ELRO CR1 User Manual

802.11n WiFi Repeater User’s Manual

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802.11n

WiFi Repeater

User’s Manual

802.11n WiFi Repeater User’s Manual

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Table of Contents

Features ................................................................................. 4

Device Requirements ............................................................ 5

Using this Document ............................................................. 5

Notational conventions ................................................... 5

Typographical conventions ............................................ 5

Special messages .......................................................... 5

Getting Support ...................................................................... 6

Computer / System requirements ......................................... 6

Package Contents ................................................................. 6

LED meanings & activations ................................................. 6

Top Side .......................................................................... 6

Rear and Left Panel and bottom Side ........................... 7

For Windows 98SE / ME / 2000 / XP ................................... 8

For Windows Vista-32/64 .................................................... 13

For Windows 7-32/64 .......................................................... 18

For Windows 8-32/64 .......................................................... 23

Connecting the Hardware ................................................... 28

Wireless Connection............................................................ 29

Advanced Configuration with Router Mode ....................... 31

Accessing the Web pages .................................................. 34

Testing your Setup............................................................... 36

Default device settings ........................................................ 36

Wireless Setup ..................................................................... 41

LAN Interface Setup ............................................................ 43

Changing the LAN IP address and subnet

mask .................................................................................. 45

Show Client .......................................................................... 48

About firmware versions ...................................................... 50

Manually updating firmware ................................................ 50

Save Settings to File ............................................................ 52

Load Settings from File ....................................................... 54

Resetting to Defaults ........................................................... 56

Setting your username and password ............................... 59

Configuring Ethernet PCs ................................................... 61

Before you begin ........................................................... 61

Windows® XP PCs ...................................................... 61

Windows 2000 PCs ...................................................... 61

Windows Me PCs ......................................................... 63

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Windows 95, 98 PCs .................................................... 63

Windows NT 4.0 workstations ..................................... 64

Assigning static Internet information to

your PCs .................................................................... 65

IP Addresses ........................................................................ 67

Structure of an IP address ........................................... 67

Network classes ............................................................ 67

Subnet masks ...................................................................... 68

UPnP Control Point Software on Windows ME ................. 70

UPnP Control Point Software on Windows XP

with Firewall ...................................................................... 71

SSDP requirements ...................................................... 71

Troubleshooting Suggestions ............................................. 74

Diagnosing Problem using IP Utilities ................................ 76

ping ................................................................................ 76

nslookup ........................................................................ 76

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1 Introduction

Congratulations on becoming the owner of the 802.11n WiFi
Repeater. You will now be able to access the Internet using
your high-speed xDSL/Cable modem connection.

This User Guide will show you how to connect your 802.11n
WiFi Repeater, and how to customize its configuration to get the
most out of your new product.

Features

The list below contains the main features of the device and may
be useful to users with knowledge of networking protocols. If
you are not an experienced user, the chapters throughout this
guide will provide you with enough information to get the most
out of your device.

Features include:

 Network address translation (NAT) functions to provide

 Network configuration through DHCP Server and DHCP

 User-friendly configuration program accessed via a web

The 802.11n WiFi Repeater has the Wireless Interface
allows for a direct connection to a Wireless
network via an Wireless interface, with WLAN connectivity for
both the 802.11n WiFi Repeater and a co-located PC or other
Wireless-based device.

security for your LAN

Client

browser

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Note

Provides clarifying or non-essential information on the current
topic.

Definition

Explains terms or acronyms that may be unfamiliar to many
readers. These terms are also included in the Glossary.

WARNING

Provides messages of high importance, including messages
relating to personal safety or system integrity.

Device Requirements

In order to use the 802.11n WiFi Repeater, you must have the
following:

 One Broadband Internet connection via Wireless cable

modem or xDSL modem

 Instructions from your ISP on what type of Internet access

you will be using, and the addresses needed to set up access

 One or more computers each containing an Wireless LAN

card

 TCP/IP protocol for each PC
 For system configuration using the supplied

a. web-based program: a web browser such as Internet
Explorer v4 or later, or Netscape v4 or later. Note that
version 4 of each browser is the minimum version
requirement – for optimum display quality, use Internet
Explorer v5, or Netscape v6.1

Using this Document

Notational conventions

 Acronyms are defined the first time they appear in the text

and also in the glossary.

 For brevity, the 802.11n WiFi Repeater is referred to as “the

device”.

Typographical conventions

 Italic text is used for items you select from menus and drop-

down lists and the names of displayed web pages.

 Bold text is used for text strings that you type when prompted

by the program, and to emphasize important points.

Special messages

This document uses the following icons to draw your attention to
specific instructions or explanations.

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Getting Support

Supplied by:
Helpdesk Number:
Website:

2 Getting to know the device

Computer / System requirements

 1. Pentium 200MHZ processor or above
 2. Windows 98SE, Windows Me, Windows 2000, Windows

XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8

 3. 64MB of RAM or above
 4. 25MB free disk space

Package Contents

1. 802.11n WiFi Repeater

2. CD -ROM (Software & Manual)

3. Quick Installation Guide

LED meanings & activations

Top Side

The Top Side contains lights called Light Emitting Diodes
(LEDs) that indicate the status of the unit.

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Label

Color

Function

POWER

green

On: device is powered on
Off: device is powered off

WLAN

green

On: WLAN link established and active
Blink: Valid Wireless packet being transferred

WPS

green

On: Internet Connection established and
active

Off: WPS link isn’t established and active
Blink: Valid WPS packet being transferred

Figure 1: Top Side and LEDs

Rear and Left Panel and bottom Side

The rear and right panel and bottom side contains a Restore
Defaults button, the ports for the unit's data and power

connections.

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Label

Function

WPS

Press this button for at least 3 full seconds and
the WPS LED will flash to start WPS.
Now go to the wireless adapter or device and
press its WPS button. Make sure to press the
button within 120 seconds (2 minutes) after
pressing the Repeater's WPS button.

RESET

Reset button. RESET the 802.11n WiFi Repeater to
its default settings.

Press this button for at least 6 full seconds to RESET
device to its default settings.

3 Computer configurations under different OS,

to obtain IP address automatically

Before starting the 802.11n WiFi Repeater configuration, please
kindly configure the PC computer as below, to have automatic
IP address / DNS Server.

For Windows 98SE / ME / 2000 / XP

1. Click on "Start" -> "Control Panel" (in Classic View). In
the Control Panel, double click on "Network Connections"
to continue.

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2. Single RIGHT click on " Wireless Network Connection ",
then click "Properties".

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3. Double click on "Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)".

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4. Check "Obtain an IP address automatically" and "Obtain
DNS server address automatically" then click on "OK" to

continue.

5. Click "Show icon in notification area when connected"
(see screen image in 3. above) then Click on "OK" to
complete the setup procedures.

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For Windows Vista-32/64

1. Click on “Start” -> “Control Panel” -> “View network
status and tasks”.

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2. In the Manage network connections, click on “Manage
network connections” to continue.

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3. Single RIGHT click on "Wireless Network Connection",
then click "Properties".

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4. The screen will display the information "User Account
Control" and click "Continue" to continue.

5. Double click on "Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)".

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6. Check "Obtain an IP address automatically" and "Obtain
DNS server address automatically" then click on "OK" to

continue.

