Cybex international FT 360S Owner’s and Service Manual

FT-360S Functional Trainer

Owner’s and Service Manual

Strength Systems

Part Number 9101-999-4 F

www.cybexinternational.com

FT-360S Functional Trainer

Owner’s and Service Manual

Strength Systems

Part Number 9101-999-4 F

Cybex® and the Cybex logo are registered trademarks of Cybex International, Inc.

DISCLAIMER: Cybex International, Inc., makes no representations or warranties regarding the contents of this manual. We reserve the right to
revise this document at any time or to make changes to the product described within it without notice or obligation to notify any person of such
revisions or changes.

© Copyright 2010, Cybex International, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.

10 Trotter Drive Medway, MA 02053 • 508-533-4300 • FAX [phone]
www.cybexinternational.com • [e-mail] • 9101-999-4 F • March 2010

Table of Contents

i Table of Contents

1 Safety

Safety ......................... 1-1

Warning/Caution Decals .......... 1-2

Regular Maintenance Activities ..... 1-6

Using Proper Form .............. 1-6

2 Technical Specifications

General Specifications ............ 2-1

Machine Specifications ........... 2-4

3 General Exercise Guidelines

Training Suggestions ............. 3-1

Glossary ....................... 3-2

Exercise Charts

4 Exercises

FT-360S Overview ................ 4-2

Adjustment and Safety ........... 4-2

Weight Stack and Effective

Resistance ..................... 4-2

Exercise Opportunities ............ 4-3

Lateral Step .................... 4-4

Overhead Squat ................. 4-4

Single Leg Squat ................ 4-5

Split Squat Press ................ 4-5

Hip Extension ................... 4-6

Hip Flexion ..................... 4-6

Lunge Adduction ................ 4-7

Shoulder Adduction .............. 4-8

Chest Press .................... 4-9

Standing Chest Press ............ 4-9

Back and Shoulder Extension ...... 4-10

Shoulder Abduction .............. 4-10

Lat Pulldown ................... 4-11

Row .......................... 4-11

Standing Overhead Press ......... 4-12

Push Pull ...................... 4-12

Tricep Extension ................. 4-13

5 Customer Service

Contacting Service .............. 5-1

Ordering Parts .................. 5-1

RMA .......................... 5-2

Damaged Parts ................. 5-3

6 Assembly

FT-360S Diagram ................. 6-1

Tools Required .................. 6-2

Unpacking ..................... 6-2

Installing Foot Pads .............. 6-4

Installing Snap Links ............. 6-5

Installing Weight Stack ........... 6-6

Final Assembly .................. 6-13

7 Maintenance

Daily Procedures ................ 7-2

Weekly Procedures .............. 7-4

Yearly Procedures ............... 7-6

Enviroment. . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 7-6

Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

Weight Stack Cable Adjustment .... 7-7

8 Service

Parts Lists and Diagrams ......... 8-1

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

1 - Safety

Safety

Read the Owner’s Manual carefully before assembling, servicing or using the equipment.
It is the responsibility of the facility owner and/or owner of the equipment to instruct users on

proper operation of the equipment and review all labels.

WARNING: Serious injury could occur if these safety precautions are not observed:

User Safety Precautions

Obtain a medical exam prior to beginning an exercise program.•
Read all warnings and obtain proper instruction on use of the machine prior to using. •
Keep body and clothing free from and clear of all moving parts.•
Inspect machine prior to use. • DO NOT use if it appears damaged or inoperable.
DO NOT• attempt to fi x a broken or jammed machine. Notify fl oor staff.
Use the machine only for the intended use. • DO NOT modify the machine.
Be sure that the weight pin is completely inserted. Use only the pin provided by the manufacturer. •

If unsure seek assistance.
Never pin the weights in an elevated position. • DO NOT use the machine if found in this condition.

Seek assistance from fl oor staff.
Children must not be allowed near this machine. Teenage rs must be supervised.•

DO NOT • use if guards are missing or damaged.
DO NOT• use dumbbells or other incremental weights, except those provided by the manufacturer.

Inspect all cables and belts and connections prior to use. • DO NOT use if any components are worn,
frayed, or damaged.

DO NOT • remove this label. Replace if damaged.
Stop exercising if you feel faint, dizzy or experience pain at any time while exercising and consult •

your physician.

