Flanged ICV for Regulators, Solenoids, Motorized
valves and Gas-powered suction valves
Type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
With the introduction of the flanged ICV - the drop
in replacement valve for all common flanged control
valves on the market - Danfoss has invigorated
Industrial retrofitting.
The ICV valve family includes 3 different configurations.
The well-known pilot controlled ICS ((H)A4A) which
comes as a 1- or 3 pilot variant. Together with the
comprehensive program of pilots and numerous
pilot configurations, all common used pilot
regulations can be achieved.
The motor controlled ICM in 2 variants HMMR and
HMMV, which besides very accurate regulation also
handles and controls direct expansion.
The gas-powered 2 step solenoid valve ICLX (S9A)
designed for closing and opening of suction line
after defrost with minimum pressure drop at normal
operation.
• Designed for industrial refrigeration applications
for a maximum working pressure of 406 psig / 28
bar g.
• Applicable to HCFC, HFC and R717 (Ammonia).
• Low temperature steel body.
• Low weight and compact design.
• V-port regulating cone ensures optimum
regulating accuracy particularly at part load.
• Function module has a QPQ surface treated
insert and a steel piston ring ensuring precise
control accuracy.
– Valve overhaul is done by replacing the
function module.
– Interchangeability between ICS pilot-operated
servo valve, ICM motor operated valve and
ICLX 2-step solenoid valve
• Manual opening.
• PTFE seat provides excellent valve tightness.
• The top cover can be rotated into any possible
position without affecting the operation of the
valve.
AI193486423552en-US0301 | 1
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
Contents Page
Features .................................................................................................................................................................................................1
ICS function .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
ICS material specification ................................................................................................................................................................9
ICS configuration and ordering ................................................................................................................................................. 10
ICM function ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
ICM material specification ........................................................................................................................................................... 22
ICLX function .................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
ICLX material specification .......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
IntroductionThe ICS servo variant is a pilot-operated valve for
regulation of pressure, temperature and/or with an
On/Off function for a refrigeration system. The valve
is suitable for low- and high-pressure refrigerants
and can be used in all locations in the system, when
not exposed to phase change (no expansion over
the valve).
The ICS is available with 1 or 3 pilot ports and
together with optional external pilot lines,
numerous variations in control functions can be
obtained.
The ICM motor variant is an electronic controlled
valve driven by the actuator type ICAD.
The ICM valve is designed to control pressure
or temperature in all locations of a refrigeration
system and additional the valve is designed to
control an expansion process (expansion over the
valve).
The opening and closing forces in the ICM are
minimized thus only 2 sizes of ICAD are required.
The ICLX servo variant is a solenoid pilot-operated
valve for opening of suction line against high
differential pressure e.g. after hot gas defrost.
The ICLX is factory default configured to open in
2 steps. First step opens to 10% of full capacity
while step two automatically, based on decreased
pressure differential, opens to 100%.
It is easy to modify the valve configuration from 2
steps to 1 step.
The ICLX solenoid function is achieved by 2 pilot
solenoid valves operating simultaneous and
controlled by only one signal.
All 3 valve variants are provided with a manual
opening option.
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
DesignICS valves are designed as pilot operated valves
requiring minimal pressure differential to open.
If the pressure difference is 0 psi (0 bar), the ICS
valve will be closed. If the pressure difference is
3 psi (0.2 bar) or more, the ICS valve will be fully
open. At pressure differences between 1 psi (0.07
bar) and 3 psi (0.2 bar), the opening degree will be
correspondingly proportional.
The ICS is available for use with either one or three
pilot valves.
Two of the three pilot pressure connections (S1
and S2) are connected in series whilst the third (P)
is connected in parallel to S1 and S2. This allows
different combinations of pilot valves to be used,
thus providing numerous variations in control
functions.
ICM valves are designed as hermetic encapsulated
valves driven by the fitted stepper motor ICAD via a
through-the-wall magnetic field. The valve opening
degree is completely independent of internal
system pressures and opening forces are balanced
and reduced to achieve MOPD’s up to max working
pressure i.e. 406 psi (28 bar).
