Wide Input Voltage Range 6A, 600kHz,
Buck Regulator
SP7652
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
SP7652
DFN PACKAGE
7mm x 4mm
TOP VIEW
Heatsink Pad 1
Connect to Lx
Heatsink pad 2
Connect to GND
Heatsink pad 3
Connect to V
IN
26
LX
LX
25
LX
24
23
LX
V
22
CC
GND
21
GND
20
19
GND
18
BST
17
NC
LX
16
LX
15
14
LX
FEATURES
■ 2.5V to 28V Step Down Achieved Using Dual Input
■ Output Voltage down to 0.8V
■ 6A Output Capability (Up to 8A with Air Flow)
■ Built in Low R
■ Highly Integrated Design, Minimal Components
■ 600 kHz Fixed Frequency Operation
■ UVLO Detects Both V
■ Over Temperature Protection
■ Short Circuit Protection with Auto-Restart
■ Wide BW Amp Allows Type II or III Compensation
■ Programmable Soft Start
■ Fast Transient Response
■ High Efficiency: Greater than 92% Possible
■ Asynchronous Start-Up into a Pre-Charged Output
Power FETs (15 mΩ typ)
DSON
and V
CC
IN
P
GND
P
GND
P
GND
GND
V
COMP
UVIN
GND
V
V
V
V
FB
SS
IN
IN
IN
IN
■ Small 7mm x 4mm DFN Package
Now Available in Lead Free Packaging
DESCRIPTION
The SP7652 is a synchronous step-down switching regulator optimized for high efficiency. The part is designed to be
especially attractive for dual supply, 12V step down with 5V used to power the controller. This lower VCC voltage
minimizes power dissipation in the part. The SP7652 is designed to provide a fully integrated buck regulator solution
using a fixed 600kHz frequency, PWM voltage mode architecture. Protection features include UVLO, thermal shutdown
and output short circuit protection. The SP7652 is available in the space saving DFN package.
1. U1 Bottom-Side Layout should has
three contacts isolated from one
another VIN and SWNODE and GND
2. RSET = 54.48 / (Vout - 0.8V) (kOhm)
26
LX
25
LX
24
LX
23
LX
22
VCC
21
GND
20
GND
19
GND
18
BST
17
NC
16
LX
15
LX
14
LX
1
68.1k,1%
1.5uH, Irate=8A
CVCC
1uF
5.1
1uF
5V VCC
SD101AWS
VOUT
3.3V
0-8A
Ceramic
X5R 6.3V
47uF
Page 2
These are stress ratings only and functional operation of the device at
these ratings or any other above those indicated in the operation sections
of the specifications below is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum
rating conditions for extended periods of time may affect reliability.
Unless otherwise specified: -40°C < T
GND = 0V, UVIN = 3.0V, CV
The ♦ denotes the specifications which apply over the full temperature range, unless otherwise specified.
Unless otherwise specified: -40°C < T
GND = 0V, UVIN = 3.0V, CV
The ♦ denotes the specifications which apply over the full temperature range, unless otherwise specified.
The SP7652 is a fixed frequency, voltage mode,
synchronous PWM regulator optimized for high
efficiency. The part has been designed to be
especially attractive for split plane applications
utilizing 5V to power the controller and 3V to
28V for step down conversion.
The SP7652 contains two unique control features that are very powerful in distributed applications. First, asynchronous driver control is
enabled during start up, to prohibit the low side
NFET from pulling down the output until the
high side NFET has attempted to turn on. Second, a 100% duty cycle timeout ensures that the
THEORY OF OPERATION
The heart of the SP7652 is a wide bandwidth
transconductance amplifier designed to accommodate Type II and Type III compensation
schemes. A precision 0.8V reference, present on
low side NFET is periodically enhanced during
extended periods at 100% duty cycle. This guarantees the synchronized refreshing of the BST
capacitor during very large duty ratios.
the positive terminal of the error amplifier permits the programming of the output voltage
down to 0.8V via the VFB pin. The output of the
error amplifier, COMP, which is compared to a
1.1V peak-to-peak ramp is responsible for trailing edge PWM control. This voltage ramp, and
PWM control logic are governed by the internal
oscillator that accurately sets the PWM fre-
The SP7652 also contains a number of valuable
protection features. Programmable UVLO allows the user to set the exact V
value at which
IN
the conversion voltage can safely begin down
conversion, and an internal VCC UVLO ensures
that the controller itself has enough voltage to
properly operate. Other protection features in-
clude thermal shutdown and short-circuit detection. In the event that either a thermal, shortcircuit, or UVLO fault is detected, the SP7652 is
forced into an idle state where the output drivers
are held off for a finite period before a re-start is
attempted.