Safety

Page 1-1

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Facility Safety Precautions

Read the Owner’s Manual carefully before assembling, servicing or using the equipment. •
Securely anchor each machine to the fl oor using the anchor holes provided in each machine.•

NOTE: Cybex is not responsible for the actual anchoring of equipment. Consult with a

professional contractor.

NOTE: Use fasteners having a minimum of 500 lbs. tensile capacity (3/8” grade 2 bolts

or better).

NOTE: If legs/frame does not contact surface, DO NOT pull down with anchors. Shim any

leg or frame not in contact with surface using fl at washers.

Make sure that each machine is set up and operated on a solid level surface. • Do not install
equipment on an uneven surface.

Make sure that all users are properly trained on how to use the equipment.•
Make sure there is enough room for safe access and operation of the equipment. •
Perform regular maintenance checks on the equipment. Also pay close attention to all areas •

most susceptible to wear, including (but not limited to) cables, pulleys, belts and grips.
Immediately replace worn or damaged components. If unable to immediately replace worn or •

damaged components then remove from service until the repair is made.
Use only Cybex supplied components to maintain/repair the equipment.•
Keep a repair log of all maintenance activities.•
Inspect all cables and belts and connections prior to use. • DO NOT use if any components are worn,

frayed, or damaged.

NOTE: It is the sole responsibility of the user/owner or facility operator to ensure that regular

maintenance is performed.

Warning/Caution Decals

Warning decals indicate a potentially hazardous situation, which, if not avoided, could result in death
or serious injury.

Caution decals indicate a potentially hazardous situation, which, if not avoided, could result in minor
or moderate injury.

The warning and caution decals are shown on the following page. The diagrams following the decals
show where each decal is located.

Safety
Page 1-2

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

A

B

C

4605-381-4 A

Safety

Page 1-3

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

B

(Both Sides)

B

(Both Sides)

DESCRIPTION PART NO.

A

Warning DecalA. ...................4605-381-4

Warning DecalB. ...................8500-311-4

Safety
Page 1-4

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

C

DESCRIPTION PART NO.

Caution DecalC. ....................9100-348-4

Safety

Page 1-5

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Regular Maintenance Activities

Preventative maintenance activities must be performed to maintain normal operation of your equipment.
Keeping a log sheet of all maintenance actions will assist you in staying current with all preventative
maintenance activities. The preventative maintenance actions are described in detail in Chapter 5.
Briefl y, they include:

Weekly

1. Inspect all nuts and bolts for looseness. Tighten as required.

2. Inspect all cables for damage or wear (see Chapter 7). Immediately discontinue use if a cable is

worn or damaged.

3. Check for worn handles, worn snap links, and worn warning labeling. Replace all worn parts

immediately.

4. Inspect for loose or worn grips. Replace all loose or worn grips immediately.

5. Inspect weight stacks for proper alignment and operation. Correct all improper alignment and

operation issues immediately.

6. Lubricate guide rods using automotive engine oil only.
Yearly

1. Replace all cables at least annually.

Using Proper Form

Before working out, read and understand the training suggestions listed in Chapter 3. See Chapter 4
for proper form during exercise.

Safety
Page 1-6

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

2 - Technical Specifi cations

General Specifications

Frame Finish

Shall be made of mechanical quality 11 gauge and 16 gauge steel purchased in mill run quantities •
to assure the best consistency.

Prior to applying fi nish, each part shall be put through a multi-stage wash to remove all oils and to •
chemically prepare the surface for maximum adhesion. After the wash, the frames shall be dried and
coated with an Electrostatically applied powdercoat fi nish that shall be applied in powder form and
then baked until cured.

The fi nish shall be textured and very hard, assuring a scratch and chip resistant fi nish.•

Weight Selection

Weights are to be selected by using a high quality selector pin that completely penetrates the weight •
plate and locks in place to eliminate any chance of disengaging during use. The pin shall be attached
to the weightstack with a plastic lanyard in order that the pin stays with the appropriate machine.

Weight Stacks Confi guration

All weight stacks shall have 4” x 18” x 1”, 20 pound weights.•

Weight Plates

Shall be made of solid cold-rolled steel with wrinkle black powder coat fi nish.•
Guide rod holes shall be machined to a tolerance of .006 inches.•
Low-friction bushings shall surround the guide rods for smooth gliding motion.•

Technical

Specifications

Page 2-1

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Pulleys

Shall use Dupont Corp. fi berglass-reinforced nylon 70G33 material, tensile strength rated at •
22,500 PSI with 6203ZZ double sealed bearings dynamic load rated at 1600 lbs.

