This instruction book is for your crews. Distribute
it to help them install Contech® A-2000/A-2026
correctly. They are flexible pipes that must be
installed following the trench construction,
bedding, haunching, initial backfill, and other
requirements of ASTM D 2321,“Standard
Recommended Practice for Underground
Installation of Flexible Thermoplastic Sewer Pipe.”
Don’t assume experienced workers know all
the answers. Review these instructions with your
supervisors and crews. It can mean a better job
for you and your customer.
We suggest that you adopt a policy of
performance testing the first few manhole runs.
It will give you an early check that installation
procedures are correct.
If you have any questions about these instructions,
call your Contech Dealer or your Contech Sales
Engineer, or carefully review the installation guide
in the Contech A-2000/A-2026 catalogs and
ASTM D 2321.
Installation of Pipe ................................ 20
A. Pipe Zone/Embedment Material....20
B. Deflection Control .......................26
Deep Laterals .......................................27
Special Notes .......................................28
This safety alert symbol indicates
important safety messages.
When you see this symbol, be
alert to the possibility of personal
injury and be sure you understand
the message that follows.
Terms You Should Know
Alerts you to
hazards or unsafe
practices that CAN result in severe
personal injury or property damage.
Messages about procedures
or actions that must be
followed for safe handling and installation
of A-2000/A-2026 Pipe.
Falling or rolling pipe
can
cause severe personal
injury
or death.
Read and follow all safety instructions before
unloading pipe.
4 5
Cold Weather Installation
1. Handle the pipe with more care in cold
weather. PVC becomes more brittle as
temperatures drop. When placing
embedment materials in deep trenches
and temperatures 0° - 32° F, it is
required to use smaller aggregate (3/4inch max.) and limit the height of stone
dump to 20 feet.
2. Rubber gaskets become harder as the
temperature decreases, gaskets tend to
compress less, and when combined with
PVC bells that become more installation
sensitive, jointing becomes less forgiving.
Proper bell-spigot alignment, adequate
bell and spigot lubrication, and
recommended joining procedures
(-i.e. bar and block) all become more
essential as temperature decreases. In
addition, it is recommended to store the
gaskets in a warm place prior to use.
Unloading and Handling
The following equipment is recommended for
unloading pipe pallets:
Forklift with full-length forks to engage entire
pallet width, front-end loader or backhoe
with fork adapters full length to engage
entire pallet width.
Nylon lifting slings of sufficient strength and
length to safely handle entire pallet. Do
not stand or ride on the pipe load during
unloading.
NOTE: Pipes sizes 18” and less are palletized
with steel straps around a wood frame. Full trailer
width pallets (21” to 36”) are not framed. Only
forks of sufficient length to engage entire pallet
width are recommended for unloading.
6 7
Failure to follow these instructions can result in
serious injury or death and/or damage to pipe.
1. Only trained and authorized equipment operators are to
be permitted to unload the trailer.
2. Wear approved safety hat and shoes, gloves, and
eye protection.
3. Park the truck and trailer on level ground before you
start unloading.
4. Keep all unauthorized persons clear of the area when
the driver releases the binders from the trailer and
during unloading.
5. Do not release steel strapping around the wood
frame until the pallets have been placed on level
ground and will not be moved again as a unit.
6. Know the capabilities and rated load capacities of
your lifting equipment. Never exceed them.
7. Do not stand or ride on the load of pipe while it is
being unloaded. Do not stand beneath or near
the
pipe when it’s being
unloaded.
8. If unloading at multiple points,
secure pallets between drop off
points. For each unit of four
pallets, always unload the top
pallets first. (See diagram)
9. Never attach chains or wire
rope to the pipe. They could damage the pipe.
10. Do not push pallets off the trailer or permit
pipe to drop to the ground.
11. Do not drag A-2000/A-2026 Pipe across
the ground.
12. Do not stack A-2000/A-2026 Pipe over two
pallets high. Stacks of three or more pallets can
damage bottom pipes and can become unstable.
13. Handle A-2000/A-2026 Pipe with extra
care in freezing or cold weather. Plastic pipe is more
brittle when cold.
Trenching
Trenching practice and bedding materials
shall be in accordance with ASTM D2321 and
OSHA rules.