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For Windows 7-32/64

1. Click on “Start” -> “Control Panel” (in Category View) ->
“View network status and tasks”.

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2. In the Control Panel Home, click on “Change adapter
settings” to continue.

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3. Single RIGHT click on “Wireless Network Connection”,
then click “Properties”.

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4. Double click on "Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)".

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5. Check "Obtain an IP address automatically" and "Obtain
DNS server address automatically" then click on "OK" to

continue.

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For Windows 8-32/64

1. Move the mouse or tap to the upper right corner and click on “Settings”.

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2. Click on “Control Panel”.

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3. Click on “View network status and tasks”.

4. In the Control Panel Home, click on “Change adapter settings” to
continue.

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5. Single RIGHT click on “Ethernet", then click "Properties".

6. Double click on "Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)".

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7. Check "Obtain an IP address automatically" and “Obtain DNS server
address automatically” then click on "OK" to continue.

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WARNING

Before you begin, turn the power off for all devices. These
include your computer(s), your LAN hub/switch (if applicable),
and the device.

4 Connecting your device

This chapter provides basic instructions for connecting the
device to a computer or WLAN and to the Internet.

In addition to configuring the device, you need to configure the
Internet properties of your computer(s). For more details, see
the following sections:

 Configuring Ethernet PCs
This chapter assumes that you have already established a

DSL/Cable service with your Internet service provider (ISP).
These instructions provide a basic configuration that should be
compatible with your home or small office network setup. Refer
to the subsequent chapters for additional configuration
instructions.

Connecting the Hardware

This section describes how to connect the device to the wall
phone port, the power outlet and your computer(s) or network.

The diagram below illustrates the hardware connections. The
layout of the ports on your device may vary from the layout
shown. Refer to the steps that follow for specific instructions.

Step 1. Attach the power connector
Plug the 802.11n WiFi Repeater into a power socket.

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5 Utility CD execution

Wireless Connection

1. Double click on the wireless icon on your computer and
search for the wireless network that you enter SSID name.

2. Click on the wireless network that you enter SSID name

(the default setting SSID = ELROxxxx, xxxx = last 4
digits of WLAN MAC Address which could be found
from the device sticker) to connect.

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3. If the wireless network isn’t encrypted, click on "Connect
Anyway" to connect.

4. If the wireless network is encrypted, enter the network key
that belongs to your authentication type and key (the

default settings Security Mode = WPA2 Mixed,
Passphrase = last 8 digits of WLAN MAC Address
which could be found from the device sticker).

5. Click on "Connect" or "Apply".

6. Now you are ready to use the Wireless Network to Internet
or intranet.

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Advanced Configuration with Router Mode

7. Please insert the supplied CD into your CD-ROM drive.

8. The CD should auto-start, displaying the window shown in

3. below. If your CD does not start automatically, go to
Windows Explorer, Select your CD drive and double click
“autorun.exe”.

9. To configure the device, please click “Advanced
Configuration”.

10. Alternative way is to launch your web browser, type
http://192.168.0.1 in the web address (or location) box, and
press [Enter] on your keyboard.

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11. Please enter the Login User Name: admin and Login
Password: admin and then click on OK button.

12. Click on Quick Setup menu.

13. Click on Site Survey button.

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14. Now you could see the APs that scanned by the WiFi
Repeater were listed below.

15. Click on the ratio of AP’s SSID under the item Select that
you want the WiFi Repeater to connect to.

16. Enter the related parameters.

17. Click Connect button.

18. Please wait...

19. Connect successfully! Please wait 2 minutes while booting.

20. If the WPS LED is on, the 802.11n WiFi Repeater has been
configured completely, and suitable for Wireless and
Internet Connections.

21. If the WPS LED isn’t on, reset the device to factory by
pressing reset button for 6 full seconds and configure again.

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6 Getting Started with the Web pages

The device includes a series of Web pages that provide an
interface to the software installed on the device. It enables you
to configure the device settings to meet the needs of your
network. You can access it through your web browser from any
PC connected to the device via the WLAN.

Accessing the Web pages

To access the Web pages, you need the following:
 A PC or laptop connected to the Wireless Interface of the

device.

 A web browser installed on the PC. The minimum browser

version requirement is Internet Explorer v4 or Netscape v4.
For the best display quality, use latest version of Internet
Explorer, Netscape or Mozilla Fire fox. From any of the LAN
computers, launch your web browser, type the following
URL in the web address (or location) box, and press [Enter]
on your keyboard:

http://192.168.0.1
The Status homepage for the web pages is displayed:

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Figure 2: Homepage

The first time that you click on an entry from the left­hand menu, a login box is displayed. You must enter
your username and password to access the pages.

A login screen is displayed:

Figure 3: Login screen

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User Name:

admin

Password:

admin

Note

You can change the password at any time or you can configure your
device so that you do not need to enter a password. See Password.

Note

If you receive an error message or the Welcome page is not
displayed, see Troubleshooting Suggestions.

Label

Color

Function

POWER

green

On: device is powered on
Off: device is powered off

WLAN

green

On: WLAN link established and active
Blink: Valid Wireless packet being transferred

WPS

green

Off: WPS link isn’t established and active
Blink: Valid WPS packet being transferred

1. Enter your user name and password. The first time you log
into the program, use these defaults:

2. Click on OK. You are now ready to configure your device.

This is the first page displayed each time you log in to the Web
pages.

Testing your Setup

Once you have connected your hardware and configured your
PCs, any computer on your WLAN should be able to use the
DSL /Cable connection to access the Internet.

To test the connection, turn on the device, wait for 30 seconds
and then verify that the LEDs are illuminated as follows:

Table 1. LED Indicators

If the LEDs illuminate as expected, test your Internet connection
from a LAN computer. To do this, open your web browser, and
type the URL of any external website (such as

http://www.yahoo.com). The LED labeled WPS should appear

solid as the device connects to the front AP.

Default device settings

In addition to handling the xDSL / Cable modem connection to
your ISP, the device can provide a variety of services to your

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WARNING

We strongly recommend that you contact your ISP prior to
changing the default configuration.

Option

Default Setting

Explanation/Instructions

WAN Port IP
Address

DHCP Client

This is the temporary public IP address of the WAN
port on the device. It is an unnumbered interface that

is replaced as soon as your ISP assigns a ‘real’ IP

address. See Network Settings -> WAN Interface.

LAN Port
IP Address

Assigned static IP address:

192.168.0.1

Subnet mask:

255.255.255.0

This is the IP address of the LAN port on the device.
The LAN port connects the device to your Ethernet
network. Typically, you will not need to change this
address. See Network Settings -> LAN Interface.

DHCP (Dynamic
Host Configuration
Protocol)

DHCP server enabled with the
following pool of addresses:

192.168.0.100
through

192.168.0.200

The device maintains a pool of private IP addresses
for dynamic assignment to your LAN computers. To
use this service, you must have set up your
computers to accept IP information dynamically, as
described in Configuring Ethernet PCs.

network. The device is preconfigured with default settings for
use with a typical home or small office network.

The table below lists some of the most important default
settings; these and other features are described fully in the
subsequent chapters. If you are familiar with network
configuration, review these settings to verify that they meet the
needs of your network. Follow the instructions to change them if
necessary. If you are unfamiliar with these settings, try using the
device without modification, or contact your ISP for assistance.

