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Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

Release 5 April 14, 2004

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Text Part Number: OL-3847-01 Rev. D0

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Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

About This Guide xi

Objectives xi

Audience xi

Organization xi

Conventions xii

Documentation xiii

Documentation Notes for the April 2004 Product Releases xiii

Objectives

About This Guide

This preface describes the objectives, audience, organization, and conventions of the Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5.

This guide describes how to plan a PNNI network before for installing and configuring the following products:

Audience

The Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5 helps network architects and planners identify the information they need to provide to the personnel that will install and configure the PNNI switch products described in this guide.

Organization

The major sections of this document are as follows:

• Cisco MGX 8830 Release 3.0 and higher

• Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM1E) Release 3.0 and higher

• Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM45) Release 2.0 and higher

• Cisco MGX 8880 Media Gateway Release 5.0 and higher

• Cisco MGX 8950 Release 2.1.60 and higher

• Cisco BPX 8600 and Cisco Service Expansion Shelf (SES) with SES Release 1.0 or later software

• Chapter 1, “Introduction to PNNI,” introduces PNNI network concepts, components, and

terminology.

• Chapter 2, “Interoperability and Performance Planning,” lists PNNI network specifications and

provides general guidelines for planning PNNI networks.

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Conventions

This publication uses the following conventions.

Command descriptions use these conventions:

Examples use these conventions:

About This Guide

• Chapter 3, “Address and Closed User Group Planning,” describes how to implement network plans

using ATM addresses that help define the network structure.

• Chapter 4, “Planning Intermediate Route Selection,” describes how PNNI network nodes select

routes and provides guidelines for influencing route selection.

• Commands and keywords are in boldface.

• Arguments for which you supply values are in italics.

• Required command arguments are inside angle brackets (< >).

• Optional command arguments are in square brackets ([ ]).

• Alternative keywords or variables are separated by vertical bars ( | ).

• Terminal sessions and information the system displays are in screen font.

• Information you enter is in boldface screen font.

• Nonprinting characters, such as passwords, are in angle brackets (< >).

• Default responses to system prompts are in square brackets ([ ]).

Note Means reader take note. Notes contain helpful suggestions or references to materials not contained in

this manual.

Caution Means reader be careful. In this situation, you might do something that could result in equipment

damage or loss of data.

Tip Provides additional information that can help you understand the product or complete a task more

efficiently.

Warning

This warning symbol means danger. You are in a situation that could cause bodily injury. Before you work on any equipment, you must be aware of the hazards involved with electrical circuitry and familiar with standard practices for preventing accidents. (To see translated versions of this warning, refer to the Regulatory Compliance and Safety Information document that accompanied the product.

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About This Guide

Documentation

A Guide to Cisco Multiservice Switch and Media Gateway Documentation ships with your product. That guide contains general information about how to locate Cisco MGX, BPX, SES, and CWM documentation online.

Documentation Notes for the April 2004 Product Releases

The April 2004 release includes new hardware or features for the following releases:

• Cisco MGX Release 5 for the MGX 8880 Media Gateway

• Cisco MGX Release 5 for these multiservice switches:

–

Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM1E)

–

Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM45)

–

Cisco MGX 8950

–

Cisco MGX 8830

Documentation

• Cisco MGX Release 1.3, for these multiservice switches:

–

Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM1)

–

Cisco MGX 8230

–

Cisco MGX 8250

• Cisco VXSM Release 5. The Voice Switch Service Module (VXSM) card is new for this release.

• Cisco WAN Manager Release 15. The Cisco WAN Manager (CWM) network management software

is improved for this release. The previous release of CWM was 12. CWM Release 15 introduces a helpful new documentation feature: web-based online Help. To invoke online Help, press F1 on a PC, press the Help key on a UNIX workstation, or select Help from the main or popup menu.

Other components of multiservice WAN products, such as the Service Expansion Shelf (SES) and WAN switching software have no new features for the April 2004 release, therefore, their existing documentation was not updated.

Obtaining Documentation

Cisco provides several ways to obtain documentation, technical assistance, and other technical resources. These sections explain how to obtain technical information from Cisco Systems.

Cisco.com

You can access the most current Cisco documentation on the World Wide Web at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/univercd/home/home.htm

You can access the Cisco website at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com

International Cisco websites can be accessed from this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/public/countries_languages.shtml

Ordering Documentation

You can find instructions for ordering documentation at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/es_inpck/pdi.htm

You can order Cisco documentation in these ways:

• Registered Cisco.com users (Cisco direct customers) can order Cisco product documentation from

the Ordering tool:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/ordering/index.shtml

• Nonregistered Cisco.com users can order documentation through a local account representative by

calling Cisco Systems Corporate Headquarters (California, USA) at 408 526-7208 or, elsewhere in North America, by calling 800 553-NETS (6387).

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Documentation

Finding Documentation for Cisco MGX, BPX, SES, and CWM Products

The previous “Ordering Documentation” section applies to other Cisco documentation. Starting in 2003, all documents listed in the “Related Documentation” section are available online only unless stated otherwise. You can find the documents listed in Ta bl e 1 online as follows:

• In your browser’s URL field, enter www.cisco.com. In the top right search field, enter the complete

document part number (for example, enter OL-4538-01, including the -01 suffix). Click on GO.

• For the Cisco Wide Area Network Manager (CWM) documents, in your browser’s URL field, enter

http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/wanbu/svplus/index.htm and look for the CWM release number.

• For all other documents, in your browser’s URL field, enter

http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/wanbu/index.htm. Look for the switch name and release number. For example, look for MGX 8850 (PXM1E), then Release 5.

Changes to This Document

Table 4 summarizes the changes made to this guide since the previous release.

About This Guide

Table 4 Changes to This Book Since the Previous Release

Chapter Changes

Chapter 1, “Introduction to PNNI” Added the following sections:

• The PNNI Network Database

• Simple Node Representation

• Complex Node Representation

Chapter 2, “Interoperability and Performance Planning”

Chapter 3, “Address and Closed User Group

Added specifications for Release 5 and revised some specifications and guidelines.

Minor revisions.

Planning”

Chapter 4, “Planning Intermediate Route Selection”

Rewrote most of the chapter. Added the following sections:

• Shortest Path Table Routing

• How MGX and SES Nodes Select Links

• Preferred Routing

• Priority Routing

• Grooming

• Soft Rerouting

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• Priority Bumping

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About This Guide

Documentation Feedback

You can submit e-mail comments about technical documentation to bug-doc@cisco.com.

You can submit comments by using the response card (if present) behind the front cover of your document or by writing to the following address:

Cisco Systems Attn: Customer Document Ordering 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-9883

We appreciate your comments.

Obtaining Technical Assistance

For all customers, partners, resellers, and distributors who hold valid Cisco service contracts, the Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC) provides 24-hour-a-day, award-winning technical support services, online and over the phone. Cisco.com features the Cisco TAC website as an online starting point for technical assistance. If you do not hold a valid Cisco service contract, please contact your reseller.

Obtaining Technical Assistance

Cisco TAC Website

The Cisco TAC website provides online documents and tools for troubleshooting and resolving technical issues with Cisco products and technologies. The Cisco TAC website is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The Cisco TAC website is located at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/tac

Accessing all the tools on the Cisco TAC website requires a Cisco.com user ID and password. If you have a valid service contract but do not have a login ID or password, register at this URL:

http://tools.cisco.com/RPF/register/register.do

Opening a TAC Case

Using the online TAC Case Open Tool is the fastest way to open P3 and P4 cases. (P3 and P4 cases are those in which your network is minimally impaired or for which you require product information.) After you describe your situation, the TAC Case Open Tool automatically recommends resources for an immediate solution. If your issue is not resolved using the recommended resources, your case will be assigned to a Cisco TAC engineer. The online TAC Case Open Tool is located at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/tac/caseopen

For P1 or P2 cases (P1 and P2 cases are those in which your production network is down or severely degraded) or if you do not have Internet access, contact Cisco TAC by telephone. Cisco TAC engineers are assigned immediately to P1 and P2 cases to help keep your business operations running smoothly.

To open a case by telephone, use one of the following numbers:

Asia-Pacific: +61 2 8446 7411 (Australia: 1 800 805 227) EMEA: +32 2 704 55 55 USA: 1 800 553-2447

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Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

For a complete listing of Cisco TAC contacts, go to this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/687/Directory/DirTAC.shtml

TAC Case Priority Definitions

To ensure that all cases are reported in a standard format, Cisco has established case priority definitions.

Priority 1 (P1)—Your network is “down” or there is a critical impact to your business operations. You and Cisco will commit all necessary resources around the clock to resolve the situation.

Priority 2 (P2)—Operation of an existing network is severely degraded, or significant aspects of your business operation are negatively affected by inadequate performance of Cisco products. You and Cisco will commit full-time resources during normal business hours to resolve the situation.

Priority 3 (P3)—Operational performance of your network is impaired, but most business operations remain functional. You and Cisco will commit resources during normal business hours to restore service to satisfactory levels.

Priority 4 (P4)—You require information or assistance with Cisco product capabilities, installation, or configuration. There is little or no effect on your business operations.

About This Guide

Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

Information about Cisco products, technologies, and network solutions is available from various online and printed sources.

• Cisco Marketplace provides a variety of Cisco books, reference guides, and logo merchandise. Go

to this URL to visit the company store:

http://www.cisco.com/go/marketplace/

• The Cisco Product Catalog describes the networking products offered by Cisco Systems, as well as

ordering and customer support services. Access the Cisco Product Catalog at this URL:

http://cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/pcat/

• Cisco Press publishes a wide range of general networking, training and certification titles. Both new

and experienced users will benefit from these publications. For current Cisco Press titles and other information, go to Cisco Press online at this URL:

http://www.ciscopress.com

• Packet magazine is the Cisco quarterly publication that provides the latest networking trends,

technology breakthroughs, and Cisco products and solutions to help industry professionals get the most from their networking investment. Included are networking deployment and troubleshooting tips, configuration examples, customer case studies, tutorials and training, certification information, and links to numerous in-depth online resources. You can access Packet magazine at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/packet

• iQ Magazine is the Cisco bimonthly publication that delivers the latest information about Internet

business strategies for executives. You can access iQ Magazine at this URL:

xxx

http://www.cisco.com/go/iqmagazine

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About This Guide

Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

• Internet Protocol Journal is a quarterly journal published by Cisco Systems for engineering

professionals involved in designing, developing, and operating public and private internets and intranets. You can access the Internet Protocol Journal at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/ipj

• Training—Cisco offers world-class networking training. Current offerings in network training are

listed at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/index.html

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Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

About This Guide

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CHAPTER

Introduction to PNNI

Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) is a suite of network protocols that can be used to discover an ATM network topology, create a database of topology information, and route calls over the discovered topology. With proper planning, setting up a PNNI network is much easier and faster than manually configuring connections through an ATM network.

This chapter introduces the PNNI network database and the following common network topologies:

• The Single Peer Group Topology

• The Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology

• PNNI Internetworking with AINI

• PNNI Internetworking with IISP

This chapter also provides guidelines on how you can apply these topologies using the following switches:

• Cisco MGX 8830 Release 3.0 and higher

• Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM1E) Release 3.0 and higher

• Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM45) Release 2.0 and higher

• Cisco MGX 8880 Media Gateway Release 5.0 and higher

• Cisco MGX 8950 with Release 2.1.60 or later software

• Cisco BPX 8600 and Cisco Service Expansion Shelf (SES) with SES Release 1.0 or later software

The PNNI Network Database

PNNI is commonly referred to as a link state protocol, which means that the protocol collects information about the current state of links and nodes in the network to build a network database. The PNNI network database can be used to determine the network structure and the current state of network components. To build the PNNI network database, each PNNI node must receive topology information from all the other devices in the network. To keep the database current, the node must receive regular updates from other nodes.

