Danfoss Steering User guide
Technical Information
Steering
General, Steering Components
www.danfoss.com
Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Revision history Table of revisions
Date Changed Rev
March 2021 Removed discontinued products, set revision number to match online catalog. 0701
Changed document number from 'BC00000096' and '520L0468' to 'BC152886484183' XX
December 2019 Added EHi steering valve, various data changes including 'Oil temperature' in 'Technical
data common' section
July 2017 Updated literature number 0401
September 2015 Drawings updated 0400
September 2014 Mistakes corrected DA
July 2014 Changed to Danfoss layout CA
December 2009 Steering column deleted BA
October 2002 First version AA
0501
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Contents
A wide range of steering components
Conversion factors........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Survey of literature on Danfoss steering components.......................................................................................................7
Steering concepts
Hydrostatic steering........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Steering units OSPM/OSPB/OSPC/OSPF/OSPD/OSPU/OSPL...................................................................................... 8
Flow-Amplifiers OSQA/OSQB ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Electrohydraulic steering system................................................................................................................................................9
Electrohydraulic steering......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Steering components, general
Steering Units: OSPM, OSPB, OSPC, OSPF, and OSPL........................................................................................................10
Steering unit with 2 rotary meters: OSPD............................................................................................................................. 11
Steering unit with amplifier valve: OSPU.............................................................................................................................. 12
Priority valves: OLSA and OLS....................................................................................................................................................13
Flow-Amplifiers: OSQA and OSQB........................................................................................................................................... 14
Steering valve EHPS...................................................................................................................................................................... 15
OSPE steering valve.......................................................................................................................................................................17
OSPE exploded view and parts list.....................................................................................................................................18
Steering components, product overview
Variant explanations.....................................................................................................................................................................19
Steering components, main data and features
OSPM mini steering units............................................................................................................................................................21
The OSPM mini-steering unit is available in three versions:.....................................................................................21
Main data of OSPM...................................................................................................................................................................21
Features of OSPM:.................................................................................................................................................................... 21
OSPB, OSPC, OSPD open center steering units...................................................................................................................21
OSPB ON............................................................................................................................................................................................21
Main data of OSPB ON:........................................................................................................................................................... 22
OSPC ON/OR.................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Main data of OSPC ON:........................................................................................................................................................... 22
Main data of OSPC OR:............................................................................................................................................................22
Features of OSPB and OSPC Open center steering units:.......................................................................................... 22
OSPD ON/OR....................................................................................................................................................................................23
Main data of OSPD ON:...........................................................................................................................................................23
Main data of OSPD OR............................................................................................................................................................ 23
Features of OSPD open center steering units:............................................................................................................... 23
OSPB closed center steering units OSPB CN........................................................................................................................23
Main data of OSPB CN:............................................................................................................................................................23
OSPB,OSPC, OSPF, OSPD, OSPU, OSPL, load sensing steering units........................................................................... 24
OSPB LS and OSPC LS/LSR.......................................................................................................................................................... 24
The OSPB and OSPC Load Sensing steering unit is available in three versions:................................................24
Main data of OSPB LS and OSPC LS:...................................................................................................................................24
Main data of OSPC LSR:.......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Features of OSPB and OSPC load sensing steering units:..........................................................................................24
OSPF LS..............................................................................................................................................................................................24
Main data of OSPF LS: .............................................................................................................................................................25
Features of OSPF load sensing steering units:............................................................................................................... 25
OSPD LS/LSR.................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Main data of OSPD LS:.............................................................................................................................................................25
Features of OSPD load sensing steering units:.............................................................................................................. 25
Main data of OSPD LSR:..........................................................................................................................................................25
OSPU LS............................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Main data of OSPU LS:.............................................................................................................................................................26
