Eventide Harmonizer H910 Instruction Manual

Eventide

the next step

MODEL

HARMONIZED

H9IO

INSTRUCTION

EVENTIDE INC * ONE ALSAN WAY - LITTLE FERRY. NEW JERSEY 07643 *201 -64M200

MANUAL

710 991^6715

J

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Warranty
Warranty

Registration

Table of Contents

OPERATING MANUAL

Introduction

Specifications
System Interconnection
Control

and Indicator

Applications

Pseudo Stereo

Haas Effect
Hum Reduction
Vocal and Instrument
Delayed
Sound Reinforcement
Reverb e r a tion

Pitch/Tempo
Retuning
Length Change

Multiple
Live Performance
Use of Feedback

Pitch

Ratio Readouts

HK940 Keyboard

Interconnection

up to three

Form

Description

Source Location

Echo Feed

Variation

Tracks

Ratio Adjustments

Use

for Musical

for Eventide

of

Harmonizers

keyboard

"Doubling

Harmonizer

11

Relationships

and

10

10
10
11
11

H
H
11
11
12
13

14

15

TECHNICAL

INFORMATION

fHARMONIZER* is a trademark

-

SEE SEPARATE SECTION

EVENTIDE HARMONIZER model H910

ALL PATENT RIGHTS RESERVED

of

Eventide

Cloekteorks

Ijict,

Eventide

s^sofafeooss

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

DISTORTION

DYNAMIC RANGE

PITCH VARIATION

DELAY

FREQUENCY RESPONSE

SIZE

MODEL H910 HARMONIZEft®

Impedance nominal IOk, balanced,

for full dynamic range from -lOdBm to +24dBm.
Impedance nominal

greater

Greater than 90dB from clipping to noise floor.

One octave up, one octave down, continuously
readout indicates

In pitch change mode: 0, 30, 60 milliseconds.

In delay only mode: 0 to 112.5ms in 7.5ms steps.

Delay only output:

At any delay, unity pitch ratio: 20Hz to 12kHz, +idB.
No degradation

Requires 8.89 centimetres
Extends 22.86cm (9M) behind panel.

at

+18dBm.

than .2% at 1kHz, reference

0 to

with increasing

maximum level +24dBm Level

150 ohms. Suitable

With xfmr, 600 ohms balanced +2ZdBm.

precise ratio.

02.5ms in 7,5ms steps.

(3V') x 48,26cm (19”) panel space.

delay.

for driving 600 ohms

output level»

variable,

or

Digital

POWER REQUIREMENTS

REMOTE CONTROL

NOTE; Depending on the pitch ratio selected
the H910 may produce "glitches

H910 has been designed
pitch changes.
specify

Eventide's

to

For critical

H949 Harmonizer.

115VAC, 50/60HZ +5% or 230VAC 5G/60Hz.

pation 25 watts.

The HK94Q keyboard is available
This is a two-octave

sponds to its associated

one can play various

is ordered with polyphonic

used to control
four part harmony.

An input is provided to phase-lock
synthesizer.

The pitch may be varied by a control voltage input in the
5 to 15 volt DC range (internally

14 in the output during the pitch change operation.

minimize this problem, especially

applications

up to

A

Nominal power dissi¬

to

control

keyboard (C to C) and each key corre¬

musical interval.

harmonies in real time.

capability

three H9l(Ts at a time to produce

the H91D Harmonizer to any

3-volt peak-to-peak

and the nature of the program material,

requiring

the maximum in "no-glitch"

signal Is required.

selected).

with musically

the H910 Harmonizer.

With this unit,

(option 06), it may be

If the keyboard

The

useful small

operation

Eventide

m

°

d

el

h»io

the n

n?D™^D, fUSi° MRH0NIZER SPECIAL EFFECTS UNIT — THE H910 HARMONIZER IS

audioEf

FEATURES OF THE H910 HARMONIZER

fects processingEC

TIVE‘

harmonher

AND MULTIPURP0SE

PACKAGE

that revolutionized5

E VENTlOE

c LOCk! Uucun k

NdiMiie

PITCH CHANGE -- One octave up, one down. The H910 preserves all harmonic

ratios and thus all musical values since it incorporates

which actually

by the continuously
is shown on the 3-digit LED readout.

change to be produced in discrete musical steps.

DELAY AND REVERB -- The economical H910 Is a versatile

It can be used for "doubling" vocals, delay equalization

ment, and for many special effects,

echo. Two outputs are available,
for vocal multiplying,

PA work), and even more effects.

ANTI-FEEDBACK — Feedback caused by energy buildup due to room resonance is

decreased by shifting successive repetitions

resonant frequency.
the signal pitch up and down to accomplish this.
shifters,"

SPECIAL EFFECTS -- Simultaneous use of feedback, delay, and pitch change can be
used to create a variety of audio effects.
pitch change combined with feedback generates a musical progression
note.

Pitch change and feedback with no delay gives an unusual robot or alien

speech effect.

flanging or tunneling effect;

transposes input signals.

variable pitch change control.

distributing

The H91Q incorporates

no

dissonances are introduced.

Short delay with feedback but no pitch change gives a hollow

Any musical interval

An optional keyboard allows for pitch

including several types of reverb and

each with a variable delay, which allow

speaker systems (especially

of

the same signal away from the

a

control which periodically

Unlike heterodyne "frequency

Maximum delay and one interval of

long delay generates a distinctive

advanced circuitry

can be achieved

The pitch ratio selected

digital

in

delay line.

sound reinforce¬

useful for

of a

reverb.

shifts

single

EVENTIDE INC - ONE ALSAN WAY * UTTLE FERRY, NEW JERSEY 07643* 201 641-1200-TWX: 710 991-8715

3

TERMINAL

NUMBER

1
2
3

4

5
6

7

8

3

la
91

12

FUNCTION

Remote Control
Remote Control
Remote Control

Remote Control

Optional
Optional

Chess Is Ground

Main Output OUT 150 ohm unbal
Main Output COMMON

INPUT 10K +phase
INPUT 10K -phase

Chassis

Bias OUT
Voltage
Frequency

GROUND

Output OUT 150 ohm unbal.
Output COMMON

Ground

SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION
HARMONIZER

IN

IK

model

■

H910

FUNCTION

(option

Remote Control
Remote Control Voltage
Remote Control
Remote Control

Optional
Optional

Chassis

Main Output OUT 600 ohm +phase
Main Output OUT 600 ohm -phase

INPUT +phase
INPUT -phase

Chassis

---'V

03}

Bias OUT

IN

Frequency

GROUND

Output OUT 6D0 ohm +phase
Output OUT 600 ohm -phase

Ground

Ground

IN

|

'
i

^

INTERFACE MODES;

Voltage control

Pitch Ratio

of

It Is possible

ratio by supplying

to +15VDC. An Internal

control

it compatlble

tage should be applied

2

,

to Insure that the control

voltage

with pin 2 being more positive.

to

remotely

a

control

full scale between +5VDC and +15V0C, making

with various

between terminal

control

voltage

adjustment

synthesizers.

voltage

REAR VIEW OF TERMINAL STRIP ON
REAR PANEL OF HARMONIZER,

If the Harmonizer

for use with the optional

board, additional

will be provided.

Instructions

the Harmonlzer

in

allows setting

Care should be taken

is as

on

the range from 0

strip pins 4 and

pure and free of

Is

connector(s)

Refer to the

pages 14 and 15,

of

The control

equipped

pitch

the

vol¬

Key¬

i

4

Resistive

control

of Pitch Ratio

Anomalous Readout

Indications

ripple

pitch shifted

TTms 1

limited
mtnai strip.
voltage

tional
withm
open circuit.

flow into the input* limited

exceeding

A remote control
potentiometer
necting
this connection

maximum Input voltage

When operated
containing
2*00.

regardless

Readout continues
This is of advantage
cise ratio and then switch from normal to that ratio without

going into the PITCH CHANGE mode.

as

possible

7.­ by a

Vnl

IN

pin is a 10K resistor

amplifier

the range 0 to +15 will be feeding an essentially

+15 may damage the Input, and should be avoided.

the wiper to Pin 2* The unit is factory

in

a

Pitch Ratio Readout may Indicate

However,

of

to

avoid

signal.

I0K resistor,

The equivalent

frequency

Is

available

input circuit

in

non-Inverting

Exceeding

may be provided

between terminal

will provide a full range.

in

this configuration

input.

+15 volts will cause current

by

the resistor*

simply by connecting

strip Pins I and 4, and con¬

the Remote Control

the actual

the reading.

to

operate

because

ratio will be limited

Note that the Pitch Ratio

even in the DELAY ONLY mode.

it

permits one to set a pre*

modulation

at

pin I of the ter-

at

series

with an opera¬

Therefore,

Note that the

Is

modes * a Harnxjnizer

of

voits,

the control

Greatly

7*5 volts-

ratios

to

the

current

voltages

to

a

10K

set so that

above

2.00

Control
Range Adj ust

Frequency

of Pitch Ratio

Voltage

Control

SIgnal Requ1 rement

5

To adjust

the external

control

voltage

range, remove the Har­monizer top cover and swing the top board up on its hinges*
The adjustment

located

clrcuit

about 3 cm behind the KYBD/CV switches
board*

In addition
nally varied
from a signal
mode Is preferable
applications
the pitch ratio.

one interval,

val .