1. The excavation needs to be wide enough
and be supported adequately to allow a
person to work safely.
2. Where trench walls are unstable, the contractor
may elect to use tight sheeting, stay bracing, or
a trench box for stabilization during pipe
laying. If the conditions are severe, sheeting
may be left in place.
3. Excessive groundwater may necessitate
dewatering.
4. An unstable trench bottom must be stabilized
at the engineer’s direction. In such cases, install
special foundation and bedding materials in
6-inch layers and compact.
5. Excavation from 6 inches to 12 inches below
the pipe should be filled with acceptable
bedding material and compacted to a minimum
90% Standard Proctor Density. Fill areas of
over excavation beyond 12 inches with
processed stone or gravel following standard
bedding practices.
6. Before installing the pipe, bring bedding
material to grade along the entire length of the
pipe.
7. When excavating in Class IV materials (silt, silty
clays, and clays), provide a uniform,
undisturbed foundation.
8 9
Installation Tips
1. At manholes, flexible manhole connections like
rubber boots, A-Loks, etc. are recommended.
With rubber boot manhole connectors, install
either a standard A-2000/A-2026 double
gasket (8”-10”) or an A-2000 manhole gasket
(12”-36”) on the pipe spigot under the stainless
steel strap (See manhole connection detail.)
Where manholes are manufactured with A-Lok
connections, use a Contech PVC manhole sleeve.
2. Do not probe for the pipe with rods, shovels, or
other sharp objects when excavating down to
install laterals, etc. Instead, mark the elevation of
the pipe with stakes or other markers to help locate it.
3. When haunching the pipe or digging down to
install laterals, take care not to damage the pipe
with shovels, or other construction equipment.
4. String only enough pipe to use during the day’s
laying operations.
5. A full line of adapters to other pipes is available. See
Contech A-2000/A-2026
Fittings Catalogs.
6. After proper assembly, the first load of backfill
should be placed over the middle of the pipe.
While the first load is being placed, the free bell
end should be held on line by the pipe layer
(either by placing a foot inside the bell or by
straddling the bell with both ankles.) This
technique will minimiz e pipe mo v ement during
backfilling. Subsequent loads of backfill may be
placed in a normal fashion.
7. Handle A-2000/A-2026 pipe with
extra care in freezing or cold weather. Plastic
pipe is more brittle when cold.
8. Rubber gaskets become har der as temperature
decreases, gaskets tend to compress less, and
when combined with PVC bells that become more
brittle, jointing becomes less forgiving.
Assembly of Pipe
A. Gasket/Pipe Connection
1. The double sealing surface A-2000/A-2026
gaskets are fitted to the first two full
corrugations on the spigot end of the pipe as
shown in the drawing. (Note A-2000 gaskets
are black while A-2026 are gray)
The single sealing surface A-2000
Drainage gaskets are fitted in the first
corrugation valley as shown in the drawing.
Gaskets are shipped loose and require field
installation on the pipe spigot. The leading
(lower) edge of the gasket is marked with the
Contech logo and wording to distinguish
it from the seating (higher) edge.
The low height seal is fitted into the first
corrugation. The double sealing gasket is fitted
into the first two full corrugation valleys.
Spigot
Gasket
location
on 4”to 36”
diameter
A-2000/A-2026
Bell
(Plantformed)
Gasket location
on D-2000/
A-2000
Drainage
Pipe
end
10 11
2. Thoroughly clean the bell and spigot ends,
making sure they are free of mud and grit. If the
gasket has been removed, make sure the gasket
seat (the first two full corrugation valleys) is
clean. Reinstall the gasket by stretching it over
the spigot end and nesting it into the seat.
• The leading (lower) edge of the gasket is
marked with the Contech logo and wording
to distinguish it from the seating (higher) edge.
3. Use a Johnny mop or brush to apply a liberal
amount of gasket lube to the gasket and to
swab the inside of the bell. Take care to lube
the chamfered (leading) edge of the bell.
4. Align the joint and push the spigot to the
corrugation with the homemark from the back
end. The total corrugation, with the homemark,
should be visible when the pipe is properly
“homed.” Use a bar and wood block on larger
diameters when necessary, making sure the
block protects the pipe end from the bar. It is
recommended to use a nylon sling to facilitate
handling and joining 21” diameter and larger
A-2000. When joining, NEVER use the back
hoe bucket to push against the pipe bell. When
pushing the joint home, make sure the bedding
material is not pulled into the bell by the spigot.