Features of OSPU load sensing steering units:.............................................................................................................. 26
OSPL LS..............................................................................................................................................................................................26
The OSPL load sensing steering unit is available in two versions:..........................................................................26
Main data of OSPL LS:..............................................................................................................................................................26
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Contents
Features of OSPL load sensing steering units:............................................................................................................... 27
OLSA/OLS priority valves.............................................................................................................................................................27
The OLSA and OLS priority valves are available in two versions:............................................................................27
Main data of OLSA:...................................................................................................................................................................27
Main data of OLS:......................................................................................................................................................................27
Main data of OLSP:................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Features of OLSA and OLS priority valves:.......................................................................................................................28
OSQ Flow Amplifier.......................................................................................................................................................................28
The OSQ is available in two versions:................................................................................................................................28
Main data of OSQ:.....................................................................................................................................................................28
Features of OSQ flow-amplifier:.......................................................................................................................................... 28
Pilot steering units: OSPBX, OSPLX, OSPCX load sensing steering units...................................................................29
The “X LS” steering units are available in two versions:..............................................................................................29
Main data of the “X LS” steering units:..............................................................................................................................29
EHPS pilot operated steering valves.......................................................................................................................................29
EHPS type 0, hydrostatic steering system........................................................................................................................29
EHPS type 1, hydrostatic and electrohydraulic steering system............................................................................. 30
EHPS type 2, hydrostatic and electrohydraulic steering system............................................................................. 30
Main data of EHPS:..............................................................................................................................................................30
Features of EHPS:.................................................................................................................................................................31
Pilot steering Unit OSPCX CN for EHPS.................................................................................................................................. 31
Main data of the OSPC CN steering units:........................................................................................................................31
OSPE steering valve.......................................................................................................................................................................31
Main data of OSPE.................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Features of OSPE.......................................................................................................................................................................32
EHi steering valve...........................................................................................................................................................................32
Main data of EHi........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Features of EHi...........................................................................................................................................................................32
OVPL and OVR valve blocks........................................................................................................................................................33
Main data of OVPL....................................................................................................................................................................33
Features of OVPL valve block............................................................................................................................................... 33
OVR angular block....................................................................................................................................................................33
Hydrostatic steering systems
Open center steering system.....................................................................................................................................................34
Load sensing steering systems................................................................................................................................................. 34
Features of load sensing static steering systems with Danfoss LS static steering units.................................35
Features of load sensing dynamic steering systems with Danfoss LS dynamic steering units....................36
Features of load sensing dynamic steering systems with Danfoss OSPF LS steering units.......................... 37
Choice of steering concept and components
Choice of steering concept and components..................................................................................................................... 38
Legislation of steering systems.................................................................................................................................................38
General Information
Technical data common..............................................................................................................................................................39
Manual steering pressure............................................................................................................................................................39
Demands on steering columns............................................................................................................................................40
Steering components, main data and features............................................................................................................. 41
Calculation of steering systems................................................................................................................................................41
Ackermann steering................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Cylinder........................................................................................................................................................................................ 42