The input frequency

fundamental

not accept
present,

and should not be driven by any source from which
a clean* constant
generator/synthesizer

angle waves are all acceptable*

The input voltage
a sine wave, and at least 3 volts for a square wave.
standard

(labelled

to

voltage

In

pitch ratio by applying

generator,

as

the input frequency

the pitch ratio likewise

and its harmonics

signals

logic families

control,

to

the Control

1*e* If the Input frequency

must be spectrally

with more than one fundamental

level signal

waveforms

should be at least Svolts peak to peak for

meet these requirements.

"CV ADJ") is a small trim resistor

on

the bottom

synthesizer,

may be present.

the Harmonizer

an

or

other source*

Voltage mode for musical

is

precisely

increases

pure in that only the

cannot be guaranteed.

such as sine, square,

may be exter¬

input frequency

related

is

increased

by

The unit will

frequency

one inter¬

Function

and tri¬

All

This

to

by

5

I

Tuning

Grounding

Input frequency
creasing
octave produces

wnen using the Harmonizer

It may be necessary

to match another

should be attached

33.48B KHz. For relative

sate for improper tape speed or poorly tuned Instruments]
apply the *1)66 Hz C8 tone to the control

and adjust

Is in tune with the other

The inductor
adjustment

tool through
of the top board.
driver

As with any piece of audio equipment,

should be followed
balanced
7, and 12 are all grounded and there is a DC path connecting
these pins,

6, 9i and 11 are also connected
Nonetheless*.

ble as described
loops and subtle

be interconnected

or

b

y,^stru

will crack the core and make it impossible

configuration

for unity pitch ratio Is 4l86 Hz (c8),

decreasing

a

ment-

and the rnductor

the inductor

Is

located

may be made by inserting

the hole In the ground plane on the left side

tn the unbalanced

the grounds

in

troubles

is at

the Input frequency

corresponding

or

desirable

musical

to

Be sure to use the proper tool-a

when connecting

source.

For absolute

the TRIG point In the center of the

until

underneath

(option

should be connected

the table.

that can occur when equipment

differing

change In the pitch ratio*

with a customer supplied

to

tune the master oscillator

This may be done by ear

accuracy,

be

accuracy

adjusted

the Harmonizer

instruments

03), terminal

configuration

to

Thls will help prevent

(for instance,

or

the top board.

a

the Harmonizer.

the same DC ground.

ground potentials.

by up to

a

for a frequency

frequency

sources.

plastic

good grounding

frequency

to

input signal

hex alignment

to

strip pins 4,

(standard)

insofar

one

keyboard

counter

of

compen¬

Input,

The tuning

screw¬

move.

practices

In the

as

ground

to

in¬

pins

possi¬

1

j

1

J

1

1

n!

;

■

Power

A sure sign of grounding
or buzz is present

is in the OUT position.

with a DC path, and is independent

While the Harmonizer

component
or buzz is among them.
such a signal,

is faulty,

tally*

The Harmonizer

International
the chassis
be operated

breakdown,

check your grounding

this applies

to
on

and there is no evidence

to

is

supplied

standard

the electrical

M5 (nominal)

problems

even when the LINE switch of the Harmonizer

The LINE switch bypasses

is

susceptible

It Is

I EC

very unlikely

If the unit seems to be contributing

almost all accessory

with a three wire power cord and
connector.

or

is if an

of

to

scheme first

ground system.

230 (nominal)

unexplained

whether power is applied.

certain

that the power supply

The ground pin connects

faults

that generating

of

all.

equipment.

The unit may
VAC, 50-&0Hz.

the unit

and

Inciden¬

hum

hum

-J

1

J

"]

i

^

H
U

LINE

CONTROL AND INDICATOR DESCRIPTJDN

This control
audio circuit-

switches

When the switch is in the OUT position,

the unit is completely

need not be app lied.

the Harmonlzer

bypassed

in

by a DC

and out of an

path and power

6

INPUT LEVEL and

LIMIT INDICATOR

This control

Harmonlzer.
maximum dynamic range of the digitil
setting
excessive

The LIMIT Indicator

LEVEL control.

the control

distortion

varies

theMevel

of

it should be adjusted

as

far clockwise

becomes apparent

is

used as an aid In setting

It is adjusted

the audio input to the

to

take advantage

and analog circuitry

as

possible

on

the output signal.

to

give a brief flash each

time the maximum dynamic range is even momentarily

Because the LIMIT indicator
of the characteristics
circuitry,

sionalltj

is strongly

It is desirable

during' normal

dependent

As an aid to the operator,

SIGNAL SOURCE

Integrated

Integrated

Voice (tal king)
Piano
Guitar,
Guitar,

acoustic

fuzz
Synthesizer
Organ
Drums

program

program

(radio)
(live)

of

is

peak responding,

the internal

for

operation.

the indicator

signal

to

The amount of flashing

upon the nature of the Input signal.

a

general

guide is provided:

LIMIT INDICATOR DUTY CYCLE
once per two seconds
once per second
once per two seconds
2-3 per second
2 per second

1 per second

infrequent
infrequent

once per beat

and because

processing

flash

of

before

the INPUT

exceeded.

occa-

the

by

FEEDBACK

MANUAL

Remember, the above is a general
best measuring

one at which the output

not yet evident.

The FEEDBACK control

instrument

around,

level is maximum and distortion

may be used to add reverb In controlled
amounts to the delayed output of the Harmonizer.
attenuates
applies

signal.

nal is applied

is controlled

by adjustment
of the control
gain exceeds
oscillate.

the signal

it to

(The signal

coming from the main output and re¬

the input where It is mixed with the incoming

Is

Isolated

back to the input line).

by

the DELAY setting,

of

the FEEDBACK control.

increases

unity,

at

The control

reverb time, until

which time the system will begin to

Is
CHANGE mode, and may be used to create numerous extremely
unusual special

The MANUAL control
only.

It Is used to change the pitch ratio between the In-

effects.

is

operative

guideline!

and the best setting

internally

the decay time is varied

also operative

in

the PITCH CHANGE mode

The ear is the

so

that no sig¬

The reverb period

Clockwise

the feedback

in

the PITCH

The control

rotation

Is
is

7

ANTI-FEEDBACK

f

DELAY ONLY and
LED INDICATOR

put and the output.
fully clockwise,

increased

ratio is .5, and the output pitch Is decreased

Intermediate

the control

adjustments

This control

when the A-F button In the PITCH CONTROL SELECT group Is

depressed*

BACK control
shift to the output signal,
effect of room resonance peaks on the signal which ultimately

re-arrives
more audible as the control

Is a compromise between adequate feedback reduction

audience and/or performer

This switch determines

izes* When It is depressed,
the unit Is defeated,
digital

lately adjacent

legends beneath the ADD'L DELAY switch group become relevant.

When the DELAY ONLY switch is in the out position,

INDICATOR adjacent
becomes illuminated,

ADD'L DELAY group are the only ones activated*

the legends above the switches

by

is

easier*

Is

Increasing

at

delay line.

one octave*

settings

progressively

When centered*

the ratio Is 2, and the output pitch it

When fully counter-clockwise,

produce fractional

"bandspread"

operative

the microphone*

and the Harmonlzer acts strictly

In this mode, the LED INDICATOR Timed-

to

the switch becomes Illuminated,

to

the PITCH CONTROL SELECT switch group

and the two right hand buttons

around unity to make small ratio

In

the PITCH CHANGE mode only,

clockwise

adds a smalt up and down frequency

which serves to decrease

Is

disturbance.

the mode of operation

the pitch change capability

the ratio 1$ unity*

by

octave ratios,

rotation

Because the effect becomes

advanced,

are relevant.

of

the ANTI-FEED¬

the optimum setting

of

When

the

one octave.

and

the

and

the Harmon¬

of

as a

and the

the LED

In

the

In this case,

l

a

n

ADD1L DELAY

SWITCH GROUP

PITCH CONTROL SELECT
SWITCH GROUP, LED

INDICATOR

This switch group controls

the DELAY ONLY mode, the delay Is the sum of the delays of
the Individual

of the switch group* Maximum delay is 7*5-H5+J0+60 millisec¬
onds {H2*5ms),

in /.5ms steps*

delay Is the sum of the delays of the two right hand switches
depressed.

In the PITCH CHANGE mode, the delay Is continuously

over an approximate
achievable*

When the PITCH CONTROL mode Is activated,

Immediately

group becomes illuminated,
trol of the pitch change function.

MANual: This switch delegates

A-F:

KYBO:

switches depressed,

and any intermediate

In the PITCH CHANGE mode, the additional

Maximum additional

30ms range, and so a precise delay is not

to

the left of the PITCH CONTROL SELECT switch

the MANUAL control,
Depressing
to the ANTI-FEEDBACK control as described

Allows operating

board.

the Anti-Feedback

This keyboard may be either EVENTIDE option

the delay of the main output.

as

read out on the bottom

setting

delay Is 3{H30ms. Note that

and the four switches assume con¬

control of the pitch ratio to

as

described

switch delegates

the Harmonlzer by an external

can be achieved

varying

the LED INDICATOR

above.

above*

control

key¬

In

■l

8

POWER AND LEO

INDICATOR

OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT:

PITCH RATIO READOUT

05 single
board, or a synthesizer

provides

level and frequency
Interfacing

An external

7*5V may be used to control

precise

the Harmonizer
For requirements

to the Interfacing

Depressing

this switch applies

The LED 1 NOICATOR becomes i11umjnated

unit is operational.

If your Harmonizer

READOUT or a second output,
ved for them will be covered with a plate.