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The Single Peer Group Topology

Tip A node is a network device that communicates with other network devices. Cisco PNNI-compatible

devices serve as nodes in a PNNI network. In this document, the terms node and switch are often used interchangeably. However, in most cases, the PNNI node is a component of a Cisco PNNI-compatible device. For example, some Cisco MGX switches, Release 2.0 and later, can operate as both a PNNI node and as an MPLS device.

The PNNI protocol communicates the state of a PNNI network in PNNI Topology State Elements (PTSEs). PTSEs are discrete messages that contain information about one of the following types of network components:

• PNNI nodes

• Reachable addresses

• PNNI links between nodes

To enable communications with other nodes, each switch needs to have all the PTSE information for each switch in the network. Each node is responsible for flooding out its own PTSE information to all the other switches in the network.

Since up-to-date PTSE information is required for optimal routing decisions to be made, there are several different mechanisms in place to help ensure that all nodes have reasonably accurate PTSE information. The five common reasons for updating PTSEs are as follows:

• Resources administratively added, removed or altered on a node.

Chapter 1 Introduction to PNNI

• Resource failure such as an Loss of Signal (LOS) on a link.

• A significant change in link resources due to virtual circuits (VCs) routing or derouting.

• Periodic updates defined by the PTSE refresh and PTSE lifetime interval timers.

• A processor switch module (PXM) switchover.

PTSE information is passed between nodes using PNNI Topology State Packets (PTSPs). These packets utilize the Routing Control Channel (RCC; VPI = 0 and VCI = 18) between adjacent nodes. The RCC is also used for Hello packets and other PNNI messages. If the switch is unable to establish the RCC with the adjacent node, then PTSE information is not exchanged. Once a node receives PTSE information, the node stores the contents, or element information, in the database. This information is used to generate precomputed routing tables that identify routes to other network devices. The PNNI database is also used to perform on-demand routing when the appropriate routing table does not contain a viable path.

The Single Peer Group Topology

A single peer group topology is a PNNI network in which all nodes share PTSEs with all other nodes. As each node is brought up in a single peer group network, that node learns about all the other nodes, and the other nodes learn about the new node. All nodes are capable of determining routes to all other nodes within the single peer group. Figure 1-1 shows an example single peer group topology.

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Chapter 1 Introduction to PNNI

Figure 1-1 Example Single Peer Group Topology

The Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology

66057

PNNI network

A single peer group topology is the easiest to set up. Since all communications are between nodes in the same peer group, you do not have to configure connections to other peer groups or to other network types. If the network will never connect to a public network, you can use most of the default PNNI configuration settings.

The Cisco switches described in this guide support up to 160 nodes in a single peer group. The specifications for Cisco switches are described in Tab l e 2-1 in Chapter 2, “Interoperability and

Performance Planning.”

The size of a single peer group is partially limited by the size of the PNNI database and the processing resources required to maintain it. As the size of the peer group grows, the PNNI database within the node grows, as does the PNNI processing requirements. When the network size increases beyond the capabilities of the network nodes, you can connect the single peer group network to other networks to create the following types of topologies:

• The Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology

• PNNI Internetworking with AINI

• PNNI Internetworking with IISP

The hierarchical PNNI topology enables multiple PNNI peer groups to communicate with each other, and this increases the total size of the network. The ATM Inter-Network Interface (AINI) and Interim Inter-Switch Protocol (IISP) protocols enable private PNNI networks to connect to other private or public PNNI networks. The AINI and IISP protocols enable communications between networks, but provide a privacy barrier that keeps the network databases in each network private to that network.

The Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology

A hierarchical PNNI network is a topology that interconnects multiple PNNI peer groups to form a larger network. Figure 1-2 shows an example hierarchical PNNI network topology that interconnects multiple peer groups.

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The Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology

Note Hierarchical PNNI networks are not supported on Cisco MGX 8850 switches before Release 2.1.60, and

they are not supported on the SES PNNI Controller before Release 1.1.60.

Figure 1-2 Example Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology Showing Multiple Peer Groups

Peer

group 2

Chapter 1 Introduction to PNNI

Peer

group 5

Peer group 1

Peer

group 3

PNNI networks

Peer

group 4

66058

Notice that the only difference between the single peer group in Figure 1-1 and the hierarchical PNNI network in Figure 1-2 is the grouping of the nodes. This grouping of the nodes creates smaller PNNI databases within the nodes in each peer group and reduces the PNNI processing requirements in each node. This grouping also provides room to add more nodes in each of the groups.

In a hierarchical network, the database for each peer group is smaller because the peer group collects, stores and processes PTSEs for only those nodes in the same peer group. The nodes within a peer group do receive information on other peer groups, but the information is summarized. From the perspective of an individual peer group, other peer groups appear to be single nodes. Nodes within one peer group do not receive PTSEs from other peer groups and therefore do not collect, store, and process information about all the individual nodes and links in other peer groups.

The Cisco switches described in this guide support up to 32 visible peer groups in one network. (The specifications for Cisco switches are described in Tab l e 2-1 in Chapter 2, “Interoperability and

Performance Planning.”) A visible peer group is a peer group with which the local peer group can

communicate. Because each visible peer group appears as a logical group node (LGN), each visible peer group reduces the available node count for a peer group. For example, if the local peer group discovers 32 visible peer groups, the node count for the local peer group is reduced to 128 (160 - 32 = 128).

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Figure 1-3 demonstrates why a multiple peer group PNNI network is called a hierarchical PNNI

network.

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Chapter 1 Introduction to PNNI

Peer

group 2

Figure 1-3 Example Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology Showing a Two-Level Hierarchy

Peer

group 2

The Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology

Level 40

peer

Peer

group 5

Level 56

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Peer

group 3

Peer group 1

Peer

group 4

PNNI networks

In a hierarchical PNNI network, logical levels are used to manage the portions of the PNNI database that describe communications paths between individual peer groups. PNNI divides the entire network database into manageable chunks, and the portions that describe communications between peer groups are managed by LGNs that operate at levels above the lowest-level peer groups.

Within each level 56 peer group in Figure 1-3, all the nodes exchange PTSEs to build and maintain a PNNI database that describes communication paths to all other nodes within the peer group. However, individual peer group nodes do not exchange PTSEs with nodes outside their peer group. Instead, LGNs are created during configuration to operate at level 40 and communicate with other level 40 nodes.

The level 40 nodes in Figure 1-3 are all part of the same level 40 peer group and exchange PTSEs in the same way as do the lower level nodes. The level 40 LGN for each peer group in Figure 1-3 is called a peer group leader and provides summarized information to its child peer group about the other peer groups represented at level 40. Each peer group leader also provides summarized peer group information about its child peer group to the other peer group leaders at the same level. Peer Group 1, for example, learns about 8 nodes: 4 physical nodes are in its own peer group, and 4 LGNs are actually representing other peer groups.

To demonstrate how hierarchical networks support more nodes than single peer group networks, consider the two-level example in Figure 1-3. A single peer group can support 160 nodes. In Figure 1-3, there are 5 peer groups, so each peer group will learn about 4 LGNs that will represent the other peer groups. This allows each peer group to support up to 156 physical nodes (160 - 4 = 156). The hierarchical network in Figure 1-3 can support 780 physical nodes (156 * 5 = 780).

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The Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology

Hierarchical networks can support thousands of nodes because each higher level summarizes information for all lower levels. For example, suppose a level 64 peer group were added below Peer Group 2 in Figure 1-3. All nodes in the new level 64 peer group would be summarized by the peer group leader for Peer Group 2. The impact on the hierarchical network would be the following:

• Peer Group 2 would support one less physical node because it would have to add one LGN to

represent the level 64 child peer group.

• The level 64 child peer group could support as many as 155 physical nodes (160 nodes - 1 LGN for

each of the 5 peer groups at the higher levels.

• There would still be plenty of room for adding more physical nodes to levels above and below those

shown in Figure 1-3.

The following sections provide additional information the peer group leaders that operate at higher levels in a PNNI hierarchy and introduce the border nodes that connect one peer group to another.

Peer Group Leaders

A peer group leader (PGL) is a higher level node (such as the level 40 nodes in Figure 1-3) that summarizes data for a child peer group (such as the level 56 nodes in Figure 1-3). A child peer group is a peer group that operates one level below the PGL that supports it. Each PGL works with other PGLs at the same level to build and maintain network data that it summarizes and distributes to its child peer group. The PGL also receives summarized data from a parent PGL if another level exists above the PGL’s level. Network data from levels above the PGL is also summarized and distributed to child peer groups.

Chapter 1 Introduction to PNNI

Network administrators can use configuration commands to control which node becomes the PGL. The configuration process assigns a PGL election priority to each node in the peer group. When PNNI nodes start up, an election is held to determine which node has the highest PGL priority, and that node becomes the PGL. If the PGL node fails, a new election is held among the operating nodes to determine a new PGL. There is just one peer group leader for each peer group.

Each higher level peer group is made up of LGNs that represent the peer groups at the next lower level. These LGNs collect and manage information that is needed to communicate with the peer groups represented. As with the lowest level, these LGNs elect a PGL, which is responsible for determining communications paths to PNNI groups not represented within the peer group.

Note Network administrators add higher levels by adding LGNs with the addpnni-node command. The PGL

election priority is configured with the cnfpnni-election command.

The PGL task adds to the work load of a PNNI node. The PGL must not only collect and manage data for communications outside the peer group, it must also collect and manage data for communications within the peer group. Because the PGL task adds to the work load of a PNNI node, it is good design practice to choose peer group leaders (and backup peer group leaders) carefully. Consider reducing the load on switches that serve as peer group leaders, and avoid using border nodes as peer group leaders.

Simple Node Representation

When a LGN presents its child peer group information to other peer groups, the default representation is called simple node representation. To other peer groups, the local peer group is represented as a single node with no nodal state parameters. Figure 1-4 illustrates simple node representation.

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Chapter 1 Introduction to PNNI

Figure 1-4 Simple Node Representation

Outside link 1

The Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology

Outside link 2

Other peer groups receive information about the outside links leading to the local peer group, but no internal peer group information is advertised to other peer groups. The advantage of simple node representation is that it keeps the PNNI database within each node smaller than that for complex node representation. Simple node representation also requires fewer resources on the LGN that represents the peer group. The disadvantage it that the true cost of crossing a peer group is hidden by simple node representation. In some networks, this can cause connections to be routed over less desirable routes.

Complex Node Representation

The alternative to simple node representation is complex node representation. When complex node representation is enabled for a LGN, the LGN presents additional information about the peer group it represents. Figure 1-5 illustrates complex node representation.

Figure 1-5 Complex Node Representation

Peer Group A

Outside link 3

Outside link 4

Outside link 1

Nucleus

The default complex node representation presents the peer group as a node with multiple ports. A logical nucleus is calculated and logical spokes are created between the nucleus and the logical ports that terminate each outside link. When the LGN presents a complex node to other peer groups, those peer groups can pick the path to use through the local peer group. In contrast, when the simple node representation is used, remote peer groups can choose to communicate through the local peer group, but the remote group must rely on border nodes within the local peer group to determine the path within the local peer group.

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Outside link 2

Peer Group A

Outside link 3

Spoke

Outside link 4

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PNNI Internetworking with AINI

Border Nodes

Chapter 1 Introduction to PNNI

The advantage to complex node representation is that it provides more information to other peer groups, and this can lead to better route selection. The disadvantage of complex node representation is that it adds to the size of the database in remote peer groups. Complex node representation also requires more processing resources on the LGN that represents a peer group as a complex node.

Border nodes are nodes that participate in a PNNI peer group and maintain links to other peer groups. A border node is a member of only one peer group. Links to other nodes within a peer group are called inside links, and links to nodes in other peer groups are called outside links. A border node is any node that is configured for outside links.