The ICAD display allows, through an accurate
encoder feedback system, continuous observations
of valve opening degree.
ICLX valves are designed for 2 (or 1) step ON/OFF
solenoid valve function operated by one EVM NC
and one EVM NO solenoid pilots. The EVM NC and
NO coils are controlled by the same electric signal
thus limited wiring is needed.
The pressure and flow required for opening of the
main valve comes from an external source and
therefor the opening is independent of internal
pressures and the pressure drop through the valve
is reduced to a minimum.
The modification from 2 step to 1 step is done
mechanically by changing 2 bolts inside the valve.
MOPD of the valve is designed to 22 Psi (1.5 bar)
less than P(external source).
Approvals
CE
Valve body and top cover material
Low temperature steel
Nominal bore
Classified for Fluid group I
Category Article 3, paragraph 3 III
Technical data• Refrigerants
Applicable to HCFC, HFC and R717(Ammonia).
• Temperature range
–76/+248°F (–60/+120°C).
• Surface protection
The external surface is zinc-chromated to provide
good corrosion protection.
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
BB
8
P
p2
3f
2c
2g
1b
p3
1a
3c
3a
2e
ICS function
2
1b
SII
SI
2c
SI
SII
A
ICS 1 Pilot
2d
2b
2g
2b
2g
3b
3a
p1
3d
p4
3e
3g
Fig. 1
ICS 3 Pilots
1b
1a
3c
1
The ICS main valve is a pilot operated valve. The
types of pilot valves used determine the function.
The ICS main valve with pilot valve(s) controls
refrigerant flow by modulation or on/off in
p
Inlet pressure p1 is led, via the drilled channels (1a,
1b, 2f, 2b (pilot), 2a, 2d) in the valve body (1) and
cover (2) through the individual pilot valves and
onto the top of the servo piston (3b).
61
1
A
2b
SII
2a
2
3b
3a
3d
3g
3e
Fig. 2
accordance with the pilot valve and main valve
status. The manual spindle can be used to manually
open the valve.
The opening degree of the main valve is
determined by the pressure difference (differential
pressure) between pressure p2, which acts on top
of the servo piston (3b), and pressure p3, which acts
on the underside of the servo piston.
If this pressure difference is 0, the main valve will be
fully closed.
If the pressure difference is 2.9 psi (0.2 bar) or
greater, the main valve will be fully open.
At pressure differences (p2 - p3) between 1 psi (0.07
bar) and 2.9 psi (0.2 bar), the degree of opening will
be correspondingly proportional.
The port of the throttle cone (3e) is V-shaped, which
provide good regulation characteristic to pilot
operated main valves even at low loads.
P3 pressure is equal to the valve outlet pressure (P4),
due to a clearance between the piston rod (3g) and
the function module. The opening degree of the
ICS valve is therefore controlled by the P2 pressure
acting on top of the servo piston, which is equal to
or greater than valve outlet pressure (P4).
The maximum pressure (p2) can act on the top of
the servo piston (3b). p2 normally corresponds to
The degree of opening of the individual pilot
valves determines the magnitude of pressure p2
and thus the degree of opening of the main valve.
The equalization hole (3f) in the servo piston (3b)
ensures that pressure p2 is balanced in accordance
with the degree of opening of the pilot valve.
Note:
When ICS valves with 3 pilot ports are used with
external pressure connector (fig. 2, pos. 61), the
valve port inlet pressure will be isolated.
The ICS can be fitted with just a single screwed-in
pilot valve or external pilot connection. The degree
of opening of the main valve will be in accordance
with the control status of the pilot valve or external
pilot flow control.
ICS main valve with one pilot connection is fully
closed when the pilot valve is fully closed and
fully open when the pilot valve is fully open.
Otherwise the degree of opening of the main valve
is proportional to the degree of opening of the pilot
valve.
