTL1000 and Exa I. It
be
used for viewing
critical focusing.
finder
well as on the Exa I-against
viewing
has
only A magnifying
is interchangeable
an eye-level
secs. This very
is unique
speeds
for
than
and needs
automatically coupled
mirror into
the
Domiplan,
as standard
lenses
lenses,
by
the
Jena
other
fast lenses
unique
One
that, whatever lens is
finder
permits
employed.
the
straight-
without the
goes
for using
the
viewing
focusing
and
by
VX500,
direct
a
vision frame
glax
in Exakta
pentaprism
reflex
finder.
The body of the Exaktas
shape, approximately 6 x 3* x 3 in. It is
in
alloy
one
piece
covered, and has a hinged back. It is comparatively
(except
RTL1000) is of trapezoid
die-cast aluminium
with the negative aperture, leather-
small
3 4
5 6
7 8
16--------
1,
Shutter
speed knob.
levcr. 3, Shutter lease
Slow lever. cover.
.Rewind
Film
Rewind Cassette chambar. Film
aperture. 16,
menual switch, grism
pentaprism minder. 32, Frame coun-
,1,
releasc. lock. preview.
relerse.
speed
speed tensioning
9.
10, Finder
speed
button.
eyepiecc. 19, Pente-
I 9a,
change
Zl, Lens change
31,
back.
39, Lens lockin3
Rear
with rtandrd
5, Depth
6, Self-
7, Slow
knob.
Finder hood
hood.
crank. 12.
reminder.
arbor. l,l,
Auto-
17, Rc-
18. Pentr.
Finder syst€m
aligning
Shut-
24, Depth
Distancc
coupling
Film-type
lug. 3.1,
35.
Film
leader
Tripod bush.
vicw of
pcntrprirm.
view of
focusing
back.
opened
view of
Re-
l5.
Film
of
8,
of
rc-
:-32
-24
camerr with Ccntre:
Bottom: Bottom
2, Rapid-wind
field timer shutter
11, 13,
wlnd prism.
lock. 20. Flash contact. 21, Lens mark. aligning mark. 23, ter release. field scale. 25. scale. 26, Lens locking lever,27, Lens. 28, Focur­ing magnifier. 29, Findsr hood release catch. 30. TTL pin.
ter. 33, Carrying Camere wind sprocket. 36, Take­up spool,37, Film lcader mark. 38, guide. lever..{0.
Top: Front
cem€ra with hood and
crmere l6m .ttached,
EI--s-­SRRRRRRR-p*:+--7..
t
I
I
I
i-----------28
I
lr----------'29
-----tu-:trI
------:r-­:-------i---25
-------39
1, Slow leyed action F6cusing screen. indicator. lul. 5, FocusinS hood.7, ture rin8.8, prism 9, Bayonet
10. Film cutting Rewind llb).13, Tripod
1.1. 15,
16. Eyepieco in Film counter.19, ter for Depth
22. Distance scale. Focusint teprism.25, covcr. 26, Shutter re­laase. 27, Lens 28, piece flnder.
knob.
Film
3.
.1.
Carrying
Magnifier
Aper-
pente-
Hood
(not
on 11b).
crtch
mount.
lens
sockets.
Flesh
knife.12, (crenk
knob
bush.
knob.
speed
Shuttcr
Repid lever
Rewind button.
setting. preselector
Beck lock. 29, Eye-
hood.18, 20, Rcleasc field scale.
of
mount.
pentaprism
in
wind.
Coun-
iris.
24, Pen-
Release
catch.
de-
and
speed
EXAKTA
3-Y
4
5
2,
6
6,
7----------
l1,
on
17,
21, 23,
ltA,
llB, VX500 AND VXt000
--------
------------"
CONTROLS
-t8
-14
________20
-----------21
'---------22
-----------23
THE EXA MODELS
The Exa
1, introduced in 1963
the same as
the models currenr up to Its styling was shutter
speeds changed.
improved, however, and
(below),
is basically
(right).
1951
the
(.)
b
t< a
J
F F B
view
foPl Top with focusing hood. Centre: out lensr. with prism. view of upper pentaprism.
of camera
Front view with-
penta-
Eodom: Rear
part
with
11--------
The 1954 Exa lla
(obove),
but has a film transport. ground glass fresnel
centre. The mirror.
The
Exa lla) is rangefinder,
fully automatic
screen or with a
screen and
Exa llb is as lla. but with instant
'1967
Exa 500 fitted with
extended shutter speed range
8
(left)
detachable back and improved
lt can be supplied
split-image
(similar
pentaprism
diaphragm lens,
is similar
ground glass
rangefinder
appearance to the
in
and microprism
to the Exa ll
with standard
with
in the
return
and
EARLIER
Right: Model Kine interchangeable focusing screen for bulbs
Right: Models have interchangeable screens and synchronized, sets of sockets. The model of the single each side.
35 mm.
I, the original
Exakta, has non-
and is
synchronized
only.
V
and
are M- and
having two
VX has
concentric socket
1956
EXAKTA
VX
X-
a
at
MODELS
Left: Model ll is similar
I, but has a different
Model hood and film counter.
of housing
spite
in ment bush, flash
fast
and
internal
bulbs
and hooks
approximately
Focusing which on all 4 or 3 depth
The
36 exposures
buiit in
is
is effected
part
is
models
ft. There
field.
of
is the
film
(except
of the
indicating
I x l|
be transported unnecessary, indicator
or
ind a
focal
the
interchangeabla
synclironisation
flash
for a
grams).
(950
oz.
33
by a
lens-mount.
the distances
scales
also
are
(24x36
in.
cassette
film
35
In
spool
transport
standard RTL1000).
from
to take-up
plane
shutter,
It
lenses.
for electronic
neck-strap.
helical
rapid
focusing
A
from
provided
miniature
mm.
mm.). A
latest
the
to cassette,
rewinding.
with
indicator
also
for
fiIry
model .m?.king.rewinding
arrange-
reflex
a
has
flash and
weight
The
focusing
is found
qcqle
infinity
reading
for
film
cultin^g
the
film type
A
complete
tripod
screw,
down
off the
up
knife
film can
the
is
to
to
mechanism.
(the
A through-the-lens
to
marketed, the Exakta viewfinder
TTL
a a TTL with
Exakta
EXAKTA
ments sierificant
inierchangeable prism
ih.rtter timer svnchronised ind automatic used has irank.
made
and
model
prism
inteinal
Models
of the
advances internal
foi
from
covers
left-trand
apertures.
for automatic
also
self-setting
filir cutting
The
or
RTL1000
8 sec. the
at
metering
by Harwix, EXA exposure
(details
attachment
metering
(1970).
but
Exakta,
photographic
in
viewfinder
light td 1/1000
irom
speeds
sec.,
lil25
New
side.
The
counter,
frame
knife
finder
Berlin,
unit
This
I. on
meter
page
for
converting
65). For automatic
is available,
model
This
has been
consists
systems
measurement.
sec. and
to l/1000
I sec.
l/30 sec'
at
bulbs
of lenses
range
of the
lenses
with
aperture
rewind
eailier
of the
Examat) has-
can be
which
combines
the
exposure
byExakta
made
embodies
redesigned
technology.
of a coupled
has a qretal
It
the
built-in
B;
sec.
Shutter release
with internally earlier Exakta an adapter
pin
remains
models
a
the
model RTL1000
and
One
Electronic
on
9epr-essed, has been
been
with
used
pentaprism
into
camera
system
(page66).
the refine'
all
incorporates
the three
of
penta'
!TL-
plane
-focal
delayed-action
flash
right
on
controlled
can
models
the release..
rewind
omitted.
is
be
It
l0
EXAKTA above models shutter the Varex IIa closing)
special
for available finder.
EXAKTA IIb
geometrical The rewind needed.
EXAKTA
return mirror and
EXAKTA VAREX
VXl000,
EXAKTA VAREX VX
only
EXAKTA
plug
­EXAKTA
it except permit
­EXAKTA
finder, so prismatic page
change
EXAKTA I
Exakta II with
manipulation.
its
The Exakta cameras
Exakta" produced.
VAREX IIa
description.
are mechanism and an improved
which also
for
The
with shutter speeds two flash sockets. instead of concentric
that it
working from
that attachment can be
The flash contact
84).
in the mechanical construction
to
Its main differences compared
three
co-axial
is fitted with an improved reflex
accepts the interchangeable
purposes,
The
e.g. with split image rangefinder
pentaprism).
the
lenses have fully automatic
standard
(1964)
scales
speed kndb has a crank. The catch
VX1000
minor mechanical
VAREX VX
VAREX
has
no
cassette to cassette and
(1949)
II
pentaprism
the
(1936), quite
minor mechanical differences
distinguish
"Kine"
prefix
(1957).
flash sncker.
is similar
(1130,
(1967)
is
VX500
of l/30 to
(1950
(1951)
sockets.
(1950),
V
film type or transport
is as Exakta V
placed
is for flash
the original
using 35
them from the roll film
was dropped
model
This
/X.
M
film indicator. The 196l model of
This hood
1160, lll25,
as
(1969)
the
attachment
rnm. film were originally
has
to the model IIa of 1961, but has
to
the
Exakta
improvements.
is
a scaled-down U500
is
similar
has flash sockets
predecessor
has no interchangeable
but
is not usable
on top
bulbs
of the film
pre-war
general
in
follows
with the earter
and F). a specially silent
(with
hood
ground-glass
no
preset
11250, 1/500,
secure
IIb, but with
sec. and B only.
to the model IIa, but
of the VX is similar
indicators, it does
the
back
of
the
only, and
Exakta, is similar
Kine
in
1950,
one-fnger
screens
(up
to now only
vision
direct
iris.