PNNI automatically determines whether or not a node is a border node by examining the PNNI peer group ID at each end of a PNNI link. (The PNNI peer group ID is described in the “Selecting the PNNI

Peer Group ID” section of Chapter 3, “Address and Closed User Group Planning.”) If the peer group IDs

are different, both nodes are border nodes for their respective peer groups.

When planning for border nodes, you might want to avoid routing internal peer group traffic through border nodes so that border nodes have more processing resources for supporting traffic traveling in and out of the peer group.

Hierarchical PNNI Network Benefits

The primary benefit of a hierarchical PNNI network is scalability. Single peer group networks are limited to 160 nodes, but hierarchical networks can support many more nodes.

For networks with less than 100 nodes, a single peer group will usually provide superior performance over a hierarchical network because an originating node is aware of all routes and can choose the best route. In hierarchical networks, the higher level processes that route calls between peer groups are aware of the peer group structure, but they are not aware of the routes available within the peer groups. Hierarchical networks will always adhere to call requirements, but they may not always route calls over the most optimum route.

PNNI Internetworking with AINI

ATM Inter-Network Interface (AINI) is an industry standard protocol for enabling static routing between separate PNNI networks. AINI only advertises ATM addresses and address groups that are manually configured on AINI links, so the manual configuration makes AINI links more expensive to configure than PNNI links. AINI provides network security and independence by blocking all PNNI advertisements across AINI links. AINI is typically used to enable select communications between two independent networks. For example, AINI links might be used to interconnect two different companies or between a company and a service provider. Figure 1-6 shows an example of PNNI networking with AINI.

1-8

Note AINI networking is not supported on Cisco MGX 8850 switches before Release 2.1.60 and is not

supported on the SES PNNI Controller before Release 1.1.60.

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Figure 1-6 Example PNNI Internetworking with AINI Topology

PNNI Internetworking with IISP

PNNI network

PNNI Internetworking with IISP

Interim Inter-Switch Protocol (IISP) is the predecessor to AINI and serves the same purpose as AINI, which is to link two independent PNNI networks. Unlike AINI, IISP does not support all UNI 4.0 features.

Note Standards-based IISP supports SVC and SVP connections. Cisco has enhanced IISP to also support

CBR1, rt-VBR1, rt-VBR2, rt-VBR3, nrt-VBR1, nrt-VBR2, and ABR SPVC and SPVP connections.

If the border nodes between two independent PNNI networks support AINI, you should use AINI for any links between them. The only time you should use IISP is when one or both of the border nodes do not support AINI.

AINI

PNNI network

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Interoperability and Performance Planning

This chapter describes the standards supported by the Cisco switches covered in this guide and provides performance specifications for these switches.

Compatible Standards

The Cisco switches described in this guide are designed to interoperate with switches that support the following standards:

• Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) Version 1

• User-Network Interface (UNI) 3.0

• UNI 3.1

• UNI 4.0

CHAPTER

• Integrated Local Management Interface (ILMI) 4.0

• ATM Inter-Network Interface (AINI) 1.0

• Interim Inter-Switch Protocol (IISP) 3.0 and 3.1

• Traffic Management (TM) 4.0

Specifications

Table 2- 1 lists PNNI network specifications for MGX switches and the MGX 8880 Media

Gateway.Table 2- 2 lists PNNI network specifications for SES equipped BPX switches.

Note The specifications listed in Table 2-1 and Tab le 2- 2 are recommended or maximum limits that may be

constrained by the memory requirements for other features. For example, the switches listed cannot simultaneously support the maximum number of connections, links, and logical interfaces.

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Specifications

Table 2-1 PNNI Networking Specifications for MGX Switches and the MGX 8880 Media Gateway

MGX 8850, MGX 8880 & MGX 8950

(PXM45) MGX 8830 & MGX 8850

(PXM1E)

Capabilities 2.1.7 345345

PNNI nodes per SPG PNNI network (maximum recommended)

Hierarchical levels per MPG PNNI network (maximum/recommended)

Visible PNNI peer groups per network

(recommended)

PNNI nodes per lowest level MPG peer group (recommended)

PNNI links per switch (maximum)

PXM1E

PXM45

160 160 160 160 160 160 160

10/3 10/3 10/3 10/3 10/3 10/3 10/3

32 32 32 32 32 32 32

128 128 128 128 128 128 128

—

100

—

100

—

PXM45/B

PXM45/C

PNNI links per peer group (maximum)

Preferred routes per switch (maximum)

PXM1E

PXM45

PXM45/B

PXM45/C

PNNI summary addresses per switch (maximum)

PNNI suppression addresses (maximum)

Maximum number of signaling interfaces per switch (UNI and NNI, physical and virtual)

Physical and logical ATM interfaces per switch (maximum)

PXM1E

PXM45

—

100

—

192

—

3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400 3400

—

5000

—

5000

10000

—

5000

10000

5000

—

5000

—

5000

—

50 50 50 50 50 50 50

100 192 192 192 192 192 192

—

192

—

3200

—

4000

—

4000

—

4000

—

4000

—

PXM45/B

PXM45/C

2-2

192

—

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—

4000

—

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Specifications

Table 2-1 PNNI Networking Specifications for MGX Switches and the MGX 8880 Media Gateway (continued)

MGX 8850, MGX 8880 & MGX 8950

(PXM45) MGX 8830 & MGX 8850

(PXM1E)

Capabilities 2.1.7 345345

SVC connections per switch (maximum)

SPVC connections per switch (maximum)

Total connections per switch (SVCs and SPVCs)

Border ports per complex node30303030303030

ATM prefixes per interface (maximum)

ATM addresses per interface (maximum)

ATM static addresses per switch (maximum)

P2MP root connections per switch — — 5 K 5 K — — 500

P2MP branches per switch — — 128 128 — — 32

P2MP parties allowed per root connection

P2MP parties per switch — — 10 K 10 K — — 1 K

1. This recommendation is based on normal memory usage within the switch.

2. PXM45, which is the first released version of the PXM45 card and is sometimes called PXM45A, is not supported on Release 5 switches.

3. Connections limits are calculated differently for a switch and for CWM. For more information, refer to the following section, “Conn ection Limit A dju stments.”

50 K 250 K 250 K 250 K 13.5 K 13.5 K 13.5 K

50 K 250 K 250 K 250 K 27 K 27 K 27 K

16 16 16 16 16 16 16

256 256 256 256 256 256 256

3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

——1 K1 K——100

Table 2-2 PNNI Networking Specifications for SES Equipped BPX Switches

BPX/SES

Capabilities SES 1.0 SES 1.1 SES 3 SES 4

PNNI nodes per SPG PNNI network

255/190 255/128 255/128 255/128

(maximum/recommended)

Hierarchical levels per PNNI

1/1 10/3 10/3 10/3

network (maximum/recommended)

PNNI peer groups per network

1 323232

(maximum recommended)

PNNI nodes per peer group

255 128 128 128

(maximum recommended)

SVC connections per switch

SPVC connections per switch

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50 K 50 K 100 k 100 k

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Connection Limit Adjustments

Table 2-2 PNNI Networking Specifications for SES Equipped BPX Switches (continued)

BPX/SES

Capabilities SES 1.0 SES 1.1 SES 3 SES 4

Total connections per switch (SVCs and SPVCs)

Physical ATM interfaces per switch (maximum)

Preferred routes per switch (maximum)

P2MP root connections per switch — — — 500

P2MP branches per switch — — — 1

P2MP parties allowed per root connection

P2MP parties per switch — — — 1 K

1. Connections limits are calculated differently for a switch and for CWM. For more information, refer to the following section, “Connection Limit Adjustments.”

2. SES equipped BPX switches do not support branching.

50 K 50 K 100 k 100 k

100 100 100 100

— — 1000 1000

———100

Connection Limit Adjustments

For MGX software Release 3.0 and above, and CWM Release 12.0, Patch 1 and above, the unit for connection limits is different for the switch and for CWM.

Note The connection limit adjustments described in this section apply only to CWM-managed switches. If you

are not using CWM to manage switches, you can ignore this section.

For switches, the connection limit units are connections. For CWM, the connection limit units are persistent endpoints. For example, a switch can support 250K connections, and CWM can support 250K persistent endpoints per switch.

Table 2- 3 shows how the switch and CWM account for each connection type.

Table 2-3 Switch and CWM Connection Units for Each Connection Type

Connection Type Switch Connections CWM Endpoints

SVC 1 0

Pass-through connection

Routed SPVC 1 1

DAX SPVC

1. Pass-through connections are connections that do not terminate on a switch. These connections terminate on other switches in the network and merely “pass through” the local switch.

2. A digital cross-connect (DAX) SPVC is an SPVC built between two interfaces on the same switch.

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Table 2- 3 identifies some important differences between the way connections are counted on the switch

and in CWM. For example, although all connection types are counted as one connection on the switch, SVCs and pass-through connections are not included when calculating the connection limit for CWM. DAX SPVCs, however, are counted as two connections when calculating the connection limit for CWM.

The real issue is what happens if you configure a CWM-managed switch with only DAX SPVCs. In this example, the switch can support 250K DAX SPVCs, but CWM can support only 125K DAX SPVCs.

To determine the actual connection limits for a CWM-managed switch, multiply the number of each connection type by the unit cost in each column of Tab l e 2-3. The total for each column must not exceed 250K.

Physical Network Planning

The PNNI switches described in this guide can reroute connections and adjust to equipment or link failures only when the physical network has been designed to use redundant hardware and links. When designing a PNNI network, consider doing the following:

• Install redundant hardware in switches

Physical Network Planning

• Install parallel links between adjacent switches

• Set up multiple links between adjacent peer groups

• Use multiple links when connecting to an external network

• Provide multiple communication paths between any two nodes that will communicate with each

other

The following sections provide additional information on these guidelines.

Install Redundant Hardware in Switches

The switches described in this guide support redundant power supplies, Processor Switch Module (PXM) cards, line cards, and trunk cards. Although PNNI can reroute calls, using redundant hardware can improve network stability and performance by preventing reroutes caused by hardware failure.

Parallel Links Between Adjacent Switches

When there are two or more links between adjacent switches, those links are called parallel links. Parallel links support more traffic than single links and provide link redundancy for each other. If one link fails, the other is still available. Another way to provide link redundancy is to use the Automatic Protection System (APS), which provides link redundancy for optical interfaces.

By default, MGX switches load balance across parallel links. Load balancing uses one of four methods to balance the traffic load over parallel links. The goal is to prevent any single link from being overloaded when other links have available bandwidth. Load balancing is described in more detail in Chapter 4,

“Planning Intermediate Route Selection.”

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Planning Guidelines for Individual Peer Groups

Multiple Links Between Adjacent Peer Groups

Communications between two peer groups takes place through two border nodes. Parallel links between two border nodes improves reliability. Adding additional border nodes to handle communications between two peer groups provides alternative routing paths and prevents network outages caused by a single node failure.

Multiple Links to an External Network

An external network link is any non-PNNI network link. External network links include AINI and IISP links. As with internal network links, consider using parallel links and additional border nodes to provide alternative paths to external networks. When you configure multiple static links to an external network, remember to duplicate the ATM address advertisement configuration on all redundant links.

Multiple Paths Between Network Nodes

It is good design practice to ensure that there are at least two different paths between any pair of nodes that will communicate with each other. A pair of redundant links is one path. If one switch site is damaged by fire or earthquake, there should be at least one other switch that can provide an alternative path between the source and destination switches.

Chapter 2 Interoperability and Performance Planning

It is also a good design practice to distribute paths across multiple service modules so that a service module failure does not disrupt all communications between two nodes.

Planning Guidelines for Individual Peer Groups

The first step in planning a PNNI topology is to determine if all network nodes will participate in one peer group or in hierarchical peer groups. The single and hierarchical peer group topologies are introduced in Chapter 1, “Introduction to PNNI.” When a network grows beyond the capabilities of a single peer group, you must use the hierarchical peer group topology.