The ICS 3 pilot version can be fitted with one, two,
or three pilot valves so that up to three regulating
functions are possible. If the external pilot
connection is used, more functions can be added.
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
ICS function (continued)
In the ICS three pilot version, the pilot ports are
related as follows:
• The pilot valves fitted in ports SI and SII are
connected in series.
• The ICS 3 pilot operated main valve will be
fully closed if just one of the series-connected
• pilot valves is closed. The main valve can only
open if both pilot valves are open at the same
time.
• The pilot valve fitted in port P is connected in
parallel to the pilot valves in ports SI and SII.
The ICS valve will be fully open if the pilot valve in P
is fully open, irrespective of the degree of opening
of pilot valves SI and SII.
The ICS valve will be fully closed if the pilot valve in
P is fully closed and at least one of the valves in SI
or SII is fully closed at the same time. The relation
between the pilot valves in ports SI, SII and P is
shown in Table 1 below.
If the ICS is not fitted with three pilot valves, the
unused port(s) must be sealed with a pilot cap A
or a combination of pilot cap A and blanking plug
B. If the pilot cap and blanking plug are fitted as
an assembled unit, A + B, the channels from the
specific port will be closed. (See Figure 1)
Table 1
Pilot valve port
SI SII P
Open Open Closed Open
Open Open Open Open
Open Closed Closed Closed
Open Closed Open Open
Closed Open Closed Closed
Closed Open Open Open
Closed Closed Closed Closed
Closed Closed Open Open
ICS valve
If only cap A is fitted, the channels from the ports
in question will be open. If the degree of opening
of the ICS main valve is not to be a function of the
main valve inlet pressure, or if more than three
regulating functions are required, ports SI, SII or
P can be fitted with a nipple for the connection
of external pilot pressure. This applies to all ICS
versions.
The pressure to which the external pilot line is
connected will then determine the main valve
function. Pilot valves installed in external lines must
be mounted in a type CVH housing.
Depending on the function of the pilot valves, the
ICS regulating characteristic becomes:
• on/off
• proportional
• integral or
• cascade.
ICS main valves are therefore especially suitable for
all forms of temperature and pressure regulating
systems.
An overview of the types of pilot valves available
can be found in the accessories section.
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
a
b
d
e
ICM function
c
g
f
P1
ICM, motor operated valves are designed for use
with the ICAD actuator with Display.
The driving force from the actuator is transferred
via a magnetic coupling (a) through the stainless
steel top housing (b) and thus eliminates the need
for a packing gland. The rotational movement of
the magnetic coupling (a) is transferred to a spindle
(c) which in turn provides the vertical movement
of the piston (d) and the valve seat (e), to open and
close the valve. The closing force of the actuator,
combined with the the valve seat (e) and PTFE
valve plate (f), provides an effective seal to prevent
leakage across the valve port, when the valve is in
the closed position. To prevent damage to the PTFE
valve seat (e) and plate (f) from system debris, it is
recommended that a filter is installed upstream of
the valve.
ICM 25-65:
Valve inlet pressure (P1) acting on the underside
of the PTFE valve seat (e) also passes through the
hollow piston assembly (d) on to the top of the
piston (d) and balances the pressure acting on the
piston (d). Any trapped liquid across the throttle
cone (g) is allowed to equalise down to the valve
outlet without affecting the valve performance.
ICAD
There are two sizes of ICAD actuator that covers
the range of valves from ICM 25 to ICM 65. The
actuators have a fully weather protected enclosure
with none of the moving parts exposed to the
environment.
The fast acting actuators and balanced valve design
results in the valve being able to move from the
fully closed to the fully open position in between
3 to 45 seconds depending on valve size and ICAD
setup.
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
ICAD actuator details
The ICM motor operated valve and ICAD actuator
combinations are as follows:
ActuatorICAD 600AICAD 1200A
ICM 40
Valve size
ICM 25ICM 50
ICM 32ICM 65
ICAD 600A / ICAD 1200A
ICAD actuators can be controlled using the
following signals:
• 0-20 mA
• 4-20 mA (default)
• 0-10 V
• 2-10 V
• One or two digital Input
ICAD actuators can operate an ICM valve as an On/
Off function supported by one digital input.