Calculation example of steering cylinder ....................................................................................................................... 43
Calculation example of steering unit................................................................................................................................ 44
Calculation example of pump..............................................................................................................................................44
Steering wheel revolutions and steering speed............................................................................................................44
Calculation of LS steering system with working hydraulics......................................................................................44
Calculation of steering system with flow-amplifier OSQA/OSQB...........................................................................45
Calculation of steering system for articulated vehicle................................................................................................45
Articulated vehicle................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Complete form.......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Contents
Pump for flow-amplifiers OSQA/OSQB ............................................................................................................................47
Oil types.............................................................................................................................................................................................47
Particle content, degree of contamination and filtering.................................................................................................48
Installation........................................................................................................................................................................................48
Tightening torques........................................................................................................................................................................49
Starting up and running in......................................................................................................................................................... 49
Maintenance....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Information on labels................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Examples of steering systems....................................................................................................................................................51
OSPC ON ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
OSPC OR.......................................................................................................................................................................................52
OSPC LS + OLSA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 52
OSPF + OLS................................................................................................................................................................................. 53
OSPD LS........................................................................................................................................................................................53
OSPU LS........................................................................................................................................................................................54
OSPBX LS and OSQA................................................................................................................................................................55
2 x OSPBX LS and OSQB......................................................................................................................................................... 56
OSPBX LS and OSQA shown with electrically driven pump for emergency steering.amplification
EHPS - type 1 steering valve with PVG 32, OSPCX pilot steering unit and PVRES joystick.............................58
EHPS - type 2 steering valve with control module PVED, OSPCX pilot steering unit and joystick..............59
OSPE in system with variable pump and GPS steering...............................................................................................60
Load sensing steering system and load sensing working hydraulics with common oil supply from
during emergency steering...........................................................................................................................................57
a fixed displacement pump.......................................................................................................................................... 61
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
A wide range of steering components
Danfoss is one of the largest producers in the world of steering components for hydrostatic steering
systems on off-road vehicles. Danfoss offers steering solutions both at component and system levels. Our
product range makes it possible to cover applications of all types, ranging from ordinary 2 wheel steering
(also known as Ackermann steering) to articulated steering, automatic steering (for example, by sensor)
and remote controlled steering via satellite. We can offer more than 1,800 different steering units and 250
different priority valves categorized in types, variants and sizes.
Danfoss offers:
For hydrostatic steering systems:
Product type Displacement Rated Flow Steering Pressure
Mini steering units
Steering units
Priority valves
Pilot operated flowamplifiers (factors: 4, 5, 8,
or 10)
Pilot operated steering
valves
32 – 100 cm3/rev
[1.95 – 6.10 in3/rev]
40 – 1200 cm3/rev
[2.44 to 73.2 in3/rev]
–
– 240 and 400 l/min [63.4 and
–
max. 20 l/min
[5.28 US gal/min]
max. 100 l/min
[26.4 US gal/min]
40, 80, 120, 160, 320 l/min
[10.6, 21.1, 31.7, 42.3, 84.5
US gal/min]
105.7 US gal/min]
max. 100 l/min
[26.4 US gal/min]
max. 150 bar
[2180 psi]
max. 240 bar
[3481 psi]
max. 350 bar
[5076 psi]
max. 240 bar
[3480 psi]
max. 250 bar
[3625 psi]
For electrohydraulic steering systems
Product type Displacement Rated flow Steering pressure
Pilot operated steering
valves
Integrated electrical
operated steering valve
Electrical operated
steering valve
- 100 l/min [26.4 US gal/min] 250 bar [3625 psi]
100 - 500 cm3/rev
[6.10 - 30.51 in3]
- 70 l/min [18.5 US gal/min] 210 bar [3045 psi]
50 l/min [13.2 US gal/min] 210 bar [3045 psi]
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
A wide range of steering components
Characteristic features for steering units:
Low steering torque: from 0.5 to 3 N•m in normal steering situations
•
Low noise level
•
Low pressure drop
•
Many types available: Open center Non-reaction, Open center Reaction, Power Beyond, Closed center
•
Non-reaction, Load Sensing, Load Sensing Reaction
One or more built-in valve functions: relief valve, shock valves, suction valves, non-return valve in P-
•
line and LS-line
Optional port connections according to ISO, SAE or DIN standards
•
Characteristics for EH steering systems with OSPE, EHPS, and EHi:
Possibility of GPS, row sensor, variable steering ratio and joystick steering
•
Possibility of manual steering even on very heavy vehicles
•
EHPS:
•
High steering pressure requiring smaller cylinders and flow
‒
Low pilot pressure and flow giving extremely low noise in the cabin
‒
Combined with Danfoss PVG 32 proportional valve
‒
Conversion factors
1 N•m = [8.851 lbf•in] 1 l = [0.264 US gal]
1 N = [0.2248 lbf] 1 bar = [14.5 psi]
1 mm = [0.0394 in] °F = [1.8°C + 32]
1 cm3 = [0.061 in3]
Survey of literature on Danfoss steering components
Detailed data on all Danfoss steering components and accessories can be found in our steering
component catalogs, which is divided in to the following individual sub catalogs:
General information Steering components
Technical data on mini steering units OSPM
Technical data on open center, and closed center
steering units
Technical data on load sensing steering units, priority
valves and flow amplifiers
Technical data on load sensing steering unit with
amplification
Technical data on hydraulic and EH pilot operated
steering valves, electrical actuation modules and
appropriate steering units.