An LED readout gives the numerical
monizer,

As this is a true digital

ject to ml sea11bra11on and may be used as a precise

When using the Harmonizer

for tempo regulation,
speed should be set to the reciprocal
plied by the base frequency
PITCH RATIO READOUT shows 1,30 (which corresponds

Increase
illator

of

frequency

about 5 musical

a 60Hz synchronous

voice or 06 polyphonic

or

sIgnaIs

range may be internally

section
variable

compatible

In

the same frequency
requirements,

of

this manual,

voltage

and adjustment

section

AC

power to the Harmonizer.

with

of

is

not equipped

the front panel locations

in

conjunction

the oscillator

(such as 60Hz).

intervals).

to

reduce this to normal pitch,

motor, multiply

with the PITCH RATIO

pitch ratio of the Har¬

readout,

hOHzXl/ 1.3Q=j

phase-locked

other oscillator

refer to the

variable

the pitch ratio.

adjusted

various

information,

this

manual.

indicating

it is

with a tape player

controlling

of

the readout multi¬

example:

To find the osc¬

range,

from 0 to

to make

synthesizers.

that the

not sub¬

referenee

the tape

to an

assuming

+6

■

1 5Hz,

which

refer

reser¬

The

key¬

For

The

*

OUTPUT 2

A similar
or slow down.
want to run in 60 seconds.

I: Find the speed ratio

2;

3: Find the pitch ratio

Note that settings
too important
applications
tempo adjusted,

For musical applicat
setting

intervals
page of this manual reprinted
contains
MUSICAL RELATIONSHIPS.

This switch group controls

It is operative

switch.

procedure

Assume you have a 65 second tape which you

Find the requlred

normal:

reciprocal

in

in

which the entire

to

precise

can be set using the readout,

a

chart showing PITCH RATIO READOUTS FOR VARIOUS

regardless

The total delay is the sum of the buttons

may be used to calculate

time speed up

desired:

osci1 lator frequency:

required

of

speed ratlo=t/l,083=

past the second decimal place are not

non-musical

ions, our optional

Intervals

to

applications,

program is being pitch or

automatical

from our

65/60-1.0S3

1.083x60Hz=65Hz,

reduce the pitch to

■

923-

or

even in musical

keyboard will .allow

1y. These same

and referring

17^5H manual* which

the delay of the second output.

of

the setting

of

the DELAY ONLY

to a

depressed.

9

The preceding

with other components
which It may be put.

aM^n^J
all applications

cost effective
circumstances

PSEUDO STEREO

L

sections

0 8 'ar

digital

Is

applications

detail

of

The Harmonizer

9<! efent b0th m0des are ""^pendent,

must make use of all features*

delay line for

the ideal purchase

output to its input through operational

over which there will be addition

the .operation

the system.

Connect the Harmonlzer

the unit for 7.5ms delay,
shown below, there will be a broad range of

This section

performs

even If the PITCH CHANGE

SHORT DELAY, PITCH CHANGE UNUSED

of

Urge group of applications*

the Harmonizer

will discuss

two

distinct

For '

to a

If J op amps are used> as

a

functions:

and one should not fee) that

nstance,

program source,

in

the Harmoni zer is a

capabi11ty

one channel

gnd its interconnect

few of the uses to

DELAY and PITCH

and in some

is

never used

and add Its

amplifiers

frequencies

and can-

Set

on

tnat

Right

HAAS EFFECT
SOURCE LOCATION

HUM REDUCTION BY
C0M8 FILTERING

cell ation in the other,

interleaved
filter
the source wilt appear to

output.

the two signals

and cancel the delayed
very convincing*

7,5

one side of one or more instruments
mixdown to aid the illusion

tends to localize
of first
direction

In "delay panning"
present
picture
than the typical
delay for such uses.

By setting
from the input in an operational
produced at every
tions given earlier.
delay to precisely
I8OH2, etc*
capacitor

enough.)

ms, and perhaps as much as 15ms of delay can be added to

comb filters

width being about

The circuit

added together

a

incidence*

is

somewhat louder.

in

in

all speakers*

sound track.

DDL* it is economical

the Harmonizer

66*67

(If the tuning range is too small,

may be added in parallel

The outputs

in the frequency

vary from the "left"

introduces

signal*

source as coming from the direction

even if the signal coming from another

situations

As the Harmonizer

Hz. By following

It

should be possible

16.666ms,

of

such as in a three-channel

at

15ms and subtracting

which will produce nulls at 60,120,

will appear as two

domain, with the

As the input frequency

to

the "right"

no

compatibility

recreate
yet the illusion

source placement.

This may be used to advantage

where the signal

amplifier,

to

in a

is

to

the coll*

the original

stereo

much less expensive

tie up a channel of

the TUNING Instruc¬

to

problems as

of

or

The ear

must be

cancellations

increase

a

very small

5pf

stereo

quad

the output

shifts

Input

j s

motion

are

the

should be M

:J

—1

ps

1

10

VOCAL AND INSTRUMENT

"DOUBLING"

DELAYED ECHO FEED

At delays between 15 and 60 milliseconds

45ms) adding the delayed
directiy,

Illusion

tends to "fatten"

of adding iushness

the optional

A typical

tion in the center

say,37-5
ed this tl me by 60 milliseconds
delay setting
sharp transients
delays,
deI ays,

Natural

the original

interposing

input, one can to a degree simulate
by delaying
vary from 30 to 100ms,

or to a

of

more than one singer or player.

application

milliseconds

is

vocals medium delays,

room echo is characterized

the Harmonizer

the onset of the echo.

different

the signal,

to

output produces

of

largely

such as guitars

return

signal

string

would be to feed a small string

the mix, and the same signal

on

the left,

a

from the first

to

panning position

and is an excellent

and horn sections.

a

further

on

matter of taste*

will typically

and strings

by a

between the signal

(typically

the original,

creates

Doing so

multiplying

and the same signal delay¬

the right.

reflective

rooms of various

Typical

Instruments

and horns longer

short delay before

pre-echo

22 to

either

Using

The correct

require

surface.
and the chamber

the

method

effect.

delayed,

sizes

delays

sec¬

shorter

By

with

SOUND REINFORCEMENT

LONGER DELAYS, PITCH CHANGE UNUSED

A common problem

propagation
auditorium
end, how does one get the sound to the other end without echoes?

For good coverage,

and 70 feet from the end, but a listener

would hear sound from the nearest

sound from the middle speaker,
of the lecturer.
able to hear the direct

sound.

systems
This solution
necessary,

sions of the room emphasize

with balconies

must be employed for intelligible

By using a two-output

speakers

the microphone,
effect.
makes the sound appear to emanate from the front of the room,

(This Is a practical

earlier

The traditional

in

with signals

The delays should be adjusted

In

in

sound reinforcement

velocity

100 feet long with a lecturer

favor of loudspeakers

works, but requires

and gives progressively

this section).

of

sound in air.

speakers

For proper perspective,

(such as many churches),

thus eliminating

application

could be placed,

sound first,
solution

Harmonizer,
delayed

speaker

followed

has been to avoid distributed
slightly

more level than is strictly

length over height.

one can feed the distributed

according

the precedence

of

results.

is

caused by the slow

Assuming a room or

or

singer at one

say, at 40 feet

near the end of the roorr

first,

finally

followed

poorer quality

the distributed

to

to

the Haas effect,

by

it is highly desir¬

by

behind the stage.

their distance

the setting

followed

the voice

the reinforced

as

the dimen¬

In low rooms

reversal

which

mentioned

by

approach

from

REVERBERATION

The Harmonizer employs a FEEDBACK control,
varying amounts of the main output bac£ to the Input, Turning

this control clockwise while the unit is In DELAY creates

FFFnnir*U,at!?n

FEEDBACK amplitude and the length of delay engaged.
types of reverb and echo can be simulated

two parameters.
dual output unit by adding another feedback pot from the
second output to the input, thus giving two independent

time constants*

i°°P’

Additional

Wh°Se decay tirne depends upon the

realism can be Injected with a

which applies

by

adjusting

Various

these

PITCH/TEHPO
VARIATION

GETTING TRACKS
BACK IN TUNE

SPEEDING UP/
SLOWING DOWN

COMMERCIALS

FAST REACTION

PITCH CHANGE

The Harmon Izer is capable of changing pitch by up to a full
octave in either
The CONTROL AND INDICATOR DESCRIPTION section describes

modes and methods by which this may be accomplished.

When mixing a multitrack

instrument
earlier).
musician.

1s possible

t racks,

There are numerous occasions

the length of recorded material.

be fit Into a time slot, a conmercial
etc.
speed control or VSO allows one to correct

changing the pitch of the recorded material.

In certain

necessary
value to another.
conjunction
The accessory

lent switching
These resistors
terminals
assume the pitch ratio to which they were set earlier.
similar set of resistors
tape speed control,
and independently

1s

It may be Impractical

By playing that track through the harmonizer,

to

Using the Harmonizer

c i

to

with an easily built accessory

on

direction

out of tune,

restore

resistances,

make rapid changes In pitch* from one controlled

The voltage control mode may be used In

consists

arrangement)

may be sequentially

the rear panel, and the Harmonizer will immediately

so

varied.

while preserving

master, someone may notice that an

(Don't ask why it wasn't noticed

or

impossible

it to

of a

that pitch and tempo may be simultaneously

the pitch of the rest of the

when radio stations

An editorial

may be 63 seconds long,

In

conjunction

particularly

rotary switch (or any other conven- j

and several variable

can be concurrently

in

switched across the control

musical values

to

recall the

It

must vary

may have to

with a tape recorder

length without

film work, it is

to

effect this.

resistors.