Pulleys shall be 4.50 inches in diameter with a cable groove with a depth of .250 inches.•

Swivel Pulley

Shall be molded from glass reinforced nylon, with a tensile breaking strength of at least 14,000 PSI.•

Weight Transport

Shall be lubricated, 7 x 19, 1/8” galvanized steel, nylon coated aircraft cable with breaking strength •
rated at 2000 pounds.

All cable ends shall be fi nished off with a swaged fi tting with a breaking strength equal to the •
cable itself.

Weight Stack Guide Rods

Shall be solid ground and polished cold-drawn steel with minimum yield strength of 100,000 PSI •
with a hard chrome plated piston steel fi nish with an overall minimum accuracy of .010.

Weight Stack Suspension

Shall have heavy-duty neoprene bumpers with an 80-durometer rating under the weight stacks •
to reduce shock and vibration stresses to the frame and facility.

Frame Construction

Primarily 1 1/2 x 2” tubing with 11 gauge wall thickness, but different tubing sizes and wall thickness •
shall be used as required through engineering stress analysis.

Shielding shall be 16 gauge wall thickness sheet metal.•
Fully welded frames for maximum structural integrity and minimum maintenance.•
All machining and welding will be done utilizing jigs and fi xtures to insure highest quality and •

interchangabiliity of parts.

Pivot Adjustment

Shall be cast from 1020 steel and black powder coated.•

Clevis

Shall be cast from 1020 steel and black powder coated.•

Technical
Specifications
Page 2-2

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Adjustment Plate

Shall be laser and plasma cut hot-rolled steel and nickel chromium electroplated.•

Hardware

All 3/8” socket head cap screws shall be of grade 8 (or equivalent). All bolts shall be either chromed •
or zinc plated for additional corrosion resistance.

Adjustment Decals

High contrast Lexan decals shall be used for adjustment arms and weight stack to ensure maximum •
readability.

Instructional Placard

Shall provide step-by-step instructions and a picture to illustrate use.•
Placard shall indicate proper positioning, and clearly describe the correct use of machines.•

Counter Balancing

Rotational counter balancing shall be accomplished by the use of a class 2 extension spring.•
Reach counterbalancing shall be accomplished by the use of a 13.35 inch, cylinder dampner.•
Front panel shall be made of clear frosted shatter resistant PETG material.•

Technical

Specifications

Page 2-3

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Machine Specifications

FT-360 S - Product No. 9101
Total Weight

(includes weight stack)
787 lbs.
358 kg

Weight Stack

300 lbs.
136 kg

Size

inches - 113 W x 54 L x 90 H (maximum in use)
cm - 287 cm W x 137 cm L x 229 cm H

NOTE: A minimum of three feet clearance is required around the machine during exercise.

54

113

Technical
Specifications
Page 2-4

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

3 - General Exercise Guidelines

Training Suggestions

Before you workout

Prior to starting a training program, get a complete physical exam to make sure your physician agrees
that you are ready. Always warm-up your muscles before a workout. A 5-10 minute cardio warm-up
followed by slow stretching (no bouncing) is recommended. Continue with a lighter set (50% of normal of
intended exercises. Proper breathing is very important. Exhale during muscle exertion, and inhale while
returning to the start position. Start your program conservatively. Choose weights you can easily lift in the
fi rst weeks. Always perform the full range of motion-unless you have an injury, then consult a professional
trainer. Your Cybex dealer can help you fi nd one. Know the terms? A “repetition” (rep) is defi ned as one
complete movement through an exercise, returning to the start position. A “set” is a continuous series of
reps. usually between 6-15.