U1000
the finder
instan
version
for a two-pin flash
hinged.
is not
(but
a special
reflex hood,- see
is
there
called
however.
a minor
then also
transport.
which do not affect
Exaktas
frame
sec.).
is
not
of
has
not
reflex
"Kine
the
the
improved
(1963),
EXA IIa
transport.
film
IIb
EXA
can bd
imase
-viewfindor
the
mechanical
500
EXA
automatic
prism
rangefuider,-shutter
flash synchronization.
XM
I
EXA 1/50. l/100, abti6n.'filrir omitted.
cut-off)and
undue
in. 6 cm.) cannot
2
EXA I
EXA I 1/175 sec.,
and bulbs.
flash
EXA Ia
to
to
In handiing,-ihe
Whert
Exakta. pointed
out in
similar
(1965),
vieived
when
improvements.
(1967)
diiphragm
(iSS:)
has a shutter l/i50 wind is by
Long focus
(1961),
as
(tgefi-nas
B, single
(1965),
similar
differences
the text.
similar
before the film
improved version
is an
lens,
and B
sec.
a
lenses beyond
similarly
made.
be
I 1953 with
improved
flash contact
to EXA I
Exa cameras
to II, but
to
but
IIa,
and after
has not been
pentaprism
ll2 sec.
speeds
of different
only,
transport
close-ups
improved
styling,
with symbol
(1963),
are
occur which
has detachable
with instant
exposure),
with fresnel
two
knob;
mm. are not
100
with
shutter
substantially
are
back and
retum.
warning signal
a
advanced,
the-Exa IIb
of
screen
1/500 sec.
and
with speeds
design
flash contacts,
the film cutting
usable
extension
longer
hood.
reflex
but
1130,1160,lll25.
speeds
setting
lever film
with
the- same
not self-evident,
mirror
general
and
with fully
and micro-
and B, and
of
no delayed
device
(with-out
tubes
electronic
for
transport.
as
these are
(the
in
-1125, is
than
the
Exa Models
Exas are simplified
The its features, interchangeable Exakta, an with
EXA single flash finder lenses,
in
inexpensive standard
pre-set
diaphragm,
(1959)
II
contact, but no delayed
permanently
is
may
used
be
particular
versions of the reflex focusing-viewing
lens system.
is available
has
shutter
fitted. Most Exakta accessories,
in it.
the
In addition
lens,
f2.9
for the Exa
speeds from
action.
tl
They retain many
Exakta.
to the lenses
Meritar, 3
50 mm.
models. ll2 to 11250 The eye-level
system and
listed for
element
sec. and.
pentaprism
including all
the the
of
B,
t2
HANDLING
To start with, we take it Exakta, together with first task is to load
Loading
The fi.lm daylight, procedure
should
or at least in
is
as
1. Open camera-back.
2.
Insert film.
3. Fix film
4.
Close camera.
on take-up
5. Open finder
6. Transport
7. Wind film-winder once more
8.
fiIm indicator.
Set
qamera
1. Open
camera opening knob on the some Exa models, the
rewind knob
The rewind
2.
film cassette into right-hand
and delayed
The mouth of the
the take-up spool. taking care
which
cassette
the cassette lies
3. Hold the cassette in
with the
end
spool of the can be turned on its convenient
under the tongue
The film
projects
is
inserted from
right
of the filrn is
key is
action
that
chamber
position
a cassette of film,
the camera with fi.Im.
be
loaded into
the shadow of
follows:
spool.
hooil.
film twice
back
as far as
its
from
against
hand
camera
and
pulling
by
press
camera back lock.
it
pulled
will
out
knob)
with its hollow
cassette with the film
The rewind knob is
plate
centre
the Exa has
of
the roller towards the
beneath the
the
edge of the
position
4 to
in.
412
pushed
under the
(below
axis to
bring
for inserting the
the spool should
THE EXAKTA
granted
for
release.
downwards and turning the
camera base.
go.
far
as
as it will
side film chamber
is
not
a cassette
with (10
to ll cm.) film from it. The
the
film winder). The take-up
the
t3
that we
in
front
camera
the
and set
part
end has to
now fully
pushed
camera, so that the mouth of
guide.
the left
spring
spring tongue into the most
film. While fixing the film
prevented
be
in subdued
your
picture-counter.
earlier models
On
On RTLI@0,
go,
then
(below
towards rewind key.
point
pushed
upwards.
guide
(a
chamber). The loaded
thumb, while
tongue
of the
from turning
our
have
of us. Our
body.
The
milled
and
pull
place
loaded
slow speed
towards
back,
metal sheath
pulling
free
take-up
spool
it
holding make sure that the
film transport sprockets.
the
On
push
and
and over the film transport
rest take-up
On chamber and spool. side outwards except on Exa inwards. Now insert the take-up that its top engages in perforation
When working VX500 cassette spool
and attach take-up cassette and.insert
point
must
perforations
the sprockets, and
To work replace the take-up the
same
4. Cfose the
up
by
that the circular
pushedfirmly
is the
ball
with
its
groove
towards the rewind key must
is clanrped to the
closed.
is
RTLI000
On
Transport
ally. the
automatic frame counter
5,
6, 7 below.
The finder-hood
5. the back base of the hood.
6. Wind any speed except moved forward the first two light while inserting leader-frames
with one
still
RTL1000,
it with its lower
spool must not
the Exa I
push
The film is wound on to
of the
and VXl000,
(page
37), remove any
it in the take-up
towards the film
of the film
close the
from cassette
loading
camera
peg
into the of the left thumb. The locking-key
on the
body
body
just
and release the film transport lever
springs open
release the film transport
and
do
finger. Before closing
perforations
pull
the
beginning of
perforation
poir^t
(1961)
the film
film in the film transport
with two
the end of the
(No.
spool by an
procedure
back. With the
upwards, is hooked with
of the
until
be allowed to catch in the
camera and cannot be
press
(:Z).
T
zot
upwards
camcra, remove the take-up
end under the
the shaft of the film transport knob,
cassettes
trim the
free
page
4,
chamber. The slit of the take-up
aperture of the camera.
engage
camera back.
to
cassette on Exa I
as described for use of the take-up
inside
the camera connected
interior of the camera. This is
camera, and the
the locking-key
back
by
This action implies that
frames, which have the film into the count as
of the
sprocket. The wire frame
take-up
the
(1963)
I
spool into its chamber,
with the
film end
cut-off film end from the
fresh film to the
37).
Assemble
in
the teeth of the
empty
cassette and
Kine Exakta I and
camera
back,
gently
home; it will lock
points
to No. l. Igaore the
pressing
twice with the
camera.
part
of the 36 exposures.
the camera
film engage in the
the
film to the
from above under the
(but
in any other
of the take-up
spring
spool with the
and later, where
sprockets.
Exakta
square.
Open
centre spool of the
the
take-up
Make sure that
(1961)
cameras, simply adopt
to the
held in the
its lower end into the
itself
back
into
snaps
camera back so that it
pulled
out when the
and repeat until
its
catch in the middle of
the film
been exposed
These
back,
teeth
green
mark
film
on the
position).
spool from its
emulsion
it winds ensuring
and the
VX, IIa, b,
the take-up
centre
cassette,
cassette
transport
film
otherwise
spool.
II, take care
rewind
key
with
best done
hand
right
pressed
lightly
position.
The
back
automatic-
points
shutter set
has
been
two wasted
of
to
to
l4
Top row: Open
row: Attach
Seiond
guide).
Close
film Third- rowi Open film Eottotn row: iet indicator.
counter
(except
camera
leader
camera back.
finder
on
nim speed
(on
back
RTL 1000,
to'take-up
where applicable.
hood, RTL 1000).
indicitor on earlier
spool
pull
rewind knob
up
(on
1 000, lay leader across
RTL
Make two
models
l5
LOADING
lully)
'blind'
(tefi),
on
insert.film
and
spool
exposures.
1000
RTL
EXAKTA
THE
cassette.
passing
after
Wind on again
(centre).
Set
under
and
film type
piece
the
The third
7. position,
the exposure (in
arrow triangle). On (against be indicated
the camera beside of the segment the direction segment. set
disc, seen knob,
8. The
Exakta on
C)
b
a
J
with models and-white; black
Iight
Carrying
However
F F B
strap hanging unsuitable lost a short in the finder the camera
There are
Exaktas:
The ever-ready holding screw
a opened case
set
­Outfit
together one
film-wind brings
the same time
at
counting
models
eailier
until No. I
no account
the arrow), as
correctly.
(1961)
I
The Exa
(while
of the arrow
the subtractive
On
20 respectively.
to 36 or
the Exakta
On
the
in
will rotate when
film indicator around
the
the
type. The
IIa, b
VX and
the transport
of
base
of film
speed
have instead a
Exa 500
elegant
from the shoulder,
quick
for
in this way. A
round
strap
position
right
hood
or,
when
up to eye
a number
case carries
which
cases in several
with auxiliary
lens or any of
the. other Exakta
pulling
disc is set
the
disc
points
to
must the
the subsequent
film counter
transport knob. Turn
the film
pressing
until No. I
VX, IIa, b, VX500
cut-out
circular
the film
the base
(on
VX500, 1000
loaded into
film type indicator
C:colour,
has both types
it may
action.
better method
neck,
the
ready
working
level,
of different
prevents
variations are available
lenses, filters,
unexposed
first
film tight. After
the
to
I by moving its
No.
the direction
itself) in
picture
the
counter
daylight
counting mark
counting disc be turned
exposure numbers
is a segment cut
the top of one
points
to the
of Exa I
and VX1000
the
on
outside
transported.
is
being
the slow-speed
of
in its centre,
lever) should be
the camera as
with
type; red C:colour,
of reminder.
be to carry the camera
this
Many a
good
is to carry
for
Opening
it lies on
that
so
work.
with the
is then a matter
of
types
cases
the Exakta ready
the camera
accessories
films, etc.