Material such as small stones or sand pulled
into the bell as the pipe is stabbed can impair
gasket sealing and cause leaks.
B. Manhole Connection
• At manholes, flexible manhole
connections like rubber boots, A-Loks,
etc. are recommended.
1. Boot: With rubber boot manhole
connectors, install either a standard
A-2000 / A-2026 double gasket
(8”-10”) or an A-2000 manhole gasket
(12’-36”) on the pipe spigot under the
stainless steal strap (See
manhole connection detail.)
2. A-Lok: Where manholes
are manufactured with
A-Lok connections, use
a Contech PVC
manhole sleeve (See
manhole connection
detail.)
A-Lok manhole sleeve are
available already attached
to the pipe. If the manhole sleeves are not
attached and the need arises in the field,
follow the procedure below.
• Place a standard gasket on the pipe
about 6” from the end. Lube the
gasket and the manhole sleeve and
slide the manhole sleeve onto the
pipe end. Restrict the coupling from
sliding and push the unit (pipe and
coupling) into the A-Lok connection
(lube the A-Lok).
12 13
3. Non-flexible (waterstop type) Flexible
manhole connections are recommended.
For cast-in-place concrete bottoms, precast
bottoms with “mouse hole” or similar pipeto-manhole entry that does not incorporate
a flexible connection, use two standard
A-2000/A-2026 double gaskets for 8”-and
10”-diameter pipe, positioned on the pipe
in the center of the manhole wall with the
leading (the lower) edge of the gaskets in
adjacent corrugations, then concrete grout
or seal the pipe/manhole connections as
required. For pipe with diameters of 12”-36”
inches, use one standard A-2000 double
gasket, positioned on the pipe in the center
of the manhole wall, with the leading (lower)
edge of the gasket closest to the inside of the
manhole.
C. Field Cutting Pipe
A-2000//A-2026 can be field cut
to length. Cut through a corrugation valley
using a hand or power saw. Fit the gasket
following the procedure listed in “Gasket/
Pipe Connection.”
D. Installing Caps
Caps are gasketed. Install them the same
way you make a gasketed joint. Caps need
to be staked to make sure they do not blow
off. Mark the lateral location and depth with
a lath or other marker so that probing, etc.
to locate the pipe is not required.
E. Installing Mechanical Plugs
Mechanical plugs may be used, but caps
are recommended. (Mechanical plugs
should not be used for air testing.)
Install mechanical plugs by following
these steps:
1. DO NOT USE LUBRICANT
2. Insert into the pipe barrel, beyond the
bell, until the back of the washer seats
against the bell hub transition.
3. Hold and tighten the wing nut until
firmly seated.
4. Stake the plug to keep it from being
blown out during testing. Proper staking
requires a spacer from the plug in the
bell to a stake driven outside the bell.
5. Mark the lateral location and depth with
a lath or other marker so the probing
etc. to locate the pipe is not required.
14 15
F. Tapping/Saddle Connections
Saddle fittings are used for tapping
inservice systems. Use inline fittings
for new construction. Ribbed A-2000/
A-2026 saddles must line up with
pipe corrugations. Stick-on templates are
marked for proper orientation.
Follow these steps:
1. Stick template on the pipe to mark the
outline of the hole. Take care to line
up the template with the corrugation
valley properly. Instructions are on the
template.
2. Use keyhole or saber saw to cut the
hole. Do not start the hole with a
hammer or hatchet. Use a drill, awl, or
other sharp cutting tool.
3. Thoroughly clean the pipe and saddle
mating areas (use MEK as a cleaner).
Place the saddle in position on the pipe
and draw a line around the outer
edge of the saddle skirt to mark the
area of pipe to be covered by the
saddle. Use the special adhesive
provided (adhesive is in the caulking
tube that uses a standard caulking gun)
and proceed as described on the
following page.
3.A. For saddles with ribbed skirt.
3.A.1. Place a 1/4 -inch bead around the
cut opening in the pipe. Continue to make
concentric rings with 1/4 -inch beads of
adhesive about 1/4 -inch apart. The final
ring should be just inside the area to be
covered by the saddle skirt. Make certain
when crossing corrugation valleys that the
adhesive bead flows into the valley.