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7 Quick Setup (This function may vary

depending on Router, Client or WiFi-AP
mode)

The Quick Setup page displays useful information about the
setup of your device, including:

 details of the device’s Wireless settings
To display this page:

1. From the left-hand menu, click on Quick Setup. The
following page is displayed:

2. Click on Site Survey button.

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3. Now you could see the APs that scanned by the WiFi
Repeater were listed below.

4. Click on the ratio of AP’s SSID under the item Select that
you want the WiFi Repeater to connect to.

5. Enter the related parameters.

6. Click Connect button.

7. Please wait...

8. Connect successfully! Please wait while booting.

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9. If the WPS LED is on, the 802.11n WiFi Repeater has been
configured completely, and suitable for Wireless and
Internet Connections.

10. If the WPS LED isn’t on, reset the device to factory by
pressing reset button for 6 full seconds and configure again.

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8 Wireless Setup

This chapter assumes that you have already set up your
Wireless PCs and installed a compatible Wireless card on your
device. See Configuring Wireless PCs.

Wireless Setup

The Wireless Network page allows you to configure the
Wireless features of your device. To access the Wireless Setup
page:

From the left-hand Wireless Setup menu. The following page is
displayed:

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Field

Description

SSID

Specify the network name.
Each Wireless LAN network uses a unique Network Name to

identify the network. This name is called the Service Set Identifier
(SSID). When you set up your wireless adapter, you specify the
SSID. If you want to connect to an existing network, you must use
the name for that network. If you are setting up your own network
you can make up your own name and use it on each computer. The
name can be up to 20 characters long and contain letters and
numbers.

Encryption

Configure the Encryption to Disable, WEP, WPA(AES) , WPA2(AES)
or WPA-Mixed

Key Length

Select the Key Length 64-bit or 128-bit

Key Format

Select the Key Format ASCII (5 characters), Hex (10 characters),
ASCII (13 characters) or Hex (26 characters)

Encryption Setting

Enter the Encryption Key

Pre-Shared Key
Format

Configure the Pre-Shared Key Format to Passphrase or HEX (64
characters)

Pre-Shared Key

Type the Pre-Shared Key

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Note

You should only change the addressing details if your ISP asks
you to, or if you are familiar with network configuration. In most
cases, you will not need to make any changes to this
configuration.

9 LAN Interface

This chapter is to configure the parameters for local area
network which connects to the LAN port of your Access Point.
Here you may change the setting for IP address, subnet mask,
DHCP, etc...

LAN Interface Setup

To check the configuration of LAN Interface:

1. From the left-hand Network Settings -> LAN Interface
menu. The following page is displayed:

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Field

Description

IP Address

The LAN IP address

Default: 192.168.0.1

Subnet Mask

The LAN netmask

Default: 255.255.255.0

Default Gateway

The LAN Gateway

Default: 0.0.0.0

DHCP

DHCP Type: Disable, DHCP Client or Server

Default: DHCP Server

DHCP Client Range

Specify the starting/ending IP address of the IP address pool.

Default Start IP: 192.168.0.100

Default Ending IP: 192.168.0.200

Show Client

DHCP client computers/devices connected to the device will have
their information displayed in the DHCP Client List table. The table
will show the IP Address, MAC Address, and Expired Time of the
DHCP lease for each client computer/device.

Domain Name

A domain name is a user-friendly name used in place of its
associated IP address. Domain names must be unique; their
assignment is controlled by the Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN). Domain names are a key element of
URLs, which identify a specific file at a web site.

802.1d Spanning
Tree

Enable or Disable Spanning Tree

Clone MAC Address

MAC Spoofing on LAN
Default: 000000000000

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Changing the LAN IP address and subnet mask

To check the configuration of LAN Interface:

2. From the left-hand Network Settings -> LAN Interface
menu. The following page is displayed:

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3. Type IP Address and Change default LAN port IP address.

4. Click in the IP Address and Subnet Mask box and type a
new IP Address and Subnet Mask.

5. Change the default DHCP Client Range.

6. Click Apply Changes.

7. Change setting successfully! Please wait 20 seconds….

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Note

If you change the LAN IP address of the device while connected
through your Web browser, you will be disconnected. You must
open a new connection by entering your new LAN IP address as
the URL.

You may also need to renew your DHCP lease:

Windows 95/98

a. Select Run... from the Start menu.
b. Enter winipcfg and click OK.
c. Select your ethernet adaptor from the pull-down menu
d. Click Release All and then Renew All.
e. Exit the winipcfg dialog.

Windows NT/Windows 2000/Windows XP

a. Bring up a command window.
b. Type ipconfig /release in the command window.
c. Type ipconfig /renew.
d. Type exit to close the command window.

Linux

a. Bring up a shell.
b. Type pump -r to release the lease.
c. Type pump to renew the lease.

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Show Client

To the IP Address, MAC Address, and Expired Time of the
DHCP lease for each client computer/device:

1. From the left-hand Network Settings -> LAN Interface
menu. The following page is displayed:

2. Click on Show Client button. The following page is
displayed:

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10 Status

This page displays the current information for the device. It will
display the LAN, WAN, and system firmware information. This
page will display different information, according to WAN
setting.

1. From the left-hand Management -> Status menu. The
following page is displayed:

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Note

If there is a firmware update available you are strongly advised to
install it on your device to ensure that you take full advantage of
any new feature developments.

11 Firmware Update

About firmware versions

Firmware is a software program. It is stored as read-only
memory on your device.

Your device can check whether there are later firmware
versions available. If there is a later version, you can download
it via the Internet and install it on your device.

Manually updating firmware

You can manually download the latest firmware version from
provider’s website to your PC’s file directory.

Once you have downloaded the latest firmware version to your
PC, you can manually select and install it as follows:

1. From the left-hand Management menu, click on Upgrade
Firmware Upgrade. The following page is displayed:

2. Click on the Browse… button.

Figure 4: Manual Update Installation section

(Note that if you are using certain browsers (such as Opera

7) the Browse button is labeled Choose.)

Use the Choose file box to navigate to the relevant directory
where the firmware version is saved.

3. Once you have selected the file to be installed, click Open.

The file’s directory path is displayed in the New Firmware
Image: text box.

4. Click Upload. The device checks that the selected file
contains an updated version of firmware. A status screen
pops up, please wait for a while…….

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5. Firmware update has been update complete. The following
page is displayed:

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Option

Description

Save Settings

to File

Save the Settings to a File

Load Settings

from File

Load Settings from a File

Reset

Settings to

Default

Reset Settings to Factory Default

12 Save/Reload Settings

This page allows you save current settings to a file or reload the
settings from the file which was saved previously.

Besides, you could reset the current configuration to factory
default.

If you do make changes to the default configuration but then
wish to revert back to the original factory configuration, you can
do so by resetting the device to factory defaults.

Save Settings to File

It allows you save current settings to a file.

1. From the left-hand Management menu, click on Reset

factory default. The following page is displayed:

Figure 5: Reset to Defaults page

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2. Click on Save….

3. If you are happy with this, click Save and then browse to
where the file to be saved. Or click Cancel to cancel it.

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Load Settings from File

It allows you to reload the settings from the file which was saved
previously.

1. From the left-hand Management menu, click on Reset

factory default. The following page is displayed:

Figure 6: Reset to Defaults page

2. Click on Browse….to browse to where the config.dat is.

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3. If you are happy with this, click Upload to start to load
settings from file.

