Datasheet FSFR1700USL Specification

Page 1
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Page 2
May 2010
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™)
for Half-Bridge Resonant Converters
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS
Features
Variable Frequency Control with 50% Duty Cycle
for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter Topology
High Efficiency through Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) Internal UniFET™s with Fast-Recovery Type
Body Diode
Fixed Dead Time (350ns) Optimized for MOSFETs Up to 300kHz Operating Frequency Auto-Restart Operation for All Protections with An
External LV
CC
Protection Functions: Over-Voltage Protection
(OVP), Over-Current Protection (OCP), Abnormal Over-Current Protection (AOCP), Internal Thermal Shutdown (TSD)
Applications
PDP and LCD TVs Desktop PCs and Servers Adapters Telecom Power Supplies
Description
The FSFR-US series are a highly integrated power switches designed for high-efficiency half-bridge resonant converters. Offering everything necessary to build a reliable and robust resonant converter, the FSFR­US series simplifies designs and improves productivity, while improving performance. The FSFR-US series combines power MOSFETs with fast-recovery type body diodes, a high-side gate-drive circuit, an accurate current controlled oscillator, frequency limit circuit, soft-start, and built-in protection functions. The high-side gate-drive circuit has a common-mode noise cancellation capability, which guarantees stable operation with excellent noise immunity. The fast-recovery body diode of the MOSFETs improves reliability against abnormal operation conditions, while minimizing the effect of the reverse recovery. Using the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) technique dramatically reduces the switching losses and efficiency is significantly improved. The ZVS also reduces the switching noise noticeably, which allows a small-sized Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) filter.
The FSFR-US series can be applied to various resonant converter topologies such as series resonant, parallel resonant, and LLC resonant converters.
Related Resources
AN4151 — Half-bridge LLC Resonant Converter Design using FSFR-Series Fairchild Power Switch (FPSTM)
) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
Ordering Information
Operating
Part Number Package
FSFR2100US
FSFR1800US
FSFR1700US
FSFR2100USL
FSFR1800USL
FSFR1700USL
Notes:
1. The junction temperature can limit the maximum output power.
2. Maximum practical continuous power in an open-frame design at 50°C ambient.
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2
9-SIP
9-SIP
L-Forming
Junction
Temperature
-40 to +130°C
R
DS(ON_MAX)
0.51Ω
0.95Ω
1.25Ω
0.51Ω
0.95Ω
1.25Ω
Maximum Output Power
without Heatsink
(V
=350~400V)
IN
180W 400W
120W 260W
100W 200W
180W 400W
120W 260W
100W 200W
(1,2)
Maximum Output
Power with Heatsink
(VIN=350~400V)
(1,2)
Page 3
Application Circuit Diagram
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
Figure 1. Typical Application Circuit (LLC Resonant Half-Bridge Converter)
Block Diagram
Figure 2. Internal Block Diagram
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 2
Page 4
Pin Configuration
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
Figure 3. Package Diagram
Pin Definitions
Pin # Name Description
1 VDL This is the drain of the high-side MOSFET, typically connected to the input DC link voltage.
This pin is for discharging the external soft-start capacitor when any protections are
2 AR
3 RT
4 CS
5 SG This pin is the control ground.
6 PG This pin is the power ground. This pin is connected to the source of the low-side MOSFET.
7 LVCC This pin is the supply voltage of the control IC.
8 NC No connection.
9 HVCC This is the supply voltage of the high-side gate-drive circuit IC.
10 V
CTR
triggered. When the voltage of this pin drops to 0.2, all protections are reset and the controller starts to operate again.
This pin programs the switching frequency. Typically, an opto-coupler is connected to control the switching frequency for the output voltage regulation.
This pin senses the current flowing through the low-side MOSFET. Typically, negative voltage is applied on this pin.
This is the drain of the low-side MOSFET. Typically, a transformer is connected to this pin.
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 3
Page 5
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Stresses exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may damage the device. The device may not function or be operable above the recommended operating conditions and stressing the parts to these levels is not recommended. In addition, extended exposure to stresses above the recommended operating conditions may affect device reliability. The absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only. T
Symbol Parameter Min. Max. Unit
=25°C unless otherwise specified.