The planning for a single peer group topology is the same as the planning for a single peer group within a hierarchical PNNI network. The difference between planning for a single peer group network and planning for a hierarchical network is that for hierarchical networks, you have to plan the communications between peer groups. The following list summarizes the capabilities and guidelines for a single peer group:

• For networks with less than 100 nodes, Cisco Systems recommends using a single peer group

topology.

• A single peer group supports up to 160 nodes as described in Tab l e 2 -1.

• All nodes within a single peer group must be able to communicate with each other over a path of

inside links.

• PNNI can route calls through a maximum of 20 nodes within a single peer group. The structure of

the peer group should be such that no node is more than 19 hops from any other node.

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• As the number of nodes in a single peer group grows, the network and system resource requirements

for each node grows.

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Planning Guidelines for Hierarchical Networks

• Although the number of network nodes in your network might not dictate a hierarchical topology,

other network requirements can. For example, an anticipated network expansion might be easier later if you plan for it now.

• Consider future growth when planning peer groups. If the number of existing nodes is approaching

the limit of a single peer group, consider using a hierarchical topology so that you do not have to reconfigure nodes later when the network size expands.

Planning Guidelines for Hierarchical Networks

When you have a plan for dividing your network into multiple peer groups, the next step is to plan communications between those peer groups. To enable communications between peer groups, you will need to identify a peer group leader for each peer group. The following sections provide planning guidelines for the peer group leaders and border nodes in a hierarchical network.

Planning Guidelines for Peer Group Leaders

Peer group leaders are the logical nodes that represent their peer group at the next higher level in the PNNI hierarchy. Peer group leaders are introduced in Chapter 1, “Introduction to PNNI.” When planning for peer group leaders, consider the following facts and guidelines:

• For a peer group to communicate with another peer group, the peer group must have at least one

node that is capable of acting as peer group leader.

• It is good design practice to configure multiple nodes within a peer group to serve as peer group

leader. The peer group priority is a configurable parameter that determines which of the peer group leader candidates becomes peer group leader.

• To compensate for the additional processing requirements of peer group leaders, consider reducing

the traffic load for the peer group leader switch and avoid using the same switch as both a peer group leader and a border node.

Planning Guidelines for Border Nodes

Border nodes are physical nodes that are members of one peer group and have PNNI outside-links to member nodes of other peer groups. Border nodes are introduced in Chapter 1, “Introduction to PNNI.” To compensate for the additional processing requirements of border nodes, consider reducing the intra-peer-group traffic load for the border node and avoid using the same switch as both a border node and a peer group leader.

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CHAPTER

Address and Closed User Group Planning

Proper address planning can greatly increase the performance of a PNNI WAN. Although a PNNI WAN can support almost any addressing scheme, an uncoordinated address scheme can cause excessive address advertisement and needless rerouting, both of which reduce network performance. A good addressing plan is one which is hierarchical in nature and thus summarizes simply and efficiently.

The PNNI Closed User Group (CUG) feature allows the network administrator to define user groups of ATM addresses. Once these user groups are defined, the administrator can control how users within the groups communicate with other group members and with those outside the group.

This chapter provides an address planning overview, a CUG planning overview, and general guidelines for creating an ATM address plan and a CUG plan.

Note All Cisco MGX and SES switch products ship with default addresses. These defaults are provided for

lab evaluations of these products. Before the switch is deployed, Cisco Systems advises you to reconfigure the default addresses using the address plan guidelines in this chapter.

Address Planning Overview

Every route across a PNNI network is determined by two ATM End Station Addresses (AESAs), a source and a destination. When a connection is being established, the source PNNI routing node looks up the destination address in PNNI routing tables. If the routing tables do not contain a satisfactory predefined route, the switch uses the PNNI topology database to search for a route. Routing decisions are made based on many criteria as discussed in Chapter 4, “Planning Intermediate Route Selection.” This section focuses on how proper address planning can make PNNI routing more efficient.

Note The source end of a connection is also called the master end of the connection, as the master end is

responsible for initiating the connection. The destination end is also called the slave end.

PNNI provides both a routing protocol and a signaling protocol. The routing protocol is used to build a topology database and create a route table of all the reachable AESAs. The signalling protocol is used to establish calls across the PNNI network. When initiating a call, the signaling protocol refers to the routing table or topology database to locate a route to the destination ATM address.

To understand the importance of an address plan, consider how PNNI would respond if there were no plan. Consider a network with 100 non-coordinated destination ATM addresses. Assume that all addresses were chosen at random. To enable access to all destinations, PNNI has to create a separate route for each of the 100 destinations, and this has to be repeated on every switch in the network.

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Address Planning Overview

Furthermore, PNNI switches exchange data with all other nodes in the peer group, so lots of address information would be transmitted constantly throughout the network as PNNI monitors the network topology.

Now let’s consider a more efficient example. Figure 3-1 shows a PNNI network with some simplified addresses in place of the 20-byte ATM addresses.

Figure 3-1 PNNI Addressing Example

Chapter 3 Address and Closed User Group Planning

A.11

A.12

A.13

Peer group A

A.21

A.22

A.23

89686

For consistency, assume that the six switches shown in Figure 3-1 connect to a total of 100 destinations. Notice that the destination addresses for the external lines connected to A.1 all use the prefix A.1, and the destination lines connected to A.2 use the prefix A.2. When you configure a common prefix for multiple addresses, you can reduce the size of the routing table and the topology database by storing routes to the address prefix, instead of routes to every destination. In this example, all nodes in Peer Group A store routes to the other switches, but there is no need to store additional routes for every destination address. The use of address prefixes is also called address summarization.

Address summarization also makes network management easier because you do not need to manually enter every AESA into the source nodes. Instead, you define a PNNI address prefix, which summarizes all destinations that share that prefix.

Address summarization does not preclude the use of non-conforming addresses. For example, if network management dictates the use of a specific non-conforming ATM address for a destination, that address can be manually entered at the switch, and PNNI will advertise a route to that device. The non-conforming address is called a foreign address. The support of foreign addresses makes PNNI more flexible, but keep in mind that excessive use of foreign addresses does impact switch performance.

3-2

Tip Chapter 4, “Planning Intermediate Route Selection,” describes how up to five routes can be stored in a

total of 10 route tables for each destination. To understand the impact of foreign addresses, multiply the potential of 50 routes times the number of switches in a peer group, and then multiply that number times the number of foreign addresses. Address summarization is a key component in PNNI address planning.

When a call is placed to a destination address, PNNI refers to the destination addresses and prefixes in the routing tables or topology database. After the best route is chosen to the destination switch, the destination switch selects the appropriate destination interface by searching internal address tables for the longest prefix match. When a switch and its interfaces are configured with prefixes that enable PNNI to quickly locate the destination interface, PNNI routing is most efficient.

Although address summarization does make network management easier and routing more efficient, it can be misused and make PNNI routing less efficient. Consider the case where the same address prefix is assigned to multiple nodes. This is a valid configuration, but it can lead PNNI to unnecessarily reroute

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connections as it attempts to locate the correct node. A better design would use the longest possible prefix to represent all the interfaces on a node, and then a longer prefix on each interface that uniquely defines each interface.

At the end of this chapter, there are two worksheets (Table 3- 4 and Ta b l e 3-5 ) into which you can enter your WAN address values. If you are familiar with designing PNNI address structures, or if a plan is already completed, you can go directly to the Address Plan Worksheet and enter the values. The procedures for configuring ATM addresses on Cisco MGX and SES switch products are described in the following guides:

• Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM1E/PXM45), Cisco MGX 8950, Cisco MGX 8830, and Cisco MGX 8880

Configuration Guide, Release 5

• Cisco SES PNNI Controller Software Configuration Guide, Release 3

Planning Address Configuration Settings

Use the following steps to create a WAN address plan:

Planning Address Configuration Settings

Step 1 Select an ATM address format

Step 2 Select a PNNI level

Step 3 Select the PNNI peer group ID

Step 4 Select the ATM address

Step 5 Select the ILMI address prefix

Step 6 Select the SPVC address prefix

Step 7 Plan address prefixes for AINI and IISP links

Step 8 Select static addresses for UNI ports

These steps are described further in the remainder of this chapter.

Selecting an ATM Address Format

Each PNNI node must be configured for at least one ATM address format. This is an ATM requirement that must be considered when choosing PNNI addresses. To establish ATM connections, each ATM UNI end system must have at least one ATM End System Address (AESA) that uniquely identifies that ATM endpoint. This section explains the supported AESA address formats and their structures.

Caution Each node must support the address format of all its neighboring nodes.

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Supported Address Formats

The Cisco MGX and SES switch products support the following standard ATM formats:

• Native E.164

• Data Country Code (DCC)

• International Code Designator (ICD)

• AESA-embedded E.164

• Local AESA

The native E.164 address specifies an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) number and is used by Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs). A native E.164 address has a variable length of up to 15 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) digits. The other address formats are usually used for private networks. The default address format for the Cisco MGX and SES switch products is the ICD format.

In the PNNI network, native E.164 addresses are mapped to an E.164 AESA format. The native AESA is inserted as a left-justified IDI portion of the AESA, with the semi-octet Hex FFFF padded to form an integral byte at the end. This left-justified rule may be changed to right-justified via CLI if needed.

The substructures of the address formats are transparent to PNNI routing. Figure 3-2 shows the substructures of the supported ATM address formats. Tab le 3-1 describes the substructures shown in

Figure 3-2.

Chapter 3 Address and Closed User Group Planning

Figure 3-2 Supported ATM Address Formats

DCC AESA format

(AFI = 39)

ICD AESA format

(AFI = 47)

Embedded E.164

AESA format

(AFI = 45)

Local

AESA format

(AFI = 49)

1 1210 6

AFI

DCC HO-DSP

IDI

IDP

1 1210 6

AFI

ICD HO-DSP

IDI

IDP

1 1846

AFI

1 112 6

AFI

IDP

E.164

IDP

IDI

20 bytes

DSP

ESI

ESIHO-DSP

SEL

46511

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Planning Address Configuration Settings

Table 3-1 ATM Address Components

ATM Field Description Default Values

AFI Authority Format Identifier (1 byte). 47

ICD International Code Designator (2 bytes) The default value is the ICD assigned to

Cisco Systems.

IDI Initial Domain Identifier (8 bytes). The contents of this field vary depending on the

value of the AFI. For example, with a DCC AESA (AFI=39), the IDI value of Hex 840F identifies the United States.

HO-DSP High-Order Domain Specific Part (4 to 12 bytes). The meaning is defined by the

address authority controlling the AESA. This component couples with AFI and IDI to route a call to the appropriate switch.

ESI End System Identifier (6 bytes). This field repeats the PNNI Controller MAC address

when the ATM address identifies the PNNI node. (When an ATM address identifies an ATM end system, the ESI field will be completed through ILMI registration with the end system. In this case, the ESI is typically the MAC address of the ATM CPE. The unique ESI field will distinguish that ATM end system [ATM CPE] from all other ATM end systems.)

SEL PNNI selector byte (1 byte). The selector byte is used to identify different target

applications on the node.

0091

—

PXM45 MAC address at first boot.

Guidelines for Selecting an Address Format

It is important to select a address format plan which meets the future needs and scale of the network. Changing the node ATM address format and addresses after its initial deployment requires major service disruption, and requires complete reconfiguration of the node and all of its connections. Consider the following guidelines when selecting an address format:

• Consider whether a registered address will be required in the future. The default registered address

is registered to Cisco and is part of the ATM address.

• If an address format has been chosen for the WAN, or if your WAN will consist of existing nodes

for which an address format has been selected, you can select that address format.

• Both Public ATM networks (PSTNs) and Narrowband Integrated Services Digital Networks

(N-ISDN) usually use E.164 numbers. PNNI allows end-system reachability to be advertised via the E.164 address prefix.

