Long Range Reader Module HT RM800Rev. 5.0February 1997
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION5
2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW6
2.1 Transponders6
2.2 Host6
2.3 I/O - Functions6
2.4 Connecting the Antenna7
2.5 Behaviour with Several Transponders7
3 SPECIFICATIONS8
3.1 Electrical Specifications8
3.1.1 Power Supply8
3.1.2 Modulation9
3.1.3 Interface9
3.1.4 Metallic Environment, Interferences and other Readers9
3.1.5 Temperature Range9
3.2 Mechanical Specifications10
3.2.1 Mechanical Dimensions10
3.2.2 Pin Assignment11
4 DESCRIPTION OF THE READER MODULE FUNCTIONS12
4.1 Block Diagram12
4.1.1 Sine Generator, Amplifier and Voltage Limiter12
4.1.2 Microcontroller12
4.1.3 Interface: Microcontroller - HOST13
4.1.4 Receiver13
4.1.5 Digital Signal Processing Unit (DSP)13
4.1.6 Voltage Regulator Unit13
4.1.7 Antenna13
4.2 Standby Mode13
5 POSTAL APPROVAL AND DISTURBERS14
5.1 Postal Approval14
5.2 Periodic Disturbers15
6 CONNECTION OF THE HITAG READER MODULE16
6.1 Building HITAG Long Range Antennas16
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
6.1.1 Basics16
6.1.2 Specifications16
6.1.3 Recommended Antenna Cable and Length16
6.1.4 Tuning of the Antenna Current17
6.1.5 Tuning of the Antenna Phase17
6.1.6 Antenna Malfunction Indication17
6.1.7 Additional Notes18
6.2 Possible Sources of Errors by Connecting the HITAG Long Range Reader Module19
7 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS20
7.1 Operating Security20
7.1.1 Anticollision Mode20
7.1.2 Monitoring the Supply Voltage of the HITAG Long Range Reader Module20
7.1.3 Antenna Rupture, Antenna Short Circuit20
7.2 Data Privacy21
8 ORDERING INFORMATION22
Author: Anton Prantl
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Long Range Reader Module HT RM800 Rev. 5.0 February 1997
Definitions
Data sheet status
Objective specificationThis data sheet contains target or goal specifications for product development.
Preliminary specificationThis data sheet contains preliminary data; s upplementary data may be
published later.
Product specification This data sheet c ontains final produc t spec ifications .
Limiting values
Limiting values given are in accordance with the Absolute Max imum Rating Syst em (IEC 134).
Stress above one or more of the limiting values may cause permanent damage to the device.
These are stress ratings only and operation of the device at thes e or at any other c onditions
above those given in the Characteristics s ection of the specific ation is not implied. Ex posure to
limiting values for extended periods may affect devic e reliability.
Application information
Where application information is given, it is advisory and does not form part of the specification.
Life support applications
These products are not designed for use in life support appliances, devices, or systems where
malfunction of these products can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Philips
Semiconductors´ customers using or selling these products for use in such applications do so on
their own risk and agree to fully indemnify Philips Semiconductors for any damages resulting from
such improper use or sale.
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
1 Introduction
- is the name of one of the universal and powerful product lines of our 125 kHz family.
The contactless read/write system that works with passive transponders is suitable for various
applications. Inductive coupling helps you to achieve operating ranges up to 1000 mm and the use
of cryptography guarantees highest data security.
Anticollision Mode, which is used only in long range operation, allows you to handle several
transponders that are within the communication field of the antenna at the same time, thus
achieving highest operating security and permitting to handle several data transfers quickly and
simu lta neo us ly. In this con te xt ant ico llisio n beco mes an e sse nt ial ele ment o f ap plica tio ns suc h as
ski-ticketing and long range access control. With applications of that type it will alwa ys hap pen
that several transponders arrive in the communication field of the antenna at the same time.
Nevertheless, the proximity application also prevents any type of malfunction even if several
transponders arrive in the communication field of the antenna at the same time.
The HITAG product family is used both in the proximity area (operating range up to about
200 mm) and in the long range area (operating range up to about 1000 mm). In both cases the
HITAG Core Module forms the central part.