A
VDS
Maximum Drain-to-Source Voltage (V
DL-VCTR
and V
CTR
-PG)
500 V
LVCC Low-Side Supply Voltage -0.3 25.0 V
HVCC to V
High-Side VCC Pin to Low-Side Drain Voltage -0.3 25.0 V
CTR
HVCC High-Side Floating Supply Voltage -0.3 525.0 V
VAR Auto-Restart Pin Input Voltage -0.3 LVCC V
VCS Current Sense (CS) Pin Input Voltage -5.0 1.0 V
VRT R
dV
/dt Allowable Low-Side MOSFET Drain Voltage Slew Rate 50 V/ns
CTR
Pin Input Voltage -0.3 5.0 V
T
FSFR2100US/L 12.0
PD Total Power Dissipation
(3)
FSFR1700US/L 11.6
TJ
T
STG
Maximum Junction Temperature
Recommended Operating Junction Temperature
Storage Temperature Range -55 +150
(4)
+150
(4)
-40 +130
Notes:
3. Per MOSFET when both MOSFETs are conducting.
4. The maximum value of the recommended operating junction temperature is limited by thermal shutdown.
W FSFR1800US/L 11.7
°C
°C
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 4
Page 6
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Continued)
Symbol Parameter Min. Max. Unit
MOSFET Section
V
DGR
Drain Gate Voltage (RGS=1MΩ)
VGS Gate Source (GND) Voltage ±30 V
FSFR2100US/L 32
IDM Drain Current Pulsed
(5)
FSFR1700US/L 20
=25°C
T
FSFR2100US/L
C
TC=100°C
=25°C
T
ID Continuous Drain Current
FSFR1800US/L
C
TC=100°C
T
=25°C
FSFR1700US/L
C
TC=100°C
Package Section
Torque Recommended Screw Torque 5~7 kgf·cm
Notes:
5. Pulse width is limited by maximum junction temperature.
500 V
A FSFR1800US/L 23
10.5
6.5
7.0
4.5
A
6.0
3.9
Thermal Impedance
TA=25°C unless otherwise specified.
Symbol Parameter Value Unit
FSFR2100US/L
θJC
Junction-to-Case Center Thermal Impedance (Both MOSFETs Conducting)
FSFR1800US/L
FSFR1700US/L
10.44
10.68
10.79
ºC/W
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 5
Page 7
Electrical Characteristics
TA=25°C unless otherwise specified.
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
Symbol Parameter Test Conditions
Specifications
Min. Typ. Max.
MOSFET Section
BV
Drain-to-Source Breakdown Voltage
DSS
R
On-State Resistance
DS(ON)
FSFR2100US/L
FSFR1800US/L
=200μA, TA=25°C
I
D
ID=200μA, TA=125°C
V
=10V, ID=6.0A 0.41 0.51
GS
V
=10V, ID=3.0A 0.77 0.95
GS
500
540
FSFR1700US/L VGS=10V, ID=2.0A 1.00 1.25
=0V, I
V
FSFR2100US/L
t
rr
Body Diode Reverse Recovery Time
(6)
FSFR1800US/L
FSFR1700US/L
dI
V dI
V dI
GS
Diode
GS
Diode
GS
Diode
=0V, I
=0V, I
/dt=100A/μs
/dt=100A/μs
/dt=100A/μs
Diode
Diode
Diode
=12.0A,
=7.0A,
=6.0A,
120
160
160
Supply Section
ILK Offset Supply Leakage Current H-VCC=V
=500V 50 μA
CTR
IQHVCC Quiescent HVCC Supply Current (HVCCUV+) - 0.1V 50 120 μA
IQLVCC Quiescent LVCC Supply Current (LVCCUV+) - 0.1V 100 200 μA
f
=100KHz 6 9 mA
IOHVCC
IOLVCC
Operating HV (RMS Value)
Operating LV (RMS Value)
Supply Current
CC
Supply Current
CC
OSC
No Switching 100 200 μA
f
=100KHz 7 11 mA
OSC
No Switching 2 4 mA
UVLO Section
Unit
V
Ω
ns
LVCCUV+ LVCC Supply Under-Voltage Positive Going Threshold (LVCC Start) 11.2 12.5 13.8 V
LVCCUV- LVCC Supply Under-Voltage Negative Going Threshold (LVCC Stop) 8.90 10.0 11.1 V
LVCCUVH LVCC Supply Under-Voltage Hysteresis 2.50 V
HVCCUV+ HVCC Supply Under-Voltage Positive Going Threshold (HVCC Start) 8.2 9.2 10.2 V
HV
HVCCUV-
Supply Under-Voltage Negative Going Threshold (HVCC Stop)
CC
7.8 8.7 9.6 V
HVCCUVH HVCC Supply Under-Voltage Hysteresis 0.5 V
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 6
Page 8
Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
TA=25°C unless otherwise specified.