from
Also, separate
are also on
of film into
winding on,
knob
setting
of the engraved
(small
black backwards would not
and
film control
the
knob of
on RTLI000
S : black:
on
has
top of
in front
it) in
Exa 500,
Early
artificial
long
a
quite
is
been
the
the
out in the
the knob
finger against
index mark of
(1963)
of the slow-speed
set in accordance
a reminder.
the
symbols
position
shot the Exakta
chest-
one's
case and
the
pentaprism lifting
of a split-second.
available use, and
for
fallirrg
to take
for the there
oft
out
the Exakta,
cases-for
market.
the
on
he
is
l6
LOADING THE
EXA
is
it
Generally,
experience
the
taking
in which to
ways
photographs.
make accelerator,
going
before
without
camera automatically
lives-but
of
the camera
of
The
following
particularly v,atched
.:ing
and closing
setting the shutter.
of
manipulat@ all
in
picture
by
work them
brakes and
the
"all
out"
being able
is not less
it is not
itself.
are
the
(3)
foremost
importance to acquire
parts
getting
thoroughly
before actually
Surely one
even
with it. Going
to do the
dangerous.
less wasteful of
the mechanical
when fnder
Releasing.
the earlier Exakta:
using
hood.
that eventually
acquainted
should try
the horn of
all out
"right
may be less
It
live
points
(2)
Winding
sufficient
lead to
with
setting out
gears,
the
a new car
with a new
thing" almost
wasteful
pictures, if
must
that
(l)
Open'
the
film
the
to
the
not
be
and
rffi
Top
left:
Tob cent?a: lnsert
right: Fix the
Top (entre
lcft:
Ccntrc:
Ccntre Bottont
models), Sottom ccntre:
teke-up spool
the and later,
camerr back,
Open the
the film on the teke-up spool. thc
Closc
flndcr hood
Open the
right: Advancc
left: Set the
path
The
6n
film
film
cessette.
cemcn brck.
(on
film twice,
the
councer
film inside the cemera'
of the
cXA
I
up
the
Exe I only).
pressing
for the
1961,
to
release eech time.
the
first
(slightly
exposure
lt winds up emulsionside-out
emulsion
but
l7
different on thc
side
in on th€ EXA |
two
(1953)
o_n
Viewing
reflex
The
finder
focusing devices.
REFLEX FINDER.
the pressed
bbservation exposure. convex screen; image neeative F<ii addition front pressed held by enlarged,
first showing ttre
olmost
horizmtal cornsr
Thc
position,
working
more critical
wall
ddition of the 35
tatei models
when the
do-wn,
of the
The screen
the lower side
lens,
lens also acts as
the
in the finder
seen
whi le-natural
the magnifying
to
the finder
of
towards
inward
a catch.
so that it
only a comparatively
have a bigg6r.
whole 6eld
{he
position
of the back of
magnifier has a
focusihg a built-in
Looking down,
the eye-level
and
frame
The
the catch on
ground-glass
of
may
mm. Exakta
pressing
by
the finder
protecting
finder
To bring
hood
automatically
screen
the Exakta is actually
of which
powerful
a
hood is bigger
outlines and defi
ly-the
ground
hood; to bring
the reflex image,
focused
be
small
rectangular-shaped
viewed.
to be
the small
hood.
cover
pentaprism
purely
is
the finder
the back
was 6tted
hood of the
of the finder hood
image up
is matted
magnifier. Therefore,
the
than
magrifier may be
glass.
The magnifier
it into
where it
the reflex
with
ease and
with
central section
circular
The magnifier
stud on the right-hand
(except
Exakta
l8
are
viewing device.
a
Exakta into
opens up,
one side
to
nition remain
image appears
moment of
to the
of the
ground-glass
a
form
image
actual
employed in
is erect in
position,
it is simply
will
be automatically
accuracy.
a circular
of the
magnifier, allowing
is released from
and
I)
viewing-
has to
permitting
plano-
reflex
the
on the
iden tical.
the
further
While-the
magnifier,
field,
bottom
shows
be
its
the
lla, llb,
well
as the
pentaprism
use at eye
eyeJevel
ll the
ground
finder and also
other types
purposes
finder
Exa I
screen
Right: The standard reflex fitted to all models is used by looking down on the screen. With Models and RTL and changeable type, which level. In finder is fixed.
Eelow: The of the the reflex finder of the 1961 Exakta lla interchanged for special scientific (see page
V, VX,
1000
as
la, the viewing unit is inter-
with a
permits
the Exa
normal
pentaprism
llb may be readily
and
with
20).
REFLEX FINDER
VX
eye-level
An made for Model ll and
(left).
hood
for Models
evepiece to exclude stray
AND PENTAPRISM
pentaprism
An accessory for the
V. VX,
attachment has been
fits
on
VX
lla, llb,
light
toD of the erected
pentaprism"unit
RTL
and
0000is,an
(right),
whole image, critical
The
reflex finder image seen is the lens and reflected only visible the
shutter is released. It has a twofold
outlines
The reflex finder
condenser bases with split-image range finder, etc.
There required. to ensure the (page
8l), keeping stray light
picture.
to the hold the lines
of the
frame, if
The
second is at the same time results. The less all too hastily, definition. There full aperture, possible turn the object
at which one intends to focus
more
sharp up to a certain definition. the focusing mount.
slowly
narrowed down
the
very surrounding and beyond the sufficiently good
enough
The determining be folded back release. should now be lowered of
us-we may
picture
the
picture
The left to right. camera will object
to
that thc
so
focusing.
after
picture,
of the
should be no difficulty in
It is advisable to view the
brightest
In
camera
picture
intentional tilting is not
purpose
which one should
definition. The best way to
helicslfocusW mount to andfro while
It is
at
best definition. It is a case of
to the critical sharp
sharp,
for enlarging.
built-in magnifying
the
The camera, which had to
as a whole.
on
Similarly, movements
have to
follow
camera can
the mirror on to the
by
the
film has been wound on, and it
to
second
ofExakta IIa
possible
spite of the fact that one is likely
quite
experienced user of the
a seemingly sharp impression
are, however, different degrees of sharpness even
this
point
but no one should be deceived by this fact:
critical and
get
the
it.
from
level, one should make sure that the vertical
parallel
run
ofthe reflex
the
one of
point,
"beyond"
The degree of movement of
until one unmistakably arrives at
of maximum definition, the image still appears
glass
focus. Having
the
whole
again. Otherwise-with
excellent definition,
ground-glass
be turned against the apparent movement
used without lowering
be
picture produced
permit
the
best
(1961)
and
getting
picture
reflex-image. The finder hood
most important facton
first
the
screen,
with the
aimed at.
finder, obtaining the
reflex screen is apt to accept,
make use of
arrive at
accurately becomes
beyond which it will again lose
stage that we reverse the movement of
"encirclement"
point.
It must be repeated that, before
swung
into
found
image
on
raised when
be
but are bound
screen appeani
are also shown reversed
screen.
purpose:
definition to
IIb accepts
the outlines
withfull-opened
gives
sides
in
critical
observing
position
this, the
the
screen surveyed
it after
the
by
The
first to show the
camera
reflex image
disappears once
obtained.
be
also the special
as exact as
aperture
additional
of
extension brilliancy
automatically
ground-glass
the
definition,
best
ensuring
good
of the image as best
determining
the
focusing mount is
usingi
the magnifier
upright
the
best
definition
from
magnifier should
to lose sight of
is to
how the main
more
and
point
the
the sharp
it is
not
will assist in
before
the
magnifier,
front
in
reversed
but
and the
of the
of
is
to
at
20
PENTAPRISM
rla,
lfi)0, reflex finder and is method. To change housing is lifted while on EXAKTA VXl0(n,
plate
front
the
With eye_level and see-n upight makes
accurate focusing
position
vertical
The
base
_
the flat
side of which
for special ones,
ground-glass
normal giving uniform finder
focusing, in
prisms
are mounted in image_in two
disrupted halves
image is seen,
For more
glaphy
and qhotomicrography, changed for image), or
Prism finders
page
65.
FRAME a direct vision inwards themagnifyingglass aperture in the frame in the
To use the and also the
w_ill
sight frame-finder, the left,
away from
of the
back frame to
"round
the corner" when holding looking
straight ahead,
gives
the correct
be expected
The
frame finder cannot
distance
of the
frame
the
FINDER.
b, VX, V
and
an
from the
up
bodily and replaced
is depressed. pentaprism
is
straightfonvard.
pentaprism
of the
with split-image
bqghtness
addition to
the s,pot
_appears
in
and
specialised types
glass
clear
ground-glass
for
combined
FINDER.
frame finder.
back wall
front wall,
frame finder
protective
define the
and then
outlines
one must
the eye,
find the limitations
is deceptive,
the eye
field only
to be
free of
subject as
setting the
EXA
extremely
position,
in
easy, and
ground
is a
screen
a clear
are
position
this
(to permit
The Exakta models
form a direct
of Exakta
cover. The
not attempt to turn the
close to and
will
parallax.
be
This is for the
I; it is interchangeable
valuable
rbflex to the ey+level
IIa,VX or V the
and the
finder
or on
edge to edge.
normal
spot in the centre
disrupted;
brought into line
of work, in
the
with
a centre spot of
with exposure
This is brought
in front
of the finder hood,
of the
nor must the
as only
appear on the
for the
used
for focusing,
based on the
focusing
Exakta
alternativelocusing-viewinc
by the
the
image is
right way round.
changrng from
consists of
screen. This
rangefinders
an extra-bright
They
screbn focusing.
on turning
one has
focused particular
ground-glass
focusing
on the more
meter
prior
into
of thefinder hood.
vision frame finder
IIa, VX. V,
frame when viewed through
picture
aimed at. When
eye be moved from the
ofthe field of
the section
in the centre of the
negative. The-frame finder
standard 5 cm. lenses,
size oflts appearance
scale of the lens mount
2l
RTL
1000. VXS00.
against
th6
normai
finder, ihe
other findbr
sliding
viewed
The
the horizontal
plano<onvex
a
basels interchangeabld
available
fresnel lens
give
split-image
of the
the focusing
so that
accurately.
for macrophoto-
condenser may
3 or 10 mm.
findei
housine,
catch
on thl
and focused
bright image
to
lens,
eithei
on a screen range-
Two small
screen, and the
ring, the
one c-ontinuous
brilliant
a-erial
are available:
to
1961 were
position
together
II,
camera to the right
fitted with
pressing
by
The reciangular
with the open
for eye level.
lift
up the magnifier
using the
view. This spying
in the
seen
opening while
centre
findel
and it cannot
apart from
guessing
within
accord.
the
at
the
be
see
the
or
T{OIDING-REFLEX
The
standard reflex
image, but
it is reversed
Using
the-reflex finder, operates the helical thereleasebutton(left), Themagnifierinthehoodisusedtoobtaincriticafocus(cintre).
obtain vertical
To
leycl
€ye
(right);
focusing while
pictures,
in this
screen
right-to-left.
the Exakta
the operator
position
FINDER
shows an uorirht
is.held firmly
the left
hand
may stand sideways,and
the
image is upside
against the chest;
grips
the camera.
down.
the
the index
hold
the cainera
22
right hand
hnser on
at
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w
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yull
incorporates
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for normal
action
shots.