A

switched In the

the

-s

J

J

j

i

LIVE PERFORMANCE

The optional

to Mplay" the pitch ratio so that any musical Interval
the original
taneously

ation, the keyboard may control three Harmonlzers
allowing multipart

keyboard available

Input and the pitch-changed

achieved.

If purchased

harmony.

for the Harmonizer allows one

output may be Instan¬

in

its polyphonic

Note that If this feature

at

between

configur¬

once,

Is to

nm”

f

provision
from the monitor

perfonner

actually

nJd

should be made to eliminate

tends to create

being sung*

t

Sm9er dUn"9 3 Hve Performance,

mix, as the acoustical

This tends to throw him off pitch,

some confusion

the Harmonizer

feedback

about what note is

to

the

some

output

at

12

FEEDBACK

A unique effect

while the Harmonizer

effect:

the character

What happens?

pitch is Increased

the MANUAL control.
can occur before the original
band avallable
val (about
equally
between the notes is determined
amplitude

back amptitude,

Additional
of the pitch change,
a 30ms range.

is turned up, an extremely

when the pitch ratio

a literally
next generation

a Harmonizer

The WANUAL * ADDF L

tempered

between successive

can be achieved

Is

changing pitch.

and extravagance

Each time a signal goes around the loop, its

or

decreased

If the ratio

if for Instance

1*0b), putting

scale which is output

interest

indescribable

will be used to audioize

is

If the ADD'L DELAY is set at 0 and the feedback

is

of

monster pictures

a

added by the fact that as a consequence

the delay is contInuously

near unity, and as the ratio

by

employing

DELAY, and FEEDBACK all

of

the weirdness

according

is

small,

signal

tone into the input generates

notes is determined

"hollow"

effect

is

the ratio

sequentially.

by

the delay setting,

variable

is

created.
comes out— we bet that

the BEH^s.

feedback

Three

controls

to

the setting

many repetitions

out of the frequency

is

set at one inter¬

changing

reverb is set up

Wait until

caused*

by

chang

have

e

of

The time
and the

the feed¬

over

is

varied,

an

the

13

PITCH RATIO READOUTS

FOR VARIOUS MUSICAL RELATIONSHIPS

The figures
For use with the 17*5M Delay Line with Pitch Change Module
For use with the Model H910 Harmoniaer,

-3/4

*9576

■

*8531

.8052
.7601

*
,6771

■

.6033
,5694
,5374

■

9039

7174

6391

5073

in

this table are accurate

-

1/2

-1/4

NOTE

■

9715

■

9857

1,0000

-9170

■

9303

■

8655

.8170

,7711

-7278
.6870
.6484

*6120

-5777

■

5453

■

5147

■

8781

.8288

■

7823
7384

■

6570
6579

.6209

5861
5532

5221

*9439

*8909
.8409
*7937

■

7432

■

7071

,6674
*6300
*5946

,5612

♦

5297

,5000

to

round off the fi

RELATIONSHIP

mm

E^E

E^E
E^B

-9

-10

-11

OCTAVE-

four decimal places.

NOTE

mum

)

,0000

1.0595
1 1225

1,1892

1.2599

1.33*8
1,4142 1,4348

E9

+9

+10
+n

1.11983 1.5201

1.587*
1,6818

1.7818
1,8877

2,0000

‘

tgnore the last

gure to two decimal

+

1/4

n

1*0145
1,0749

1.1388
1,2065

1.2782

1.35*3

1.6105

1.7063
1,8077

t.3152

1,0293

1.0905

1.1554

1.2241

1.2968

1-3740
1*4557

1.5422

1.6339
K7311
1,8

340

1*9431

I.0443
).1064

1,1722

1.2419
1*3157

1.3939

1.4768
I.5646

1.6577

1.7563

1.8607
1*9713

digit.
places.

PITCH CHANGE:

The Eventide
to generate
compression
unlike the disharmony

For example*
shifted

constant,

frequencies
Module, the interval
change.

TEMPO REGULATION:

The internal
used to control

this facMity.

up by

Harmoni2er

musical

or

stretching

suppose two frequencies,

100 Hz* Although

the musical

are jnuJtipiied

oscillator

the speed of a tape recorder*

and 1745M Delay Line with Pitch Change Module may be used

harmonies

produced by heterodyne-type

interval

remains constant,

of

by

reference

process

by

the 1745M provides

is

the absolute

between them decreases.

any constant,

to

the above table.

used, all harmonic

'frequency

originally

as in

even though the absolute

In a

difference

an

The H91Q Harmonlzer

musical

the Harmonlzer

output frequency

Because a digital

relatlonships

shifters'.

relationship,
between the signals
However* if the two

are preserved,

and Pitch Change

difference

which may be

does not have

are

remains

will

l4

The two octave phase locked keyboard

“e

I

polyphonic

The keyboard controls

steps.

(unison).

E flat will give a

When the polyphonic

key pressed
controls
second)

will change the pitch of that Harmonizer

The keyboard

from instantaneous

which holds the Harmonizer
Harmonjzer(s)

T

hr«,H
h

Middle C on the keyboard

Playing

controls

Harmonizer

controls

GLIDE pot affects

will return

™

Ha™f

the E above middle C

m

keyboard

#2t and the third

Harmonizer

to a

"*ers.

the pitch ratio of the Harmonizer(s)

nor third,

Harmonizer

gentle

to

Harm°ni^r’

The mono keyboard pannot be 'upgraded’

is

and so on.

is

being used to control
#1, the second key pressed

#3,

Releasing

Harmonizer
slide.

at

the last note pressed.

middle C in the absence

is

and °

HK940

available

KEYBOARD FOR EVENTIDE HARMON1ZER

MODEL

H910

n two vers ions -

Pt,0n °6' P°’^nic,

AND MODEL

option 05,

for control!

to

KQO

on the readout

will give a harmony of a major

key pressed

any of these keys and pressing

only.

#1

There is a LOCH switch for each Harmonizer,

only.

- a

three Harmonizers,

(while still

The pitch change action

In non-LOCK mode the

of

n discrete
one-to-one

(while holding

holding the first

any key depression.

musical
pitch ratio

third,

H949

the first

the first)

another

ranges

i ng

playing

and

No music is generated

is pitch changed on Instruction

combination

with middle C (approximately

The keyboard
circuitry.

poly keyboard)

timing pulses,

Use of the HK^O Keyboard with Model

can be used as a musical

is

basically

The keyboard

for perfect

which command the desired

—---~

The H9kg Harmonizer

keyboard

Tor use with the H949 Harmonizer,

With keys towards you, loosen the left wooden side enough to allow removal of the top

cover.

as shown.

does not control

Underneath

Replace the top cover,

in

the keyboard.

from the keyboard.

2b0 cycles)

an

electronic

is

slaved to the Harmonizer

unison at middle C, Keyboard keys select appropriate

£

-

can lower the pitch of an input signal by two octaves.

this lower octave.

is

the underside

Your music, passing

Instrument

of

cltick,

pitch change in the Harmonizer.

the keyboard

of

the circuit

and tighten

through the Harmonizer,

The keyboard/Harmonizer

if

the Harmonizer

the waveform or timbre you require.

with some sequencing

clock (Harmonizer

Harmonizer

the left side.

requires

(AVERSE THIS MOD IF T CAT r ON Tp USE

A H9^3 keyboard with the h?io)

the following

board.

Add a 100 pF DM 15 capacitor,

Input is supplied

and timing

#1

modification.

On the HA931 analog
board, make the cut
as shown:

for the

The

NOTE: If the keyboard
949 Harmonizer,

the modification

was supplied

for use with a

has been done already.

Oyoopoooooo

our UEie.

15

jN

TERCONNECTJOH OF HK940 KEYBOARD WITH

K

be equipped

with mono keyboard,

with a keyboard socket on the Harmonizer

EVEKTIDE HARMONIZER MODELS H910 & H^q

and Harmonizer

*T

with poly keyboard,

rear panel*

should

2*

c)

d)

Harmonizer

a)

If no socket

NOTE: every

If the socket

I.

li*

Ill*

■

v*

plug connector

Connect keyboard

H910: Press KBD switch on Harmonizer

H94f): Select

§2 or #3

For H910 Harmon Izers only:

If Harmonizer

from H3 and M4, and shorting

Is

supplied,

HW

is

is

supplied

screw socket

blanking

connector

remove shorting
be needed If you ever require
synthesizer

with poly keyboard

has a keyboard

plate),

keyboard or similar*

cable to socket on Harmonizer

KEYBOARD control

hsk your dealer

fitted

Into rear panel of Harmonizer

H3

H4

with a socket already.

but not installed,

together

connector

together

mode on Harmonizer

socket*
plug replaced

to

provide

proceed as follows:

(observe

from M4, KEEP IT SAFELY! It will

to

(observe

this must be disconnected

polarity).

use the Harmonizer

polarity).

front panel*

on M4

one.

(remove

rear panel.

front panel*

(observe

with a

polarity).

I*

b)

c)

A cable which is phone plug to two lug connectors
Connect phone plug to jack H2 or H3 on keyboard

H910: Connect red lug to terminal

H94f): Connect red lug to terminal

H310:
H949:

If you have lost the shorting

shorted

panel as #1) pin tfZ and pin #3.

of manual:
Connect black lug to terminal
Control

Control

Connect black tug to terminal
Control

Press KBO switch on Harmonizer
Select KEYBOARD control

together

terminal

GROUND).