• In the Data Country Code (DCC) format, each country has a unique DCC value. If you select this

address format, your value must match this standard.

• In the International Code Designator (ICD) format, the ICD identifies an organization such as a

company or campus. This identification is useful when you are deploying a WAN that will be accessed by several campuses or sites.

• Native E.164 addresses can be embedded in the AESA.

Enter the address format or formats that you select into the Nodal Address Worksheet, Ta b le 3-4 , which appears at the end of this chapter.

Note Local AFIs should not be used for addressing within ATM Service Provider networks.

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Planning Address Configuration Settings

Address Registration Authorities

Table 3- 2 lists the address registration authorities.

Table 3-2 Address Registration Authorities

Category Type Authorities

AT M Service Providers (ASPs)

Private networks

ICD

1. US—American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

2. UK—British Standards Institution (BSI).

Identifiers for Organizations for Telecommunications Addressing (IOTA) http://www.bsi-global.com/DISC/Working+Withyou/Naming+Addressing.xalter.

DCC

1. ISO National Administrative Authority (Registration Authority).

2. List of authorities:

–

US—American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

–

Germany—Deutsche Industrie-Normen (DIN).

E.164 International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the National Numbering Authority.

ASP Addresses Private ATM networks can apply to their ATM Service Provider for addresses.

ICD Identifiers for Organizations for Telecommunications Addressing (IOTA)

http://www.bsi-global.com/DISC/Working+Withyou/Naming+Addressing.xalter.

DCC ISO National Administrative Authority (Registration Authority).

Unregistered addresses

Private networks may create unregistered addresses. Note that such addresses are not globally unique. It is recommended that unregistered addresses be formed using the local AFI (49).

Chapter 3 Address and Closed User Group Planning

Selecting a PNNI Level

PNNI uses a hierarchical address scheme to define the physical topology and to create a logical hierarchy above the physical topology. Figure 3-3 shows an example of a physical topology.

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Figure 3-3 PNNI Network Physical Topology

Planning Address Configuration Settings

PNNI network

38622

The topology shown in Figure 3-3 becomes a Single Peer Group (SPG) PNNI WAN if no hierarchy is applied. In an SPG WAN, every node stores information about every other node and the CPE that connect to it. To distribute information about all the nodes in the WAN, the PNNI switches send PNNI Topology State Element (PTSE) messages to each other on a regular basis. In a small WAN, an SPG application is appropriate. When the WAN grows beyond 100 nodes, PTSE distribution and the size of the node PNNI databases begins to affect network performance. At this point, you might want to consider creating a Multiple Peer Group (MPG) WAN.

Figure 3-4 shows an example topology of a PNNI MPG WAN.

Figure 3-4 MPG WAN Topology

Level 40

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Level

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Level 56

Level

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Planning Address Configuration Settings

The network shown in Figure 3-4 uses the same physical topology as that shown in Figure 3-3 for an SPG WAN. The difference is that the physical network has been divided into five peer groups at level

56. The level will be explained later in this section. What is important to understand now is that the physical topology is still the same as when all nodes were in a single peer group. Dividing the physical WAN into multiple peer groups simply reduces the size of each peer group, which reduces the total number of PTSEs and the size of the PNNI database within each node. This improves PNNI network performance within each of the smaller peer groups, which leaves more bandwidth and node resources available for processing calls.

The level 40 peer group shown in Figure 3-4 is a logical peer group that has been defined to enable communications between the peer groups at the lower levels. Each of the level 56 peer groups operate more efficiently because they do not have to keep up with changes in the other level 56 peer groups. However, because the level 56 peer groups do not know the details about the other level 56 peer groups, they cannot communicate with the other groups without help from a higher level process.

The level 40 peer group shown in Figure 3-4 is created by adding a higher-level PNNI processes to one of the nodes in each level 56 peer group. Each higher level process operates as a logical group node (LGN) at this higher level, and together these nodes form a logical PNNI peer group at this level. The level 40 peer group nodes exchange PTSEs regarding the level 56 peer groups and maintain a database with routing information for communicating between the lower-level peer groups. Level 40 nodes do not store the routing details stored within the level 56 peer groups, because that information is already stored at the lower level. The level 40 nodes only store the information that the level 56 nodes need to locate and communicate with other peer groups.

Chapter 3 Address and Closed User Group Planning

If the network shown in Figure 3-4 were to grow until there were more than 100 LGNs at level 40, the level 40 peer group could be divided into multiple peer groups and a higher level could be created to enable communication between the level 40 peer groups. This process can continue until the practical maximum of 10 levels is reached. When you consider that 100 level 40 peer groups equate to approximately 10,000 level 56 nodes (100 level 40 nodes times 100 level 56 nodes), it is easy to see how adding additional layers enables PNNI to scale.

Note These calculations are based on general guidelines. Peer groups on MGX and SES nodes can support up

to 160 nodes. Also, remember that these calculations are for network nodes, not CPE. The actual number of CPE and calls supported is considerably higher.

In general, when you create an SPG or MPG network, you need to select a starting level for your PNNI network, which should be the lowest level you will ever need. You can always add higher levels to an SPG or MPG network, but creating lower levels requires a significant amount of reconfiguration.

The PNNI level is mathematically related to the ATM addresses used in a PNNI network. Valid levels are 1 through 104. These numbers specify the number of ATM address bits that are used for the peer group ID, which is described in the next section. Specifically, the level identifies the number of sequential most-significant ATM address bits that define the peer group ID.

Although the PNNI specifications provide for up to 104 PNNI levels, they also limit the practical application to 10 levels. Some PNNI experts suggest that four levels will be sufficient for most PNNI networks. For these reasons, and because it easier to translate bytes of an ATM address instead of bits,

Table 3- 3 shows the recommended levels to use for PNNI networks.

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Table 3-3 Recommended PNNI Level Values

Level Peer Group ID Portion of ATM Address

8 11 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 1

16 11 22 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 2

24 11 22 33 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 3

32 11 22 33 44 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 4

40 11 22 33 44 55 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 5

48 11 22 33 44 55 66 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 6

56 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 7

64 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 8

72 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 9

80 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 AA xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 10

88 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 AA BB xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 11

96 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 AA BB CC xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 12

104 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 AA BB CC DD xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 13

Planning Address Configuration Settings

Peer Group ID Length (Bytes)

The default PNNI level for Cisco MGX and SES switch products is 56, which is the midpoint of the recommended values. If this is the lowest level that you expect to need, you can accept the default. If you anticipate needing lower levels in the future, you should select the lowest level that you think you will need now, and enter the level number in the Nodal Address Worksheet, Table 3-4, which appears at the end of this chapter. If you are planning to create higher PNNI levels, you can also note these in the worksheet.

Note If your ATM network connects to a public network, or if you want to conform to public network ATM

address rules for future expansion, you cannot create more than one peer group at PNNI levels 1 through

8. This is because the first 8 bits (byte 1) are reserved for the AFI and must be set to a fixed value. Also, if the address format you choose is DCC AESA or ICD AESA, you can create only one peer group for each DCC or ICD.

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Planning Address Configuration Settings

Selecting the PNNI Peer Group ID

As described in the previous section, the PNNI level selects the number of ATM address bits that are unique within the peer group ID. After you select a PNNI level for a peer group, you need to define the peer group ID using the PNNI level, the number of address bits defined by the PNNI level, and trailing zeros. Figure 3-5 shows the format of the default peer group ID for the Cisco MGX and SES switch products.

Figure 3-5 Default Peer Group ID

56: 47.00.9181.0000.0000.0000.0000.00

Chapter 3 Address and Closed User Group Planning

Default peer

group level

Default ATM

address format

Cisco

ICD

89685

As Figure 3-5 shows, the peer group ID begins with the PNNI level, followed by a colon. The unique portion of the peer group ID follows next. The unique portion of the ID, which is the first 7 bytes by default, corresponds with the left-most or most-significant bytes of the ATM address. The Cisco default PNNI level is 56, so the first 7 bytes of the default ATM address make up the unique portion of the peer group ID: 47.009181000000.

The total length of a peer group ID is 14 bytes, so the bytes that follow the unique portion of the peer group ID are all set to 0. Therefore, the complete default peer group ID for all Cisco MGX and SES switch products is: 56:47.00.9181.0000.0000.0000.0000.00. The periods within the peer group ID are used to make it easier to read the peer group ID. To create a second peer group at the same default level, you must modify the unique portion of the peer group ID. For example: 56:47.00.9181.0000.01.

Note Only the unique portion of the peer group ID, which is defined by the PNNI level, is used to identify the

peer group. In the example of the default level 56, the first 7 bytes of the ATM address define the peer group ID. Although up to 13 bytes can be used for the peer group ID, all bytes beyond what is specified by the PNNI level are ignored with respect to the peer group ID. Although the nonunique bits in the first 13 bytes appear as zeros in the peer group ID display, they do not have to be set to 0 for ATM addresses.

The peer group ID is used to identify ATM addresses that are part of the same PNNI peer group. For example, the following PNNI addresses are all in the same default PNNI peer group:

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• 47.009181000000112233445566.778899101112.01

• 47.009181000000112233445566.778899101113.01

• 47.009181000000112233445566.778899101114.01

• 47.009181000000778899101112.112233445566.01

The above addresses are all in the same peer group because the PNNI level for all addresses is the default level (56 bits or 7 bytes) and the first 7 bytes of all these addresses are the same.

When planning peer group IDs for your WAN, consider the following:

• All peer group IDs within a peer group must be identical.

• Each peer group must have its own ID that is unique within the WAN.

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• If you change the address format, you need to change the peer group ID.

• If you change any of the identifiers within the unique portion of the peer group ID (for example, the

ICD), you must change the peer group ID.

Enter the peer group ID into the Nodal Address Worksheet, Table 3-4, which appears at the end of this chapter.

Selecting the ATM Address

The node ATM address must be unique on the WAN and conform to the selections you have made for the following parameters:

• Address format

• Peer group ID

Figure 3-6 shows the default ATM address for the Cisco MGX and SES switch products switch.

Figure 3-6 20-byte Node Address

Planning Address Configuration Settings

00 91 81 00 00 00 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX 00

Cisco

ICD

AT M

address

format

MAC address MAC address

44609

The first byte (47) of the default address identifies the address as an International Code Designator (ICD) ATM End Station Address (AESA). The second and third bytes (0091) define the globally unique ICD assigned to Cisco, and the next four bytes (81000000) are identical for all Cisco MGX and SES switch products. The unique portion of the default node address is the 6-byte MAC address, which is used in bytes 8 through 13 and again in bytes 14 through 19. Byte 20, which is the selector byte, is set to 00 by default.

Note Cisco recommends that you change the Cisco ICD portion of the address (0091). This number is

registered to Cisco and using it will cause conflicts if the network you create is ever connected to a network to which Cisco connects, or to a network that is using Cisco equipment with the default parameters.

You do not have to change the default ATM address for Cisco MGX and SES switch products if the combination of the peer group ID and the MAC address is acceptable. If you want to create a custom ATM address for the switch, enter the address into the Nodal Address Worksheet, Table 3-4, which appears at the end of this chapter.

Caution The default ATM address is created using the primary PXM45 or PXM1E card MAC address. If the

default address is being used and the primary PXM card is replaced, the ATM address of the switch changes. After replacing a PXM card, check the switch ATM address and reconfigure it if necessary. To avoid this problem entirely, configure a unique ATM address for the switch.