FINDER
using
the reflex
:fti:.it"i"il,l,"r?1*:r;r'f:",T;:,,
screen.
'+
ffiffiffi
Thc.reflex
finder on the. front on either Itnder may. firmly
against
pactures,
verti€at
of Models v-vX,
plate
and then lifting
side
of the Exakta
then.be fitted,
the
_face
th€
imate
engraved'front
place(lel!
in its
(right
ientrei.
still remaining
lla and vXl000
(left),
ic
off
centie),
ihe
is removed
on Model
plate
are
and thi camera caniira upright
23
ntt
pressed
is turned
on
the screen
t ooo itru
by depressing
down.
used
throurh 90' derreds'
('ght),
AND
PENTAPRISM
finder;
or
the
The
;;;;"p.i*"
at eye'le;ei;
catch
h;iJ
i*oi".f in" r.n"li
over the
foi
hcedr,
ingly;
only very experienced
errors
when applying this method.
finder
for focusing and then to viewing. Both these moving objects. The frame finder will
photography
distant subjects nearer to the which, by within all over fact, in front of a reflex fast to With the
(other)
presetting
the
limits of which the
(see page
preferable
motion
the mirror that shows the
eye on it, even
52).
to
any
camera. It is almost impossible
one is looking
when
frame finder it is easier to
photographers
It is safer first to
procedures
where infinity
the lens, ensure
This last
other when
change over to the
are unsuitable
camera, by using
setting only is
action is expected-will
method of viewing
dealing with rapidly
down with
direction of motion
before it becomes visible within
Holding
It is obvious possible, original negative, will become is advisable to
particularly
A when
working with long-focus
the
centre of desirable mount
with the right
camera
the
As
itself.
most
posrtron.
When working camera finger of which
while
the right hand supports
the
camera-body, which
hand, while
that the camera
as the
slightest shake,
visible in the enlargement.
stand always with
steady hold
gravity
to
hold
is
the camera by
hand,
and operates the
of the camera is necessary
lenses
further forward
grasping
while
shutter-release.
Exakta is horizontallv built. it
simply and naturaliy to
with the reflex
be
should
firmly held with
should be in
position
the camera
should rest against
thumb and index
the focusing mount.
photographs
Vertical
procedure before,
then
is: hold
raise it to
cannot
and focus the camera horizontally,
be taken at chest level. The
position,
eyeJevel
24
will be
safe from serious
the
use
frame finder
more efficiently
that a c€rtain
follow movement
should
even
your
for
required; or, with
"zone
focusing"
depth of field-
be recorded sharp
and focusing is, in
moving subjects
to catch and
one's attention fixed
laterally reversed.
the finder frame.
be
held
if not
legs
apart.
(page
52). In
and therefore
the
the left
helical focusing
hand steadies
reflex
photographing
for
be used foi
methods,
shoot
and keep the
as steady seen in
this
as
the
case it is
the
obviouslv lends
photographs
at
finder
left
the
on
hand,
the
from
chest
release
underneath
palm
the
in
this
level,
the
the index
knob, of the
finger support and handle
normal
turning it
the
at
as described
same time,
It
SHOOTING
WITH THE EXAKTA
sHooTrNG wrTH
ToP left: ToP centre: Set speed. Top Bottom left: Set stop.
Eottom
Wind
right: Focus.
centret Release.
film.
THE EXA |
(t96t)
()
ts
a
5
F F
that the focusing
so
it
right
on
at
the
in
fork between thumb
right hand supports the
the
against
working
When
or the
frame finder, the Exakta
back rested against cheek,
finger
index
For taking
or the
frame finder,
horizontal so that the right hand holds pressed
photographs,
against the forehead.
To release the
should be
pressure
finger the camera. slowly
and smoothly. The slower the
angles
release
knob.
horizontally
of the left
vertical
right
shutter
pressed
only,
The actual
screen is vertical
to
the object to
and index finger of the left hand,
camera
body,
One actually works
at eye level, either with
grasped
is
both elbows kept close to
hand
on the
photographs
at
left hands
and
the
but
camera body is turned
the Exakta from
(page
with the ball
the
keep
pressing
smoother must be the release. speed knob while releasing!
For slow exposures in the
ing
at chest level, to inhale,
smoothly in order to avoid
using
When
long eye level, rest the elbows lean
against something
can be risked
When
without incurring camera
using
large aperture and
48), stand the Exakta
hand
shake.
exposures
against some
stable. In
on a table
Use o.f a tripod is necessary
working with
and recommended for
instantaneous
the delayed-action
from
speeds
exposures of l/60
lenses.
the
and
eye examines the
photographed.
be
so that its
shutter release
eye level either with the
26) the of the left
hand
down will
Keep
it is
thumb
"round
the
with
are employed
hands, the
both
the body, and the
button.
above and the camera is
shutter-release button
forefinger. Use
grip
and its
have
exposure time, the
your
hand clear of the
advisable, when work-
hold the breath
while
holding the cantera
support or at least
this
way,
1/10 sec. or
shake.
long-focus lenses
or other flat surface.
when taking time
release,
(1125)
1/30
(l/50)
to l12 sec. and
sec. with long-focus
image
The
lens rests while the
to
comes
corner". pentaprism
the
camera
pentaprism
as advised for
90" to the left
steady on
be
to
done
and release
more
(pages
exposures
it is
and
lie
at
45,
Top left: speed.
Advance
Sottom
left: Focus. Eottom
the film
(with
knob centre: Pre-set rhe
winding lever).
or
25
Iop right.. Set the shutrer
Eottom
apertrrre.
right! Release.
Shooting
Practice the operations
they will become
practically
described
automatic.
26
here so that in time
the camera
After
been loaded
has
follows:
as
Wind film
I.
2.
Set shutter speed. Focus
3.
4.
Set stop.
3.
Release.
1. Wind film wilh brake.
already been wound for
On.the Exa
,.
direction of its move the transport
2. Theshutter.speeds
sec., as well as B shutter-speed knob turning the speed required centre of the speed
given
on the knob indicate etc., mean setting B opposite the indicator, as long as made by setting T pressue pressure
The slow speed exposure of from
U10
speeds from l/1000 to
should
and
The 1/1000 to the orange triangle
OPERATE THE
TO
(a)
Set shutter-speed knob
(6)
Wind direction.
(c)
Lift slow-speed black drop back.* until the required tensioning lever.
(d)
Release smoothly.
with firnr,
transport.
and determine
transport lever
the camera
If
(1961)
I
and Ia, turn
engraved
lever
of Exakta
(brief
(beside
knob
1130, 1160, lll25
the
release
button is
(Z
on the release
will close it
sec.) and use
RTL1000 shutter sec. and
slow-speed knob asfar
figures
in early
button
again.
and delayed
slow speeds from
6
be carefully
seconds. Its handling is
B.
It is set
mark.
SLOW SPEEDS:
knob up, then turn
comes to lie
the
On
speed
as instructed
picture
as far as it
has
been reloaded
the first exposure.
arrow as
as far as
it will
and
Varex models
time)
and T
the film
opposite
letting
and
fractions
sec.
Short time exposures when the
pressed.
cameras)
will open
action knob
ll4 to
of a delayed studied and exercised.
speed dial
by turning
(or
to
B
as it will
opposite
RTL1000 the
(2-8
on
frame
go
will
and let it spring
with new
the
transport
film
far as it
will
go.
(time),
or Z
transport lever)
to
the index mark on
it
down
ofseconds,
shutter Long time the
to
indicator when
the shutter,
allows for
12 seconds
action release
carries the range from
the required speed to
T).
possibly it so that
on
mark
slow-speed knob is turned
points
sec.)
27
page
from 1/30 to
again.
so that 30,60,125,
slightly
knob and let knob
to the mark
proceed
13,
film,-it has
knob in the
go.
the
On
Exa II 1/1000
are set on the
by lifting
will remain opeit
(on
tarz in a
required time in
it up,
tht fixCd
The
numbers
are made
exposures
a first
and a second
automatic
older
models
for all shutter
complicated
point
clockwise
on
back
by
are
I to
its
DELAYED ACTION RELEASE FOR
r11000 sEC.:
(a)
Set sh':tter-speed
(D)
Wind slow-speed knob wise direction.
(c)
Lift slow-speed lie against the
(d)
Release smoothly.
DELAYED ACTION RELEASE FOR
6 SEC.: (a)
Set shutter-speed
(D)
Wind slow-speed l<nob as
(c)
Lift
slow-speed required in and let knob
(d)
Release smoothly.