Soft Start
“Soft Start” is achieved when a power converter
ramps up the output voltage while controlling
the magnitude of the input supply source current. In a modern step down converter, ramping
up the positive terminal of the error amplifier
controls soft start. As a result, excess source
current can be defined as the current required to
charge the output capacitor.
I
VIN
= C
OUT
* (DV
OUT
/ DT
SOFT-START
)
The SP7652 provides the user with the option to
program the soft start rate by tying a capacitor
from the SS pin to GND. The selection of this
capacitor is based on the 10uA pull up current
present at the SS pin and the 0.8V reference
voltage. Therefore, the excess source can be
redefined as:
I
= C
VIN
Under Voltage Lock Out (UVLO)
OUT
* (DV
*10µA / (CSS * 0.8V)
OUT
The SP7652 contains two separate UVLO comparators to monitor the internal bias (VCC) and
conversion (VIN) voltages independently. The
VCC UVLO threshold is internally set to 4.25V,
whereas the VIN UVLO threshold is programmable through the UVIN pin. When the UVIN
pin is greater than 2.5V, the SP7652 is permitted
to start up pending the removal of all other
faults. Both the VCC and V
UVLO compara-
IN
tors have been designed with hysteresis to prevent noise from resetting a fault.
Thermal and Short-Circuit
Protection
Because the SP7652 is designed to drive large
output current, there is a chance that the power
converter will become too hot. Therefore, an
internal thermal shutdown (145°C) has been
included to prevent the IC from malfunctioning
at extreme temperatures.
A short-circuit detection comparator has also
been included in the SP7652 to protect against
an accidental short at the output of the power
converter. This comparator constantly monitors
the positive and negative terminals of the error
amplifier, and if the VFB pin falls more than
250mV (typical) below the positive reference, a
short-circuit fault is set. Because the SS pin
overrides the internal 0.8V reference during soft
start, the SP7652 is capable of detecting shortcircuit faults throughout the duration of soft
start as well as in regular operation.
Handling of Faults:
Upon the detection of power (UVLO), thermal,
or short-circuit faults, the SP7652 is forced into
an idle state where the SS and COMP pins are
pulled low and the NFETS are held off. In the
event of UVLO fault, the SP7652 remains in this
idle state until the UVLO fault is removed.
Upon the detection of a thermal or short-circuit
fault, an internal 200ms timer is activated. In the
event of a short-circuit fault, a re-start is attempted immediately after the 200ms timeout
expires. Whereas, when a thermal fault is detected the 200ms delay continuously recycles
and a re-start cannot be attempted until the
thermal fault is removed and the timer expires.
Error Amplifier and Voltage Loop
Since the heart of the SP7652 voltage error loop
is a high performance, wide bandwidth
transconductance amplifier great care should be
taken to select the optimal compensation network. Because of the amplifier’s current limited (+/-150µA) transconductance, there are
many ways to compensate the voltage loop or to
control the COMP pin externally. If a simple,
single pole, single zero response is desired, then
compensation can be as simple as an RC to
ground. If a more complex compensation is
required, then the amplifier has enough bandwidth (45° at 4 MHz) and enough gain (60dB) to
run Type III compensation schemes with adequate gain and phase margins at cross over
frequencies greater than 50kHz.
The common mode output of the error amplifier
is 0.9V to 2.2V. Therefore, the PWM voltage
ramp has been set between 1.1V and 2.2V to
ensure proper 0% to 100% duty cycle capability.
The voltage loop also includes two other very
important features. One is an asynchronous start
up mode. Basically, the synchronous rectifier
can not turn on unless the high side NFET has
attempted to turn on or the SS pin has exceeded
1.7V. This feature prevents the controller from
“dragging down” the output voltage during
startup or in fault modes. The second feature is
a 100% duty cycle timeout that ensures synchronized refreshing of the BST capacitor at very
high duty ratios. In the event that the high side
NFET is on for 20 continuous clock cycles, a
reset is given to the PWM flip flop half way
through the 21st cycle. This forces GL to rise for
the cycle, in turn refreshing the BST capacitor.
Power MOSFETs
The SP7652 contains a pair of integrated low
resistance N MOSFETs designed to drive up to
6A of output current. Maximum output current
could be limited by thermal limitations of a
particular application. The SP7652 incorporates a built-in over-temperature protection to
prevent internal overheating.