4. Once it finished loading settings form file, it’ll show the
message below.

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Note

If you reset your device to factory defaults, all previous
configuration changes that you have made are overwritten by the
factory default configuration.

Resetting to Defaults

If you do make changes to the default configuration but then
wish to revert back to the original factory configuration, you can
do so by resetting the device to factory defaults.

Software Reset:

1. From the left-hand Management menu, click on Reset

factory default. The following page is displayed:

Figure 7: Reset to Defaults page

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2. Click on Reset Settings to Default.

3. This page reminds you that resetting to factory defaults
cannot be undone – any changes that you have made to
the basic settings will be replaced. If you are happy with
this, click OK. Or click Cancel to cancel it.

4. Reload setting successfully! Please wait for a moment while
rebooting ...

5. Once it finished resetting to factory, it’ll show the Status
page.

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Note

Non-authorized users may try to access your system by guessing
your username and password. We recommend that you change
the default username and password to your own unique settings.

13 Password

You can restrict access to your device’s web pages using
password protection. With password protection enabled, users
must enter a username and password before gaining access to
the web pages.

By default, password protection is enabled on your device, and
the username and password set are as follows:

Username: admin
Password: admin

Setting your username and password

To change the default password:

1. From the left-hand Management menu, click on Password.
The following page is displayed:

Figure 8: Currently Defined Administration Password: Setup page

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2. This page displays the current username and password
settings. Change your own unique password in the relevant
boxes. They can be any combination of letters or numbers
with a maximum of 30 characters. The default setting uses
admin for the username and admin for password.

3. If you are happy with these settings, click Apply. You will
see following page that the new user has been displayed on
the Currently Defined Users. You need to login to the web
pages using your new username and new password.

Figure 9: Administration Password

4. Change setting successfully.

5. Enter new User name and Password.

6. Click Apply.

Figure 10: Login page

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Note

In some cases, you may want to assign Internet information
manually to some or all of your computers rather than allow the
device to do so. See Assigning static Internet information to your
PCs for instructions.

A Configuring your Computers

This appendix provides instructions for configuring the Internet
settings on your computers to work with the device.

Configuring Ethernet PCs

Before you begin

By default, the device automatically assigns the required
Internet settings to your PCs. You need to configure the PCs to
accept this information when it is assigned.

 If you have connected your LAN PCs via Ethernet to the

device, follow the instructions that correspond to the
operating system installed on your PC:

 Windows® XP PCs
 Windows 2000 PCs
 Windows Me PCs
 Windows 95, 98 PCs
 Windows NT 4.0 workstations

Windows® XP PCs

1. In the Windows task bar, click the Start button, and then
click Control Panel.

2. Double-click the Network Connections icon.

3. In the LA N or High-Speed Internet window, right-click on
the icon corresponding to your network interface card (NIC)
and select Properties. (Often, this icon is labeled Local Area
Connection).

The Local Area Connection dialog box is displayed with a
list of currently installed network items.

4. Ensure that the check box to the left of the item labeled
Internet Protocol TCP/IP is checked and click Properties.

5. In the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box, click
the radio button labeled Obtain an IP address automatically.
Also click the radio button labeled Obtain DNS server
address automatically.

6. Click OK twice to confirm your changes, and then close the
Control Panel.

Windows 2000 PCs

First, check for the IP protocol and, if necessary, install it:

1. In the Windows task bar, click the Start button, point to
Settings, and then click Control Panel.

2. Double-click the Network and Dial-up Connections icon.

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3. In the Network and Dial-up Connections window, right-click
the Local Area Connection icon, and then select Properties.

The Local Area Connection Properties dialog box is
displayed with a list of currently installed network
components. If the list includes Internet Protocol (TCP/IP),
then the protocol has already been enabled. Skip to step

10.

4. If Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) does not display as an installed
component, click Install…

5. In the Select Network Component Type dialog box, select
Protocol, and then click Add…

6. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the Network Protocols
list, and then click OK.

You may be prompted to install files from your Windows
2000 installation CD or other media. Follow the instructions
to install the files.

7. If prompted, click OK to restart your computer with the new
settings.

Next, configure the PCs to accept IP information assigned by
the device:

8. In the Control Panel, double-click the Network and Dial-up
Connections icon.

9. In the Network and Dial-up Connections window, right-click
the Local Area Connection icon, and then select Properties.

10. In the Local Area Connection Properties dialog box, select
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and then click Properties.

11. In the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box, click
the radio button labeled Obtain an IP address automatically.
Also click the radio button labeled Obtain DNS server
address automatically.

12. Click OK twice to confirm and save your changes, and then
close the Control Panel.

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Windows Me PCs

1. In the Windows task bar, click the Start button, point to
Settings, and then click Control Panel.

2. Double-click the Network and Dial-up Connections icon.

3. In the Network and Dial-up Connections window, right-click
the Network icon, and then select Properties.

The Network Properties dialog box displays with a list of
currently installed network components. If the list includes
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), then the protocol has already
been enabled. Skip to step 11.

4. If Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) does not display as an installed
component, click Add…

5. In the Select Network Component Type dialog box, select
Protocol, and then click Add…

6. Select Microsoft in the Manufacturers box.

7. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the Network Protocols
list, and then click OK.

You may be prompted to install files from your Windows Me
installation CD or other media. Follow the instructions to
install the files.

8. If prompted, click OK to restart your computer with the new
settings.

Next, configure the PCs to accept IP information assigned by
the device:

9. In the Control Panel, double-click the Network and Dial-up
Connections icon.

10. In Network and Dial-up Connections window, right-click the
Network icon, and then select Properties.

11. In the Network Properties dialog box, select TCP/IP, and
then click Properties.

12. In the TCP/IP Settings dialog box, click the radio button
labeled Server assigned IP address. Also click the radio
button labeled Server assigned name server address.

13. Click OK twice to confirm and save your changes, and then
close the Control Panel.

Windows 95, 98 PCs

First, check for the IP protocol and, if necessary, install it:

1. In the Windows task bar, click the Start button, point to
Settings, and then click Control Panel.

2. Double-click the Network icon.
The Network dialog box displays with a list of currently

installed network components. If the list includes TCP/IP,
and then the protocol has already been enabled. Skip to
step 9.

3. If TCP/IP does not display as an installed component, click

Add…

The Select Network Component Type dialog box displays.

4. Select Protocol, and then click Add…
The Select Network Protocol dialog box displays.

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5. Click on Microsoft in the Manufacturers list box, and then
click TCP/IP in the Network Protocols list box.

6. Click OK to return to the Network dialog box, and then click
OK again.

You may be prompted to install files from your Windows
95/98 installation CD. Follow the instructions to install the
files.

7. Click OK to restart the PC and complete the TCP/IP
installation.

Next, configure the PCs to accept IP information assigned by
the device:

8. Open the Control Panel window, and then click the Network
icon.

9. Select the network component labeled TCP/IP, and then
click Properties.

If you have multiple TCP/IP listings, select the listing
associated with your network card or adapter.