The delayed
The Exa Ia, b shutter speeds are set with the lever or ring moving
past
a scale of engraved shutter
knob
rewind
represent fractions
175 175
The mark
sec. speed scale. the
shutter
The
Exa IIa, b and 500 shutter is set
ring until the desired speed
The RTLI000 delayed action
1/1000 sec. only:
(c)
Turn the
(6)
Turn the slow-speed tensioning lever
(c)
Release
place
8 sec. after release.
Focusing is
3. lens distance required reflex image control
4. The stop is set on the lens mount, where the milled the indication mark engraved
accomplished by
mount which
on
*The
has
a black and a red mark. working mark, and the against the
knob
to actual exposure time required. as far as it will
knob
up, tum it so that any red figure
mark
on the knob and let knob
knob
to B
knob
up,
red comes
and finder. The speed figures engraved
At the B setting the
release is depressed.
shutter speed
the
on
the lens.
slow-speed knob of the earlier 35 mm. Exakta models
with delayed action) have to
black
to
drop back.*
time in
action
of a second, namely 1130, 1160, lll25,
the lever
on
points
required
preset
timing
the
bears
is opposite the
(page
18)
be turned in line with the
can
purpose
The
figures
black
mark.
SPEEDS FROM II3O TO
possibly
turn in
drop back.*
SPEEDS FROM TI8 TO
(or
Z).
as it will tzrz
far
turn
it so that
lie against the ma.rk on the knob
all cases is about 12 sec.
speeds
has to
shutter remains open
to the triangular
works with the speeds from 1
to the orange triangular mark.
device and the exposure will
turning the
distance markings either until the
distance mark, or
the
until
of the diaphragm is to adjust
this
In
(when
using
clockwise.
the
exposure time
on the top
(B)
point
to the mark on the
tuming its milled
by
clockwise
second milled ring on
subject
case,
be
mark.
to
its stop.
by
appears
front ring aperture
the red figures
placed
against
the
slow shutter speeds)
28
a clock.
comes
centre
between
30,
@,125,
long
as
outer
take
the usual
fully sharp.
with
figure
(when
the
to
the
as
to
the
red
the effective opening the depth of field through the (page
52). brightness of Both /oss
on the
focusing
should always be done at
To facilitate focusing at full aperture correct stopping down, setting-those of the 196l Exakta, the IIa, IIb, YX500, VXl000 and RTL1000 have fully automatic iris
Sorne of the early lenses have behind ring, and this is until its index then
released to spring back into its
Having focused at full aperture, it stops at the without
it being necessary
position.
Later lenses have an automatic iris selecting the aperture required, a tensioning set, and when automatically set to the selected apertue starts moving.
lenses
The
and RTLI000 do
automatically when the shutter
5. Release by the camera. The release is closed, to
to
fitted
the models with interchangeable of a release knob cover-and on the RTLI000 a the right-hand
of the lens. The
(page
lens
in any
The reduction in light means obviously a reduction in
the
reflex image
of
lieht
ground-glass
pushed
mark
preselected
the
the
of
not
pressing
protect
At the same
52).
given
time, the
and inueased depth of
points
shutter
196l
the shutter-release
with
more diftcult, therefore
aperture.
full
the
later
backwards towards
the aperture one wants to use. It is
to
setting. The exposure
to move the camera from the
release is depressed the diaphragm
Exakta, IIa,IIb, VX500, VXIOU), Exa 500
tensioning. The iris opens up again
require
against accidental release. A release
knob
is released.
is blocked as
release.
this opening, the
smaller
time,
exposure
increase of depth of field.
an
field
with
lenses have
preset.
the aperture scale a milled
original
the aperture ring is turned, until
preselecting
knob
finder hood in the form
light
as less
time must
make the
subsequent
preselective
the
camera and
reflex
can
be
accurate focusing
quick
aperture
position.
is then made
mount. After
lever on the mount is
just
gently, long as the finder hood
the shutter
before
without shaking
locking disc for
Unloading
procedure
the
it
new
all
After
be removed
exposures
from the
on the film camera
and
been made,
have
replaced with a When working from cassette to take-up spool, is as follows:
1. Depress rewind
pin.
2. Rewind film into cassette
3. Open camera-back.
4.
Remove cassette.
5. Close
camera-back
or reload with film.
29
greater
pass
longer
and
turned
taking
lock is
has to
one.
press
l. After all exposures
in
camera earlier models, the exposure counter and shutter-speed while rewinding lever in this position
while
which has to be
lever
the Exa
On
counter. On
2. Press the centre of the
is
3. Open the camera back
4.
5.
U
body as it
camera
of the cassette. Then turn
spool direction until
rewinding
Correct transport
Incidentally,
turns in the opposite direction
Exakta
which has to
film.
rewind
earlier Exakta models, raise
On bottom and the Exa, turn in the direction of resistance is more turns. The spool and is wound back
The cassette of exposed
downwards as far as Before
closing the camera
position.
original
and VX and Exa position,
down, and on the original models V
visible.
is
nloading
working
When
have been
taken,
plate;
bottom
press
(No.2).
position
rewinding;
(1961)
I
Exa I, keep it depressed while rewinding.
will
the film is
indicator
the centre screw securing
VX and RTLI000
be turned
turn it clockwise
felt, wind over this resistance and
film end now comes off the spring of
While the rewind
on the earlier
will
it
pin
the
situated
the original
On
which has to be folded up and
while the original Exaktas
pushed
sideways so
and Exa 500
film rewind knob as far inwards towards the
go;
this engages the rewind
completely
observed by
can be
the slow-speed
beside
rewind knob has a
in the direction of the engraved arrow
with the thumb
into the cassette.
(see page
film is taken
go.
it will
back,
will spring automatically back
models the rewind lever
without Rewinding
from cassette to cassette, the
the
automatically depressed. On
stay
on the camera
knob and
35
the
rewind
the rewind knob in a clockwise
wound back
the movement
to the lever
the rewinding key on the camera
the arrow. Turn until a slight
13, No.
out by
push
the rewind
pin
turned
for unloading the Exakta VX, IIa, IIb, VX500 is
follows:
as
pin
rewind
mm.
that the letter R is visible.
knob.
the film transport lever
itself.
1). pulling
of
the
sideways
on
RTLI000
plate
top
between
keep
it depressed
Exakta models is
left in this
have a reversing
pin
is
behind
key
the
on
into its
cassette.
the film
of
fold-over handle
index finger. On
and
give
two or three
the take-up
the rewind key
knob
back
RTLI000, IIa, IIb
into
its normal
has
to be
so that the letter
the
centre
into its
folded
film
procedure
and VXl000
a
to
30
Depress
vEP,sJ>
RLwind
rewind
film inio
camera back or reload.
ro*
7op left:
rvPtcfr.
right:
Top
Eottom right: Close
lcft: Dcpress thc rcversing thr
cerrdttc. Thc uppqr
pin
RTL1
Top centre: Depress
000.
to the
rvP!g"r,!, evP,v
Exa ll, che lower
on
cassette. Bottorn reft:
button. Ccntre: referr
UNLOADING
centre
Open camera back.Eottom
UNLOADTNG
Rcwind thc
film. Ritht:
row
to
3l
THE
knob, not on
of rewind
centre: Removecassette'
THE
QPen.thc -cemcra
(1961
|
the Exe
EXA
).
EXAKTA
RTL1
(1961)
|
remoYc
and
000.
film with
Cut
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. The body beside clockwise the other 2 in.) cuts
and its
2. Turn the
into the cassette
two blind
Make Open camera-back. Remove
camera-back
Close
knob of the
direction.
end
the
knob screwed
fihn transport
3. Open camera
4. Remove
5. Close
Changing
cassette
camera
Partly Exposed
Replacing
if a few
happen
black-and-white
som-e
of a fast
instead First and
(see
litfle
a would from the be to run cassette, darkroom rewound beginning ana camera can
camera with the exposed framei
note
then
page
iesistance
then
To use
in the usual
the number
rewind
30,
have
take-up
the risk
when
in
film
of
put
be loaded partly
the
lens cap
built-in
exposures.
cassettes.
fitm cutting
the rewind
of which a
back
back
a
No. 2). One
to
order
the film,
have
knob) is unscrewed
knob
This
so
and
(see page
(see
above,
(see
colour
one,
knife is
back by
lever
protect
above, No.
exposed
photographs
pictures,
is an easy
film right across.
partly
of
the film
(In
is
felt.
be
overcome
but to do
spool,
of rewinding
film would
the
be able to
to
to be taken
has
note
it into a
container or
with another
exposed
(see
page
way
on-winding
been
wbund off.
cutting
reload with
or
(on
knife
is fitted
fitted. Pulling
The
turning
release
and
it from
13, No.
No. 4).
5).
Film
fllm
or a
exposed
back into
to be careful
has
the
ordinary
in order
have to
out
the number
film again, it
l3). It
pressing
on and
32
knife.
fiIm.
the
bottom
turyin-g
by
to the end
the
rod is then
knife
it clockwise.
twice to wind
light.
l).
by another
made
were
slow-speed
with
matter
frames on the
its original
to
way,
pull
to
instance
this
so in
whole film
the
be extricated
later on.)
it
reload
of the camera.
of exposure_s
it up.
wrap
of fi.lm.
type
to
has
be
be
the
on
through
release the safe
is then run
To
of the camera
it- in an anti'
pushed
rod
(about
back
of a long knob out
the film fully
might
one, as
between
in
film used
the Exakta.
counter
fi.lm
cassette
wind only
until
this resistance
the film
end
would
into the
in the
The
the
On
taken
Now the
into
loaded
thecamera
all the
until
it is
side,
at
the
advisable making
-to
Cutting
shooting or wasting the whole
arise. For film the If more space is required-for processing-it the knif-e into last
exposed
it. To remove the rolled
Exakta
release to
to wind
"blind"
stop
The desire
cutting knife described
exposed frames; the
frame. The camera
film is not
and
procedure
The
IIa, IIb and VX.
the
the take-up
off one frame
exposures it
it
right down
Exposed
Off
process
to
that
reason
is
advisable to rnake
action, which
protected
film, it is
wrapped
up light-tight
is sinrplified wiren using
tr.vice),
shutter
cassette,
and to set the
Film Parts
some of the 36 exposures
all nrodels have
on
cut is made
gives
must
Make trvo
open the
rvhich
more
is wise-in
page
now be
rvhen opening
simply drawn frorn the
can
than actually
addition to covering
shutter to the highest
of the load
exarnple,
32. This can
about I in.
one
blind exposure
about 2|
opened
ready for
blind
canlera,
then
be removed.
in the
been fitted
when film
in. handiing
the camera
exposures
of the
be used for
behind the last
in the
prccessing.
take-up
a
and cut off the
exposed.
speed.