FROM KYBD),

GROUND)*

are (counting

3 Is

mode on Harmonizer

plug, the two pins to be

the pin nearest

is

rear panel*

3 of

Remote Control

9 of

harmonizer

4 of

Harmonizer

10 of

front panel.

Harmonizer

Harmonizer

Frequency

front panel*

the front

supplied*

(see page 3

IN).

(Remote

(External

(External

H9I0 Harmonizer - Technical

Manual

T1

This section

desrrthB
describes

iately

runctionmg

STEP

1 Observe serial

mine line voltage*

DELAY ONLY and LINE swltches.

Push in POWER switch.

2 Apply a +*tdbm, I kHz low dis¬

tortion

el audio input.

control
to minimum, set DELAY to zero.

3 Connect a distortion

the output

crease the LEVEL control

ting until the output

is about +Adbm.

is

the indications

following.

***

properly.

to

provided to enable the user to determine whether the Harmoniier

The ieft colgmn provides

obtained

n0t,?S

ACTION

sine wave to rear pan¬

maximum, FEEDBACK

terminal

described

If no abnormal

plate to deter¬

Push in

Rotate LEVEL

meter to

and de¬

PERFORMANCE ASSURANCE

when the instructions

level

> refer

set¬

indications

the troubleshooting

Power on, line in, and delay only LED's should
become Illuminated*
vided with a digital

als will light-

A clipped

output termtna1{s).

come MI urnirated *

Observe that the LIMIT LED has gone off*

distortion

If a second output

distortion.

within

instructions,

are obtained,

sine wave should appear at the audio

meter should read lower than .3%.

.]%

of

INDICATION

is

It should be lower than ,3%, and

that of the first

are followed

and the right column

suggestions

the Ha?moniter

If the Harmonizer

readout,

The LtMlT LED should be¬

installed,

If the

all three numer¬

measure Its

output.

immed¬

is

is

pro¬

The

Set the DELAY to 7*5ms.

5 Set DELAY of first

to maximum, and FEEDBACK
to center.

& Set DELAY to zero, pi ace unit

in PITCH CHANGE mode, and se1 -

ect MANual control.

7 Select

PITCH CONTROL SELECT group.

B Select

a 3volt rms signal

to 8.A kHz range to the KB In¬
put term1nal*

9 Connect a 10K linear

resistor
MOTE GND on the rear panel.
The wiper goes to C*V*

Anti^Feedback

keyboard mode* Apply

in

from REMOTE + to RE-

output

mode on

the 2*1

variable

There should be no change in distortion

Listen to see If any periodic

added to the signal.

Key the audio tone and confirm
like decay Is present

Pitch change LED shou1d become Ilium!nated.

the MANUAL control
out should vary between *5 and 2.00, and a smooth
pitch change effect

Observe narrow frequency
signal.
clockwise

Varying the oscillator

to B.AkHz should result

*5 to 2.0* This may be verified

if one is installed.

Rotating

other should result

from

Depth of modulation

rotation

this control

to 2.0.

when the signal

over its full range. The read-

should be evident*

of

ANT I-FEEDBACK control.

frequency

in

from one extreme to the

in

the pitch ratio varying

noise has been

that a reverb¬

modulation

should increase

pitch ratios

from 2,3kHz

by

reading.

Is

of

the input

from

the readout

off.

Va ry

with

10 Return the LINE swith to the

OUT posT tion snd remove powe r.

Confirm that there is still

an

output signal.

T2

Successful
the Harmomzer

Jf trouble
(below) referred

TROUBLE

JN STEP

l I

2

3

4

circuitry-:
digital
and output
sure all connectors

Determine
the output signal.

conversion

Check digital

completion

Is

was encountered

to

If no serial

supply voltages.

If lamp works but no output

of

the above tests

operating

the step number (above).

limit circuitry

is

whether distortion

circuitry.

properly.

during the above procedure,

plate,

to

inform factory

Check internal

output

not present,

is

and cards are properly

If digital

analog converter

If analog problem,

Is

sufficient

TROUBLESHOOTING

POSSIBLE CAUSES

imnediatelyI

fuse.

Is

present,

present

and lamp driver

and clipped

check input analog and A/0 circuitry.

is

digital

problem,

circuitry

to

allow one to

refer to the possible

Check Individ ua1 power

check digital

but lamp doesn't

transistor.

and firmly

or

analog

check for defective

refer to alignment

and delay setting

in

infer that

and analog output

work, check

If lamp doesn't

Inserted.

nature

by
memory

procedure.

observing

circuitry.

cause

Make

work

or

5

6

7,8,9

10

The harmonizer
so that periodic

realign
been charged.
nal generator
cilloscope

HA920 ANALOG BOARD ALIGNMENT

COMPRESSOR

1: Refer to drawings

Check 6pin ttolex connectors

If digital
Jf no output

ratio is not variable

loop alignment

Check phase-locked

Check LINE switch and associated

is

the unit, either

Performing

amd a distortion

with a calibrated

aligned

adjustment

distortion

Is

procedure.

at

for reassurance

the analog adjustments

to

front panel.

results,

present,

the factory,

should not be required.

time base.

for control

over the full range, refer to the phase-locked

loop alignment

meter.

check memory addressing

check phase-locked

ALIGNMENT

and the alignment

or

The digital

locations

procedure.

circuitry.

because

logic circuitry.

loop operation.

is

sufficiently

However,

some component or assembly has

will require

adjustments

on

Compressor

It

a

low distortion

will require

module.

If the pitch

may be desired

stable

an

to

os¬

sig¬

2; Set Harmonizer

input level control

controls

to

for zero delay In the DELAY ONLY mode.

HAXimum.

Set

3: Apply a ikHz signal at sufficient

to become illuminated.

level to cause the LIMIT indicator

4: Observe signal at T.P. 3 on the top board (KD9IQ).

trimpot

5: Attach distortion

6: Set input signal

so that the LIMIT LED just turns on.

7: Reduce the input level to -lOdbm.

null in distortion.

8: Reduce input frequency

null In distortion.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Both of the above control
output signal
that a true distortion

9: Repeat steps 6,7, and 8 if significant

those steps.

EXPANDER

for symmetrical

meter input to pin 12 of the Compressor

level to +4dbm.

clipping.

Adjust the Compressor

Adjust the HF Dist. control

to

100Hz,

Adjust the LF Dist. control

adjustments

level in addition

null is obtained.

to

nulling

the distortion.

adjustment

Adjust the offset

module.

level control

for a

for a

can vary the

Be sure

was made in any of

1: Set Harmonlzer

2: Apply a 1kHz signal and adjust

LED is just on the threshold

3*

Adjust the Expander Level control
mlnal is 16 volts peak-to-peak,

A: Adjust the HF Dist. control

analyzer

is

5: Reduce the input frequency

a nul1 1n dis tort ion.

6: Repeat steps

of those steps.

INPUT FILTER

Apply a iKHz signal

-Adbm. Change the Input frequency

controls

available,

and adjust

for zero delay in the DELAY ONLY mode.

the LEVEL control

of

Illumination.

until

to

obtain

null the second harmonic.

to

100Hz.

and 8 if a significant

the LEVEL control

to

a

Adjust the LF Dist. control

12kHz and adjust the HF Trim pot until

the output level Is -Adbm. Check the frequency

is within specifIcation:

slightly

to

lower a high frequency

it may be necessary

peak near 12kHz.

so

that the LIMIT

the level at the output ter-

distortion

null.

If a spectrum

adjustment

until the output

response

to

readjust

was made in any

level is

to

confirm that it

the trim pot very

for

T4

FEEDBACK

W.th the Harmon zer in the OELAV ONLY mode, set the delay time for zero
delay.

"Watts

Note:
The PC mounted PHASE switch allows selection

PHASE-LOCKED LOOP

Manual Mode:

1. C

2

*

3*

4

.

5-

6

.

Ant 1-Feedback

1. Select A-F Mode and rotate

2

.

3

*

4*

Set the FEEDBACK control

°!C 1 k^TV

^

Select HANuel control

Adjust MlDF trim pot until measured

Rotate MANUAL fully counterclockwise
Repeat 2,3, and 4 as necessary,

Rotate MANUAL fully clockwise

Select PITCH CHANGE mode {DELAY ONLY switch OUT).

Apply a -Adbm lkHz^signal

triggering

Adjust the PW trim pot until

non-varyjng

Hu t^en baCk °ff

Feedback may be inserted

onnect frequency

Mode:

the oscilloscope

delay.

^iUSt

counter

mode and center MANUAL potentiometer.

to

MAXimum* While observing

thC FB Level trrmpot

the a<,Jystmer»e

in or

or

ANT I-FEEDBACK control

and observe

on

the display

out of phase at the user's

oscilloscope

frequency

as

the adjustments

and adjust

the input signal*

until

oscillation

of

polarity.

to

PLL test point near IC-7

at

and adjust MNF pot for 16 5kHz

MAXF trimpot

the Harmonizer

appears

the output

untM

test point is 33 5kHz

Interact.

fully

stationary.