10. In the TCP/IP Properties dialog box, click the IP Address
tab.

11. Click the radio button labeled Obtain an IP address
automatically.

12. Click the DNS Configuration tab, and then click the radio
button labeled Obtain an IP address automatically.

13. Click OK twice to confirm and save your changes.
You will be prompted to restart Windows.

14. Click Yes.

Windows NT 4.0 workstations

First, check for the IP protocol and, if necessary, install it:

1. In the Windows NT task bar, click the Start button, point to
Settings, and then click Control Panel.

2. In the Control Panel window, double click the Network icon.

3. In the Network dialog box, click the Protocols tab.
The Protocols tab displays a list of currently installed

network protocols. If the list includes TCP/IP, then the
protocol has already been enabled. Skip to step 9.

4. If TCP/IP does not display as an installed component, click
Add…

5. In the Select Network Protocol dialog box, select TCP/IP,
and then click OK.

You may be prompted to install files from your Windows NT
installation CD or other media. Follow the instructions to
install the files.

After all files are installed, a window displays to inform you
that a TCP/IP service called DHCP can be set up to
dynamically assign IP information.

6. Click Yes to continue, and then click OK if prompted to
restart your computer.

Next, configure the PCs to accept IP information assigned by
the device:

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Note

Your PCs must have IP addresses that place them in the same
subnet as the device’s LAN port. If you manually assign IP
information to all your LAN PCs, you can follow the instructions in
Addressing to change the LAN port IP address accordingly.

7. Open the Control Panel window, and then double-click the
Network icon.

8. In the Network dialog box, click the Protocols tab.

9. In the Protocols tab, select TCP/IP, and then click
Properties.

10. In the Microsoft TCP/IP Properties dialog box, click the
radio button labeled Obtain an IP address from a DHCP
server.

11. Click OK twice to confirm and save your changes, and then
close the Control Panel.

Assigning static Internet information to your PCs

If you are a typical user, you will not need to assign static
Internet information to your LAN PCs because your ISP
automatically assigns this information for you.

In some cases however, you may want to assign Internet
information to some or all of your PCs directly (often called
“statically”), rather than allowing the device to assign it. This
option may be desirable (but not required) if:

 You have obtained one or more public IP addresses that

you want to always associate with specific computers (for
example, if you are using a computer as a public web
server).

 You maintain different subnets on your LAN (subnets are

described in Appendix B).

Before you begin, you must have the following information
available:

 The IP address and subnet mask of each PC
 The IP address of the default gateway for your LAN. In

most cases, this is the address assigned to the LAN port on
the device. By default, the LAN port is assigned the IP
address 192.168.0.1. (You can change this number or
another number can be assigned by your ISP. See
Addressing for more information.)

 The IP address of your ISP’s Domain Name System (DNS)

server.

On each PC to which you want to assign static information,
follow the instructions relating only to checking for and/or
installing the IP protocol. Once it is installed, continue to follow
the instructions for displaying each of the Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) properties. Instead of enabling dynamic assignment of
the IP addresses for the computer, DNS server and default
gateway, click the radio buttons that enable you to enter the
information manually.

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Note

This section refers only to IP addresses for IPv4 (version 4 of the
Internet Protocol). IPv6 addresses are not covered.

This section assumes basic knowledge of binary numbers, bits,
and bytes.

Field1

Field2

Field3

Field4

Class A

Network ID

Host ID

Class B

Network ID

Host ID

Class C

Network ID

Host ID

B IP Addresses, Network Masks, and

Subnets

IP Addresses

IP addresses, the Internet's version of telephone numbers, are
used to identify individual nodes (computers or devices) on the
Internet. Every IP address contains four numbers, each from 0
to 255 and separated by dots (periods), e.g. 20.56.0.211. These
numbers are called, from left to right, field1, field2, field3, and
field4.

This style of writing IP addresses as decimal numbers
separated by dots is called dotted decimal notation. The IP
address 20.56.0.211 is read "twenty dot fifty-six dot zero dot
two-eleven."

Structure of an IP address

IP addresses have a hierarchical design similar to that of
telephone numbers. For example, a 7-digit telephone number
starts with a 3-digit prefix that identifies a group of thousands of
telephone lines, and ends with four digits that identify one
specific line in that group.

Similarly, IP addresses contain two kinds of information:
 Network ID

Identifies a particular network within the Internet or intranet

 Host ID

Identifies a particular computer or device on the network

The first part of every IP address contains the network ID, and
the rest of the address contains the host ID. The length of the
network ID depends on the network's class (see following
section). The table below shows the structure of an IP address.

Here are some examples of valid IP addresses:
Class A: 10.30.6.125 (network = 10, host = 30.6.125)

Class B: 129.88.16.49 (network = 129.88, host = 16.49)
Class C: 192.60.201.11 (network = 192.60.201, host = 11)

Network classes

The three commonly used network classes are A, B, and C.
(There is also a class D but it has a special use beyond the

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Definition

mask

A mask looks like a regular IP address, but contains a pattern of
bits that tells what parts of an IP address are the network ID and
what parts are the host ID: bits set to 1 mean "this bit is part of the
network ID" and bits set to 0 mean "this bit is part of the host ID."

scope of this discussion.) These classes have different uses
and characteristics.

Class A networks are the Internet's largest networks, each with
room for over 16 million hosts. Up to 126 of these huge
networks can exist, for a total of over 2 billion hosts. Because of
their huge size, these networks are used for WANs and by
organizations at the infrastructure level of the Internet, such as
your ISP.

Class B networks are smaller but still quite large, each able to
hold over 65,000 hosts. There can be up to 16,384 class B
networks in existence. A class B network might be appropriate
for a large organization such as a business or government
agency.

Class C networks are the smallest, only able to hold 254 hosts
at most, but the total possible number of class C networks
exceeds 2 million (2,097,152 to be exact). LANs connected to
the Internet are usually class C networks.

Some important notes regarding IP addresses:
 The class can be determined easily from field1:

field1 = 1-126: Class A
field1 = 128-191: Class B
field1 = 192-223: Class C
(field1 values not shown are reserved for special uses)

 A host ID can have any value except all fields set to 0 or all

fields set to 255, as those values are reserved for special
uses.

Subnet masks

Subnet masks are used to define subnets (what you get after
dividing a network into smaller pieces). A subnet's network ID is
created by "borrowing" one or more bits from the host ID portion
of the address. The subnet mask identifies these host ID bits.

For example, consider a class C network 192.168.1. To split this
into two subnets, you would use the subnet mask:

255.255.255.128

It's easier to see what's happening if we write this in binary:

11111111. 11111111. 11111111.10000000

As with any class C address, all of the bits in field1 through
field3 are part of the network ID, but note how the mask
specifies that the first bit in field4 is also included. Since this
extra bit has only two values (0 and 1), this means there are two
subnets. Each subnet uses the remaining 7 bits in field4 for its
host IDs, which range from 1 to 126 hosts (instead of the usual
0 to 255 for a class C address).

Similarly, to split a class C network into four subnets, the mask
is:

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Note

Sometimes a subnet mask does not specify any additional
network ID bits, and thus no subnets. Such a mask is called a
default subnet mask. These masks are:

Class A: 255.0.0.0
Class B: 255.255.0.0
Class C: 255.255.255.0

These are called default because they are used when a network is
initially configured, at which time it has no subnets.

255.255.255.192 or 11111111. 11111111.

11111111.11000000

The two extra bits in field4 can have four values (00, 01, 10, 11),
so there are four subnets. Each subnet uses the remaining six
bits in field4 for its host IDs, ranging from 1 to 62.