Exakta rvithout
canrcra ntight
with the
cutting off
exposure.
clips
are used in
before bringing
space
darkroom,
back to
take-up
cassette
(wind
the
filnr close
When
the lens
easily
built-in
after the
as the
remove
spool,
in the
film
and
EXAKTA
Exakta uses standard
The
to 36
up
a metal or be
centre spool and light tight. cassettes and can be
lengths, into empty cassettes
100 and
page a suitable
Safelight
"panchro-safelight" complete darkness.
advisable daylight
exposures I x
DAYLIGHT
placed
DAYLIGHT
FILM
plastic
cassette,
into the
camera
REFILL FILM. The film is
covered with
The
daylight
loaded
DARKROOM
generally
REFILL
for 36
in
BULK FILM. Uncut 35
(5
ft.
to 30 m.),
from
loaded into an empty
While the
insertion
13, we have to see
the case of
In
length
fi.lm in the
of
black-and-white
may be
This is not difficult.
to first
practise
before starting darkroom
FILMS
perforated
(24x
1| in. CASSETTE.
which is light
removed
and
an opaque
refills have to be used in
into them
FILM.
exposures,
the darkroom.
mm. film in lengths
lengths may be
which
cassette
the loaded cassette is
of
the
how
darkroom.
used,
fiIling with
35 mm. film
36 mm.)
The
film
tight, so that it can
in daylight.
leader
in
daylight.
These
which must be loaded
(see page
cassette itself is loaded with
films only,
but it is
safest
a dummy
work.
giving
loading.
at one
is
supplied in
supplied on a
to render it
empty
ready-cut
are
of 16 to
cut, trimmed
37). described
the
dark
to work in
It is,
however,
film in
on
green
Handling,lVinding
When
taken
handling
not to
handled and spooled on to
by
holding the
and index finger
and
Trinming the
the actual film,
touch its emulsion
the centre spool of the
its
film by
(page
35).
edges,
At
importance that the spot on
.tJ
34
Film
particular
(matt)
side.lt should
preferably
the same time,
care
between thumb
it is of no less
which the loading
must
be only be cassette
is done
t
HANDLING,
888@
Above: Completc cassette rnd its
component
(8elow:
Handle thc film
sdtes.
Right: Winding the film on the spool.
parts.
(left)
by its
trVINDING,
TRIMMING
##
Abovc: The film ends trimm€d to
shape.
Right: ettach to
the spool.
M#ir'r:*#ry
Selow:
Cessette inserted in tlodel
lle, llb and
VX
for
cassette-to-
35
Eelow: Exakta (Exa
is similar, but with leed
carsette on the
35
mm. FILM
heve
to be
How to the film
Cassette inserted in the
cassettc-to-sDool
for
left.)
use.
perfectly
be
should clean
negative
Whgn using
rvork-bench
indicate of lengths
various
film.
This considerably
in
the darkroom.
The fihn
ends need of film, make centre
spool
length
of film
curved
cut
should
for the take-up
start between tion-when through
-The
of
TENGTH
Number
Exposures
perforation
a
ready-cut
the cassette,
OF FILM
Length
of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13
Film
Required
in. 11* 13+ 15 38 16* 41 17t 4s 1e* 49 20* s3 22 23* 60
2s+ 26t 28+ 72
30
dry, clean
produce
will
bulk
film in loading
can be marked
distances, let
trimming.
either
a straight
of the cassette
(see
table belorv).
the ninth
emulsion
is towards hole.
film is now
as described
REQUIRED
of Number
of
Exposures
cm.
30
14
34
15 16 17 18 19 20
56
21 42 22 431
64
23
68
24 25 48
76
26
and
dust free.
the
desired result!
cassettes,
with notches
us
say for 12,24,36
sirnplifies the
At the beginning
wedge-shaped
or
and
measure
At the
end of this,
(page
spool
and
tenth bottom
you-and
spooled on the
page
on
FOR ANy
Length Reguired
In, 31t 33 34+ 36* 37t 3et 100 40+
4s 114
46+ 49+ 126
NU/VBER
of Number
Film
cm.
80 84 88 92 96
103 107 1't1
118 122
37.
Exposures
36
Only
a spotless,
the edge
or
drawing-pins
eiposures
measuring-of
of the roll
cut
off
the required
rnake
35).
The curved
must
centre
One
lvill
OF EXPOSURES
Length of
of
27 sl 28 29 54 30 31 32 33 34 3s 36 37 66 38 67i-
Including
Film
Required
ln.
szi
ss* 57 s8+ 60
61+
63
64+
trimming
­of
the
to
film
for the
the cut
Derfora-
go
not
spool
to
have
cm.
130 133
137 141 14s
1-{8
152 1s6 160 164 167 171
m_4ke
sure, while
winding
edges.
When
winding
great pressure
no are not
squeezed
to take the
of the latter
leglect kinds
of exposure These are zigzag lines centre
of the
Loading
Cassettes
The majority
is in
a shell with
first
due to
running
picture.
of cassettes
the
film on and
put
is when precaution
effects
electrical
from
top
and bottom shell by a light-trapped spo-ol can or bottom the
makers supplied in robustly condition, will
Cassettes
2.
3.
be,removed
of the cassette,
particular
Most
of the
to be
it.
made
these
give
perfectly
with Bulk
1. Work
2. Prepare
3.
4.
5.
6. Insert
7. As described
As
in the
film. Open cassette. Fix
film
on centre Wind film
centre
project
to
Close
cassette.
described
on
above.
container.
cassettes
used
once
However,
and
the light-trapping
cassettes
satisfactory
Filrn
darkroom
on centre
spool
from
the light-trap.
page
34.
on, to hold
off, care
on the
film,
drawing through
may
precaution
may
known as
discharges,
the
edge
consist
slot
from
cassette
the
shell by rernoving
cover.
(the according are actually
only,
and
fiovided
can be
reloaded many
results-z/
or Darkroom
in
appropriate
spool.
spool.
into
shell; the
37
the
film only by
must be
and that
the
result
in fogging,
give
rise
"lightning
and
appear
of the film
of a centre
The film leaves
mouth).
to the
construction
intended
rviih
the film
they are
velvet
slot is in
handled
Refills
safelight.
first 2 in.
its
taken that
the film-ends
hand. Failure
while
peculiar
to
flashes".
as dark,
towards
spool
the
which
the
The centre
either top
oT
by their
originally
reasSnably
good
times,
and
carefutly.
of film has
If the centre spool
4. end of the film into a spring, centre spool is without
round the used
Where
7. them to the shell,
been
to
thread the
proved
centre spool, so that on
secure the film
top
both
fitted
is
it. In cases where the
end under it
any suitable fitting to hold the film, it has
to
best
wind a 1* in.
(see
page
and bottom covers
preferably
with a length of
with a film
and
(4
either side about * in. tape is
35). are
Cassettes with Daylight Refills
1. No darkroom is
2.
Remove
necessary.
film
wrappings and label of
3. Open cassette.
4.
Introduce refill paper
leader has
5. Close cassette.
6. Pull out off
7. Cut
4. The actual
5.
See No. 7 above.
The
There
kind
centre spool
of Black-and-White
Choice
is
no such thing
picture.
of especially with regard to colour latitude and, more
into shell of cassette; the first 2 in.
project
to
paper
leader
paper
leader.
of the
Each type of film
particularly,
from
2 in.
and
cartridge is
Material
"best"
as a
has
sensitivity, speed,
grain.
COLOUR SENSITIVITY. Practically that can They are what is
unlike which material : black-out scientific copying and research work. filter to cut out blue light, to
be used
INFRA-RED
the
are not visible to the human eye. Special
in the
known as
FILM. Infra-red film is a negative material which,
panchromatic
films,
photography.
are sensitive
Exakta
panchromatic.
is made sensitive to infra-red long-distance
It must be used with an infra-red
it is
which
also very sensitive.
38
catch, thread the
centre spool
fold
it sharply back. If the piece
cm.)
loose, it is
adhesive cellulose tape.
is
fitted with
of cellulose tape
essential to fix
refill.
light-trap.
of fiIm.
needed.
not
film for any or every
certain
characteristics,
gradation,
35 mm.
all
to all colours.
applications of
shots, mist
penetration,
tapered
of
films
rays,
this
COPYING FILM.
ledgers,
etc.), grain, panchromatic
SPEED.
is
expressed
according to
a micro+opyingfilm
high resolution
type.
The sensitivity
as a number
the system
American standard
is._an
Fpeed
possible
by respect. To foolish as
Slow ex-pggurg. a high degree qplleasantll visible. sharpness.
goping with fast
[g{ lighling,
40-80
Medium gradation.-They graphy,
or 20-23 DIN.
-last
able degrees including right unusual, shots in
U-ltra
-
dull ill-lit stage where used qo_sq in d-efinition_and ASA or
asset, but
disadvantages
call the
to select
films
of
.are
Their
-main
of-enlargement
On- the-other
general
nor for
ASA or 17-20 DIN.
films
-speed are the
other
than
in
with
films
film for the
fast films
weather, interior
normal materials
for
somewhat coarser
of. e-nlargement)
poor
light
-photographer
to arrest
poor
fast movement
light.
are
pictures.
general
photography.