During your workout

The number of reps. you perform in a set depends on your goal. To build muscle and strength, do fewer
reps. (6-8) with heavier weight. To fi rm your muscles and build endurance, do more reps. (12-15) with
lighter weight. Never “cheat” by shortening the range of motion, bouncing the weight, or shifting your
posture. This may allow you to lift more weight, but it is dangerous and less effective. Catch your breath
between sets, then continue. When “circuit training” move briskly to the next exercise; when doing
multiple sets on one exercise, rest 45-90 seconds before the next set. Work up to three sets per exercise.
When you can perform the desired reps and sets for any exercise, increase the weight by a half or full
plate. Circuit training is a good way to start. This involves doing one set per exercise, then moving to the
next exercise, pausing only briefl y between them (to keep your heart and breath rate up) until completing
a balanced “circuit” of 8-10 exercises for your entire body. Then repeat the circuit. After several weeks,
you can move into multiple sets (3 in a row) per exercise if you choose. For both circuit and multiple set
training, exercise the complete body every other day, up to three times a week NOTE : A full day’s rest,
plus proper nutrition and hydration are required for optimum muscle-building or toning. Alternatively , work
out half your body one day (e.g., the upper body) and the other half the following day (e.g. the lower
body). To reduce muscle soreness, end each series of sets for a given muscle with a set of increased
reps and lighter weights. At the end of your workout, cool down in a similar way to your warm-up.

General Exercise

Guidelines

Page 3-1

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Glossary

Abduction - movement away from the mid-line of the body.
Acceleration - the rate at which an object’s velocity changes with time; that is the change of velocity

divided by the time interval.

Accuracy - freedom from error. Degree of conformity of a measure to a standard or a true value.
Action Line - the direction of pull created by the fi bers or tendons of the muscle at the point of

application.
Active Insuffi ciency - a two joint muscle loses the ability to cross-bridge (generate force) due to full

shortening over its greatest anatomical length and tension created in an opposing muscle (antagonist).
Active Range of Motion - the degree of motion that occurs between two adjacent segments through

voluntary contraction of the agonist.
Active Stabilization - provided by an internal force. Static stabilization is provided through an isometric

contraction where dynamic stabilization is a series of motions. Dynamic stabilizers maintain the relative
positions of the segments, preventing undesirable or unnecessary motions due to external forces as well
as artifacts of internal forces. May also refer to the concentric/eccentric contractions of a muscle acting in
a force couple to produce motion while maintaining a relatively fi xed axis of rotation.

Adipose tissue - fat tissue.
Adduction - movement towards the mid-line of the body.
Agonist - (prime mover) the muscle most involved in producing a movement.
Aerobic - utilizing oxygen.
Aerobic endurance - the ability to persist in physical activities that rely heavily upon oxygen for energy

production.
Anabolic - pertaining to the synthesis of complex substances from simpler substances, especially to the

synthesis of body proteins from amino acids.

Anaerobic - without oxygen.
Anaerobic Endurance - the ability to persist in physical activities of short duration that require high

rates of energy expenditure. These high rates of energy expenditure cannot be met solely by aerobic
metabolism.

General Exercise
Guidelines
Page 3-2

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Anthropometrics - measurements and relationships of length and girth of body parts.
Antagonist - the muscle in opposition to the agonist.
Anatomical Position - standing erect, with feet and palms facing forward.
Anatomical Pulley - a bone or skeletal prominence that alters the direction of the pull of a muscle to

increase the muscle’s mechanical advantage.

Anatomy - geography, naming by orientation and/or apparent capability (non-functional).
Anchor Points - the points at which a load enters and exits the body and/or limb.
Anterior - anatomical term meaning towards the front. Same as ventral.
Assistant Mover - a muscle that is less effective at performing a specifi ed motion, but does have

a small degree of mechanical ability to help the prime mover. There are many borderline cases.

Atrophy - reduction in size of cells and tissues.
Axis of Rotation - imaginary line or point which an object rotates.
Bilateral - refers to both sides.
Biolocomotion - a perspective/description of the human body and its mechanics based upon

locomotion. All animals with legs (regardless of numbers) move with the same mechanics. Gravity is
the common denominator.

Biomechanics - analysis of the load placed on a joint by both the muscle and resistance. Anatomy,
Kinesiology, and Physics = Engineering.

Body composition - the component parts of the body - mainly fat and fat-free weight.
Calorie - a unit of work or energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of

1 g of water to 1 degree C.

Cam - a mechanical device used to vary leverage.
Carbohydrate - a chemical compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in specifi ed

arrangements. Carbohydrates are major components of food such as bread, potatoes and rice.