ICAD actuators can operate an ICM valve as Neutral
zone / 3 point control supported by two digital
inputs.
Actuator types ICAD 600A and 1200A are dedicated
for use with ICM motor operated valves. There are
only two sizes of ICAD actuators that cover the
range of valves from ICM 25 to ICM 65.
The ICM valve can be operated manually via the
ICAD actuator or the Multi-function tool for ICM
(see the ordering section).
Fail Safe supply options
In the event of a power failure, multiple fail safe
options are possible, provided that a ICAD-UPS or
similar is used.
During power failure, ICM can be selected to:
- Close ICM
- Open ICM
- Stay in the same position, as when power
failure occurs
- Go to a specific ICM valve opening degree
See the data sheet DKRCI.PD.HT0.B for further
information.
Please note:
A fail safe supply (battery or UPS) is required.
The ICAD is controlled via a modulating analogue
signal (e.g. 4-20 mA/2-10 V) or a digital ON/OFF
signal. ICAD incorporates an advanced MMI (Man
Machine Interface), including continuous display
of Opening Degree, which gives the user a very
advanced and flexible setup procedure that can
meet many different applications.
Features (actuator)
• Designed for industrial refrigeration installations.
• Advanced and high speed Digital Stepper Motor
Technology
• Seven segment LCD display and three
programming keys included
• Valve opening degree can be observed
continuously.
• Can easily be configured to different applications
on-site (change speed, ON/OFF, Fail Safe
operation, modulating valve, etc..)
• Open – Close time: 3-45 seconds depending on
valve size
• Modulating, ON/OFF operation or Neutral
zone / 3 point control
• Multiple speed selection during operation
• Logging of old alarms
• Password protection
• Control input signal :
4-20 mA, 0-20 mA, 0-10 V, 2-10 V.
One or two digital inputs.
• Position feed back : 0-20 mA, 4-20 mA (ICM)
• 3 Digital ON/OFF feedback
• Resolution: 20 micron/step
(0.02 mm stroke pr. step)
• Total steps: 250 – 3650 depending on size
• Auto Calibration, Neutral zone
• In the event of a power failure, multiple fail safe
options are possible. During power failure, ICM
can be selected to:
Close ICM,
Open ICM,
Stay in the same position, as when power failure
occurs
Go to a specific ICM valve opening degree
• Hermetic magnetic motor
• Enclosure: IP67 ~ NEMA 6
• Approvals: CE, UL, CRN
• Connectors for easy installation and servicing
• ICAD 600A/1200A ensures an acurate feedback
on the valve position.
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
Technical data (actuator)
Electrical data
• Materials
Housing
Aluminium
Top part of ICAD
PBT thermo plastic
• Weight
ICAD 600A: 2.64 lb (1.2 kg)
ICAD 1200A: 4.19 lb (1.9 kg)
• Temperature range (ambient)
–22°F/122°F (–30°C/+50°C)
• Enclosure
IP 67 (~NEMA 6)
Electrical connection
Connection to ICAD is done via M12 connectors.
ICAD has two M12 male connectors build-in:
Power supply:
4 poled M12 male connector
Control signals:
8 poled M12 male connector
Supply voltage is galvanic isolated from Input/
Output.
Supply voltage: 24 V d.c., + 10% / -15%
Load: ICAD 600A: 1.2 A
ICAD 1200A: 2.0 A
Fail safe supply: Min. 19 V d.c, max. 26.4 V d.c.