The
28-33 DIN.
advantage-i_s
-
and
primarily
These
For
-copying
and contrast.
of film
of degrees,
used.
(ASA)
and
it is
a
of the
fastest film
a racing
lovr
Such films
movement
poor
s{rapshots
graininess.
sensitivill
without hand, work
yield
still
most
suitable material
light.
will
interiors
ratings
intended
films
are totally
car
these
in
are 200-400
in
The high
black-and-white
can be recommendeil.
For coloured
materials
principal
The
the
German standard
quality
originals
to light
or
as
which must
material
the best
for
reOuirine
the extremely
its
also
slow films
in other
poor
a reasonably
These films
grain
cope witir in favourable who
wants to
with high
poor
are speciaiist
inadequate.
Speed ratings
would
daily motoring.
_comparatively
fine
granular
yiEld
light.
for high-speed
light, hight
structuie-becominE
images
aie not very
than exceptionilly
Such
fine
for
are rated
(still
acceptable
mosf fight
conditi6ns.
be shutter ASA
or 2+-Zt'nlN,
lypis
They
speed
is alhieved
range
(books,
objecrs
It lias
there
general
in
juit
a nimber,
iystems
filrirs
speeds,
are the (DIN).
piid
be
in
some
other
be
iust
grain,
peimiiting
greates'i
of
the
Juitable
are iatdd
grain
with
ill-round
prepared
pho-tography
pi-oto-
at 80-160
for
reason-
conditions,
This is th6
for the
as well
sports shots in for-condltions
should
not
at some
from 500-1600
fin6 is
for
as
great
good
good
ASA
and
bc
35 mm. BTACK-AND-WHITE
a
Adox-
Adox KB 14 Adox KB 17 Adox
KB 21 Adox KB 25 Adox UKBIT
Agfa-
Agfapan lsopan
lF
lsopan
ISS ...
Agfapan
1
000
Dia
Direct
Ansco-
Super Hypan
o
-h
at
a
J
Ferrania-
P24 P30
f 55
P35
Pan F,P.4 H.P.4
F
and BS Arithmetic
Reversal
25 Reversal
Speed in ASA
40
80 200 500
80
1t
80
400
1
000
40
160 320 640
50 125 400
Kodok-
Panatomic Plus X Tri-X
Pan ...
Konica-
Konipan S ... Konipan SS... Konipan SSS
Wolfen-
Orwo,
NP
15
NP
20
NP 27
Perutz-
P14 P't7 P 2'l
Tura-
Pan
14
Pan 17 Pan 21 Pan 24
FILMS
X
Speed
in ASA
ond BS Arithmetic
40 125 400
100 200
400
I
80
400
40
80
200 500
50
40
80
200 400
F F B
as
The above film. minimum film tilm manulacturers. to
earlier standards
ftctor films
black-and-white films). half
The table on
wit! the exposure_met-er,
This-applies
methods
speed figures
speeds, These
gorrect exposures,
and of the image
against-under-exposure-by
about
as fast
have
figures,
quality.
Sometirnes, films
which in effect
per
100
cent
others
as
of similar
page
this
to black-and-white
not changed
are based on the latest
when
used on the
to make
the most
They
are also the
are, however,
incorporated
the
(well
you
So
indicates
even if
for colour
simple
witirin ttre
may
come across films
type,
because of ttris
the
current film
the film
negative
films.
ASA
exposure of the versatility figures
still
a
process
exposure latitude
difference
materials
speeds to
only;
packing gives
Standard
quoted
rated according
generous of overexposing
apparently
a lower rating.
give
meter,
oflhe
most
by
safet!
of
mos'[
only
in ritingJ.
be usid
speed rating
for
CONYERS'ON
A5A & 85
Arith.
+
(New)
5
6
t5
50 100 200 400 800
1 600
*Also
table
In this
one immediately above
In some systems this doubling
speed
film speed itself is
GRAIN. Silver To the magnifying visible. become visible by moderate enlarging, grain
the more enlarging will it granular is in
direct the
film, same development
nf nancr cln
GRADATION. Each filnr various only a short tone hard negative in the speaking,
films, rvhich
fast
LATITUDE. Latitude is the tives, even exposure. Films exposure. of definition graininess.
Our negative material has
help towards
each value
by 3 each time
number
naked eye they form
Obviously, il the
effect coarser
time
degrees of
subject, it is known
proportional
grains
glass
or microscope
the
in
relation
the
that the
(hence,
brightness on its eri.rulsion.
range in the
material.
low-speed
are
with a
certain amount of
praised
Iikely
but are
which in
good
results. There
OF FILM SPEED
ASA
Log
(New)
to 2o 2o 40 50 50 70 8o 9o
Weston
Master lll and later
represents twice
it.
(B.S.
to the
themselves
a cornpact, dark mass;
grain
of
a small
print.
to the speed
grain grain
fine-grain
films
softer.
allow without
As
a rule, it can
of tlre film
and vice
can,
to a certairt
developmeni),
has
subject, we
it is
If
able to reproduce
"low
as a
grain possess
of fine
ability of the
particularly
for to have less big enlargements is
a
number
of film speed
form the
the separate
versa.
an ability of its own to
contrast",
is a special
4l
SYSIEMS
6
9 12 15 18 21 21 27 30
55
meters.
as fast a film speed
means increasing the
DIN),
Log.
exposure required
negative
and the finer the
under- or
"resolving
of
while in others
picture
clumps of
rs
coarse, it will soon
showing any unpleasant
be said tliat tlre
(page
40). The faster the
It may be
extent,
correct
If the film
"higlr
of
speak
a
a wide range of tones
"soft"
or
a higher contrast than
film to
(more
wide latitude
power",
just
additional
"protective
OJ
Log
160 19" 220 250 280 310 340 370 400 430
as the
the
(ASA).
in the emulsion.
but under tl.re
grains
are
structure
grain
size
pointed
influenced
be
exposure, choice
can
filrn. Cenerally
yield
may facilitate
as unpleasant as
properties
the
out at
by
reproduce reproduce
contrast" or
usable nega­often) over.
loss
causing
which
coating",
hardened protects grey,
emulsion and thus causing
gelatine it against order_to
in
layer
on top
scratches.
avoid reflection
of
The base has
halation.
the
actual
been coloured,
of the light
sensitive layer
coming through
as a rule
which
the
Colour Film
There
are two types
type is
first colour. These dark addition the brownish,
negative
parts
of the subject
reds
negatives
colours are
are
These colour negatives of material You can prints
in the normal
The produces
was
sxposed in the camera.
be
of
viewed by transmitted
projector
Both kinds balanced
EXPOSING
give
to
also use these
second
type of colour
positive
and colour
of colour
for daylight
COLOUR FILM. colour film is very tain the electric meter. only colour
exposure time accurately
produce
Underexposed
dense
values are
diluted colours;
great
Avoid
contrast
have the light coming from
photographs
For
your
Load
pictures
Photofloods.
a
and vice
camera
indoors
Daylight
versa with
of colour film
colour
film and
resemble
are light
reversed. Thus,
blue-green,
are then
prints
colour
negatives
way.
colour
transparencies
These transparencies
light
prints
can also be made
film
or one
of several
small. It is
or
distorted.
therefore important
weak
Overexposure
underexposure
such as deep
behind
by
daylight, use
with
by the light
artificial light
of high-power
fllm
may
the
special conversion
for the
produces
Exakta.
negatives
ordinary negatives-the
and vice greens
and
printed
or colour
to obtain
material
versa-and
blues
are
are reddish.
on a similar kind
enlargements.
black-and-wtrite
is reversal
on the
projected
or
from
are available in
artificial light
The exposure
with
a reliable
and overexposed
transparencies,
but
produces
gives
hard, degraded
shadows;
you.
daylight
film when
electric
be
used in artificial
filters
The
yellow
fi.lm
and
film
which
can
then
through
them.
two
types,
sources.
latitude
to ascer-
photo-
films not
also
the
pale,
colours.
preferably type film.
taking
bulbs
light
recom-
in in
or
a
of
or
42
Ncgotivc
Emulsions
Agfacolor
CNS Ferraniacolor Fuiicolor Kodacolor Orwo Perucolor
Rcyersol Agfacolor Agfacolor Anscochrome Anscochrome Anscochrome
Anscochrome Anscochrome
Ektachrome H.S. Ektachrome H.S. Ektachrome Ferraniacolor
Ferraniecolor Ferreniecolor
Fuiichrome Kodachrome
Kodachrome Kodachrome Perutz
N27
N 100
X
Color NCl6
Emulsions
CTl8 CK20
64 1(X) T 200 50O
X
CR Dia
Dia.28
Rl00
ll llA X
Color
C't8
100
35 mm.
COLOUR
FlU,tlS
Specd in ASA
ond BS Arithmetic
Universal Universal Universal Universal Universal Universal
Daylight Artificial
light Daylight Daylight
Artificial
light Daylight Daylight Daylight
B 50
A
Daylight
Artificial
light Daylight
Artificial
li3ht Daylisht Daylight Deylight Artificial light Daylight Daylight
80
40
100
54 32
oo
50 80
64 100 100 200 500
64 160
25
50
40 50
00
25
.t0
61
50
Proccssin3
U
U
M U L U
M i4 M 1-,1 M M l,t U U U U
U
L M t4 M M M
DISPLAYING THE COLOUR PICTURE. transparency can viewers. The simplest frame into which the is
held against a
enlarged and well
artificial light source of their
an
be
viewed in a consist
picture
lighied background, illuminated.