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C UPnP Control Point Software on

Windows ME/XP

This appendix provides instructions for configuring the UPnP on
your computers to work with the device.

UPnP is an architecture for pervasive peer-to-peer network
connectivity of intelligent appliances, Wireless devices, and PCs
of all form factors. It is designed to bring easy-to-use, flexible,
standards-based connectivity to ad-hoc or unmanaged
networks whether in the home, in a small business, public
spaces, or attached to the Internet. UPnP is a distributed, open
networking architecture that leverages TCP/IP and the Web
technologies to enable seamless proximity networking in
addition to control and data transfer among networked devices
in the home, office, and public spaces.

UPnP is more than just a simple extension of the plug and play
peripheral model. It is designed to support zero-configuration,
"invisible" networking, and automatic discovery for a breadth of
device categories from a wide range of vendors. This means a
device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address,
convey its capabilities, and learn about the presence and
capabilities of other devices. DHCP and DNS servers are
optional and are used only if available on the network. Finally, a
device can leave a network smoothly and automatically without
leaving any unwanted state behind.

UPnP Control Point Software on Windows ME

To install the control point software on Windows ME:

1. In the Control Panel, select "Add/Remove Programs".

2. In the "Add/Remove Programs Properties" dialog box, select

the "Windows Setup" tab. In the "Components" list, double click
on the "Communications" entry.

3. In the "Communications" dialog box, scroll down the

"Components" list to display the UPnP entry. Select the entry,
click "OK".

4. Click "OK" to finish the "Add/Remove Programs" dialog.

5. Reboot your system.

Once you have installed the UPnP software and you have
rebooted (and your network includes the IGD system), you
should be able to see the IGD controlled device on your
network.

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UPnP Control Point Software on Windows XP with
Firewall

On Windows XP versions earlier than SP2, Firewall support is
provided by the Windows XP Internet Connection Firewall. You
cannot use the Windows XP Internet Connection Firewall
support on a system that you intend to use as a UPnP control
point. If this feature is enabled, although the control point
system may display controlled devices in the list of network
devices, the control point system cannot participate in UPnP
communication. (This restriction also applies to controlled
devices running on Windows XP systems earlier than SP2.)

On Windows XP SP2 and later, Firewall support is provided by
Windows Firewall. Unlike earlier versions, Windows XP SP2
can be used on a system that you intend to use as a UPnP
control point.

To turn off the Firewall capability on any version of Windows
XP, follow the steps below:

1. In the Control Panel, select "Network and Internet

Connections".

2. In the "Network and Internet Connections" dialog box, select

"Network Connections".

3. In the "Network Connections" dialog box, right-click on the

local area connection entry for your network; this will display a
menu. Select the "Properties" menu entry.

4. In the "Local Area Connection Properties" dialog box, select

the "Advanced" tab. Disable the Internet Connection Firewall by
de-selecting the entry with the following label:

"Protect my computer and network by limiting or preventing
access to the computer from the Internet".

5. Click "OK".

SSDP requirements

You must have SSDP Discovery Service enabled on your
Windows XP system to use the UPnP Control point software.

SSDP Discovery Service is enabled on a default installation of
Windows XP. To check if it is enabled on your system, look in
Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services).

Installation procedure
To install the Control point software on Windows XP, follow the

steps below:

1. In the Control Panel, select "Add/Remove Programs".

2. In the "Add or Remove Programs" dialog box, click the "Add /

Remove Windows Components" button.

3. In the "Windows Component Wizard" dialog box, scroll down

the list to display the "Networking Services" entry. Highlight
(select) the entry, and click on the "Details" button.

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4. The “Networking Services” window is displayed.

The subcomponents shown in the Networking Services window
will be different depending on if you are using Windows XP,
Windows XP (SP1), or Windows XP (SP2).

If you are using Windows XP SP2, the Networking Services
window will display the following list of sub-components:

5. Select the following entries from the “Networking Services”

window and then click "OK":
If you are using Windows XP, select:

• "Universal Plug and Play".

If you are using Windows XP SP1, select:

• "Internet Gateway Device discovery and Control Client".

• "Universal Plug and Play".

If you are using Windows XP SP2, select:

• "Internet Gateway Device discovery and Control Client".

• "UPnP User Interface".

6. Reboot your system.

Once you have installed the UPnP software and you have
rebooted (and your network includes the IGD system), you
should be able to see the IGD controlled device on your
network.

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For example, from the Network Connections window you should
see the Internet Gateway Device:

Fout! Gebruik het tabblad Start om Title toe te passen op de tekst die u hier wilt weergeven. User’s Guide Troubleshooting

Problem

Troubleshooting Suggestion

LEDs

Power LED does not
illuminate after
product is turned on.

Verify that you are using the power cable
provided with the device and that it is
securely connected to the device and a wall
socket/power strip.

LINK LAN LED does
not illuminate after
Ethernet cable is
attached.

Verify that the Ethernet cable is securely
connected to your LAN hub or PC and to
the device. Make sure the PC and/or hub is
turned on.
Verify that your cable is sufficient for your
network requirements. A 100 Mbit/sec
network (10BaseTx) should use cables
labeled CAT 5. A 10Mbit/sec network may
tolerate lower quality cables.

Internet Access

My PC cannot access
the Internet

Use the ping utility (discussed in the
following section) to check whether your PC

can communicate with the device’s LAN IP

address (by default 192.168.0.1). If it
cannot, check the Ethernet cabling.
If you statically assigned a private IP
address to the computer, (not a registered
public address), verify the following:

 Check that the gateway IP address

on the computer is your public IP
address (see Current Status for
instructions on viewing the IP
information.) If it is not, correct the
address or configure the PC to
receive IP information
automatically.

 Verify with your ISP that the DNS

server specified for the PC is valid.
Correct the address or configure
the PC to receive this information
automatically.

My LAN PCs cannot
display web pages
on the Internet.

Verify that the DNS server IP address
specified on the PCs is correct for your ISP,
as discussed in the item above. If you
specified that the DNS server be assigned
dynamically from a server, then verify with
your ISP that the address configured on the
device is correct, then You can use the ping

utility, to test connectivity with your ISP’s

DNS server.

Web pages

D Troubleshooting

This appendix suggests solutions for problems you may
encounter in installing or using the device, and provides
instructions for using several IP utilities to diagnose problems.

Contact Customer Support if these suggestions do not resolve
the problem.

Troubleshooting Suggestions

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Problem

Troubleshooting Suggestion

I forgot/lost my user
ID or password.

If you have not changed the password from

the default, try using “admin” the user ID

and “administrator“ as password. Otherwise,
you can reset the device to the default
configuration by pressing the Reset Default
button on the Rare panel of the device (see
Rare Panel). Then, type the default User ID
and password shown above. WARNING:
Resetting the device removes any custom
settings and returns all settings to their
default values.

I cannot access the
web pages from my
browser.

Use the ping utility, discussed in the
following section, to check whether your PC

can communicate with the device’s LAN IP

address (by default 192.168.0.1). If it
cannot, check the Ethernet cabling.

Verify that you are using Internet Explorer or
Netscape Navigator v4.0 or later.

Verify that the PC’s IP address is defined as
being on the same subnet as the IP address
assigned to the LAN port on the device.

My changes to the
web pages are not
being retained.

Be sure to use the Confirm Changes/Apply
function after any changes.