Load: ICAD 600A: 1.2 A
ICAD 1200A: 2.0 A
Analogue Input - Current or Voltage
Current: 0/4-20 mA
Load: 200 W
Voltage: 0/2-10 V d.c
Load : 10 kW
Analogue Output: 0/4-20 mA
Load : ≤ 250 W
ICAD can be delivered with (60 in. (1.5 m.)) or
without cables with M12 female connectors:
Power Supply cable with 4 poled M12 female
connector: 3 x ~22 AWG (3 x 0.34 mm2)
Control cable with 8 poled M12 female
connector: 7 x ~24 AWG (7 x 0.25 mm2)
Cable set with M12 female connectors in other
lengths are available. See the section "Spare parts
and accessories".
Digital Input - Digital ON/OFF input by means of
volt-free contact (Signal/Telecom relays with goldplated contacts recommended) – Voltage input used
ON: Contact impedance < 50 W
OFF: Contact impedance > 100 k W
Digital Output - 3 pcs. NPN transistor output
External supply: 5-24 V d.c.
(Same supply as for ICAD can
be used, but please note that the
galvanically isolated system will
then be spoiled)
Output load: 50 W
Load: Max. 50 mA
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
III
Technical data (cont.)
Electrical data
Cable connection
Two 1.5 m (60 in) cables premounted
Battery capacity:
For each open/closed cycle
Speed Parameter i04ICM 25ICM 32
ICAD 600A
ICAD 1200A
Max. (i04 = 100)5 mAh5 mAh
Min. (i04 = 1)467 mAh533 mAh
Speed Parameter i04ICM 40ICM 50ICM 65
Max. (i04 = 100)17 mAh22 mAh22 mAh
Min. (i04 = 1)1667 mAh2167 mAh2167 mAh
Terminal box not supplied
by Danfoss
Control cable
Supply cable
Ref. ColourDescription
A Black– Common Alarm
B Brown– ICM fully open
C Red– ICM fully closed
D Orange– GND ground
E Yellow+ 0/4 - 20 mA Input ***
F Green+ 0/2 - 10 V Input **
G Blue+ 0/4 - 20 mA Output ***
IBlack+
II White+
III Brown–
* Uninterruptable Power Supply
** Also used with D (GND, ground) for DI1 - Digital ON-OFF
operation.
*** If Neutral zone / 3 point control is selected (parameter i02 =
3) then E and G are used as DI2 - Digital ON/OFF input.
Note: Colour code changed when compared
to older colour wiring diagram.
Fail safe supply
Battery / UPS* 19 V d.c.
Supply voltage
24 V d.c.
Digital
Ouput
}
Analogue
In/Output
}
4 pin male connector8 pin male connector
II
B
A
G
Approvals
CE according to 89/336 EEC (EMC)
Emission : EN61000-6-3
I
C
D
E
F
Immunity: EN61000-6-2
Function (actuator)
The design of ICAD is based on a digital stepper
motor technology combined with an advanced
MMI (Man Machine Interface), that gives excellent
The advanced menu system will allow several
parameters to be ajusted to obtain the required
function.
possibilities for having a high degree of flexibility
with the same type of ICAD actuator.
At the ICAD display the Opening Degree (0100 %) of the actual ICM valve installed can be
continuously observed.
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
Function (actuator)
(continued)
Many different parameters can be configurated,
among these:
• Modulating, ON/OFF operation or Neutral
zone / 3 point control
• Analog input
0- 20 mA or 4-20 mA
0-10 V or 2-10 V
• Digital Input
ICAD can be configured to support one or two
digital inputs.
When using one digital input, 0-10 V can not be
used at the same time.
By using two digital inputs at Neutral zone /
3 point control, the analog input (0/2-10 V, 0/4-20
mA) and Analog Output (0/4-20 mA) can not be
used at the same time.
• Analog output
0- 20 mA or 4-20 mA
• Automatic or manual control
• Change of ICM valve speed
• Automatic calibration
• Multiple Fail Safe set-up options during power
cut
For service all Input and Output signals can be
recalled and observed from the ICAD display.
For further details on ICAD actuator please see the
data sheet DKRCI.PD.HT0.B
A password protection has been linked to the
parameter of entering the correct ICM valve to
avoid unintentional and non-authorised operation.
ICAD can manage and display different alarms.