3.A.2. Apply adhesive to the underside of
the saddle skirt in a similar fashion.
3.B. For saddle with smooth (underside) skirt.
3.B.1. Completely fill the corrugation
valleys of the pipe with adhesive. The
bead should completely fill the valleys
and bulge above the corrugation crests
throughout the area to be covered by the
saddle.
3.B.2. Place a 1/4 -inch bead around the
cut opening in the pipe. Continue to make
concentric rings with 1/4 -inch apart. The
final ring should be just inside the area to
be covered by the saddle skirt.
16 17
3.B.3 Apply adhesive to the underside of the
saddle skirt in a similar fashion.
With either type of skirt, a bead of adhesive can
be applied to the cut edge of the pipe wall to seal
the profile if desired.
NOTE: 8-inch to 36-inch saddle gaskets are also
available to be used with smooth skirt saddles.
Step 3.B.1. is not required for saddles with
gaskets. In steps 3.B.2. and 3.B.3., adhesive may
be applied to either the saddle or gasket surface.
4. Place saddle in position on the pipe
and cinch in place with the two steel
straps provided. Tighten straps
uniformly by alternating back and forth
between them, tapping the saddle
lightly with a rubber mallet to aide in
firmly seating the saddle in position (do
not over-tighten the straps).
5. For attaching 21-inch to 36-inch (only)
A-2000 saddle fittings with
the smooth saddle skirt, follow the
procedure described in Steps 1, 2, 3,
and 3B above. In addition, place
saddle in position on the pipe and
fasten in place with the stainless steel
screws provided. Holes are predrilled in
saddles for location of screws.
Repairs
Cut out damaged areas and cut a length of
replacement pipe to fit. Use two flexible rubber
couplings and follow these steps:
1. Expose the existing cut pipe ends to give
working room under them.
2. Install a flexible rubber adapter on each end
of the replacement section. Using gasket lube
or vegetable oil as a lubricant, slide (or roll)
the adapters back and position the
replacement section.
3. Slide (or roll) the adapters over the joint at
each end of the replacement section so they
are centered over the joint. Use gasket lube or
vegetable oil as a lubricant.
4. Tighten the two stainless steel bands, making
certain they are properly positioned.
5. When optional shear stops are required, the
split plastic ring is snapped around the
repair coupling between the stainless steel
bands (Steps 3 and 4). This ring is held in
place by two additional stainless steel straps.
The shear stop is installed prior to re establishing bedding support.
6. Tamp bedding material under the points where
it was disturbed. Replace haunching and initial
backfill throughout the disturbed area.
Alternate Repair Procedure
18 19
Cut out damaged areas.
Place couplings over each spigot end of embedded pipe.
Place gaskets on each spigot end of the embedment
pipe backwards (with the higher or seating edge of the
gasket adjacent to the pipe cut.) Place gaskets on each
end of the replacement piece in the recommended
fashions. Draw homemarks a half coupling length
from end of each spigot end on the replacement
length. Liberally lube all gaskets and inside of
couplings.
Align replacement length with existing spigots
and push repair couplings to homemarks.
Installation of Pipe
A. Pipe Zone/Embedment Material
Embedment Materials
Embedment materials are those used for bedding,
haunching, and initial backfill. All materials should
be installed and compacted in 6-inch maximum lifts.
ASTM D2321 classifies soil materials as:
Class IA Manufactured aggregates: Open graded
clean, angular, crushed stone or rock, crushed gravel,
broken coral, crushed slag, cinders or shells, large void
content, with little or no fines. These materials compact
with little or no mechanical effort.
Class IB Manufactured, processed aggregates: Dense,
graded clean, angular, crushed stone (or other Class
IA materials) and stone/sand mixtures with gradations
selected to minimize migration of adjacent soils,
containing little or no fines. Compact to 85% Standard
Proctor Density with hand tampers or vibratory
compaction.
20 21
Class II Clean, coarse-grained materials, such as
gravel, coarse sands, and gravel/sand mixtures (1 1/2
inches maximum size). These materials are classified by
the USC System as GW, GP, SW, SP, and GW-GC or SPSM. Hand tamping or mechanical vibration is required
to provide the necessary 85% Standard Proctor Density.