The most satisfactory way is to in a slide projection
projector
screen. Transparencies will also
which
will
variety
magnifying
of a
inserted.
can be
the
More elaborate viewers have
own.
project
throw a
large
enlargements.
colour negative can be
The colour
paper
produce
to tively, the colour negatives can be transparency film to viewing or
projection
printed
a colour
produce
print
colour transparencies for
in exactly the
enlarged
or
of any size.
printed
same
above.
colour
The
of transparency
glass If the
picture
in
set
viewer
appears
the transparency
picture
on to a
yield
colour
directly on
Alterna-
positive
on
way as explained
a
PROCESSING: processed cln be
me4ded by
only
procetsed
M-films
by
an approv-ed
by melns
the
daylight colour
For
distant landscapes, altitudes, cast. produce rncrease
a haze
This filter
.warmer
ln exposure.
processed
can
be
laboratory
processing
of special
manufacturers.
film
with
blue-tinted
scenes
filter should
is also
useful
tones.
The filter
througli
be used
when
43
onty
by the maker;
photographii
e
kits.
For flash
flash
on hazy
tb
using
doei not
L-films
detlcr;
pictures,
bulbs.
days and
prevent
eltctronic
call
can bc
U-filmr
use
at high
a bluiih
flash
for any
to
44
EXAKTA LENSES
range of lenses has been mounted for
A wide
cameras.
Exakta
in.
2l
(5.8
The standard
crn.).
Some of these lenses wei'e,
facturers
For that reason one
in this
of "standard"
Exaktas
of the camera,
mav
book.
Lenses
apertures up to
most important feature
A
of any
lens in
is that,
focal length
.f1.5
any of the 35
whatever image and accurate focusing is housing. Consequently,
this
the
at
how short or how
This does not
device. The
time
same
long
hold
does away
the focal
good
frame finder is correct only for the standard
lenses.
The diaphragm on the Exaktas milled ring engraved with the mount. Pre-set supplied
page
on
The mounts (filters,
supplementaries, lens hood) can be slipped on or
or automatic aperture setting
with recent
models; their manipulation
29, No.4.
the lenses
of
screwed in.
and
Setting
The
the lens itself right back, it is in the infinity
Focusing mount to
Changing
rnm.
35
Exaktas use lenses in a focusing mount. That is
is fitted with a helical focusing ntount. When screwed
for nearer distanccs rs
screw it forward.
Lenscs
lenses
arc 2 in.
are, marketed by the manu-
or
quite
from
20 mm.
independently
r.vith
some
find Exaktas
can be interchanged with the
mm.
Exakta cameras.
the construction of the
of
lens
no
be
may
obtained
special
with
length
employed,
in the mirror reflex
finders
parallax,
of the
for the auxiliary
is
adjusted
aperture
figures on the
are arranged so
position.
done simply by
45
the 35
(5
of
lenses not
1000 mm.
to
the needed,
are
no matter
lens.
.frante
by means of
lenses are
is
described
that
accessories
tuming the lens
mm.
cm.) or
them.
listed
and
correct
fnder
lens
to
say,
as
The focusing mount
times
in metres,
lens
has been
To remove the
at the
same time
and
simultaneously turning
few degrees, it will
the
from
tubularmount on the Now the lens catch is heard
side After focusing with index left-hand stop the depth
On high for avoided. putting
a
complete be cleaned
The Choice of
Oreston
for aperture lenses
full can not however, useful ensure
camera
To insert
A depth of
The
It is wrong
The
a lens, this
lens comes to lie
field
of the distance
mark to
-stop
The treatment
account of its chemical
quality
this reason
When not in
bn
the lens cover
protection
occasionally with
Domiplan
fl.8
the
Exakta
opening. It will be
only be
stopping
a bright possession
bears
with an index
set.
lens, it has to
pressing
be found that the
body.
of the
and mount
and seen to
calcuhtor
indicator the
the distance
the
-depth
offield to the
and care
is
susceptible touching
Lenses
50 mm can be regarded
and the most suitable
to assume that the
enables
comparatively
down
in adverse
focusing
a distance scale,
indicating the
be held firmly
the lens catch
the lens
firmly to
lens
procedure
camera body, care
the mirror
f2.8
becomes
of one
is reversed.
opposite the red are turned firmly
slip into the
is engraved
aperture values
reflex arrangement
required, one
of field to the
the
use, the lens
is
impossible, the
50 mm., Tessar
one to use them invariably
appreciated
image on the
or
foreground
background
of lenses is
composition,
to the influence
glass
with
or at least by
a clean,
high correction
small, so that more
necessary.
lighting conditions
more
of the longer focal length
as
a rule in feet.
distance
to which
in the
liglitly
disengages
being taken
dot
to
catch
the
on
can read
(see
a matter
should
for
that the
ground-glass.
left hand.
with the
the left.
After iurning
and can
The
lens is held
that the
on the
camera
the right
on the lens
page
the
lens
soft chamois leather.
as
Large
until the
lens mount.
will
be found
or
by setting
off bpposit6
and the
53). of importance.
optical
of moisture,
fingers should be
protected
be
lined
a
case. Sincb
surface
50
f2.8
"standard"
general
use.
of the large
depth of field
often than apertures and they
some-
while
right
hand
be lifled
into
red
body.
lens
mount.
On either engraved.
right-hand
glass
and
should
mm.
and
Ienses
at their
are,
also
the
the
dot
the the
of
by
a
46
Ienses may than necessary.
long_
of agaln, the with lenses to thelonger these tripod is
tempt the
It must
focal
length
depth
of
shorter
axis, slow
lenses
tend more
not used-than
of focus
All Exakta lenses
appropriate bayonet
All modem microscopically surfaces, which to
air surfaces contrast of especially
consequently
Standard
2in.f2.8 DOMIPLAN:
performance graphic
in.
2 all average­g-!c.,
9ve!
illumination
2
-rn.
as the all-round ave-lage-subjects artifi-cial rapid mov-ements.
even with The
correction
O ? in. high definition
unu-sual long :
13* in.
lenses
fine deposit
reduces
in the
the image
in the
regions
brilliance
Lenses
aqd-
work of the
(5
cm.) TESSAR
expo^sures,
in
unfavourable
all over
(l-
cm.)
ORESTON
of
light work,
full aperture,
remains
DOMIRON:
f2.
and
extension
are
colour-correction
amateur
the
lens
all
interio-rs,
The
of
owner to
be
remembered
to be
has
is
considerably
focal length.
exposure
easily
with lenses
may be
used
flange.
coated.
This consists
of
some inorganic
considerably
lens.
The
is eliminated,
where
and
scatter of
the tones
contrast
three-element
a
photographer.
a universal
f2.8:
including
of wide types,
definition
and
undiminished
similar
permitting
landscapes,
light
conditions.
negative and
1.8:
a six-element lens
f
aperture
particular
the
the theatre,
is to
great
it has
a
six-element
performance
ultra-close
47
use them
that
done
more
At the
speeds
of l/50
to camera
of normal focal
in
enlargers fitted
of
the
giving
are most
suitable
substani:6
light
reflection
light which
a more
aie most
needed.
triplet
for
four+lement
portraits,
It has
good
colour
for the Exaktis.
field
of its application
well
as
be considered-
brilliance
at
smaller apertures.
Gauss-type
to
the-Pancolar.
focusing
more
frequently
focusing
accuratEly,
more limited
same time,
or l/25
shake-if
a rigid lenpfih.
with
the application
on the
between
impairi
brilliant
subdued
construction,
all
co-rrection.
and
negative,
and-rvher6
of
generai phloto-
lens
suitable
street
particularly
may
be considered
Apart
phbtography
as
as vEry-
coverinj
construction, of
but
down to
leni
a
as,
than
owing
wit[
an
of slass ltass
the
good
for
scenes,
even
-
from
is in
of
g6od,
power-
with
34 cm.
Earlier Exakta models were fitted
(similar
f2Biotar
Wide-angle Lenses
Wide-angle lenses have
of view than the compared with the page
66.
Wide-angle lenses rvill
where
as wide a field
groups,
large
where
the distance
a
by a wide-angle lens, focal length angle lenses can be enhance
the foreground of deliberate distortion. tion
towards
bound to fall off to
giving generous
by
lV'ide-angle lenses
Flektogon/4 Flektogon/4 Orestegon/2.8 29 mrn. Lydith Flektogon/2.8 Primagon/4.5
Long-focus
Long-focus constructioll, having construction, field
compared with the
page
50.
Given the and subject, the longer of the
subject. far-distance details, where
case when
mellowed an
advantage
taking animals,
perspective
increased
of
Pancolar),58
to
shorter focal length and shorv
standard
standard
be
possible
as
photographing
for
subject-camera is restricted. Perspective,
of the lens. The exaggeration
/3.5
appears the more exaggerated the
put
to
has to
One
the edges of
a slight degree. This
exposure times.
the 35
for
20 rnm. 25 mm.
30 mm.
35 mm.
35 mm.
Lenses
lenses
for the 35 mm, Exakta
a correspondingly long
permits
which
same size negative
rvork,
one cannot
working
long-focus
standard Exakta lens is shorvn in
the focal length the larger is the reproduction
Long-focus lenses
such as
approach near
sports
which
distance is
lenses is that they
with other lenses,
mm./l.9 Primoplan,
lenses.
The increase in the field
Exakta
lenses is indicated
particularly
found
should be reproduced, in
good
use in special cases-for example, to
a composition or to introduce sonte other
put
negatives
nurt.
Exaktas:
a much shorter mount. The decrease
and the same distance between
photographing
photographs
can be
streets-in fact, everywhere
narrow
of
up with the fact that the illumina-
taken witl-r wide-angle lenses
can be
are
thus
are
mountains or architectural
to
the object;
got
with the
pictorially
yield
such as 58 mm.
and others.
a wider
angle
covered
in the table on
useful for taking interiors
perspective
(to
offset
either lenses of normal
barrel;
particularly
portraits,
and
lorrger
advantageous.
less depth of focus
also for
as depicted
shorter the
of the wide-
son-re extent)
telephoto
or
the table
useful
this is also
where the
lens from
focus
The dis-
taking
camera
than
on
for
the
as
is
in
48
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