The most outstanding features of the HITAG Long Range Reader Module are:
• easy integration
• high noise immunity
• small size
• uncomplicated interfaces
• very powerful RF-part
The following paper describes the reader hardware, interfaces and connection of the antenna.
.
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Long Range Reader Module HT RM800Rev. 5.0February 1997
2 System Overview
The following drawing shows the HITAG Long Range Reader Module as part of a complete
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system.
2.1 Transponders
The HITAG Reader Module can communicate with Philips Semiconductors’ HITAG 1 and
HITAG 2 transponders as well as with further 125kHz transponders as for example the
µ E M(H400x) transponders. You use software co mmands to switch the device from being used as
read/write device for HITAG transponders to a read device for e.g. the µEM(H400x)
transponders and the other way round.
2.2 Host
The connection to the host (e.g.: µC or PC) is a serial interface on RS232 level (version
HT RM800/AED) for data transmission. Optionally wired interface drivers for CMOS (version
HT RM800/EED) and RS485 (version HT RM800/CED) are integrated on the Reader Module.
2.3 I/O - Functions
One line of the HITAG Reader Module is wired as input from e.g. switches, one as output to
drive a LED.
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
2.4 Connecting the Antenna
The antenna has to be mounted in the following way:
C is used for tuning the antenna. For more detailed information please see Chapter 6.1 ( Building
HITAG Long Range Antennas).
2.5 Behaviour with Several Transponders
If several HITAG 1 transponders arrive simultaneously within the communication field of the
antenna of a HITAG Long Range Reader Module, all the HITAG transponders (theoret ically up
to 2³²) within the communication field of the antenna can be read and written simultaneously.
Because of the mutual influence of the transpo nder coils - they detune each ot her if there are to o
many too close to each other - the number of the transponders that can be operated
simultaneously is limited.
If several HITAG 2 transponders arrive simultaneously within the communication field of the
antenna of a HITAG Long Range Reader Module, the „stronger“ transponder (the nearer one)
takes over or - under special circumstances - no communication takes place. If the transponders
arrive in the field one after the ot her, communication is established with the first one, all the other
t ra nsp o nd er s a re igno r ed . Th is e nsu re s t ha t no t wo ( or s eve ra l) HI T AG 2 t r an sp on de rs w ill ev er
be processed (above all writt en to !) accidentally at the same time. By muting a selected HITAG 2
transponder (HALT Mode) another HITAG 2 transponder that is to be found in the
communication field of the antenna can be recognized.
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Long Range Reader Module HT RM800Rev. 5.0February 1997
3 Specifications
3.1 Electrical Specifications
3.1.1 Power Supply
The Reader Module contains some filtering circuits for the power supply. Nevertheless some
requirements are to be fu lfilled by the pow er supply. This means the maximum ripple of the supply
voltages (± 15V) must not exceed the values listed in the following table.
frequency of
the ripple f [kHz]
maximum amplitude
of the ripple u [mV
0 ≤ f < 0.5
0.5 ≤ f < 20
20 ≤ f < 120
120 ≤ f < 130
130 ≤ f
3.1.1.1 Current Specification
I
typ
+ 15V400 mA550 mA200 mA
- 15V- 300 mA- 400 mA- 100 mA
I
I
I
typ
max
stby
... typical current
... maximum current
... typical standby current
F1F1
I
max
48
7
36
12
48
I
F1F2
stby
RMS
]
F1F2
Instead of a transformer type supply unit (see above), a switching frequency power supply unit
can be used alternatively. The switching frequency must be in the range of:
165 kHz < f
< 210 kHz (over temperature, load and production)
switch
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
3.1.2 Modulation
3.1.2.1 Reader Module
Type of ModulationModulation Ratio
amplitude shift keying (ASK)100 %
⇒ Transponder
That means the carrier is blanked completely, the information is located in the intervals between
the pauses.
3.1.2.2 Transponder ⇒ Reader Module
Type of ModulationModulation Ratio
amplitude shift keying (ASK)depending on the distance between
transponder and Reader Module
3.1.3 Interface
An interface driver for RS232 (version HT RM800/AED) is integrated on the HITAG Reader
Module.