Technical data on combined steering unit/EH steering
valves and steering wheel sensors
Technical data on electrohydraulic steering valves EHi
Technical data on steering wheel sensors SASA
OSPB, OSPC, and OSPD
OSPB, OSPC, OSPF, OSPD, OSPL, OSPBX, OSPLX, OVPL,
OLS and OSQ
OSPU
EHPS, EHPS w. OLS 320, PVE for EHPS and OSPCX
OSPE
For technical information on individual variants, please contact the Danfoss Sales Organization.
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering concepts
Hydrostatic steering
Danfoss steering components are used in vehicles where the driver has to control high steering forces,
reliably, comfortably and with maximum safety.
Steering units OSPM/OSPB/OSPC/OSPF/OSPD/OSPU/OSPL
The operation of Danfoss steering units OSP- is hydrostatic. That is to say, there is no mechanical
connection between the steering column and the steered wheels.
Instead there are hydraulic pipes and hoses between steering unit and steering cylinder(s). When the
steering wheel is turned, the steering unit meters out an oil volume proportional to the rate of rotation of
the steering wheel. This volume is directed to the appropriate side of the steering cylinder, while
simultaneously the displaced oil is directed to tank.
In open center systems the steering unit is supplied with oil from a separate pump with fixed
displacement.
Open center hydrostatic steering system
In load sensing (LS) systems one pump can supply oil to steering system and to working hydraulics. A
priority valve ensures that steering always has first priority.
Load sensing hydrostatic steering system
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering concepts
Flow-Amplifiers OSQA/OSQB
In large vehicles and ships the steering units can be used
withDanfoss Flow-amplifiers which amplify the oil flow to the
steering cylinders. These systems with steering units and flowamplifiers also include an inbuilt priority valve which ensures that the
steering takes priority.
When the steering wheel is turned, the oil flow is divided in the flowamplifier in such a way as to ensure that the necessary oil flow is led
to the steering system.
The rest of the oil flow is available for the working hydraulics.
Electrohydraulic steering system
Electrohydraulic steering
On loaders, large forklift trucks, dumpers, heavy tractors, combine harvesters, maize harvesters and other
similar machines there is often need for electrically actuated steering either in the form of a joystick, or
fully automatic.
For this purpose Danfoss offers:
Combined steering unit and electro hydraulic steering valve, OSPE: OSP for normal manual steering
wheel activated steering and E for electro hydraulic steering activated by electrical input signal either
from GPS or vehicle controller or from steering wheel sensor (Danfoss type SASA) for variable steering
ratio. In variable steering mode, the electro hydraulic valve part adds flow to the metered out flow from
the steering unit part of the OSPE.
Load sensing hydrostatic steering system
with flow amplifier
Pilot operated steering valve, EHPS: Electro Hydraulic Power Steering:
A basic system (type 0) consists of a pilot steering unit as the signal
source and an EHPS valve block which controls oil flow to the
steering cylinders proportional to the pilot flow. The system can be
extended to include an electrical actuator so that, as an alternative, it
becomes possible to steer with a joystick (EHPS type 1).
In addition, the valve block can be supplied with built-in micro
controller and safety critical steering software (EHPS type 2). A
steering system with EHPS type 2 means no steering wheel drift and
posibility of variable sterring ratio.
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Electrohydraulic steering system
Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering components, general
Steering Units: OSPM, OSPB, OSPC, OSPF, and OSPL
The steering unit consists of a rotary valve and a rotary meter.