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
Symbol Parameter Test Conditions
Specifications Unit
Min Typ Max
Oscillator & Feedback Section
VRT V-I Converter Threshold Voltage
f
Output Oscillation Frequency 94 100 106 KHz
OSC
R
=5.2KΩ
T
1.5 2.0 2.5 V
DC Output Duty Cycle 48 50 52 %
fSS Internal Soft-Start Initial Frequency
f R
SS=fOSC
=5.2KΩ
T
+40kHz,
140 KHz
tSS Internal Soft-Start Time 2 3 4 ms
Protection Section
V
Beginning Voltage to Discharge CSS 0.9 1.0 1.1 V
CssH
V
Beginning Voltage to Charge CSS and Restart 0.16 0.20 0.24 V
CssL
V
LVCC Over-Voltage Protection L-VCC > 21V 21 23 25 V
OVP
V
AOCP Threshold Voltage
AOCP
t
AOCP Blanking Time
BAO
V
OCP Threshold Voltage
OCP
tBO OCP Blanking Time
tDA
Delay Time (Low Side) Detecting from V to Switch Off
(6)
(6)
(6)
TSD Thermal Shutdown Temperature
ΔV/Δt=-0.1V/µs
< V
V
CS
AOCP
;
ΔV/Δt=-0.1V/µs
V/Δt=-1V/µs
< V
V
CS
OCP
;
ΔV/Δt=-1V/µs
AOCP
ΔV/Δt=-1V/µs
(6)
120 135 150
-1.0 -0.9 -0.8 V
50 ns
-0.64 -0.58 -0.52 V
1.0 1.5 2.0 μs
250 400 ns
Dead-Time Control Section
DT Dead Time
(7)
350 ns
Notes:
6. This parameter, although guaranteed, is not tested in production.
7. These parameters, although guaranteed, are tested only in EDS (wafer test) process.
°C
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 7
Page 9
Typical Performance Characteristics
V
V
V
V
These characteristic graphs are normalized at TA=25ºC.
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
1.1
1.05
C
O
1
Normalized at 25
0.95
0.9
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Temp (OC)
Figure 4. Low-Side MOSFET Duty Cycle
vs. Temperature
1.1
1.05
C
O
1
1.1
1.05
C
O
1
0.95
Normalized at 25
0.9
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Temp (OC)
Figure 5. Switching Frequency vs. Temperature
1.1
1.05
C
O
1
0.95
Normalized at 25
0.9
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Figure 6. High-Side VCC (H
1.1
1.05
C
O
1
0.95
Normalized at 25
0.9
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Figure 8. Low-Side VCC (L
0.95
Normalized at 25
0.9
-50 - 25 0 25 50 75 100
Temp (OC)
) Start vs. Temperature Figure 7. High-Side V
CC
Temp (OC)
) Start vs. Temperature Figure 9. Low-Side VCC(L
CC
1.1
1.05
C
O
1
0.95
Normalized at 25
0.9
-50 -25 0 25 5 0 75 100
Temp (OC)
(H
CC
Temp (OC)
) Stop vs. Temperature
CC
) Stop vs. Temperature
CC
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 8
Page 10
V
V
V
Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
These characteristic graphs are normalized at TA=25ºC.
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
1.1
1.05
C
O
1
0.95
Normalized at 25
0.9
-50 -25 0 25 5 0 75 100
Temp (OC)
1.1
1.05
C
O
1
0.95
Normalized at 25
0.9
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Figure 10. LVCC OVP Voltage vs. Temperature Figure 11. R
1.10
1.05
at 25Ԩ
1.00
at 25Ԩ
1.10
1.05
1.00
Temp (OC)
oltage vs. Temperature
T
0.95
Normalized
0.90
-50-25 0 255075100
Figure 12.
1.1
1.05
C
O
1
0.95
Normalized at 25
0.9
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Temp(Ԩ )
vs. Temperature Figure 13.