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Diagnosing Problem using IP Utilities

ping

Ping is a command you can use to check whether your PC can
recognize other computers on your network and the Internet. A
ping command sends a message to the computer you specify. If
the computer receives the message, it sends messages in
reply. To use it, you must know the IP address of the computer
with which you are trying to communicate.

On Windows-based computers, you can execute a ping
command from the Start menu. Click the Start button, and then
click Run. In the Open text box, type a statement such as the
following:

ping 192.168.0.1

Click OK. You can substitute any private IP address on your
LAN or a public IP address for an Internet site, if known.

If the target computer receives the message, a Command

Prompt window is displayed:

Figure 11: Using the ping Utility

If the target computer cannot be located, you will receive the
message Request timed out.

Using the ping command, you can test whether the path to the
device is working (using the preconfigured default LAN IP
address 192.168.0.1) or another address you assigned.

You can also test whether access to the Internet is working by
typing an external address, such as that for www.yahoo.com
(216.115.108.243). If you do not know the IP address of a
particular Internet location, you can use the nslookup command,
as explained in the following section.

From most other IP-enabled operating systems, you can
execute the same command at a command prompt or through a
system administration utility.

nslookup

You can use the nslookup command to determine the IP
address associated with an Internet site name. You specify the
common name, and the nslookup command looks up the name

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in on your DNS server (usually located with your ISP). If that

name is not an entry in your ISP’s DNS table, the request is

then referred to another higher-level server, and so on, until the
entry is found. The server then returns the associated IP
address.

On Windows-based computers, you can execute the nslookup
command from the Start menu. Click the Start button, and then
click Run. In the Open text box, type the following:

Nslookup

Click OK. A Command Prompt window displays with a bracket
prompt (>). At the prompt, type the name of the Internet address
that you are interested in, such as www.microsoft.com.

The window will display the associate IP address, if known, as
shown below:

Figure 12: Using the nslookup Utility

There may be several addresses associated with an Internet
name. This is common for web sites that receive heavy traffic;
they use multiple, redundant servers to carry the same
information.

To exit from the nslookup utility, type exit and press [Enter] at
the command prompt.

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E Glossary

10BASE-T A designation for the type of wiring used by Ethernet

networks with a data rate of 10 Mbps. Also known as
Category 3 (CAT 3) wiring. See data rate, Ethernet.

100BASE-T A designation for the type of wiring used by Ethernet

networks with a data rate of 100 Mbps. Also known as
Category 5 (CAT 5) wiring. See data rate, Ethernet.

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

The most commonly deployed "flavor" of DSL for home users
is asymmetrical DSL. The term asymmetrical refers to its
unequal data rates for downloading and uploading (the
download rate is higher than the upload rate). The
asymmetrical rates benefit home users because they
typically download much more data from the Internet than
they upload.

analog An analog signal is a signal that has had its frequency

modified in some way, such as by amplifying its strength or
varying its frequency, in order to add information to the
signal. The voice component in DSL is an analog signal. See
digital.

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

A standard for high-speed transmission of data, text, voice,
and video, widely used within the Internet. ATM data rates
range from 45 Mbps to 2.5 Gbps. See data rate.

authenticate To verify a user’s identity, such as by prompting for a

password.

binary The "base two" system of numbers, that uses only two digits,

0 and 1, to represent all numbers. In binary, the number 1 is
written as 1, 2 as 10, 3 as 11, 4 as 100, etc. Although
expressed as decimal numbers for convenience, IP
addresses in actual use are binary numbers; e.g., the IP
address 209.191.4.240 is

11010001.10111111.00000100.11110000 in binary. See bit,

IP address, network mask.

bit Short for "binary digit," a bit is a number that can have two

values, 0 or 1. See binary.

bps bits per second
bridging Passing data from your network to your ISP and vice versa

using the hardware addresses of the devices at each
location. Bridging contrasts with routing, which can add more
intelligence to data transfers by using network addresses
instead. The device can perform both routing and bridging.
Typically, when both functions are enabled, the device routes
IP data and bridges all other types of data. See routing.

broadband A telecommunications technology that can send different

types of data over the same medium. DSL is a broadband
technology.

broadcast To send data to all computers on a network.
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DHCP automates address assignment and management.

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When a computer connects to the LAN, DHCP assigns it an
IP address from a shared pool of IP addresses; after a
specified time limit, DHCP returns the address to the pool.

DHCP relay Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol relay

A DHCP relay is a computer that forwards DHCP data
between computers that request IP addresses and the DHCP
server that assigns the addresses. Each of the device 's
interfaces can be configured as a DHCP relay. See DHCP.

DHCP server Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server

A DHCP server is a computer that is responsible for
assigning IP addresses to the computers on a LAN. See

DHCP.

digital Of data, having a form based on discrete values expressed

as binary numbers (0's and 1's). The data component in DSL
is a digital signal. See analog.

DNS Domain Name System

The DNS maps domain names into IP addresses. DNS
information is distributed hierarchically throughout the
Internet among computers called DNS servers. For example,
www.yahoo.com is the domain name associated with IP
address 216.115.108.243. When you start to access a web
site, a DNS server looks up the requested domain name to
find its corresponding IP address. If the DNS server cannot
find the IP address, it communicates with higher-level DNS
servers to determine the IP address. See domain name.

domain name A domain name is a user-friendly name used in place of its

associated IP address. Domain names must be unique; their
assignment is controlled by the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Domain names are
a key element of URLs, which identify a specific file at a web
site. See DNS.

download To transfer data in the downstream direction, i.e., from the

Internet to the user.

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

A technology that allows both digital data and analog voice
signals to travel over existing copper telephone lines.

encryption keys See network keys
Ethernet The most commonly installed computer network technology,

usually using twisted pair wiring. Ethernet data rates are 10
Mbps and 100 Mbps. See also 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T,
twisted pair.

FTP File Transfer Protocol

A program used to transfer files between computers
connected to the Internet. Common uses include uploading
new or updated files to a web server, and downloading files
from a web server.

Gbps Abbreviation of Gigabits per second, or one billion bits per

second. Internet data rates are often expressed in Gbps.

host A device (usually a computer) connected to a network.
HTTP Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol

HTTP is the main protocol used to transfer data from web
sites so that it can be displayed by web browsers. See web

browser, web site.

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Hub A hub is a place of convergence where data arrives from one

or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more
directions. It connects an Ethernet bridge/router to a group of
PCs on a LAN and allows communication to pass between
the networked devices.

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

An Internet protocol used to report errors and other network­related information. The ping command makes use of ICMP.

IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a

technical professional society that fosters the development of
standards that often become national and international
standards.

Internet The global collection of interconnected networks used for

both private and business communications.

intranet A private, company-internal network that looks like part of the

Internet (users access information using web browsers), but
is accessible only by employees.

IP See TCP/IP.
IP address Internet Protocol address

The address of a host (computer) on the Internet, consisting
of four numbers, each from 0 to 255, separated by periods,
e.g., 209.191.4.240. An IP address consists of a network ID
that identifies the particular network the host belongs to, and
a host ID uniquely identifying the host itself on that network.
A network mask is used to define the network ID and the
host ID. Because IP addresses are difficult to remember,
they usually have an associated domain name that can be
specified instead. See domain name, network mask.