Optionally drivers are CMOS (version HT RM800/EED) and RS485 (version HT RM800/CED).
3.1.4 Metallic Environment, Interferences and other Readers
Th e c o mmu nic a t io n r a ng e is imp a ir ed b y met a llic en vir o n men t an d ele c t r o ma gn etic in t e r fer - e nc e s
(e.g.: monitors, keyboards). Therefore, you should keep a distance of at least the antenna´s
diamet er t o me tallic su rfaces or loops as well as to electromagnetic interferences. If this is not
possible, you have to take preventive measures such as using ferrites or shielding for tr ansponder
and antenna. The HITAG Long Range Reader Module is able to suppress up to two harmonic
electromagnetic disturbances. In order to be able to operate two systems side by side without
negative influence on communication ranges, you must place the antennas at a minimum distance.
To ke ep t his d ist anc e low , mag net ic s hield ing mu st be r ealiz ed . T his t o pic is hand led in de ta il in
the Design Instruction: Antenna Design for the HITAG Long Range System.
3.1.5 Temperature Range
• -25° C to +70° C (operating)
• -40° C to +85° C (storage)
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Long Range Reader Module HT RM800Rev. 5.0February 1997
3.2 Mechanical Specifications
3.2.1 Mechanical Dimensions
The following drawing (not to scale) shows the outer dimensions of the HITAG Reader Module
with the four mounting holes, top view (component side).
The dimensions of the PCB are 160 x 100 mm. The height does not exceed 43 mm.
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
3.2.2 Pin Assignment
The following drawing (not to scale) shows the pin assignment of the HITAG Long Range
Reader Module (top view).
ST1
CMOUTo o GND
CMINo o GND
INT1o o INT2
CMOSINo o CMOSOUT
GNDo o GND
RXDo o TXD
GNDo o GNDST2
+ 15 VINo o + 15 VIN
GNDo o GNDANT
- 15 VINo o - 15 VINGND
{{
In the lower left co rner of the PCB a connector is fixed (ST1) for connecting the power supply,
the serial interface and the general purpose input pins.
ST2 in the lower right corner of the PCB is used to connect the antenna.
Pindescription:
PinTypeDescriptionCommend
+15VIN
-15VIN
GND
RXD
TXD
INT1
INT2
CMOSIN
CMOSOUT
CMININpins for
CMOUTOUTgeneral purpose
ANTOUTpins for connection
GNDOUTof the antenna
PWR
PWR
PWR
IN
OUT
IN/OUT
IN/OUT
IN
OUT
power supply
serial interface
RS232 standardmounting
serial interface
RS485 standard
CMOS
interface
option
as per
agreement
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Long Range Reader Module HT RM800Rev. 5.0February 1997
4 Description of the Reader Module Functions
4.1 Block Diagram
4.1.1 Sine Generator, Amplifier and Voltage Limiter
For transmitting power and data to the transponder a sine signal is switched by the microcontrolle r and amp lified . The amplifier is designed as a curr ent so urce. A vo ltag e limiter is us ed to
clamp the output voltage of the amplifier during the decay and transient phases of the sine signal.
4.1.2 Microcontroller
The microcontroller (placed in the Hitag Core Module) processes the protocol for the
communication between the transponders and the read/write unit. The interface signals are
converted so t hat the transponders are able to process them and the outgoing signals from the
transponders are converted into interface-compatible signals.
The second essential microcontroller function is its control function. The microcontroller activates and deactivates the transmitter and switches the receiver between the modes for the
different transponders reception.
Additional functions of the microcontroller are controlling the standby mode of the amplifier,
de te ctio n of d et uned or bro ken ant enna s (a nte nna ma lfunct ion ) an d co ntr olling of t he in put and
output for general purpose.
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
4.1.3 Interface: Microcontroller - HOST
The device communicates with the host (processor, PC, ...) via a serial interface using a baud rat e
of 9600 baud. Data transfer details are: 1 start bit, 8 dat a bits, 1 stop bit and no parity bit, t he
Least Significant Bit is sent first.
An RS232 interface device is connected to the reader module. Optionally a CMOS or an RS485
device is possible.