THEORY OF OPERATION
V
BST
GH
Voltage
V
SWN
V(V
CC)
GL
Voltage
0V
V(VIN)
SWN
Voltage
-0V
-V(Diode) V
V(VIN)+V(VCC)
BST
Voltage
V(VCC)
TIME
Setting Output Voltages
The SP7652 can be set to different output
voltages. The relationship in the following
formula is based on a voltage divider from the
output to the feedback pin VFB, which is set
to an internal reference voltage of 0.80V.
Standard 1% metal film resistors of surface
mount size 0603 are recommended.
Where R1 = 68.1KΩ and for Vout = 0.80V
setting, simply remove R2 from the board.
Furthermore, one could select the value of R1
and R2 combination to meet the exact output
voltage setting by restricting R1 resistance
range such that 50KΩ < R1 < 100KΩ for
overall system loop stability.
There are many factors to consider in selecting
the inductor including core material, inductance
vs. frequency, current handling capability, efficiency, size and EMI. In a typical SP7652 circuit, the inductor is chosen primarily by operating frequency, saturation current and DC resistance. Increasing the inductor value will decrease output voltage ripple, but degrade transient response. Low inductor values provide the
smallest size, but cause large ripple currents,
poor efficiency and more output capacitance to
smooth out the larger ripple current. The inductor must be able to handle the peak current at the
switching frequency without saturating, and the
copper resistance in the winding should be kept
as low as possible to minimize resistive power
loss. A good compromise between size, loss and
cost is to set the inductor ripple current to be
within 20% to 40% of the maximum output
current.
The switching frequency and the inductor operating point determine the inductor value as follows:
L−=
(max)
OUTINOUT
IKFV
(max)(max)
OUTrSIN
)(
VVV
where:
Fs = switching frequency
Kr = ratio of the ac inductor ripple current to the
maximum output current
The peak to peak inductor ripple current is:
)(−
VVV
=
I
PP
(max)
(max)
OUTINOUT
LFV
SIN
Once the required inductor value is selected, the
proper selection of core material is based on
peak inductor current and efficiency requirements. The core must be large enough not to
saturate at the peak inductor current
I
II+=
(max)
OUTPEAK
PP
2
and provide low core loss at the high switching
frequency. Low cost powdered iron cores are
inappropriate for 900kHz operation. Gapped
ferrite inductors are widely available for consideration. Select devices that have operating data
shown up to 1MHz. Ferrite materials, on the
other hand, are more expensive and have an
abrupt saturation characteristic with the inductance dropping sharply when the peak design
current is exceeded. Nevertheless, they are preferred at high switching frequencies because
they present very low core loss and the design
only needs to prevent saturation. In general,
ferrite or molypermalloy materials are better
choice for all but the most cost sensitive applications.
Optimizing Efficiency
The power dissipated in the inductor is equal to
the sum of the core and copper losses. To minimize copper losses, the winding resistance needs
to be minimized, but this usually comes at the
expense of a larger inductor. Core losses have a
more significant contribution at low output current where the copper losses are at a minimum,
and can typically be neglected at higher output
currents where the copper losses dominate. Core
loss information is usually available from the
magnetic vendor. Proper inductor selection can
affect the resulting power supply efficiency by
more than 15-20%!
The copper loss in the inductor can be calculated
using the following equation:
The required ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) and capacitance drive the selection of the
type and quantity of the output capacitors. The
ESR must be small enough that both the resistive voltage deviation due to a step change in the
load current and the output ripple voltage do not
exceed the tolerance limits expected on the
output voltage. During an output load transient,
the output capacitor must supply all the additional current demanded by the load until the
SP7652 adjusts the inductor current to the new
value.
In order to maintain V
the capacitance must
OUT,
be large enough so that the output voltage is held
up while the inductor current ramps up or down
to the value corresponding to the new load
current. Additionally, the ESR in the output
capacitor causes a step in the output voltage
equal to the current. Because of the fast transient
response and inherent 100% and 0% duty cycle
capability provided by the SP7652 when exposed to output load transient, the output capacitor is typically chosen for ESR, not for
capacitance value.
The output capacitor’s ESR, combined with the
inductor ripple current, is typically the main
contributor to output voltage ripple. The maximum allowable ESR required to maintain a
specified output voltage ripple can be calculated
by:
R
≤∆V
ESR
I
PK-PK
OUT
where:
∆V
= Peak to Peak Output Voltage Ripple
OUT
I
= Peak to Peak Inductor Ripple Current
PK-PK
The total output ripple is a combination of the
ESR and the output capacitance value and can
be calculated as follows:
FS = Switching Frequency
D = Duty Cycle
= Output Capacitance Value
C
OUT
Input Capacitor Selection
The input capacitor should be selected for ripple
current rating, capacitance and voltage rating.