Class III Coarse-grained materials with fines including
silty or clayey gravels or sands. Gravel or sand must
comprise more than 50 percent of Class III materials
(1 1/2 inches maximum size). Soils classified as
GM,GC,SM, or SC meet these requirements. Hand
tamping or mechanical vibration is required to provide
the necessary 90% Standard Proctor Density.
Class IV Fine-grained materials, such as fine sands and
soils, containing 50 percent or more clay or silt. Soils
classified as Class IVA (ML or CL) have medium to low
plasticity and the restrictive installation requirements
may make their use prohibitive in the embedment
zone. Soils classified as Class IVB (MH or CH) have
high plasticity and are not allowed as embedment
materials.
Class V These materials include organic silts and
clays, peat, and other organic materials. They are not
allowed as embedment materials.
1. Foundation
When the trench bottom is soft or unstable,
overexcavate and replace with compacted
embedment materials, as directed by the
engineer.
2. Bedding
The bedding material provides uniform
support to hold the pipe on line and
grade. A 4-inch to 6-inch compacted
bedding thickness is usually adequate. A
flat shovel can be used to level the surface
to grade. Bedding materials can be Class
I, II, or III. It is recommended to use the
same material for haunching as for
bedding. However:
Class IA materials if used for bedding,
must be used as haunching material to the
spring line in a dry trench. To minimize
the potential for migration, Class IA
materials should be used to the top of the
pipe in wet trenches or in trenches that
will fall below the water table.
Class IB Install in 6-inch maximum lifts and
compact to minimum 85% Standard
Proctor Density.
Class II Install in 6-inch maximum lifts and
compact to 85% Standard Proctor Density.
Class III materials are suitable only in
dry conditions. Install in 6-inch maximum
lifts and compact to 90% Standard
Proctor Density.
Class IV and V materials are not allowed
as bedding.
22 23
3. Haunching
Proper haunching provides a major portion of
the pipe’s strength and stability. Poor
workmanship will lead to excessive pipe
deflection and grade and alignment problems.
Haunching materials can be Class I, II, or III.
Class I Materials
• Where the pipe will be below existing or future
ground water levels or where the trench will be
inundated, Class IA materials, when used, must
be placed to the top of the pipe.
• Where conditions are dry and will remain
dry, Class I materials need only be placed to
the springline allowing Class II, III, or low
plasticity Class IVA materials to be used as
initial backfill. Class IA materials require less
compactive effort than other haunching
materials.
• Class IB materials should be placed in 6-inch
maximum lifts and compacted to 85% Standard
Proctor Density by hand tampers or vibratory
compaction.
• Where Class I materials are used for bedding.
Class I materials must be used for haunching
materials to the springline in dry conditions and
to the top of the pipe in wet conditions.
Class II Materials
• Need to be compacted to a minimum 85%
Standard Proctor Density by hand tamping,
mechanical vibrations, or where trench
conditions allow, by flooding or puddling.
• Compaction by tamping or vibration must be
done in 6-inch maximum lift thicknesses.
• Flooding or puddling requires a trench
foundation capable of absorbing the water
quickly so water movement down into the
foundation consolidates the haunching
materials.
Class III materials used as haunching materials
must be compacted by hand or mechanical
tamping.
• Place material under the lower haunch area of
the pipe and compact to 90% Standard Proctor
Density.
All Class IV and Class V materials should not be
used as haunching material. They are difficult
to compact and often don’t supply continuing
support.
NOTE: If care has been taken to shape the
bedding material to the curvation of the pipe, only
one stage of placement is required to bring the
haunching material to the springline on smaller
diameter pipe.
Haunching Tips
1. Work enough material under the haunch of the
pipe by hand to provide proper compaction
and side support.
2. Where trench walls are unstable, prevent the
loss of side support by controlling sloughing,
etc.
3. Don’t let the pipe move when placing material
under the haunch of the pipe.
4. Take care not to damage the pipe with shovels
or tamping equipment.
24 25
4. Initial Backfill
Initial backfill materials extend from the
springline to 6 inches to 12 inches above the
pipe to provide the remainder of the pipe
support and protect the pipe from stones or
cobbles in the final backfill. Class I, II, III, or
low plasticity Class IVA materials may be used.