CssL
Temp (OC)
0.95
Normalized
0.90
-50-25 0 255075100
Figure 14. OCP Voltage vs. Temperature
Temp(Ԩ )
vs. Temperature
CssH
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 9
Page 11
Functional Description
f
Ω
1. Basic Operation: FSFR-US series is designed to
drive high-side and low-side MOSFETs complementarily with 50% duty cycle. A fixed dead time of 350ns is introduced between consecutive transitions, as shown in Figure 15.
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
Figure 15. MOSFETs Gate Drive Signal
2. Internal Oscillator: FSFR-US series employs a
current-controlled oscillator, as shown in Figure 16. Internally, the voltage of R charging / discharging current for the oscillator capacitor,
, is obtained by copying the current flowing out of the
C
T
R
T
pin (I
) using a current mirror. Therefore, the
CTC
switching frequency increases as I
Figure 16. Current Controlled Oscillator
3. Frequency Setting: Figure 17 shows the typical
voltage gain curve of a resonant converter, where the gain is inversely proportional to the switching frequency in the ZVS region. The output voltage can be regulated by modulating the switching frequency. Figure 18 shows the typical circuit configuration for the R opto-coupler transistor is connected to the R modulate the switching frequency.
The minimum switching frequency is determined as:
5.2
k
min
Ω
R
100( )
min
Assuming the saturation voltage of opto-coupler transistor is 0.2V, the maximum switching frequency is determined as:
5.2 4.68
kk
max
fkHz
ΩΩ
( ) 100( )
=+ ×
RR
min max
pin is regulated at 2V and the
T
increases.
CTC
T
kHz
pin, where the
pin to
T
(1)
(2)
To prevent excessive inrush current and overshoot of output voltage during startup, increase the voltage gain of the resonant converter progressively. Since the voltage gain of the resonant converter is inversely proportional to the switching frequency, the soft-start is implemented by sweeping down the switching frequency
from an initial high frequency (f
voltage is established. The soft-start circuit is made by connecting R-C series network on the R in Figure 18. FSFR-US series also has an internal soft­start for 3ms to reduce the current overshoot during the initial cycles, which adds 40kHz to the initial frequency of the external soft-start circuit, as shown in Figure 19. The initial frequency of the soft-start is given as:
Figure 17. Resonant Converter Typical Gain Curve
FSFR-US
Figure 18. Frequency Control Circuit
ISS
) until the output
pin, as shown
T
5.2 5.2
ISS
fkHz
kk
()10040()
=+×+
RR
min
Ω
SS
(3)
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 10
Page 12
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
It is typical to set the initial frequency of soft-start two to
three times the resonant frequency (f
) of the resonant
O
network.
The soft-start time is three to four times of the RC time constant. The RC time constant is as follows:
CR =τ
SSSS
(4)
Figure 19. Frequency Sweeping of Soft-Start
4. Self Auto-Restart: The FSFR-US series can restart
automatically even though any built-in protections are triggered with external supply voltage. As can be seen in Figure 20 and Figure 21, once any protections are triggered, M1 switch turns on and V-I converter is disabled. C
drops to V
C
SS
starts to be discharged until V
SS
. Then, all protections are reset, M1
CssL
across
Css
turns off, and V-I converter resumes at the same time. The FSFR-US starts switching again with soft-start. If the protections occur while V
is under V
Css
level, the switching is terminated immediately, V continues to increase until reaching V
and V
CssL
, then CSS is
CssH
CssH
Css
discharged by M1.
For the soft-start time, t
(a) (a)(a)(b) (b)
LV
CC
V
AR
I
Cr
t
stoptS/S
(a)Protections are triggered, (b)F SF R-U S restarts
it can be set as Equation (4).
s/s
(b)
Figure 21. Self Auto-Restart Operation
5. Protection Circuits: The FSFR-US series has several
self-protective functions, such as Over-Current Protection (OCP), Abnormal Over-Current Protection (AOCP), Over­Voltage Protection (OVP), and Thermal Shutdown (TSD). These protections are auto-restart mode protections as shown in Figure 22.
Once a fault condition is detected, switching is terminated and the MOSFETs remain off. When LV
falls to the LVCC
CC
stop voltage of 10V or AR signal is HIGH, the protection is reset. The FSFR-US resumes normal operation when
reaches the start voltage of 12.5V.