4.1.4 Receiver
After filtering and demodulation of the amplitude modulated signal received from the transponder the received data are converted and passed to the digital signal processing unit (DSP) for
further processing.
4.1.5 Digital Signal Processing Unit (DSP)
The receiving part of the reader module includes bandpass filters which attenuate disturbances
(3dB attenuation at 105 kHz and 145 kHz). For disturber frequencies near the 125 kHz (e.g.
harmonic s of th e line fre q u e n c y of P C mon itor s , lon g w a v e tr a n s mitte r s ) a fou r ie r tr a n s - forma tio n
is used to recognize harmonic disturbers and to eliminate their influence. The DSP is also
responsible for separating the responses of different transponders during anticollison cycles
(multiple transponder operation).
4.1.6 Voltage Regulator Unit
The voltage regulato r unit supplies after filtering all parts of the reader module with the required
voltages.
4.1.7 Antenna
To the design of HITAG Long Range Antennas see Chapter 6.1.
4.2 Standby Mode
The HITAG Long Range Reader Module offers a software contro lled standby mode. This mode
can be activated and deactivated by the host system via serial interface. During the standby mode
the amplifier of the reader module is turned off and the power consumption decreases drastically.
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Long Range Reader Module HT RM800Rev. 5.0February 1997
5 Postal Approval and Disturbers
5.1 Postal Approval
The postal approval can only be granted for final products, not just for components like the
HITAG Reader Module. But t he reader module is designed in a way that it is possible t o get the
postal approval for a device including the HITAG Reader Module.
Electromagnetic emissions comply with the guidelines in FTZ 17 TR 2100, ETS 300 330 and
ETS 300 683, electromagnetic immunity complies with the guidelines in ETS 300 683.
EMC, EMI Standards
The following configuration is in compliance with the European Telecommunication Standards:
• HITAG Long Range Reader Module
• Power supply according to the recommendations in chapter 3.1.1 (transformer)
• Antenna :50 x 70 cm, number of turns N=26, inductivity L=1.2 mH
The following measurements have been passed:
EMI:ETS 300330, September 1994 (FTZ 17 TR 2100)
RFI-Emissions:Limit class B according to EN 55022, 1987
Immunity:RF Electromagnetic Field according to ENV 50140
80 MHz - 1000 MHz: 3 V/m, AM 80 %, 1 kHz
Electrostatic Discharge according to IEC 801-2, 1991
Contact discharge: 4 kV, air discharge: 8 kV
Electrical Fast Transients (Burst) according to IEC 801-4, 1988
Signal ports: 0.5 kV, DC-power ports: 1 kV, AC-power ports 2 kV
RF Common Mode according to ENV 50141
Current clamp injection 150 kHz - 80 MHz: 3 V rms, AM 80 %, 1 kHz
Voltage Dips and Interruptions according to IEC 1000-4-11
Reduction of 30 % of UN for 10 ms, of 60 % of UN for 100 ms,
voltage interruption for 5000 ms
Surges, Common and Differential Mode according to IEC 1000-4-5
AC-power input ports: 1kV (lines-to-ground), 0.5 V (line-to-line)
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
5.2 Periodic Disturbers
There are a couple of possible sources for disturbances for a 125 kHz system like HITAG. The
HITAG Long Range Reader Module is designed to handle this problem and achieve optimal
performance under worst conditions.
Long Wave Transmitters, other 125 kHz systems and PC monitors are examples for periodic
disturbers which can be relevant for 125 kHz systems. To elimina te t hese dist urbe rs t he dig ital
signal processing unit is used.
After the Start FFT command is sent to the reader module a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) is
started to locate periodic disturbers. After about 110 ms this calculation is finished and for t he
following communication between reader module and transponder the located disturbers are
eliminated. The command FFT should be executed as often as the application allows.
Note:
• The DSP is able to suppress up to two harmonic electromagnetic disturbances.
• During FFT is running (about 110 ms) communication with a transponder
is not possible.
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Long Range Reader Module HT RM800Rev. 5.0February 1997
6 Connection of the HITAG Reader Module
In the lower right corner of the PCB of the reader module the connector for the antenna is fixed
(ST2).