However:
Class IA materials must be used in wet trenches
in Class IA bedding and haunching materials
are used.
Class IB and Class II materials must be
compacted in 6-inch lifts to 90% Standard
Proctor Density.
Class III materials must be compacted in 6-inch
lifts to 90% Standard Proctor Density.
Class IVA low plasticity materials (CL-ML) are
not recommended since they must be
compacted in thin lifts while they are at or near
optimum moisture content to provide proper
pipe support. These materials may be used only
under the direction of the engineer.
High plasticity clays and silts (Class IVB), and
all Class V materials are not to be used for
initial backfill.
B. Deflection Control
• Embedment materials should be selected,
placed, and compacted to minimize total
deflections, and to maintain installed
deflections within specified limits. Methods
of placement, compaction, and moisture
control should be selected based on soil types
and installation recommendations.
• Lack of adequate compaction of embedment
material in the haunch zone can result in
excessive deflection, since it is this material
that supports the vertical loads applied to
the pipe. A key objective during installation
of flexible thermoplastic pipe (or any pipe)
is to work in and compact embedment
material under pipe haunches, to ensure
complete contact with the pipe bottom, and to
fill voids below the pipe.
NOTE: Protect the pipe from stones or cobbles
larger than 1 1/2 inches. When these materials
are present in the final backfill, use initial backfill
materials to a level of 12 inches above the pipe.
26 27
Deep Laterals, Laterals, Risers,
and Drop Manholes
When laterals, deep lateral, risers, or drop
manholes are required, the installation must be
designed to ensure that the pipe and fittings are
not damaged by loads generated due to soil
settlement, dragdown, and/or poor installation
practices. Generally, as sewer depths increase
and/or soil quality declines, additional attention
must be given to these loads to ensure a
satisfactory installation.
In order to minimize lateral pipe “punch-through”
potential, it is recommended to install wye or tee
fittings at an angle no greater than 45 degrees
from the horizontal centerline. Stacks (installing
wyes or tees at a 90 degree angle from the pipe
horizontal centerline) should not be allowed.
Special Notes
1. Excavate bell holes in bedding material to ease
assembly. Keep bell holes as small as possible.
After the joint is made, fill the bell hole with
bedding or haunching material to provide
uniform support throughout the pipe length.
2. Minimum cover:
a. For H20-Live loads, at least 12 inches of
cover are required for Class IA embedment.
Minimum cover shall be measured from the
top of a rigid pavement or the bottom of a
flexible pavement.
b. Before allowing construction equipment to
cross the trench surface, a minimum of 24
inches or one pipe diameter (whichever is
larger) is required for class I embedment. A
cover of at least 36 inches is required for
class II, III, and IVA embedment.
c. 48 inches of cover are required before using
a hydrohammer during construction.
3. Recommended cover is limited to 30 feet.
It should be noted that the
deeper the pipe is installed, the greater the
load applied to the pipe. Depending on
specific job site conditions, A-2000 can be
successfully installed deeper than 30 feet.
Contact your Contech Sales Engineer for
specific recommendations.
4. Compaction equipment:
a. Do not allow compaction equipment to
contact pipe.
b. During haunching and initial backfill, do not
28 29
use compaction equipment above the
pipe until sufficient backfill is placed. This
keeps compaction equipment from
damaging the pipe.
5. When removing sheeting or other trench
protection, don’t disturb the embedment
material. If sheeting or trench protection must
be used below the top of the pipe, consider
leaving it in place so as not to jeopardize side
support for the pipe.
6. When trench box is being used, always stake
end of pipe prior to moving the box forward.
30 31
Your Contech Sales Engineer is:
____________________________________________
Cell Phone Number:__________________________
____________________________________________
Your Customer Service Representative (CSR) is:
__________________________________________
Phone Number:_____________________________
Notes:
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
NOTHING IN THIS CATALOG SHOULD BE
ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS
CONSTRUED AS AN EXPRESSED WARRANTY OR
AN IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY
OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. SEE
THE CONTECH STANDARD CONDITIONS OF SALE
(VIEWABLE AT WWW.CONTECHES.COM/COS) FOR
MORE INFORMATION.