LV
CC
V
CssH
V
CssL
Figure 22. Protection Blocks
5.1 Over-Current Protection (OCP): When the
sensing pin voltage drops below -0.58V, OCP is triggered and the MOSFETs remain off. This protection has a shutdown time delay of 1.5µs to prevent
Figure 20. Internal Block of AR Pin
After protections trigger, FSFR-US is disabled during the stop-time, t
. The stop-time of FSFR-US can be estimated as:
V
CssL
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 11
, where V
stop
(){}
decreases and reaches to
Css
Ω== k5||RRCt
MINSSSSSTOP
(5)
premature shutdown during startup.
5.2 Abnormal Over-Current Protection (AOCP): If
the secondary rectifier diodes are shorted, large current with extremely high di/dt can flow through the MOSFET before OCP is triggered. AOCP is triggered without shutdown delay when the sensing pin voltage drops below -0.9V.
Page 13
5.3 Over-Voltage Protection (OVP): When the LV
CC
reaches 23V, OVP is triggered. This protection is used when auxiliary winding of the transformer to supply V
CC
to FPS is utilized.
5.4 Thermal Shutdown (TSD): The MOSFETs and
the control IC in one package makes it easy for the control IC to detect the abnormal over-temperature of the MOSFETs. If the temperature exceeds approximately 130
°C, the thermal shutdown triggers.
6. Current Sensing Using Resistor: FSFR-US series
senses drain current as a negative voltage, as shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24. Half-wave sensing allows low power dissipation in the sensing resistor, while full-wave sensing has less switching noise in the sensing signal.
Cr
Np
Ns
Ns
Control
V
IC
CS
CS
SG PG
R
sense
Ids
I
ds
V
CS
Figure 23. Half-Wave Sensing
I
ds
7. PCB Layout Guidelines: Duty unbalance problems
may occur due to the radiated noise from main transformer, the inequality of the secondary side leakage inductances of main transformer, and so on. Among them, it is one of the dominant reasons that the control components in the vicinity of R primary current flows pattern on PCB layout. The direction of the magnetic field on the components caused by the primary current flow is changed when the high-and low-side MOSFET turn on by turns. The magnetic fields with opposite directions induce a current through, into, or out of the R
pin, which makes the turn-on duration of
T
each MOSFET different. It is strongly recommended to separate the control components in the vicinity of R from the primary current flow pattern on PCB layout. Figure 25 shows an example for the duty-balanced case.
Figure 25. Example for Duty Balancing
pin are enclosed by the
T
pin
T
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
V
CS
Control
V
IC
CS
CS
SG
Ids
Cr
Np
Ns
PG
R
sense
Ns
Figure 24. Full-Wave Sensing
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 12
Page 14
Physical Dimensions
5.35
5.15
10.70
10.30
26.20
25.80
23.10
22.90
(0.70)
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
3.40
3.00
(1.70)
(R0.50)
14.50
13.50 R0.55
(1.20)
(11 .0 0)
(0.50)
18.50
17.50
8.00
7.00
(R0.50)
MAX 1.30
(5.08)
1.27
15.24
0.70
0.50
MAX 0.80
R0.55
(7.00)
1.30
1.10
0.60
0.40
3.48
2.88
3.40
3.00
NOTES: UNLESS OTHERWISESPECIFIED
A) THIS PACKAGE DOES N OTCOMPLY
TO ANY CURRENT PACKAGING STANDARD. B) ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS. C) DIMENSIONS ARE EXCLUSIVE OF BU R RS,
MOLD FLASH,AND TIE BAR EXTRUSIONS.
SIPMODAA09revA
Figure 26. 9-SIP Package
Package drawings are provided as a service to customers considering Fairchild components. Drawings may change in any manner without notice. Please note the revision and/or date on the drawing and contact a Fairchild Semiconductor representative to verify or obtain the most recent revision. Package specifications do not expand the terms of Fairchild’s worldwide terms and conditions, specifically the warranty therein, which covers Fairchild products.
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© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 13
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Physical Dimensions
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
Figure 27. 9-SIP L-Forming Package
Package drawings are provided as a service to customers considering Fairchild components. Drawings may change in any manner without notice. Please note the revision and/or date on the drawing and contact a Fairchild Semiconductor representative to verify or obtain the most recent revision. Package specifications do not expand the terms of Fairchild’s worldwide terms and conditions, specifically the warranty therein, which covers Fairchild products.
Always visit Fairchild Semiconductor’s online packaging area for the most recent package drawings:
http://www.fairchildsemi.com/packaging/
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 14
.
Page 16
FSFR-US Series — Fairchild Power Switch (FPS™) for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com FSFR-US Series • Rev.1.0.2 15
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