Via a steering column the steering unit is connected to the steering wheel of the vehicle. When the
steering wheel is turned, oil is directed from the steering system pump via the rotary valve (spool and
sleeve) and rotary meter (gear wheel set) to the cylinder ports L or R, depending on the direction of turn.
The rotary meter meters the oil flow to the steering cylinder in proportion to the angular rotation of the
steering wheel. If the oil flow from the steering system pump is too small, the steering unit can function
as a manual pump - assuming the conditions as described in Manual steering pressure on page 39.
1 Check valve 8 Cross pin
2 Shock valve 9 Cardan shaft
3 Relief valve 10 Distributor plate
4 Housing with anticavitation valves 11 Gear wheel
5 Spool 12 Gear rim
6 Neutral position spring 13 End cover
7 Sleeve
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1
2
3
4
5
4
4
5
6
150-583.12
Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering components, general
Steering unit with 2 rotary meters: OSPD
The basic function of this type is like the main group of Danfoss steering units, except the gearwheel set
(rotary meter). OSPD has 2 rotary meters, which are mechanically connected. A shift valve determines
whether only one or both rotary meters are active. In the case of no pump supply only one rotary meter is
active for emergency steering. In normal steering situations both rotary meters are active.
1 Housing with spool/sleeve set and valves 4 Distributor plates
2 Cardan shafts 5 Gear wheel sets
3 Shift valve complete 6 End cover
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering components, general
Steering unit with amplifier valve: OSPU
The basic function of this type is like the main group of Danfoss steering units, except the rotary valve
and a torque compensator valve. The rotary valve (spool/sleeve set) of OSPU has an amplification
function, which adds flow directly to the cylinder ports in parallel with oil passing through the rotary
meter (gear wheel set). In the case of no pump supply (emergency steering) only the gear wheel set
meters oil to the cylinder ports. The function of the torque compensator valve is to assure constant
amplification.
1 Amplification valve parts 7 Cross pin
2 Housing with valve parts 8 Cardan shaft
3 LS copy valve 9 Distributor plate
4 Spool 10 Gear wheel set
5 Neutral position spring 11 End cover
6 Sleeve
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering components, general
Priority valves: OLSA and OLS
In systems with Danfoss priority valves and load sensing steering units, steering has first priority. When
the steering wheel is turned, the oil flow is distributed in the priority valve in such a way that the oil flow
necessary for steering is led to the steering unit through the CF (controlled flow) connection. The
remaining oil flow is available for the working hydraulics through the EF (excess flow) connection.
The distribution is controlled by the LS signal from the steering unit, so that the oil flow to the steering
unit is always determined by the actual steering rate.
1
Plug
2
Damping orifice (PP)
3
Spool
4
Housing
5
Spring
6
LS-plug with LS-orifice
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering components, general
Flow-Amplifiers: OSQA and OSQB
The flow-amplifiers OSQA and OSQB contain a directional valve, an amplification valve, a priority valve, a
pilot pressure relief valve, shock and suction valves.
In addition OSQB contains a back pressure valve. The flow-amplifier amplifies the oil flow from the
steering unit cylinder ports L or R by an amplification factor of 4, 5, 8, 10 or 20.
The amplified oil flow is directed from the flow-amplifier ports CL or CR to the steering cylinder(s). The
amplified flow is proportional to the rate of the steering wheel rotation. If the oil flow from the pump
fails, the flow-amplifier cuts off the amplification and manual steering through the steering unit is
possible under the same conditions as those mentioned in the section: Manual steering pressure on page
39.
The pressure drop through the flow-amplifier at manual steering is about 5 bar [72.5 psi].
1 Housing 5 Pilot pressure relief valve
2 Shock and suction valves 6 Priority valve
3 Back pressure valve 7 Amplification valve
4 Directional spool
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P301 018
1
2
4
5
6
7
3
8
9
2
2
10
11
11
Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering components, general
Steering valve EHPS
The EHPS is a pilot operated directional valve. Oil from a pilot steering unit or an electrical signal can
actuate the steering valve.