Astern osc-

just ceases

for 67kHz/

counterclockwise

audio output

Indicating

option*

P

''

while

HD

Control Voltage Mode:

1. Select CV mode.

2. Apply maximum desired

3. Adjust C.V* ADJ trim pot for a measured frequency

3)0

DIGITAL BOARD ALIGNMENT

OSCILLATOR

1, Connect a frequency

2* Tune the inductor

33-5kHz.

wand inserted

3. If the Harmonizer
the customer*
quency
to be used with an Eventide

not necessary*

REFERENCE VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT

1. Set Harmonizer

2, Adjust RA to obtain
3* Adjust RB to obtain

(The coll Is on the bottom of the board*

to precisely

control

counter

to

the left of 1C-1 to obtain

through

or

for zero delay In the DELAY ONLY mode.

the hole immediately
is to be
with an oscillator,

33*488kHz after

-lOVdc at test point 5.
OVdc at test point 4,

voltage

or

oscilloscope

used with an external

keyboard,

to

remote C.V* input*

It is

10

minute warmup.

or no

to

above the coil.)

desirable

keyboard,

of

67kHz.

the TRIG test point*

a

trigger

Use a plastic

keyboard

to

frequency

supplied

set the fre¬

If the unit Is

this precision

by

of

tuning

is

THEORY OF OPERATION

The purpose

T^diuiH

individually,

■

!u lu

with the individual

pJace in the scheme of things rather

connections

this manna

There are four different
circuitry

ANALOG CIRCUIT BOARD

DIGITAL CIRCUIT BOARD
COMPRESSOR/EXPANDER

PITCH RATIO READOUT

Option 0*1, an extra variable
wires to be attached

bly.

These components

If Option 03, balanced

are mounted on the HA920 board*

of

this section

,?

arrn0n'^r °perates

with reference

and other data pertaining

1.

of

the Harmonizer.

DESIGNATION

is to

' The vari

to

? "pageable

integrated

printed

to

both HA920 and HD910, in addition

must be added and checked out at the factory.

in/out transformer

They are:

ASSEMBLY#

HA92Q

HDS10

303A
HR930

delay output requires

describe

what each one does and how It does it.

length,

circuits

than the operation

to

circuit

in a

™

= elrci.lt

we

employed,

the IC's are an appendix at the end of

assemblies

TOTALS:

coupling

specific

assume that the reader is familiar

and so will describe

certain

is

manner the method by

sub-groups

of

which contain

STANDARD OPTION 2 OPTION 4

1

1
2
0

to

supplied,

are dealt with

each 1C itself

1

I

2

1

components

the 3rd 303A assem¬

the transformers

To

the IC's

almost all

1

1
3
0

and jumper

Pin

the

The various

regulators
tors.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

This assembly

sys tern funct ions:

POWER SUPPLY

1: Supplies

AUDIO SIGNAL PROCESSING

1: Converts
2: Adds a variable,
3: Compresses
4: Low-p
5: Converts
6: Expands the digitally

PHASE-LOCKED LOOP
1: Provides

2: Provides

3: Provides

4: Provides
FRONT PANEL SWITCHES

1: Contains

2: Controls

front panel control

are connected

contains

regulated

a

ass filters

instantaneous

for manual control
for the Anti-Feedback
for and interfaces
for remote voltage

LINE IN/OUT signal
selection

potentiometers,

to

the HA?20 board by wire harnesses

ANALOG BOARD HA920

components

DC

balanced

the input and fed-back

audio input signal

controlled

the audio signal

of

and printed

voltages

amount of feedback

signal

processed

DELAY ONLY and PITCH CHANGE modes.

of

with a remote keyboard.
control

routing

AC

power connector,

circuitry

to

the processing

to an

signal by a 2:1 ratio.

to

prevent

levels to a pulse-width-modulated

audio signal by a 2:1 ratio*

pitch ratio.

function„

of

circuitry.

pitch ratio*

to

perform the following

circuitry

unba1anced-to-ground

from the output

aliasing.

and power supply

and removable

to

signal*

the input.

signal*

connec¬

3

:

Controls selection

4:

Selects mode of pitch change control;

5

:

Controls application

of

delay time of the output(s).

and routing of power to the Harmonlzer,

Manual, Anti-Feedback.

or remote.

POWER SUPPLY:

The power supply generates

A: +T5 volts for the analog circuitry,

B: +12 volts for the random access memories and the CMOS
C: +5 vo ts for the TTL logic and the CMOS on the optional
01 -o volts for the random access memories,
E: -15 volts for the analog circuitry.

The +15, +5, and -15 volts are In each case generated
driving

ill

with the +15 supply and loading the output of these diodes with the essentially
constant

is only required to supply a few mllllamps.

with a resistive

AUDIO SIGNAL PROCESSING:
Two of the four operational

which isolate
differentially

ended source.
Summing amplifier

the FB LEVel trim pot.
The Compressor module consists
controlled
generates
DC signal is fed back to the VCA in such a proportion

in Input signal level, the VCA gain is decreased

compress Ion ratio.

(and in fact Is Interchangable
external
of the DC control voltage.
opposite effect

ent to the user.
The remaining section of IC-I, and IC-2, each with Its associated

ponents,

to severely attenuate
the hlgh-Q, section for optimum response and compensates

ances.
The audio output from this filter

the switching

charged to the Instantaneous

is turned OFF, the capacitor
by a constant current
erence voltage diodes.
voltage on the capacitor

offset
plus offset Is restricted

high speed comparator which is referenced
the capacitor

a fu

Is

the following

l-wave bridge rectifier,

supp1y ls d

current drain of the logic and RAM circuitry.

amplifier.

a OC

connections,

forms a two pole low-pass active filter.

mode. When this transistor

applied to the signal at the Input of the filter

crosses 0 volts,

«rtved from +15 by connecting

divider

and buffer the balanced

amplifies

IC-0 combines the signals

signal proportional

to

the Compressor,

to a

the sti11-balaneed

The trim pot limits the maximum level of fed-back signal.

The level detector

The Compressor module 1s ident1 cal to the Expander module

which change pre and de-emphasls

frequencies

sink formed by the 2N3351 transistor

The discharge

at

to a

zener diode

amplifiers

of

two sections,

to

with It), They differ

In the expand mode, the module produces an equal and

above 12kHz. The HF TRIM resistor

Is

value of the signal voltage.

is

discharged

the instant

positive

the comparator

and thus the two units In tandem are transpar¬

voltages:

filter

of

Input signal.

this level over a wide dynamic range.

applied to a MOSFET transistor

time Is directly

is

IC—1 are employed as voltage

signal and converts

from the INPUT LEVEL control and

measures the module output level and

Is

ON, the , 0037liF capacitor

from this value to ground linearly

the transistor

range of 0 to 6 volts,

to

ground.

capacitor,

3

derived from the

A

a

level detector,

by

These filters

shuts OFF, Thus the comparator

circuitry.

readout.

by a

silicon

that for each lOdb Increase

Sdb. This results

In

is

When the potential

power transformer

and integrated

diodes in series

The -bvott supply, which

-15

third section of IC-1

It to a

operation

constants

for component toler¬

When the transistor

and associated

proportional

turned OFF. A OC

so

by
and the sense

are calculated

that the signal

IC-3 is a

regulator.

volts supply

followers

and a voltage

in a

means of

passive com¬

adjusts

operated

Is

to

the

on

single

ref¬

2:1

In

The

T7

output pulse width Is proportional

PHASE-LOCKED LOOP

lr> the HANual control
The output voltage
bias to achieve

center
assures

tF*
frequencies

that small pitch ratios

mode, IC~7 15 used

of

the MANUAL control

a

parabolic

1

are set by MAXF, HI NF, and MIDF respectively.

control

„

mode' IC"rS COntro1 V°1

loop which causes a small controlled

monostable
voltages
phase-locked
section

applted

rat Jo.

ponding deviation
generated

multivibrator

corresponding

loop frequency

of

quad operational

to

IC-7 causing

When a small offset

from unity pitch ratio results.

by

another

JC-5

to

the digital

(FPLL).

amplifier

Its

n9

section

outcut

1ts output to track FREF, to maintain

voltage

of IC-6
front panel ANT I 'FEEDBACK control
voltage

mission
+1 to -1 and consequently

this operation

operation

two monostable

pulse width.

is

controlled

gate (part of IC-9) on and off, changing

is a

of

the ant I-feedback

multivibrators

by

slight

signal

the polarity

frequency

be of

to

the signal

as a voltage

of

can be set accurately

potentiometer

„ . tch ratio.

deviation

proportionally

reference

These two voltages

1C-6, and the resulting

to

track

is

added to the error signal

and its magnitude

potentiometer*

CHP from connector

of

the offset

modulation

circuit

requires

equal widths.

tage is generated

about unity pitch ratio.

charges

FREE rn

of

that the output pulses of the

In the Keyboard mode IC-7 is employed as a phase-locked

frequency
divtde-by-eight
panel terminal

amplifier*
detector
and IC-13 detect

automatically

In the Control Voltage

One-half

of this amplifier

control

is 8

output of IC-7 and applies

of

voltage

times its input frequency.

function*

strip

One-half

the absence of a keyboard

set to unity.

is

applied

of

quad operational

mode, IC—7 is again a voltage

quad op-amp IC-ll buffers

can be varied by trim pot CV ADJust,

range from 5 to IJj volts to be used.

IC-8 accomplishes

The KeyBoard input signal

to

IC-10 which serves as an AC-coupled

amplifier

the control

input signal,

the Input control

voltage

level on the capacitor.

controlled

Is

combined with a OC

The maximum* minimum, and

oscillator,

This circuit

by a

servo

two capacitors

frequency

This offset

is

The polarity

$D

which switches

(FREF) and the

are compared by

ng error signal

controlled

of

to DC

error slqr
unity pitch

a

corres¬

voltage

by

the offset

a

is

trans¬

the gain of the op-amp from

voltage.

the audio signal.