6.1 Building HITAG Long Range Antennas
The antenna is an impor tant part of the HITAG Lo ng Range System. The antenna must pro vide
energy and data transmission between reader and transponder. Therefore, you should be
particularly careful when implementing the antenna in order to achieve optimum results.
400 µH < L < 1200 µH......................inductance of the coil;
6.1.3 Recommended Antenna Cable and Length
Th e le n g th of the a n te n na c able s h ou ld b e limite d w ith fiv e me te r s . I n c a s e of lon g e r ca ble s a typ e
with low capacitance and resistance must be used. For standard applications a coaxial cable is
recommended (50Ω-coaxial cable for standard applications and 75Ω or 95 Ω-coaxial cable for
special applications).
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
6.1.4 Tuning of the Antenna Current
According to the layout diagram of Chapter 3.2 the potentiometer R72 is used to tune the current
driven through the antenna. The default setting is 200 mA. It is not customary to change this
value. However, if you want to change the current for a special application, please notice t hat the
range for U0 is
U
< 10 V
0peak
6.1.5 Tuning of the Antenna Phase
The signal from a transponder is delayed by the decay time of the antenna of the reader module.
To achieve optimal performance this signal and the digital signal processing unit of the reader
module must be synchronous. Thus it is necessary to st ore a phase information called "Bit Clock
Delay" (BCD), which is a function of the quality factor and the inductance (reactance) of the
antenna connected to the reader module.
Equivalent circuit of the antenna:
X
seff
,
=
R
S
R
X
Q
S
s,eff
...
effective series resistance
...
effective series reactance
...
quality factor
Q
The default set ting is 7 which is suitable in most of the cases. Apart from that, t he user is able t o
change the BCD value. The reader module includes a non volatile memory (EE PROM) to store
the bit clock delay. To load the BCD value to the reader module the command SetBCD is used.
HITAG ANTENNA TUNING DEVICE:
Especially for our HITAG pro duct line the HITAG Antenna Tuning Device was designed. This
Tuning Device can be used for tuning HITAG Proximity and HITAG Long Range Antennas.
6.1.6 Antenna Malfunction Indication
If the antenna is broken or badly detuned, the antenna overload bit is set. This bit can be read by
the host system via the serial interface by using the ReadLRStatus command.
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Long Range Reader Module HT RM800Rev. 5.0February 1997
6.1.7 Additional Notes
The following list is a summary about HITAG Long Range Antennas, the exact way how to
design a HITAG Lo ng Range Antenna is de scribed in t he do cument "Antenna Design for the
HITAG Long Range System".
• Philips Semiconductors lays high emphasis on the research of antenna development.
• The choice of various antenna shapes (the electrical parameters) is characteristic to 125 kHz
systems.
• The knowledge is transferred to Philips Semiconductors customers, in order to enable them to
design and build antennas which fit best for the particular applications (antenna trainings).
• Solutions can be found for almost every environmental scene. (Metal, periodic disturbers,
special antenna shapes
Possible arrangements of antennas:
...).
Single Loop AntennaGate Antenna
Double Gate AntennaAntenna Multiplex
The different arrangements are suitable for different applications. So the single loop antenna is
used for standard arrangements.
The gate antenna is used for typical access contro l applications, for access contr ol during passing
through the gate.
The double gate antenna is similar to the gate using two rows.
An antenna multiplex system is a cost efficient application, because one reader drives many
antennas. The number of multiplexed antennas is only limited by timing restrictions.
By ch ang ing t he a rr ang emen t o f t he a nte nna , t he t o ta l syst em p er for manc e a nd r eliab ility c an be
sig nifica ntly imp r ov e d . As an ex a mp le : bu ilding ga te a n te nn a s w ith op p os ite ma g n e tic orie n-ta tion
leads to a very reliable system.
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
6.2 Possible Sources of Errors by Connecting the HITAG
Long Range Reader Module
The following error list should be checked if any error (e.g. read/write distances that do not reach
the specified values) occurs:
• Power supply cable not mounted correctly.
• Power supply not in the specified range (see 3.1.1)
• Serial interface not connected correctly.
• Interference received by the antenna because of an external noise source (e.g. monitor,
keyboards).