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Planning Address Configuration Settings

Selecting the ILMI Address Prefix

Although ILMI is not part of the PNNI specification, ILMI addressing should be coordinated with PNNI addressing to minimize the number of PNNI advertised ATM addresses. The Cisco MGX and SES switch products support ILMI dynamic addressing on UNI ports. When dynamic addressing is enabled, one or more ILMI prefixes can be used to generate ATM addresses for CPE as follows:

1. The CPE retrieves the 13-byte ILMI prefix from the switch.

2. The CPE appends its 7 bytes with the 13-byte prefix to form its AESA.

3. The ILMI running on the switch registers the constructed AESA on the switch.

The default ILMI prefix is the first 13-bytes of the default ATM address, which consists of the 7-byte peer group ID (0x47 0091 8100 0000) plus the unique 6-byte MAC address. If you change the peer group ID for the switch, you should also change the ILMI address prefix so that the bytes that correspond to the peer group ID match the corresponding bytes in the ILMI prefix.

When ILMI is enabled on a UNI port, you can add up to 16 address prefixes for that port. The same ILMI prefix can be assigned to multiple ports. These ILMI prefixes are advertised by PNNI to enable switched virtual circuit (SVC) routing to CPE that use these prefixes.

Enter the ILMI prefixes you plan to use into the Port Address Worksheet, Ta ble 3-5 , which appears at the end of this chapter.

Chapter 3 Address and Closed User Group Planning

Selecting the SPVC Address Prefix

If you set up soft permanent virtual connections (SPVCs), the port at each end of the connection must have a globally unique SPVC address. This address is generated by the switch when the connection is defined and consists of the SPVC prefix and an internally generated number that identifies the port.

The default SPVC prefix is the first 13-bytes of the default ATM address, which consists of the 7-byte peer group ID (0x47 0091 8100 0000) plus the unique 6-byte MAC address. If you change the peer group ID for the switch, you should also change the SPVC address prefix so that the bytes that correspond to the peer group ID match the corresponding bytes in the SPVC prefix.

When planning the SPVC prefix for your WAN, consider the following:

• The SPVC prefix and the ILMI prefix can be the same, or they can be different.

• There can be just one SPVC prefix for each node.

• Once you create a connection using an SPVC prefix, you cannot change the SPVC prefix until all

SPVCs have been deleted.

Enter the SPVC prefix into the Nodal Address Worksheet, Ta ble 3 -4, which appears at the end of this chapter.

Planning Address Prefixes for AINI and IISP Links

ATM Inter-Network Interface (AINI) and Interim Inter-Switch Protocol (IISP) are two protocols that are used for connecting private PNNI networks to public PNNI networks or to other private PNNI networks. These links enable communications between separately managed networks without exposing the internal structure of each independent network to the other. For example, when an AINI or IISP link is properly configured, a CPE on one independent network can communicate with a CPE on another independent network. However, PTSEs are not transmitted across these links, so the independent networks only have access to ATM addresses that are deliberately shared during configuration.

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To enable communications over AINI and IISP links, static addresses must be configured on the end of each link as described in the following guides:

• Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM1E/PXM45), Cisco MGX 8950, Cisco MGX 8830, and Cisco MGX 8880

Configuration Guide, Release 5

• Cisco SES PNNI Controller Software Configuration Guide, Release 3

There is no default prefix for AINI and IISP links, and because these protocols are used on separate link types (not PNNI links), there is no requirement to configure prefixes for AINI and IISP links. However, the PNNI database within each network does store the static addresses, so if there are multiple static addresses that have the same prefix, you can improve PNNI routing efficiency and save configuration time by configuring a summary address prefix that covers multiple ATM addresses. The summary address prefix is a partial ATM address and represents all destinations for which the most significant bytes of the ATM address match the summary address.

When planning AINI and IISP prefixes for your WAN, consider the following possibilities:

• If you are connecting to a network managed by another authority, that authority will probably issue

the destination addresses to you.

• The same address or summary address can be configured on more than one port, and multiple

addresses can be configured on each port.

Planning Address Configuration Settings

• Because the destination devices are not part of the PNNI network, IISP address prefixes do not have

to conform to the PNNI level, peer group ID, or node prefix.

Enter any AINI or IISP prefixes into the Port Address Worksheet, Table 3-5, which appears at the end of this chapter.

Selecting Static Addresses for UNI Ports

When CPE devices do not support ILMI, they cannot automatically gain an ATM address from the node, so you must configure a static ATM address on the port that leads to the CPE. You can add up to 255 static addresses on each port, if this number remains within the maximum addresses per node limit.

Multiple ports can be configured with the same static address, but there should be just one CPE that uses each address. When a port leads to multiple CPE that use a common prefix, you can use a summary address to create a single entry that routes to multiple CPE.

Enter the static addresses or summary addresses into the Port Address Worksheet, Tab le 3-5, which appears at the end of this chapter.

Additional Guidelines for Creating an Address Plan

The following are guidelines for creating an address plan:

• Select the lowest-level PNNI level that will enable future expansion.

• Use PNNI levels that fall on 8-byte boundaries. This improves scalability and makes the PNNI level

number easier to work with.

• Use default values for as many entities as possible.

• Use AINI and IISP links to connect to public WANs.

• Do not use Cisco node address defaults in public WANs.

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Closed User Group Overview

• Confirm that each reconfigured node ID and node address are unique. The switch software does not

detect configuration errors caused by duplicate ATM addresses.

• Use summary port prefixes wherever possible to reduce overhead.

Closed User Group Overview

The PNNI Closed User Group (CUG) feature allows network users to form a closed community within a PNNI network. Figure 3-7 shows an example of closed user groups in a network.

Figure 3-7 Closed User Group Example

Chapter 3 Address and Closed User Group Planning

CPE A, CUGs 1 & 2

CPE C, CUG 2

Switch W

Switch X

Switch Y

Switch Z

CPE D, CUG 2

CPE B, CUG 1

CPE E

116412

A network user may be associated with one, multiple, or no CUGs. In Figure 3-7, CPE A is a CUG member of CUGs 1 and 2. CPE B, C, and D are members of either CUG 1 or CUG 2. Members of a specific CUG can communicate typically among themselves, but in general not with network users outside of the CUG. In the example, CPE A can communicate with CPE B, C, and D because it is a member of both CUGs. This section will also show how CPE A can be enabled for communications with CPE E.

Specific network users can have additional restrictions preventing them from originating calls to, or receiving calls from, network users of the same CUG. For example, CPE B can be configured so that it cannot originate calls to other CUG 1 members, but it can accept calls from other members.

Configuration options allow a network user to be further restricted when originating calls to, or receiving calls from, network users outside of any CUG membership defined for the network user. In Figure 3-7, CPE E is not a member of any CUG and the default configuration for CUG members will prevent communications between CPE E and the other CPE. Using configuration options, however, CPE1 can be allowed to originate calls to CPE E, and CPE D can be configured to accept calls from CPE E.

The user within a CUG is actually a UNI ATM End Station Address (AESA) or an ATM address prefix, and this address or address prefix can be assigned to more than one interface on a switch. When an ATM address is assigned to more than one CUG, the CPE that use that address must specify the CUG for a connection or accept a configured default CUG called the preferential CUG.

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CUG membership is evaluated only when setting up connections. CUG membership is an independent feature and does not interoperate with the address filtering feature.

The CUG feature follows the ITU-T Q.2955.1 recommendation and supports point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections.

CUGs are managed with the switch CLI. Cisco MGX switches and Cisco LS1010 switches can participate in CUGs. The Cisco WAN Manager (CWM) program does not currently support CUGs.

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CUG membership is supported as follows:

• An ATM address or ATM address prefix can be a member of up to 100 CUGs.

• CUGs can be provisioned on up to 200 ATM addresses or prefixes.

• The maximum number of CUGs is 65535.

• An ATM address to which a CUG is assigned can use either the NSAP or E.164 address format.

Note The CUG feature is not supported on nodes which are configured with right-justified E.164 addresses using

the cnfe164justify command.

Planning CUG Configuration Settings

The following sections introduce and provide planning guidelines for the CUG configuration parameters.

Planning CUG Configuration Settings

Selecting an Interlock Code

A CUG is established by assigning the same 24-byte interlock code to two or more prefixes or AESAs on a PNNI network. All prefixes and addresses that share the same interlock code are considered part of the same CUG and can establish connections amongst themselves, unless these connections are blocked by configuration options.

When selecting an interlock code, consider the following guidelines:

• The interlock codes should be managed so that an existing interlock code is not selected for a new

CUG.

• Other than being unique to a single CUG, there is no requirement on the contents of the interlock

code.

When planning a CUG, consider using the CUG Configuration Worksheet, Table 3- 6, which appears at the end of this chapter. Each CUG uses only one interlock code, so place that code in the first row of the worksheet.

Selecting an Index

A CUG index is a number that the administrator specifies when making an address or prefix part of a CUG. The CUG index is mapped to the appropriate interlock code within the switch. During CPE configuration, the appropriate CUG index is configured on the CPE to match the index already defined on the node. When the CPE requests a call, it supplies the index, which is used by the switch to identify the appropriate CUG.

When specifying an index, consider the following guidelines:

• Within each switch, the same, unique index number should be used for all CUG assignments that

share the same interlock code.

• The interlock code is not used outside of the switch. Once the index number is mapped to the

interlock code, the interlock code is used for all network communications.

• The CPE cannot use the index without further configuration.

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Planning CUG Configuration Settings

The CPE must be configured to specify a particular CUG index during call setup when any of the following conditions exist:

• One or more CUGs are defined for the CPE prefix or address and no preferential CUG is defined.

• Multiple CUGs are defined for the prefix or address and the CPE intends to use a CUG other than

the preferential CUG.

If a CPE AESA is a member of only one CUG and that CUG is defined as the preferential CUG (see “Specifying a Preferential CUG,” which appears later in this chapter), the CPE does not need to be configured to use a particular CUG. The preferential CUG serves as the implicit CUG, and is used whenever a CUG index is not specified by the CPE.

Note When a CPE requests a specific CUG during call setup, this is called an explicit CUG request.

When planning a CUG using the CUG Configuration Worksheet, Ta b l e 3 -6 , enter the index in the second row of the worksheet.

Selecting CPE Addresses

Chapter 3 Address and Closed User Group Planning

To add a CPE to a CUG, the configuration process assigns a CPE address or prefix to a CUG interlock code and index. For each CUG assignment, you must specify the following:

• The ATM address or prefix of a local UNI interface.

• The length of the ATM address.

• The ATM address plan, which is either NSAP or E164.

This information is required so that the switch interprets the address or prefix correctly.

If the prefix or address you are assigning to a CUG uses the NSAP format, specify the address length in bits. A full AESA is 160 bits (20 bytes times 8 bits). A shorter address length indicates an ATM address prefix, which assigns all addresses with that prefix to the CUG you specify.

If the prefix or address you are assigning to a CUG uses the E.164 format, specify the prefix or address length in digits.

When planning a CUG using the CUG Configuration Worksheet, Tab le 3- 6, use one worksheet row to identify the CUG configuration for each CUG member. The first column identifies the address or prefix for the CUG member, and the rest of the columns specify the address information, access information, and preferential CUG status.

Selecting Internal CUG Access Options

Internal access options control communications between a specific CUG member and the rest of the CUG. In the CLI, this is expressed in terms of calls barred. If you want to block outgoing calls from one CUG member to other CUG members, write the word outgoing in the row for the CUG member address in the CUG Configuration Worksheet, Ta b l e 3-6. To block calls from other CUG members to a CUG member, write in the word incoming.

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Note The network administrator can set the internal access during the initial CUG member configuration, or

change the configuration later. There is no option to simultaneously block incoming and outgoing communications. If the administrator needs to block incoming and outgoing communications, the member should be removed from the CUG.

Selecting External CUG Access Options

External access options control communications between a specific CUG member and all destinations outside of the CUG. By default, CUG members cannot access destinations outside of the CUG. In the CLI, the external access options are divided into incoming and outgoing controls. The CUG

Configuration Worksheet, Tab le 3- 6 provides separate columns where you can enter the incoming and

outgoing external access options for each CUG member.