ISP Internet Service Provider

A company that provides Internet access to its customers,
usually for a fee.

LAN Local Area Network

A network limited to a small geographic area, such as a
home or small office.

LED Light Emitting Diode

An electronic light-emitting device. The indicator lights on the
front of the device are LEDs.

MAC address Media Access Control address

The permanent hardware address of a device, assigned by
its manufacturer. MAC addresses are expressed as six pairs
of hex characters, with each pair separated by colons. For
example; NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN.

mask See network mask.
Mbps Abbreviation for Megabits per second, or one million bits per

second. Network data rates are often expressed in Mbps.

NAT Network Address Translation

A service performed by many routers that translates your
network’s publicly known IP address into a private IP address
for each computer on your LAN. Only your router and your
LAN know these addresses; the outside world sees only the
public IP address when talking to a computer on your LAN.

network A group of computers that are connected together, allowing

them to communicate with each other and share resources,

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such as software, files, etc. A network can be small, such as
a LAN, or very large, such as the Internet.

network mask A network mask is a sequence of bits applied to an IP

address to select the network ID while ignoring the host ID.
Bits set to 1 mean "select this bit" while bits set to 0 mean
"ignore this bit." For example, if the network mask

255.255.255.0 is applied to the IP address 100.10.50.1, the

network ID is 100.10.50, and the host ID is 1. See binary, IP
address, subnet.

NIC Network Interface Card

An adapter card that plugs into your computer and provides
the physical interface to your network cabling. For Ethernet
NICs this is typically an RJ-45 connector. See Ethernet, RJ-

45.

packet Data transmitted on a network consists of units called

packets. Each packet contains a payload (the data), plus
overhead information such as where it came from (source
address) and where it should go (destination address).

ping Packet Internet (or Inter-Network) Groper

A program used to verify whether the host associated with an
IP address is online. It can also be used to reveal the IP
address for a given domain name.

port A physical access point to a device such as a computer or

router, through which data flows into and out of the device.

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

A protocol for serial data transmission that is used to carry IP
(and other protocol) data between your ISP and your
computer. The WAN interface on the device uses two forms
of PPP called PPPoA and PPPoE. See PPPoA, PPPoE.

PPPoA Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM

One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a
Virtual Circuit (VC), the other type being PPPoE. You can
define only one PPPoA interface per VC.

PPPoE Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet

One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a
Virtual Circuit (VC), the other type being PPPoA. You can
define one or more PPPoE interfaces per VC.

protocol A set of rules governing the transmission of data. In order for

a data transmission to work, both ends of the connection
have to follow the rules of the protocol.

remote In a physically separate location. For example, an employee

away on travel who logs in to the company’s intranet is a

remote user.

RIP Routing Information Protocol

The original TCP/IP routing protocol. There are two versions
of RIP: version I and version II.

RJ-11 Registered Jack Standard-11

The standard plug used to connect telephones, fax
machines, modems, etc. to a telephone port. It is a 6-pin
connector usually containing four wires.

RJ-45 Registered Jack Standard-45

The 8-pin plug used in transmitting data over phone lines.
Ethernet cabling usually uses this type of connector.

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routing Forwarding data between your network and the Internet on

the most efficient route, based on the data’s destination IP

address and current network conditions. A device that
performs routing is called a router.

SDNS Secondary Domain Name System (server)

A DNS server that can be used if the primary DSN server is
not available. See DNS.

subnet A subnet is a portion of a network. The subnet is

distinguished from the larger network by a subnet mask that
selects some of the computers of the network and excludes
all others. The subnet's computers remain physically
connected to the rest of the parent network, but they are
treated as though they were on a separate network. See
network mask.

subnet mask A mask that defines a subnet. See network mask.
TCP See TCP/IP.
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

The basic protocols used on the Internet. TCP is responsible
for dividing data up into packets for delivery and
reassembling them at the destination, while IP is responsible
for delivering the packets from source to destination. When
TCP and IP are bundled with higher-level applications such
as HTTP, FTP, Telnet, etc., TCP/IP refers to this whole suite
of protocols.

Telnet An interactive, character-based program used to access a

remote computer. While HTTP (the web protocol) and FTP
only allow you to download files from a remote computer,
Telnet allows you to log into and use a computer from a
remote location.

TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol

A protocol for file transfers, TFTP is easier to use than File
Transfer Protocol (FTP) but not as capable or secure.

TKIP Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) provides WPA with a

data encryption function. It ensures that a unique master key is
generated for each packet, supports message integrity and
sequencing rules and supports re-keying mechanisms.

triggers Triggers are used to deal with application protocols that create

separate sessions. Some applications, such as NetMeeting,
open secondary connections during normal operations, for
example, a connection to a server is established using one port,
but data transfers are performed on a separate connection. A
trigger tells the device to expect these secondary sessions and
how to handle them.

Once you set a trigger, the embedded IP address of each
incoming packet is replaced by the correct host address so that
NAT can translate packets to the correct destination. You can
specify whether you want to carry out address replacement, and
if so, whether to replace addresses on TCP packets only, UDP
packets only, or both.

twisted pair The ordinary copper telephone wiring used by telephone

companies. It contains one or more wire pairs twisted
together to reduce inductance and noise. Each telephone
line uses one pair. In homes, it is most often installed with
two pairs. For Ethernet LANs, a higher grade called Category

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3 (CAT 3) is used for 10BASE-T networks, and an even
higher grade called Category 5 (CAT 5) is used for
100BASE-T networks. See 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T,
Ethernet.

unnumbered interfaces
An unnumbered interface is an IP interface that does not

have a local subnet associated with it. Instead, it uses a
router-id that serves as the source and destination address
of packets sent to and from the router. Unlike the IP address
of a normal interface, the router-id of an unnumbered
interface is allowed to be the same as the IP address of
another interface. For example, the WAN unnumbered
interface of your device uses the same IP address of the
LAN interface (192.168.0.1).

The unnumbered interface is temporary – PPP or DHCP will

assign a ‘real’ IP address automatically.

upstream The direction of data transmission from the user to the

Internet.

VC Virtual Circuit

A connection from your DSL router to your ISP.

VCI Virtual Circuit Identifier

Together with the Virtual Path Identifier (VPI), the VCI
uniquely identifies a VC. Your ISP will tell you the VCI for
each VC they provide. See VC.

VPI Virtual Path Identifier

Together with the Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCI), the VPI
uniquely identifies a VC. Your ISP will tell you the VPI for
each VC they provide. See VC.

WAN Wide Area Network

Any network spread over a large geographical area, such as
a country or continent. With respect to the device, WAN
refers to the Internet.

Web browser A software program that uses Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol

(HTTP) to download information from (and upload to) web
sites, and displays the information, which may consist of text,
graphic images, audio, or video, to the user. Web browsers
use Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Popular web
browsers include Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet
Explorer. See HTTP, web site, WWW.

Web page A web site file typically containing text, graphics and

hyperlinks (cross-references) to the other pages on that web
site, as well as to pages on other web sites. When a user
accesses a web site, the first page that is displayed is called
the home page. See hyperlink, web site.

Web site A computer on the Internet that distributes information to

(and gets information from) remote users through web
browsers. A web site typically consists of web pages that
contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks. See hyperlink, web
page.

WWW World Wide Web

Also called (the) Web. Collective term for all web sites
anywhere in the world that can be accessed via the Internet.