If an alarm has been detected the display will
alternate between showing: Actual alarm present
and Opening Degree of ICM valve. If more than one
alarm is active at the same time the alarm with the
highest priority will take preference. The alarm with
the highest priority is shown on the display.
All alarms will automatically reset when
disappearing.
Previous alarms can be recalled for traceability and
service purposes.
Any active alarm will activate the common digital
alarm output.
All alarms will automatically reset when
disappearing.
ICAD provides two digital output signals to 3rd
party control equipment (e.g. PLC) indicating if the
ICM valve is completely open or completely closed.
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
P2
2
EV
ICLX function
M NO
P1
The ICLX valve is used as a shut-off valve in suction
lines to open after a hot gas defrost.
The valve is a pilot controlled valve operated by an
external pilot pressure source. This means that the
valve can operate with no internal pressure
differential (Pd) at all.
Low Pd is the key objective and makes the ICLX
valve ideal for applications that are sensitive to
differential pressure.
Though Pd is kept low, it can still be quantified, and
must be considered when choosing valve size.
The main valve is provided with two pilot solenoid
valves, as well as a nipple for connection to external
pilot pressure.
The external pilot pressure line must be connected
to a system pressure (p2) which is at least 1.5 bar
(20 psi) higher than the inlet pressure (p1) of the
valve. The difference between the external pilot
pressure and the inlet pressure of the valve defines
the maximum opening differential pressure (MOPD)
of the ICLX.
1
EVM NC
opens the first step corresponding to approximately
10% of the valve capacity. At the same time the
bleed spring will be compressed. This will start a
pressure equalization of the inlet pressure (p1) to
the outlet pressure. When the differential pressure
across the valve has fallen
to approximately 22 psig (1.5 bar) the spring will be
strong enough to open the second step and open
the valve to full capacity.
This way high-pressure pulsations, which would
occur when opening for full capacity in one step,
can be avoided.
ICLX must not be used in pipe systems where
the differential pressure across the main valve
in an open position can exceed 15 psig (1 bar),
otherwise the step two on the valve will close.
26 | AI193486423552en-US0301
The ICLX is kept open when power is applied to the
coils placed on the EVM pilot solenoid valves in pos.
1 and pos. 2.
The ICLX closes and is kept closed when the coils on
EVM pilot solenoid valves in pos. 1 and pos. 2 are
de-energised.
The pilot solenoid valve (pos.1) allows external pilot
pressure (p2) to the bottom of the servo piston and
Data sheet | Motor - and Servo operated valves, type ICS-(H)A4A, ICS-(H)S4A, ICM-HMMV, ICM-HMMR and ICLX-S9A
Danfoss
M27H0231_1
ICLX function
(continued)
Two step opening principle
External pressure
Inlet pressure
ClosedBleed
Outlet pressure
Step 1
Important note for ICLX valves:
the ICLX valve is kept in its open position
by hot gas. The hot gas condenses in
the cold valve and creates liquid under
the servo piston. When the pilot valves change
status to close the ICLX, the pressure on the servo
piston equalizes with the suction pressure through
the pilot valve (pos. 2). This equalization takes time
because condensed liquid is present in the valve.
The exact time taken from when the pilot valves
change position to complete closing of the ICLX will
depend on temperature, pressure, refrigerant and
the size of the valve. Thus an exact closing time for
the valves cannot be given but, in general, lower
temperatures give longer closing times.
Open
Step 1 + 2
Time
It is very important to take the closing times into
consideration when a hot gas defrost is performed
on evaporators. Steps must be taken to ensure that
the hot gas supply valve is not opened before the
ICLX in the suction line is completely closed. If the
hot gas supply valve is opened before the ICLX in
the suction line is closed, considerable energy will
be lost and potentially dangerous situations might
arise because of “liquid hammer”. In ICLX valves, the
spring-loaded second stage might be induced to
hammer by gas and liquid being forced through the
valve at ∆p > 1.5 bar across the ICLX. The final result
could be severe damage to the valve.