Basicly the EHPS valve contains a directional valve, a priority valve, a pilot relief valve, a pilot pressure
control valve, and shock- and suction valves.
An electric actuation module, PVE, can be fitted onto the EHPS valve. In the type 1 system the controller is
operated by an analog signal and the type 2 system the signal is digital with Canbus interface and it
comprises a micro processor with safety critcal steering software.
The pilot for the directional valve in EHPS can be supplied either by the flow from steering unit (cylinder
port L or R), or by the flow from the electric actuation module PVE/PVED.
1 Electrical actuation module PVE/PVED 6 Pilot pressure valve for electrical actuating
2 Housing 7 Priority valve
3 Directional spool 8 Cover
4 Shock and suction valve 9 Emergency steering valve
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module
Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering components, general
5 Pilot pressure reduction valve for steering unit 10 Pilot pressure relief valve
11 Shuttle valves
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering components, general
OSPE steering valve
OSPE with an electrical programmable module (PVED-CL) the following steering features in electro
hydraulic steer mode/field mode are possible:
GPS-steering
•
Row sensor/ camera steering
•
Joy stick or mini st. wheel steering
•
Variable steering ratio
•
Speed depending steering ratio
•
The following block diagram shows all input devices possible for the PVED-CL actuator/controller.
Detailed description is to be found in seperate literature, PVED-CL User Manual, please contact Danfoss
Sales Organization.
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18
8
14, 15, 17
16
7
21
2
1
9, 10, 11
13
12
22
3
5
P301 216
Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering components, general
OSPE exploded view and parts list
1 Shock valves 12 Control valve for mode select
2 Suction valves 13 Pilot reduction valve, 12 bar
3 Spool/sleeve set 14 PP damping orifice
5 Gear set 15 Priority valve spool
7 Mode select and EH cut off valve 16 Priority valve spring
8 EH directional valve 17 Dynamic orifice
9 PVE control unit 18 Pilot pressure relief valve
10 LVDT transducer 21 PVFC valve/LS resolver
11 Solenoid valve bridge 22 Neutral spring package for spool/sleeve
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Technical Information
General, Steering Components
Steering components, product overview
Type Variants Description
Steering units
OSPM ON, PB,
LSd
OSPB ON, CN,
LS,
OSPC ON, OR,
ORM, LS,
LSd, LSR,
LSRd,
LSRMd
OSPF LSd Steering unit full drain dynamic load sensing and with valve functions
OSPD ON, LSd,
LSRd,
LSRMd
OSPU LSd Steering unit with flow amplification and with valve functions
OSPL LS, LSd Steering unit for larger vehicles
OSPBX LS Pilot steering unit for OSQ static
OSPLX LS Pilot steering unit for OSQ static
OSPCX LSd Pilot steering unit for OSQ dynamic
OSPCX CN Pilot steering unit for EHPS
Priority valves
OLSA LS, LSd Priority valve for flanging on steering unit
OLS LS, LSd Priority valve for in line use
OLSP LS, LSd Priority valve for flanging on gear pumps
Flow-Amplifiers
OSQA LS Flow-amplifier
OSQB LS Flow-amplifier with back pressure valve
Steering valve
EHPS
type 0
Electrohydraulic power steering
EHPS
type 1
EHPS
type 2
OSPE LSd,
EHi LS, LSd Electrohydraulic steering valve for in-line use
Valve blocks
OVPL - Valve block for OSPL
OVR - Angular block for side ported steering units
LSd Pilot operated steering valve
LSd Pilot operated steering valve with electrical actuation module
LSd Pilot operated steering valve with programmable electrical actuation module
LSRMd
Mini steering unit for smaller vehicles
Steering unit with no valve functions
Steering unit with valve functions
Steering unit with 2 displacements and with valve functions
Combined steering unit/electrohydraulic steering valve
Variant explanations
ON: Open center Non-reaction
•
LS: Load Sensing, static
•
OR: Open center Reaction
•
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