Trim pot PW adjusts

originating

IC-11 Integrates

to

controlled

thereby allowing

The result

loop whose output

the necessary

on

the rear

the phase

IC-7. When IC-12

the pitch ratio

oscillator.

voltage.

The gain

Proper

the

limiting

is

any

Dual

one

the

of

is

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

This assembly

contains

system functions*

1. Generates

2.

Generates

access memory.

3* Provides

of the audio input signal*

DIGITAL BOARD HD910

components

and printed

wiring

to

perform the following

timing and control
the memory address

signals
for read/write

necessary

for syst^n operation.

operations

of

AOfcbits of random access memory to store a digital

the random

representation

4.

£"»MrzxvsK:

5

.

Generates

6

.

Conveys

7.

Low-pass filters

the reference

digital

- s,9na'9enerated * *.

voltages

data words from the random access memory to analog form

the resulting

REFA and REFB.

analog signal.

analog rorm.

IC-1 is an ECL integrated_clrcuit

tt? khB I?aS^fr c,ock s'9na1

to TTL by the 71)500 Schottky

51 IiHHz huf

W.r

5’-h

annllrH

(dU de bv

modu eV
modu o 8 divider/decoder

sampling

the sampling
operation.
are required.

optional

These Btmjng

tions of 1C s 15, 25, and 30 to produce the memory control

(Write Enable Not and Chip Enable),

and 37 produce the sample pulse SPL, and the output data latch strobes

LTCHB, Pitch change Is accomplished
fixed rate and reading

or a slower (decreased

is unity and so the read rate is equal to the write rate.

determined
FREF* in the DELAY ONLY mode and asynchronous

FPLL, In the pitch change mode,
which synchronously
output

latch pulse LTCH on each positive

™

vabeTdIt

£ detuned

I"""??' *^1

fi^3

hi -i* ^2

rate of 33.5kHz,

interval

For

second output

by

signal FIN whclh is equal to the system synchronous

Pitch

The

signals

8th

TJ)%

t° J

h“ 1*f1 of lc-'-

'Vldes

3 c°^

which produces

Each of these signals

, and

sets D-type flip-flop

corresponds

change operation,

time slot is reserved

is

installed.

are combined with higher speed pulses by various

data out at either
pitch)

which, with its associated

af

gate and transistor

0SCI,,a

for special

the Harmon iter.

?of frequency

applications

Th®

its

frequency

er '1-111 ^ivlda by 3), and finally

In a similar

by

rate.

In the DELAY ONLY mode, the pitch ratio

IC's 4, 6,

by 4,

8

different

to a

up to 3

writing

a

faster

and 7 form a detector

IC-46, and generates

transition

The ECL level is converted

buffers.

is

buffered

then to 4 bit counter

s

forms a time slot within

factory

by

innals,

varying

oscillator

random access memory cycle or

write and 4 read cycles

for

a

read operation

fashion,

data into the memory at a

(increased

phase-locked

of

FIN.

LC

network

The TTL level s^

adjusted

the inductor

signa1s”BT

IC's 15,

The read rate Is

loop output,

each at the

If

pitch)

a

synchronous

for

output

IC-2I, a

the

and CE

21, 23,

LTCKA

rate,

signal,

circuit

gen-

Is

tC-5

por¬

signal,

Setting

1. Memory output data is loaded into output B latches,

2. Memory output data is loaded into output A latches,

3. The data appearing

4. IC's 16, 18, 19, and 21 compare the rates of FIN and FREF and increment

Note that IC-46 is reset twice during each sampling

sequence

of 2:1,

IC's 3&, 39 and ^0 are serially
output
digital
defined
period and reset to 3K each time a carry
the input data are stored

IC-46 Initiates

between addresses

or decrement

the results

FIN is greater

can occur twice each sampling

represents

conversion

by

the pointer

of

the memory "base address".

the base address

the following

at

3K

the comparison.
than FREF),

the ten bit data word is written

sequence

the output of IC's 54 and 56 are written

and 4K only by pulseTTE.

register,

counter.

sequentially

connected

IC's 32, 33* and 34 depending

(INCB If FIN is less than FREF, DECB if

period,

to

This counter

is

in

of

events:

corresponding

form a I2blt down counter whose

At the end of each analog to

is

generated

memory locations

IC's 50 and 52 by LTCHB,
IC's 54 and 56 by LTCHA,

period,

into the memory location

by

decremented

IC-40,

3K through 0*

Into memory

upon

thus the above

to a

pitch ratio

each sampling

As a result,

It'S 32, 33, and 34 are serially

whose output

represents

the memory pointer
are each 4~bit binary adders
addresses

the pointer

maximum of 1024 bits.

the amount of delay,
the pointer

resulting

address determines

address

In

is

the 12-bit

Changing

thus accomplishing

set to zero by setting

connected

serially

read address

the amount of delay at output A, up to a

the pointer

to

connected

pitch change,

form a 10-bit up/down counter

address.

1C1 s

41, 42, and 43

to

sum the base and pointer

for output A. The value of

address by INCB or OECB changes

in the DELAY ONLY mode,

the DL¥ signal

high.

IC's 28 and 31 form a presettable

most significant

read address
and D from the HA920 assembly
the PITCH mode, or IK,
gates both the 10-bit output

modulo-3 counter

so

2K or 3K in

of

that they are active
The data at output A are sequentially
3K and read out to output
the 2 most significant
prior to each occurrence
replica

of

output A but delayed

address

of

B on

LTCHB. The result

The Random Access Memory array comprises
which can store 4*096 bits of data.

standing

is "10X4KM, with M0 storing

most significant

for 1024 Instead

bit (D9) of each data word.

of

the least significant

lines of all ten RAM's are connected

which drives the chip enable

modulo-3 counter
bits for output A. The delay set signals
preset

the counter

the DELAY ONLY mode.

the pointer,

written

prior to each occurrence

each LTCHB signal.
bits to access memory locations

by IK

the metric

bits,

or

ten IC's, Mflf through M3, each of

These are known as n4K RAMS", the K

1000.

in

parallel,

{CE) lines,

one section

which is used to set the 2

for delays of IK or 2K In

Control

and the 2-bit output of the

Into memory locations

Control

signal

4K

Is

that output B is an exact

about 30 milliseconds.

The memory array organization

bit (00) and M9 storing

The address

IC — 13 is a CMOS hex buffer

of

and write enable

the buffer

C

signal

of

LTCHA.

4k to

ADC gates

through 3K

for each

ADS

pair of RAM3 s.

The outputofi

speed TTL counter,

quency by 4 and applies

tially

connected.

the comparator,

IC-12, operating

These counters

COMP,

this output

is

applied

at

51,4MHz,

to

two 4-bit counters

count up until

to

the enabling

IC-12 divides

they are turned off by the

inputs of a high

the input fre¬

which are sequen¬

COMP signal or reach their maximum count of 1024. At the end of each conver¬
sion cycle,
signal

is

memory.

IC's 17 and 15 detect

LIM which controls

the ten bit output

loaded into the tri-state

The counters

are then cleared

an

the front panel

underflow

corresponding

indicative

LIMIT

to

the pulse width of the COMP

buffer IC's 9 and 11 and written

in

preparation

indicator.

of

digital

for the next conversion.

clipping

into the

and generate

the

When the memory pointer

1C-45 is reset,
incremented

enabling

by

LTCHB with its outputs

Is a quad exclusive-OR

weighted

erational

output

resistor

amplifier

from this op-amp is REFA, When 1C-47 Is disabled,

register

1C-47, a 14-stage

is

incremented

gate.

The output of these gates supply current

network which* in conjunction

LC-62, form a discrete

IC-47 counts from 0 to 512, a negative-going

512 inverts

the outputs

of

IC's 48 and 49 and REFA* which is now at -10 volts,

applied

or

decremented

binary counter.

to

IC's 48 and 49, each of which

with one section

digital

to

ramp is generated

through

This counter

of

analog converter.

REFA Is 0 VDC. As

at

REFA. Count

zero,

is

to a

quad op¬

The

TTO

MFB
REFB is generated

volts

airtalh

2%

? ° VDC‘
from REFA by another section of IC-62.

ry trIan9j®

Count 1024 sets lc-45

waw;f

<,rms-

by ,tS flSSOCiated trim pot, RA and SB in the

The,r amplitudes should be 0 to -10

which disables

The t“

the counter

™f

.S!

ding upSn\

Both outputs A and B employ two levels of latching.

slgnffleant

tht

™

d

t;ng^rde?'y

wnt bits respectively.

fatJf °f

denMcaTJ n«-RAMreyC,e-

ches for outnur r

edoe of F?N ^
pWlngfdUital

xj.,

9. ? ta

fnd !rona 09
and produces audio output I.

A two-po'e
attenuates

OPTION 02; Digital

IC-3 and one-half

E !

.

ing the 1000 FREF pulses,
the Interval
Dy IC-5. The counter

another control signal from 105.