Cardiovascular - pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.
Cartilage - there are several types. Hyaline cartilage is a relatively thin covering on the ends of many

bones. It forms a smooth, resilient, low friction surface for the movement of one bone on another.
Wedges of cartilage (fi brocartilage) called menisci, disks and labrums are to increase stability,
provide shock absorption, and to facilitate motion in some joints.

General Exercise

Guidelines

Page 3-3

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Center of Gravity - the center of a body’s mass. In the human body, it is the point which all parts are
in balance with one another. The COG may be within the body, altered by the position of the body even
to the point of being outside the body (pike position), or altered by the addiction of load to specifi c body
areas.

Circumduction - a circular movement permitted at ball and socket, condylar and saddle joints.Consists
of fl exion, abduction, extension and adduction in sequence.

Circuit Training - a conditioning program consisting of a number of exercises performed at “stations”.
Usually, a given exercise is performed at a station within a specifi ed time; then the athlete moves to the
next station, with its own particular exercise and specifi ed time, then to the next station, and so on.

Closed Chain Kinetic Exercise - a series of rigid links interconnected by a series of pincentered joints.
These are constructed so that motion at one joint will produce motion at all the joints in the system.
Produces greater mechanical effi ciency at the risk of increased joint loading. Leg press, bench press.

Close-Packed Position - all synovial joints have a position where joint surfaces are maximally congruent
and the ligaments and capsule are maximally taut.

Collagen - a fi brous protein that serves as the major component of ligaments and tendons.
Compression - two forces acting along the same line towards each other that constitute a compressive

load or compressive stress.

Concentric Action - contraction of a muscle resulting in shortening of the muscle.
Connective Tissue - comprised of mostly the proteins collagen and elastin with water; includes tendons,

ligaments, bursae, cartilage, disks, menisci, fascia and bone.
Cross-bridge - the connection and intertwining of the actin and myosin fi laments in a myofi bril relative to

a muscular contraction.

Curvilinear Motion - the frequently occurring combination of rotatory and translatory motions.
Distraction - two forces acting along the same line and in opposite directions, they constitute a

distractive, tensile load or tensile stress.

Diathrodial Joint - ball and socket joint.
Distal - furthest from the attached end of the limb; away from the body.
Dorsal - pertaining to the back; opposite of ventral, palmar or plantar.
Dorsifl exioni - movement of the foot up in the sagittal plane; movement toward the leg.
Eccentric - muscle action in which tension is developed in the muscle while it is lengthening.

Negative work is performed.

General Exercise
Guidelines
Page 3-4

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Eccentric Action - a muscle contraction incapable of overcoming the resistance imposed; the overall
muscle length increases.

Endurance - the ability to persist in performing some physical activity.
Energy - the capacity to perform work.
Energy (kinetic) - energy associated with motion.
Energy (potential) - energy by virtue of position.
Energy System - one of three metabolic systems involving a series of chemical reactions resulting in

the formation of waste products and the manufacture of ATP.

Eversion - movement of the sole of the foot outward; opposite of inversion.
Extension - movement at a joint, bringing two parts into or towards a straight line, increasing the angle

of the joint. Returning to anatomical position from a position of fl exion in the sagittal plane.

External Force - a push or pull on the body that arises from a source outside the body.
External Rotation - movement of the anterior surface of a segment away from the mid-line; also termed

lateral rotation.
Fast-twitch Fibers - skeletal muscle fi bers most active in short-duration, intensive exercise, e.g.,

in sprints and jumps.

Fatigue - the inability to maintain a given level of physical performance.
Flexibility - the range of movement of a specifi c joint or group of joints, infl uenced by the associated

bones and bony structures, muscles, tendons and ligaments.
Flexion - movement about a joint in which bones on either side of the joint are brought closer together,

decreasing the angle of the joint. Joint movement away from anatomical position, occurring within the
sagittal plane.

Foot-pound - the work required to move one pound of resistance one foot in distance.
Force - an interaction between two objects, in the form of a push or pull, that may or may not produce

motion, Force = mass x acceleration.

Force Angle - (FA) the angle between the action line and the lever, on the side of the joint axis.
Force Couple - concentric/eccentric contractions of opposing muscles acting to produce motion while

maintaining a relatively fi xed axis of rotation.

General Exercise

Guidelines

Page 3-5

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Frontal Plane - (coronal) imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves; lies at a
right angle to the sagittal plane.