There are two controls for managing incoming communications to CUG members from external sources: disallowed and allowed.

There are three controls for managing outgoing communications from a CUG member to external destinations: disallowed, per call, and permanent. The disallowed control does what its name implies. The per call control enables outgoing calls when an outgoing CPE call specifically requests outside access, and the permanent control permanently enables outgoing connections as if they were CUG membership connections.

Planning CUG Configuration Settings

Note The network administrator can set the external access during the initial CUG member configuration, or

change the configuration later.

Specifying a Preferential CUG

A preferential CUG is a configuration definition that specifies which CUG membership applies when the CUG member (CPE) does not specify a CUG index during call set up. There can be just one preferential CUG for each CUG member. A preferential CUG assignment is ignored during call setup when the CPE explicitly requests a CUG (using a CUG index).

If a preferential CUG is not assigned to a user and the CPE originates a call without a CUG index, the call is treated as a normal call that is not part of any CUG. Normal calls cannot be established with CUG members unless those members have been configured to communicate outside the CUG.

Note If outgoing calls to the CUG are barred for the user, the CUG cannot be defined as the preferential CUG.

When planning a CUG using the CUG Configuration Worksheet, Tab l e 3-6, use the last table column to indicate if the CUG index and interlock code specified at the top of the table should be the default CUG for this CUG member.

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Worksheets

Selecting a Default CUG Address

A default CUG address is a default address that is assigned to a switch to be used for CUG validation when the connected CPE does not signal a calling party ATM address. The default CUG address does not have to match any addresses or prefixes assigned on the switch. It is not used for PNNI routing. It is simply a default address to which a CUG can be assigned.

When a default CUG address is configured, all calls originating and terminating at the switch are treated as CUG calls, regardless of the ATM address. If the CPE does not signal an ATM address, CUG validation uses the default CUG address and evaluates the call based on the CUG membership assigned to the default CUG address. If multiple CUGs are assigned to the default CUG address, it is a good plan to specify one CUG as a preferential CUG.

When planning a default CUG address using the CUG Configuration Worksheet, Tab le 3- 6, remember that there can only be one default CUG address per switch. If you want to assign more than one CUG to the default CUG address, copy Tab l e 3 -6 for each CUG assignment and remember that the default CUG address or prefix must be the same in all copies planned for the same switch.

Worksheets

Chapter 3 Address and Closed User Group Planning

This section provides the configuration worksheets that are described earlier in this chapter.

Table 3- 4 is a worksheet that you can use to write down ATM address planning information that applies

to the switches in your WAN.

Table 3-4 Nodal Address Worksheet

Node Name Address

Format

Lowest PNNI Level

Peer Group ID ATM Address Additional

PNNI Levels

SPVC Prefix

3-18

Table 3- 5 is a worksheet that you can use to write down ATM address planning information that applies

to the ports on a single switch. To complete an address plan, complete one Nodal Address Worksheet for the WAN and an individual Port Address Worksheet for each switch in the WAN.

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Table 3-5 Port Address Worksheet

Port ILMI Prefixes

Worksheets

AINI and IISP Prefixes and Addresses UNI Addresses

Table 3- 6 is a worksheet for planning a single closed user group on a single switch. Use a copy of this

table for each CUG on a switch. Remember that only one address or prefix can serve as the default CUG address on a switch, and there can be only one preferred CUG per address or prefix.

Table 3-6 CUG Configuration Worksheet

CUG Interlock Code

CUG Index

Address or prefix Length Plan

Internal Access (calls barred)

External Access

Outgoing Access

Incoming Access

Preferred?

Default CUG Address?

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Worksheets

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Planning Intermediate Route Selection

When a PNNI network node receives a call request, there can be multiple routes available that meet the quality of service (QoS) requirements for the call. This chapter describes how PNNI selects a route from multiple acceptable routes, and it describes parameters that you can modify to control route selection.

How MGX and SES Nodes Select Routes

MGX and SES nodes provide for the following PNNI route sources:

• Manually defined preferred routes (Release 3 and later)

• Pre-calculated routing tables called shortest path tables

• On-demand routes calculated from PNNI database entries

The following sections describe the link and route metrics used during routing, how shortest path table routing works, and how on-demand routing works. At the end of this chapter is a section on additional routing feature provided by MGX and SES nodes.

CHAPTER

Link and Route Metrics

Most route metrics are calculated based on the link metrics for each link along the route. Because of this, link and route metrics often use the same name or similar names. This can be confusing if you do not consider the context in which the terms are used. Link metrics apply when configuring an individual link or when choosing between two or more links. Route metrics apply when configuring a connection or choosing between two or more routes.

The following sections introduce some of the most common link and route metrics and explain the differences between their use as either link or route metrics.

Administrative Weight

Administrative weight (AW) is a configurable cost that can be defined for each link in a PNNI network. The default link AW is 5040. There is no significance to the cost units. What is important is how the cost relates to that for other links in the network. For example, if two parallel links between two nodes have different costs, and if the link selection criteria is set to use the link with the lowest AW, the link with the smallest AW is chosen.

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You can change the AW on links to control network traffic. For example, you can reduce traffic on a backup link by increasing the AW to more than that on the desirable link. If the desirable link fails, the backup link becomes the lowest cost link and becomes available.

When AW is applied to a route, it is sometimes called the cumulative AW and is the sum of the AW values assigned to all links along a route. Some operations calculate the cumulative AW from the source to the destination, and other operations calculate the round trip cumulative AW. For example, if all links in a network use the default link AW, the source to destination AW for a route that uses two links is

10080. The round trip AW for the same route is 20160.

If you leave the AW set to the default value on all network links, routing using the lowest AW is the same as routing using the fewest hops. A hop is a connection segment through a node. Changing the AW on a link gives you the opportunity to make that link more or less desirable for routing.

Cell Transfer Delay

Cell transfer delay (CTD) is the measure of the delay an ATM cell encounters as it passes through an interface. Since each link has an interface at each end, each link CTD is the sum of the CTD at each end of the link.

The route CTD is the sum of the CTD values for all links through which the route passes and represents the time interval between a cell exiting the source node and entering the destination node.

Chapter 4 Planning Intermediate Route Selection

The CTD used in MGX and SES nodes is a static value that is set by Cisco according to PNNI 1.0 standard and is based on the speed of the interface. Faster interfaces will have lower CTD values, and slower interfaces will have higher values.

Note Because the CTD is defined according to the PNNI 1.0 standard, the CTD for any specific link speed

should match the CTD assigned to third-party interfaces that use that link speed.

Cell Delay Variation

Cell delay variation (CDV) is a measurement of the variation in CTD over links and through nodes. The route CDV is equal to the largest CDV along a route.

The CDV used in MGX and SES nodes is a static value that is set by Cisco and is based on the type of interface and node.

Available Cell Rate

Available cell rate (AvCR) is a dynamically generated value that indicates how much of the link bandwidth is available for the requested service class. AvCR is measured in cells per second (cps).

You cannot configure the AvCR for a link, but you can configure a parameter called the overbooking factor, which can change how the AvCR is advertised for new calls. After the PNNI controller calculates the AvCR for a route, it applies the overbooking factor to the AvCR before advertising the AvCR. The purpose of the overbooking factor is to allow you to purposely under book or over book a link.

For example, if link users are reserving more bandwidth than they actually need, bandwidth is being wasted. Overbooking allows you to make the wasted bandwidth available to other users. For example, if you estimate that 30% of the link bandwidth is not being used, you can configure the overbooking factor so that the advertised AvCR is 30% higher than the actual value. This enables the PNNI controller to

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route more calls for the link. Of course, if link users suddenly start using all link resources, some user-compliant traffic may be discarded when congestion occurs. Bandwidth overbooking can be configured on a per-service-class-basis for each interface in the node.

Note Beginning with Release 3.0, Cisco MGX and SES nodes also support connection overbooking, which is

configured with the addcon command. When per-service-class overbooking and connection based overbooking are both configured, both are applied simultaneously to each affected connection.

For more information, see the Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM1E/PXM45), Cisco MGX 8950, Cisco MGX 8830, and Cisco MGX 8880 Configuration Guide, Release 5 or see the appropriate service module configuration guide.

For CBR, rtVBR, and nrtVBR traffic, the advertised AvCR represents the bandwidth available for calls. For ABR traffic, AvCR is the capacity available for minimum cell rate (MCR) reservation. AvCR does not apply to UBR traffic.

The AvCR for a route is equal to the lowest link AvCR along the route.

Maximum Cell Rate

How MGX and SES Nodes Select Routes

The maximum cell rate (maxCR) is a static value that is configured for each logical interface and can be configured separately for each service class. The maxCR represents the maximum throughput available for PNNI connections and cannot be modified by the overbooking factor. To block traffic for a particular service class over a link, set the maxCR for that service class to 0.

The maxCR for a route is equal to the lowest link maxCR along the route.

Shortest Path Table Routing

Most routing attempts begin with a search for a route in the shortest path tables. The following sections introduce the shortest path tables and explain how the tables are used by SVCs, SVPs, SPVCs, and SPVPs.

The Shortest Path Tables

The PNNI routing protocol automatically builds shortest path tables (SPTs) that list optimized routes for each destination address. When an MGX or SES node receives a call request, it compares the destination ATM address with the addresses and address prefixes in the node’s routing tables. The node looks for a match between the first 19 bytes of the destination address and the address prefixes in its database. The longest match determines the routes that are eligible. If there is just one route for the longest matching entry, and if that route meets the QoS requirements for the call, that is the route selected.

When multiple routes are available for the longest match, other route selection parameters are used to determine the optimum route.

Note Border nodes can be configured with a 0-length prefix, which matches all ATM addresses. This 0-length

prefix serves as a default destination or route for all calls that do not match up to a longer ATM address or prefix within the PNNI network. When a border nodes uses AINI or IISP links to communicate with

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an external network, the use of the 0-length prefix allows the administrator to specify that all calls that do not match a longer prefix should be routed to the external network. If the 0-length prefix is not used, the administrator must manually configure static addresses for all external destinations.

MGX and SES nodes generate routing tables using PTSE information from other nodes and the Dijkstra SPF Algorithm. The pre-computed routing tables are derived by applying the following information from the PTSEs:

• Destination address

• AW

• CTD

• CDV

• Available bandwidth

• Available logical connection numbers (LCNs)

• Port ID

The end result is the set of SPTs shown in Ta b le 4- 1.

Chapter 4 Planning Intermediate Route Selection

Table 4-1 Pre-calculated Routing Tables

Traffic Metric Class of Service Tables

AW CBR, rt-VBR, nrt-VBR, ABR, UBR

CTD CBR, rt-VBR, nrt-VBR

CDV CBR, rt-VBR

The SPTs can be divided into the three groups listed in the Traffic Metric column in Tab le 4- 1 . For each traffic metric, a class of service SPT is created for each class of service listed in the Class of Service Tables column. The service classes are defined in Ta bl e 4-2.

Table 4-2 Supported Service Classes for MGX and SES Nodes

Service Class Acronym Definition Guidelines

CBR

Constant bit rate Use to limit connections to a static amount of bandwidth that is continuously

available until the connection is torn down. The amount of bandwidth is characterized by the peak cell rate (PCR) value.

rt-VBR

Real-time variable bit rate Use for real-time applications that require tightly constrained delay and delay

variation (voice/video applications). Category characterized in terms of a PCR, sustainable cell rate (SCR), and maximum burst size (MBS).

nrt-VBR

ABR

Non-real-time variable bit rate

Use for non-real-time applications with bursty traffic. Category is characterized in terms of a PCR, SCR, and MBS.

Available bit rate Use to allow ATM layer transfer characteristics provided by the network to

change after the connection is established. Flow control mechanism is specified.

UBR

Unspecified bit rate Use for unspecified bit-rate ranges. This setting provides only maximum bit-rate

configuration—no bit rate is guaranteed.