?*SOrt^t 'f FPLL *nd
t ir J[nd,cat^n9 a

of PC-2 are applied Tn a bit-parallel,

IOI, a seven segment decoder-driver,
LEO readouts.
under control of 102, assuring

ponding to the data applied

"“T*

low pass filter

clock-related

a COun^n9

™

are transferred

7

r

to

anafon* °f

to anj}l°9 converter,

B‘ Ar,other section of IC-62 sums analog outputs A and B

Pitch Ratio Readout

of

JC-4 comprise a dlvIde-by-1000

time interval

eC3?e eounter wlth multiplexed

Is

pitch ratio of 1:1* The data stored in the output latch

The cathodes are driven sequentially

esetecT:d?

and ‘'“P*

These latches are strobed by LTCHA durino

0nStant

DC Va'U<!S' ° “d -,0 VDC- da»-

IC's 54 and 56 are the

the 5 least significant

IC'S 50 and 52, strobed by LTCHB.perfonn^the

°UtpUt
*

™

FftEF are e<lual. a

l',

,C'S 55

is

components of audio output 1.

and the number of FPLL pulses accumulated

to an

then reset,

to

by LTCH whIch **«

’.aifhfS

which produces analog output A* 01 pro-

formed by the final section of IC-62,

(HR 930 assembly)

during which PPU. pulses are accumulated

internal

along with 103 and half of 104. bv

The second half of IC-4 divides FPLL by

which drives the anodes of the three

that the proper digit Is activated

IOI.

and 57 are the second level of lat-

™

« each positive-going

flre aPPn"f t°

counter which divides

outputs.

latch by control signals generated

count of 100 Is accumulated

word serial order to the Input of

by

the three transistors

and 5 mat

D2, a 10-blt multi-

K

which

It Is enabled dur¬

during

corres¬

In

OPTION Q4;

outs Ide world.

Extra Variable

The delay Is selected

transmission

01, whose output also goes to the address bus through the transmission
Delay is determined

by the signal from IC24-I.

to a 10-blt latch consisting

erated at the proper time by IC's 04 and 46. The latch output Is applied to

10-bit D/A converter
and two pole filter
HA920 assembly and through an expander module and buffer amplifier

gate 1002 to the address bus, and to modulo three counter IO

Delay Output

by

switches

by

SA2, S02, $C2, and $D2 when the gate Is activated

The data are read out of the RAH and applied
of

1000, followed by current-to-voltage

IC-Q8. The filtered

(On HA92Q and HD910 assemblies)

on

the HA920 board, and is applied through

1005 and 1006.

audio output then goes to the

The latch strobe Is gen¬

converter

to

gate.

lC—07

the

Til

If the harmonlzer

be obtained.

photos.

SYMPTOM

Excessive

(triangular

Noisy signaI,
’’frying

Mgranu
Note difference

in bottom trace

distortion

sound11,

Tar i tyJI

Poss

wave input)

TROUBLE INDICATIONS

is almost functioning

Ible causes for the abnormality

OUTPUT SIGNAL

properly,

waveforms
are Indicated

Misalignment
adjustments

on input board.

an identical

on the input board.

put has distortion,
that output.

The photographs
ment* Slight
be visible

tortion

One or more of the less significant

bits missing
cates possible
outputs

or D/A If one output bad.

such as these below may

next to the scope

POSSIBLE CAUSE

of

distortion

or

defect

problem,

show serious

alignment

but will show up with dis¬

measuring

from the output.

bad memory 1C if both

bad, or defective

in

If all outputs

problem is with

equipment.

trim

current

the problem i

If only one out¬

errors

output

mlsalign-

sink

show

will not

Indi¬

latch

5

Extremely
pops, crackles,

output has ''glitches"

noisy:

H

l

f 60 or 120 Hz component,
power supply problem* or low line
voltage.

If glitches
defective
or defect
timing.

appear repetitively,

high order bit in memory,

in

Input A/D converter

probable

probabl.

or

XPMft.

OPTION

BAL.

r/o

0

topologv

MA<?2

TMNG

AND

COMTROI

IQ
G

i

r

hDQIQ

TOPOLOGY

GENERATOR

REFERENCE

LOGIC

CONTROL

r\m

IMINC,
I

441JUU

W*l

T26

□

u«l J-K N*ptiv«-EdbfrTriggar«rf Flip-Flop* w*tfi

Pnrn

t

INPUTS

L
H

*

H
M
N H

THLFTH table

cut j

x x X

L

H L

►

L H
H

X X

P2,^FKP

OlN

A(Xa11

cs

CRJTPutJ

R

o a

H L

L

Oft Go

H L
L M

H

tomle

Oft Ofl

f—\

1

''i.C

J

** C

T

*i* c

4
1

<3 1=

l

P

i

1

A.C

IB F3

*:C:

11

'tcC

DATA INPUT

ADDRESS INPUTS*
WHITE ENABLE

CMIPSS LECT

A40r*tf*$ AD A5.

**HArt*C41 j|. lll)L

S4L4304LXU(J|. (N|r

(If f-

tWl

r

roVCESS MEB8&?

./—

13
T<

3*.

JD

3*>

ii

3s

■«

3 Vbo

U □ CE
14

3*:

H

□ s

H

□ s

3S

IZ

□ hf

PJN NAMES

CE

CHIP ENABLE

OOUT

vcc

NC

DATA OUTPUT
POWER <+5V>
NUT CONNECTED

_

—

—

_

—
—

_

—

—

Aj

s
s

*T

s

Ct

TTT

SYMBOL

0*

OE 1TE

TYPICAL OF MANY MANUFACTURERS

BLOCK DIAGRAM

*1
*1

**

*E

CJ

<w

A, At A« A. A„ A„

^1

L „

3

]

u

READ CYCLE

tflCY

l

CER

lCO

t

acc

*WL

WRITE

1

Symbol

*wcy
t

cew

tw
W
'ow

tCD 1' 1
tDH

*WVH
twc

C’

Parameter

Raid Cycle Time
CE On Tima During Read
CE Output Daisy

Address To Output Access

CE to WE

WE toCE on

LU

U

Parameter
Write CycreTime
CE Width During Write

WE toCE Off
WE Puise Width
D,n

voWl

CE to D|N

0|h Hold Time
WE Wait
WF icCE On

Set Up

Set Up

Mrm

690

400

0

0

Min. Mu.

970
600

450
200

0

0

200

0

Max.

3000

400
420

3OO0

50

m
m

fit

ns

ns

n>

Unit

ns
ns
ns
ns

ns
m
ns
ns
ns

tj = 20ns

Cfcgjj

Rtf = 2.0V for High, O^V for Ltwir.
tacc “ 'ac + Tco +

lj

“

20ns

Condition*

■

50pF, Load = One TTL Gate,

ity

Condition*

1

T28

EQUrVALENT CIRCUIT

LARGE SIGNAL FREQUENCY

1

liw*ftfnp Inpul

r

Nunliwurtlng Input

4.

V

it.

Offtmt Null

«.

Oitpul

T.

v+

ft.

Frwf, Comp-

DESCRIPTION

Tlw LM101A end LM301A are high performance opera-

tiorwl amplifiers featuring high gain, short circuit pro¬

tection, simplified compensation and excellent temperature
stability.

Kay be replaced by TLGSj

IIA741

RESPONSE

1. diihi h*L*rf

2

■ Ifly. Icp-gt

3. Non-Jft*. Input

4 V"
5- Offui Null

B. Output

7. V*

8. NC

DESCRIPTION

The^A741 is a high performance operational amplifier with
high open loop gain, internal compensation, high common
mode range and exceptional temperature stability The
pA74l is short-circuit protected and allows for nulling of

offset voltage.

May be replaced

The j£A710 is a High Spaed Differential Voltage Comparator
featuring low offset voltage, high sensitivity and a wide
input voltage range. It is ideally suited for use aa a pulse
height discriminator, an analog comparator or a digital line
receiver. The output structure of the pA710 is compatible

with DTL, TTL and Utilogic infected circuits.

by

TLOSl

V

□rpund

2.

a.

4. V'
S,

e.

1.
B. V4

N&r>~lfiv#rii ng Ipput
Inwvfting Inpul

JSIC
NC
OUTPUC

Voltage

Regulators

123

*

DESCRIPTION

The LM1Q9 and UM309 art complete 5 volt regulators
fabricated on a single silicon chip. These regulators are

designed for local "on card" regulation to eliminate man/

of the noise and ground loop problems associated with
single-point regulation. They employ internal current limit¬
ing, thermal shutdown, and safe-area compensation which
makes the circuitry essentially blow-out proof. If adequate
heat sinking is provided, the devices can deliver output

currents in excess of 200mA from the TQ-5 package, and

1A from the TQ-3 package. In addition to their use as
fined 5 volt regulators, these devices may be used with
external components to obtain adjustable output levels.
They may also be used as the power pass element in
precision regulators.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
consTrutTetJ LJ.*Irtg I he Fairchild Planar' epdaxiel process. These regulator* employ internal currer-1
limning, Thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation making |hem essentially blOw-out proof U
adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over TA output current. They are intended as
fixed-vouage
elimination pf rio15« and distribution problems associated With Single point regulation In addition to
use as fined vologc regulators, these devices can be used wilh external components to obtain

ad i us table output yqI t*g*t and currents end as the power pass element in precision regulators.

LM309

M7800 SERIES

*A7ai5.ts

-

The nA7

regulators m a wide ran^ a I appl'CaNOns jncludlng local, on-card regulation for

800 senes of Thr*e-7errrnnaJ Positive Voltage Regulators are

CM i* C&nncctmd To gf^uAd.

V

K PACKAGE

I Bottom View)

CONNECTION DIAGRAMS

TO230 PLASTIC POWER PACKAGE

(TOP VlEWJ

PINCONFLGUKA'IIOS

MULTIPLYING

_ll '' ’ L- '''

3

'fDD'"

3

J'T --J (.h

|T]

|.l El

HfT-*

i.r.

CMOS

D/A CONVERTER