Fulcrum - the support on which a lever rotates in moving or lifting.
Hyperextension - continuation of the movement of extension past the neutral position.
Hypertrophy - increased cell size leading to increased tissue size.
Impulse - the change in momentum.
Inertia - the tendency of a body to remain at rest or continue in motion unless disturbed by an external

force.

Inferior - a lower position upon or within the body.
Insertion - the more distal attachment site of a muscle. The movable part or attachment of a muscle

as opposed to origin.

Intermittent Work - work sessions interrupted by rest sessions.
Internal Forces - act on the body and arise from sources within the human body.
Inversion - moving the sole of the foot inward. Opposite of eversion.
Isokinetic - action in which the rate of movement is constantly maintained through a specifi c range of

motion even though maximal force is exerted.

Isokinetic Contraction - a muscular contraction through a range of motion at a constant velocity.
Isometric - a contraction in which movement is produced but no movement occurs.
Isometric (static) Contraction - a muscular contraction in which there is no change in the angle

of the involved joint(s) and little or no change in the length of the contracting muscle.

Isotonic - a contraction in which movement is produced.
Medial Rotation - movement around an axis and toward the mid-line of the body. Also termed internal

rotation.

Medial - aspect nearest the mid-line of the body; pertaining to the center. Opposite of lateral.
Metabolism - the sum total of the chemical changes or reactions occurring in the body.

General Exercise
Guidelines
Page 3-6

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Moment Arm - (MA) the shortest distance between the action line and the joint axis.
Momentum - determined by mass x velocity. Will remain constant unless the object is acted upon by

another force.

Muscle Contraction - shortening of a muscle and/or development of tension in a muscle.
Muscular Endurance - the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against

a light load for an extended period of time.

Neutral - a point between the two extremes of a joint’s range of motion.
Obesity - excess body fat.
Open Kinematic Chain - the ends of the limbs are free to move without causing motion at another

joint. Open chain motions are not predictable because the joints may function either independently
or in unison. Less mechanically effi cient, therefore more stress is placed upon muscular tissue.

Origin - attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fi xed during muscular contraction.
Overload - to exercise a muscle or muscle group against resistance greater than that which is normally

encountered. The resistance (load) can be maximal or near-maximal.
Passive Insuffi ciency - a two-joint muscle loses the ability to cross-bridge (generate force) due to full

lengthening over its greatest anatomical length due to force created in an opposing muscle.
Passive Stabilization - due to noncontractile components. Internal stabilization is created by connective

tissue (muscular support is not provided anatomically or physiologically) and external stabilization is
provided by a bench or brace.

Plane of Motion - a two-dimensional fl at surface running through an object. Motion occurs in the plane
or parallel to the plane.

Plantar - anatomical term referring to the sole or bottom.
Plantarfl exion - movement of the foot down in the sagittal plane; movement away from the leg.
Posterior - anatomical term meaning toward the back. Opposite of anterior.
Potential Energy - energy by virtue of position.
Power - the product of force and velocity. Work divided by time.

General Exercise

Guidelines

Page 3-7

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Prime Mover - (agonist) a muscle that is mechanically optimal to produce a specifi c motion at a joint.
There can be more than one prime mover for a particular motion, and a specifi c muscle can be a prime
mover for more than one motion at a joint.

Progressive Resistance - overloading a muscle or muscle group consistently throughout the duration
of a weight-resistance program.

Pronation - a triplanar motion at the subtalar joint consisting of abduction, depression and eversion,
resulting in lowering of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Position of the forearm with the palm facing down.

Protein - a basic foodstuff containing amino acids.
Proximal - towards the attached end of the limb or origin.
Range of Motion - the amount of motion available to a joint within the anatomical limits of the joint

structure. Can be classifi ed as Passive (movement produced via a force outside the limb), Active
(movement produced by muscles within the limb) or Resisted (movement challenged under additional
load). The amount of resistance will affect the range of motion with direct proportion.

Reciprocal Inhibition - contraction of agonist causes relaxation of antagonist.
Reliability - the extent to which an experiment, test or measuring procedure yields the same results on

repeated trials. Also known as reproducibility or repeatability.
Repetition Maximum (RM) - the maximum load that a muscle or muscle group can lift in a given number

of repetitions before fatiguing. For example, an eight-RM load is the maximum load that can be lifted
eight times.