Remedial measure: Removal of the antenna from the interfering area, use the StartFFTcommand.
• Connecting cables of the antenna changed by mistake.
• Antenna is mounted in metal environment.
Remedial measure: Mount a non-metal space keeper between the antenna and the metal.
• Antenna is not designed following the antenna design instructions.
• Inductance of the antenna is not in the specified range.
• Quality factor of the antenna is not in the specified range.
Command names mentionned in the previous chapters are fully described in the document:
„HT CM400, HT RM440 Family, HT RM800 Family Interface Protocol Reader - Host“
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Long Range Reader Module HT RM800Rev. 5.0February 1997
7 Security Considerations
Developing the HITAG System special consideration was given to aspects of security. The
following items represent the fundamental framework of the security concept:
• cryptography
• mutual authentication
• password verification and
• Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
7.1 Operating Security
The following mechanisms ensure the operation security of the HITAG system.
7.1.1 Anticollision Mode
Anticollision Mode in long range applications permits you to process several HITAG 1 trans-
32
ponders simultaneously. Theoretically up to 2
t aneously. In practice this nu mber is limite d, because o f the mutual influence of the t ransponders they detune each other, if there are too many too close to each other.
In long range applications using HITAG 2 tr ansponders, only one transpo nder is handled even if
there are several transponders within the communication field of the antenna. In this case either no
communication takes place or the "stronger" or closer transponder takes over. By muting a
selected transponder (HALT Mode) another transponder that is to be found in the communication field of the antenna can be recognized.
HITAG 1 transponders can be processed simul-
7.1.2 Monitoring the Supply Voltage of the HITAG Long Range Reader
Module
Supply voltage is controlled by a watch dog circuit which triggers a system reset if the supply
voltage of the HITAG Core Module drops below 4.75 V or if the microcontroller fails.
7.1.3 Antenna Rupture, Antenna Short Circuit
The HITAG Long Range Reader Module does not get permanently damaged in case of an
antenna rupture or a brief antenna short circuit. The detection of detuned or broken antennas
(antenna malfunction) is possible.
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
7.2 Data Privacy
The use of cryptography (Stream Cypher), mutual authentication, and password verification
prevents monitoring and copying the data channel. Therefore, the area of the transponder that
only can be accessed enciphered is called “secret area“.
To make use of cryptography for HITAG 1 transponders you need keys and logdata.
Keys are used to initialise the crypto block
and logdata are used for mutual authentication.
To make use of cryptography for HITAG 2 transponders you need a key and passwords.
The Key is used to initialise the crypto block using HITAG 2 in Crypto Mode
and passwords are used for authentication for HITAG 2 in Password Mode.
Th e tr ans p on d e rs a nd t h e H IT A G Pr oximity R ea d e r Modu le a re p r ov id e d w ith id e n tic a l tra n spor t
keys and transport logdata so that you can start operating them right away.
The KeyInit Password is set to 0x00000000, HIT AG 1 Keys and Logdata are set t o 0x00000000,
HITAG 2 Key is set to 0x4D494B524F4E, HITAG 2 Password TAG to 0xAA4854 and
HITAG 2 Password RWD to 0x4D494B52 by Philips Semiconductors (predefined transport
values).
In or der t o o ffer ou r O EM c lient s h igh fle xibilit y, t he c onf igur at ion of t he tr ans po nde r memo ry,
password, keys and logdata can be changed.
We s t ric t ly re co mme nd t o r igo r o us ly re st r ict t hes e p o ss ibilit ies for t he e nd cu st o mer s (b y se t t ing
the configuration page to read only, setting password, keys and logdata to neither read nor write).
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Long Range Reader Module HT RM800Rev. 5.0February 1997
8 Ordering Information
HITAG Long Range Reader Modules:
Type NameDescriptionOrdering Number
HT RM800/AEDRS232 Interface9352 338 40122
HT RM800/CEDRS485-Interface9352 338 50122
HT RM800/EEDCMOS-Interface9352 338 60122
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December 1996Rev. 5.0Long Range Reader Module HT RM800
without any notice. No liability will be accepted by the publisher for any consequence of its use. Publication thereof does not convey nor imply any
license under patent- or other industrial or intellectual property rights.