The input capacitor must meet the ripple current
requirement imposed by the switching current.
In continuous conduction mode, the source current of the high-side MOSFET is approximately
a square wave of duty cycle V
OUT/VIN
. Most of
this current is supplied by the input bypass
capacitors. The RMS value of input capacitor
current is determined at the maximum output
current and under the assumption that the peak
to peak inductor ripple current is low, it is given
by:
I
CIN(rms)
= I
OUT(max)
√
D(1 - D)
The worse case occurs when the duty cycle D is
50% and gives an RMS current value equal to
I
/2.
OUT
Select input capacitors with adequate ripple
current rating to ensure reliable operation.
The power dissipated in the input capacitor is:
2
RIP=
)(CINESRrmsCINCIN
)(
This can become a significant part of power
losses in a converter and hurt the overall energy
transfer efficiency. The input voltage ripple
primarily depends on the input capacitor ESR
and capacitance. Ignoring the inductor ripple
current, the input voltage ripple can be determined by:
The capacitor type suitable for the output capacitors can also be used for the input capacitors.
However, exercise extra caution when tantalum
capacitors are used. Tantalum capacitors are known
−
OUTINOUTMAXOUT
2
VCF
ININS
transient response, but often jeopardizes the
system stability. Cross over frequency should
be higher than the ESR zero but less than 1/5 of
the switching frequency. The ESR zero is contributed by the ESR associated with the output
capacitors and can be determined by:
High cross over frequency is desirable for fast
)(
VVVI
for catastrophic failure when exposed to surge
current, and input capacitors are prone to such
surge current when power supplies are connected
“live” to low impedance power sources.
Loop Compensation Design
The open loop gain of the whole system can be
divided into the gain of the error amplifier,
ƒ
=
Z(ESR)
2π C
The next step is to calculate the complex conjugate poles contributed by the LC output filter,
1
OUT RESR
PWM modulator, buck converter output stage,
and feedback resistor divider. In order to cross
over at the selected frequency FCO, the gain of
the error amplifier has to compensate for the
ƒ
P(LC)
=
2π L C
1
OUT
attenuation caused by the rest of the loop at this
frequency.
The goal of loop compensation is to manipulate
loop frequency response such that its gain
crossesover 0db at a slope of -20db/dec. The
first step of compensation design is to pick the
loop cross over frequency.
= SP6132 Internal RAMP Amplitude Peak to Peak Voltage.
V
RAMP_PP
& R
ESR
DC
V
FBK
(Volts)
and R
ESR
DC
When the output capacitors are of a Ceramic
Type, the SP7652 Evaluation Board requires a
Type III compensation circuit to give a phase
boost of 180° in order to counteract the effects of
an under damped resonance of the output filter
at the double pole frequency.
PWM Stage
Gain
G
PWM
Block
V
IN
V
RAMP_PP
Voltage Feedback
G
Gain Block
FBK
R
2
or
(R
)
R
1
+
2
V
REF
V
OUT
[S^2LC
Output Stage
G
ESRCOUT
+S(R
OUT
OUT
ESR+RDC
(s) Gain
Block
+ 1)
) C
+1]
OUT
V
OUT
(Volts)
9
Page 10
Gain
(dB)
20 Log (RZ2/R1)
Condition:
C22 >> CP1, R1 >> RZ3
1/6.28 (R1) (CZ3)
1/6.28(R22) (CZ2)
1/6.28 (R1) (CZ2)
1/6.28 (RZ2) (CP1)
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Error Amplifier Gain
Bandwidth Product
Frequency
(Hz)
1/6.28 (RZ3) (CZ3)
Bode Plot of Type III Error Amplifier Compensation.
SP7652ER/TR ......................................... -40°C to +85°C ................................. 26 Pin 7 X 4 DFN
SP7652ER-L/TR .....................................-40°C to +85°C ............. (Lead Free) 26 Pin 7 X 4 DFN
/TR = Tape and Reel
Pack quantity is 3000 DFN.
CLICK HERE TO ORDER SAMPLES
Corporation
ANALOG EXCELLENCE
Sipex Corporation
Headquarters and
Sales Office
233 South Hillview Drive
Milpitas, CA 95035
TEL: (408) 934-7500
FAX: (408) 935-7600
Sipex Corporation reserves the right to make changes to any products described herein. Sipex does not assume any liability arising out of the
application or use of any product or circuit described herein; neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others.