Repositioners - muscles that lift the extremity and move it to a new location allowing the prime movers
to again accept load or propel.

Response - a sudden temporary adjustment in physiological function brought on by a single exposure
to exercise, e.g., the rise in heart rate associated with an exercise bout.

Rotary Motion - (radial or angular) the movement of an object around a fi xed axis in a curved path.
S.A.I.D. Principle - Specifi c Adaptation to Imposed Demand. A muscle will gain strength in the specifi c

ranges of motion and speeds in which it is trained.

Sagittal Plane - Imaginary line that divides the body, or any of its parts, into right and left sections.
Scoliosis - a lateral curvature of the vertebral column, usually in the thoracic area.
Secondary Joint - hinge joints that have a singular function (elbow/knee). Muscles are situated on

either side of these joints in virtual, if not real, pairings.

General Exercise
Guidelines
Page 3-8

Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Set - in an interval training program, a group of work and relief intervals. In weight lifting, the number of
repetitions performed consecutively without resting.

Shear - two parallel forces applied in opposite directions that are not in line with each other constitute
a shearing load or stress. The site of muscular attachment is the axis around which the forces of shear
develop. This becomes the “force axis” as opposed to the anatomical axis.

Shunt Muscle - directs the greater part of its contractile force along the bone it is moving (creating
greater force towards compression/stabilization). The brachioradialis is a shunt during an arm curl.

Skeletal Muscle - muscle controlling skeletal movement that is normally under voluntary control.
Skewing - the result of a vector shift through a limb or system.
Sliding Filament Theory - a muscle shortens or lengthens because the thick and thin myofi brils slide

past one another without the fi laments changing length.
Slow-twitch Fibers - skeletal muscle fi bers characterized by relatively slow contraction times and great

capacity for the aerobic production of adenosine triphosphate.

Sprain - the permanent deformation of the structure due to excessive or prolonged stress/strain.
Spurt Muscle - directs the greater part of its force across the bone it is moving rather than along it

(creating greater effort towards motion). The biceps is a spurt during an arm curl.
Stabilizer - a muscle that steadies or supports a joint in order that another active muscle may have a

fi rm base upon which to pull.
Static contraction - a muscular contraction that does not involve changes in the angle of the joint(s)

involved.
Steady state - that state of physiological stability wherein the energy demands of the body can be met

relatively easily for a prolonged period of time.

Strain - the deformation of the structure as the result of stress.
Strength - the ability to exert muscular force briefl y.
Stress - the force created within a structure when placed under load.
Submaximal exercise - usually exercise at less than maximal intensity, but may also refer to exercise

of less than maximal duration.

Superior - a higher position upon or within the body.

General Exercise

Guidelines

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Cybex FT-360S Functional Trainer Owner’s Manual

Synergist - occurs during the action of two muscles, both of which have a common joint action and each
of which has a second action that is antagonistic or opposing to the other. True synergy is simply the
stabilization of one muscle to prevent any action in one of the joints traversed by a multi-joint muscle.

Synovial Fluid - transparent, viscous lubricating fl uid found in joint cavities, bursae and tendon sheaths.
Tendons - cords of dense fi brous tissue that connect muscle to bone.
Tertiary Joint - a complex joint structure (wrist/ankle-subtalor), designed for fi nely controlled movements.
Torque - the ability of a force to produce movement around an axis.
Training - a program of exercise designed to improve the skills and increase the energy capacities of

an athlete for a particular event.

Translatory Motion - (linear) the movement of an object in a straight line.
Unilateral - refers to only one side.
Validity - the extent to which a measurement or information is relevant or meaningful; appropriate to the

end in view and supported by objective truth.
Vector - an arrow which represents a force’s point of application, action line or direction indicating pull

or magnitude of force being exerted.
Vector Shift - the alteration of a load as it is transferred between the anchor points through a segment’s

kinematic chain.
Velocity - the rate at which an objects position changes with time; that is the total change in position

divided by the total change in time: V-d/t.
Weight - the weight of an object is the gravitational force exerted on it by the earth. W=mg, where

g = gravitational acceleration.
Work - W = Fd. The amount of work performed is equivalent to the force applied to an object times

the distance the object is moved.

General Exercise
Guidelines
Page 3-10