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Each class of service SPT is simply a list of the shortest paths for a particular routing metric to all known destinations. AW SPTs list the shortest paths or routes based on the lowest cumulative AW, and CTD SPTs list the shortest routes based on the lowest cumulative CTD.

The number of shortest paths stored in a SPT for any destination depends on whether there are multiple routes with the lowest routing metric value. For example, if three routes to a destination all have the same minimum CDV value, all three routes are listed in the CDV table for the appropriate class of service. There is also a range option that you can use to make the SPTs store routes with similar values. For example, you can configure the switch to store routes that are within 5 percent of the shortest route in the table. Up to five routes can be listed in a SPT for a destination.

The default configuration of MGX and SES nodes creates all 10 class of service tables. If you do not plan to use the routing tables for a particular routing metric, you can save processor resources by disabling the construction and maintenance of the appropriate routing metric SPTs (using the cnfpnni-routing-policy command).

Note If you disable the creation of one or more groups of SPTs and a connection attempts to use a missing

table, the switch uses on-demand routing to locate a conforming route for the connection.

How MGX and SES Nodes Select Routes

How SVCs and SVPs use the SPTs

SVCs and SVPs are initiated by CPE using UNI connections to the switch. UNI versions 3.0 and 3.1 cannot request a CTD or CDV value for a connection, so all UNI 3.0 and 3.1 connections are routed using the AW SPTs.

UNI 4.0 connections can request CTD and CDV values for a connection. UNI 4.0 connections use the SPTs in one of the following ways:

• If no CTD or CDV value is requested for the connection, the connection uses a route from the AW

SPT for the appropriate class of service.

• If a CTD or CDV value is requested for the connection, the connection uses a route from the

appropriate CTD or CDV SPT for the appropriate class of service.

• If both a CTD and a CDV value is requested for the connection, the connection uses a route from

the CTD SPT for the appropriate class of service. The route chosen is a route that conforms to the CTD and CDV values requested. If a conforming route is not available in the SPT, on demand routing is used to find a conforming route.

How SPVCs and SPVPs use the SPTs

The default configuration for each SPVC and SPVP uses the appropriate AW SPT for each class of service. However, you can configure requested values for AW, CTD, and CDV for each connection using the addcon and cnfcon commands.

If multiple routing metrics are specified for an SPVC or SPVP, the switch searches the SPTs for conforming routes according to following priorities:

1. AW

2. CTD

3. CDV

For example if all three routing metrics are specified, the switch searches for conforming routes in the AW SPTs. If CTD and CDV are specified, the switch searches the CTD SPTs.

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How MGX and SES Nodes Select Links

Any route selected from the SPTs must conform to all specified metrics. If a conforming route is not available in chosen SPT, on demand routing is used to find a conforming route.

On PXM1E cards and service modules, you can change this with the addcon command.

On-Demand Routing

When the SPTs cannot produce a route for a connection, the switch performs on-demand routing. A SPT can fail to produce a route because the shortest route or routes in the table have failed. On-demand routing is also required when a connection specifies multiple routing metrics and the SPT routes do not conform to all of the metrics.

During on-demand routing, the switch searches the PNNI database for routes that match the specified criteria. On demand routing takes more time than SPT routing. However, on-demand routing can access more of the PNNI database and select better routes.

As a switch administrator, you can choose what action the controller takes when it discovers the first acceptable on-demand route. You can configure the controller for first fit, which produces the fastest route selection, or you can configure the switch for best fit. When the controller is configured for first fit on-demand route selection, it selects the first route that satisfies all connection requirements. When the controller is configured for best fit on-demand route selection, it identifies all routes that meet the call requirements, and then it chooses the route based on the setting of the load balancing option.

Chapter 4 Planning Intermediate Route Selection

Load Balancing for SPT and On-Demand Routing

The load balancing option, which applies to SPT routing and on-demand routing, is a configurable parameter that allows you to control how a route is chosen when multiple routes offer the same level of service. You can configure the load balancing option to choose randomly from multiple routes or choose according to the best AvCR. If you select the random method, the PNNI controller considers the conforming routes equal and balances the load by randomly assigning calls to each. If you choose the route based on the AvCR, the route with the highest available cell rate is chosen.

How MGX and SES Nodes Select Links

The SPTs are built by calculating routes that are optimized for lowest AW, CTD, or CDV. However, for most service classes, each link along a route must conform to additional parameters. If no route is found in the SPTs, on-demand routing must be used to calculate a conforming route from the PNNI database.

The link parameter requirements for a service class establishes the quality of service (QoS) required for a call. Ta ble 4- 3 shows the link parameters that must be satisfied for each service class.

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Table 4-3 Link Selection Parameters Required for Various Classes of Service

Additional Routing Features in MGX and SES Nodes

Service Class Address AW maxCR AvCR CTD CDV CLR

CBR

rt-VBR

nrt-VBR

ABR

UBR

1. CLR0 is the cell loss ratio for cells with the Cell Loss Priority bit set to 0.

2. CLR

Required Required Required Required Required Required Required Required

Required Required Required Required Required — Required Required

RequiredRequiredRequiredRequired————

RequiredRequiredRequired—————

is the cell loss ratio for all cells with the Cell Loss Priority bit set to either 0 or 1.

0+1

When two parallel links are available along the route, the controller chooses a link based on the configuration of the switch. The link selection options are:

• AW —Selects the link with the least AW in the egress direction. This is the default.

• AvCR—Selects the link with the largest AvCR in the egress direction.

• maxCR—Selects the link with the largest maxCR in the egress direction.

• loadbalance—Selects links randomly so that one link does not become overburdened while the

other is idle.

Additional Routing Features in MGX and SES Nodes

CLR

0+1

The following sections describe additional routing features you might want to consider when planning a PNNI network.

Preferred Routing

Preferred routes allow the switch administrator to define a specific route between the source and destination nodes, and then specify this route as the preferred route when defining SPVCs. If the connection is configured as a directed route, no other route is allowed, even if the route fails. If the connection is not configured as a directed route, other routes are considered when the preferred route is not available. When other routes are required, the switch can use the pre-calculated routing tables or on-demand routing.

Preferred routing was introduced in Release 3.0.00 and is supported on the MGX 8830, MGX 8850 (PXM1E), MGX 8850 (PXM45), and MGX 8950 switches and the MGX 8880 Media Gateway. Release

3.0.20 and later support preferred routing on SES nodes.

Note Preferred routes created with Release 3 software cannot be gracefully upgraded to Release 4 or later

preferred routes.

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Note In all Release 3 software, the preferred routing feature specifies a route within a single peer group.

Release 3 software does not support preferred routes that span multiple peer groups. Release 4 and later software does support preferred routes that span multiple peer groups.

The preferred route and directed route for an SPVC or SPVP is defined when the connection is created. Although you can change the preferred route configuration after a connection is created, you can eliminate reconfiguration by planning for preferred routes before creating connections.

Priority Routing

Priority based routing allows you to specify a priority for each SPVC or SPVP connection. High priority connections are established before low priority connections. During failures, the high priority connections are also released and reestablished before low priority connections.

Priority routing was introduced in Release 3.0.00 and is supported on the MGX 8830, MGX 8850 (PXM1E), MGX 8850 (PXM45), and MGX 8950 switches and the MGX 8880 Media Gateway. Release

3.0.20 and later support priority routing on SES nodes.

Chapter 4 Planning Intermediate Route Selection

Grooming

The routing priority for an SPVC or SPVP can be defined with either the addcon or the cnfcon command. For SVCs and SVPs, the routing priority is assigned using the cnfpnportsig command. This routing priority also applies to the priority bumping feature. Although you can change the routing priority after a connection is created, you can eliminate reconfiguration by planning for priority routing before creating connections.

Tip The priority routing feature allows administrators to influence the order in which connections are routed

or rerouted when network events require connection rerouting. The priority routing feature does not change the criteria for selecting routes. It controls the sequence in which connections are routed or rerouted.

Connection grooming is the process of checking each connection to determine if a more efficient route is available. If a prospective new route is significantly better than the incumbent route, the connection is rerouted.

Grooming is also used to return a connection to its non-directed preferred route (if configured) after it has been rerouted due to failure along its preferred route. Connections will only return to their non-directed preferred routes when one of the following occurs:

• The connection is manually groomed.

• Automatic grooming is enabled and the grooming operation completes.

• The current connection route experiences a failure.

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Grooming may be needed, for example, if a link fails along the most desirable route, and then returns to service. When the link fails, the connection is rerouted to another route, which may be a less desirable route. To return the connection to the more desirable route, you can use manual grooming or scheduled grooming. The advantage to scheduled grooming is that is can occur automatically at times when the network is not busy.

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The grooming feature can be implemented at any time. Grooming is not configured at the same time as connections, so there is no penalty if you do not include grooming in the initial plan for a PNNI network.

Soft Rerouting

The soft reroute feature is new in Release 5 and minimizes reroute times by establishing a new connection before releasing the rerouted connection. This feature requires no prior planning and can be implemented at any time. For more information, refer to the Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM1E/PXM45), Cisco MGX 8950, Cisco MGX 8830, and Cisco MGX 8880 Configuration Guide, Release 5.

Priority Bumping

Priority bumping is a new feature in Release 5.0. When enabled, priority bumping can be used to release lower priority connections to make room for an incoming, higher priority connection.

The priority bumping feature can be implemented at any time. However, the routing priority used for priority bumping is the same as used for priority routing. Because the routing priority is configured while creating and configuring connections, you might want to review the priority bumping feature details before configuring connections and interfaces. You can find more information on priority bumping in the Cisco MGX 8850 (PXM1E/PXM45), Cisco MGX 8950, Cisco MGX 8830, and Cisco MGX 8880 Configuration Guide, Release 5.

Additional Routing Features in MGX and SES Nodes

Blocking Pass-Through Connections

As a switch administrator, you can configure MGX and SES nodes to support or deny connections that pass through the node. If you chose to deny transit or pass-through connections, the node will only accept calls that terminate on one of the node’s interfaces. Other nodes will not be able to establish routes through the blocked node to other nodes. This feature is called the Nodal Transit Restriction feature.

Nodal Point-to-Multipoint Branch Restriction

The point-to-multipoint (P2MP) feature enables select Cisco MGX switches to support PNNI network applications such as data and video broadcast and LAN emulation. P2MP branching is a feature that allows a switch to accept one incoming connection and produce multiple outgoing connections. This enables basic P2MP connectivity. For the nodes that support P2MP branching, branching can be enabled or disabled.

Note Cisco SES equipped BPX switches can serve as the source or destination of a P2MP connection, but

these switches cannot perform branching.

Figure 4-1 shows the data flow in a P2MP connection and introduces the root, leaf, and party terms,

which apply to the interfaces that support P2MP connections.

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Figure 4-1 P2MP Root, Leaf, and Party Components

Root

endpoint

The simplest P2MP connection takes place through a single node. One endpoint serves as the root of a simple tree topology and is labeled the root end point. The data traffic is uni-directional. All data flows from the root endpoint to the destination endpoints.

A destination end point is called a party. A party is an ATM end station that connects to an edge switch and receives data from the connection root. Each party is identified by an ATM End Station Address (AESA) and an end point reference, which is a number that uniquely identifies the party. The endpoint reference is critical when multiple parties connect through the same AESA.

Leaf endpoint

Party 1 Party 2 Party 3 Party 4

Party 5 Party 6 Party 7 Party 8

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75690

A leaf is a connection end point on an outgoing switch interface. At the edge of the network, the leaf represents the connection between the network and the party. Connections (SVCs or SPVCs) are established between the root and each leaf. At the interface that hosts the leaf, the received data is forwarded to each party using the AESA. As shown in Figure 4-1, each leaf can support multiple parties.

The current release of the P2MP feature on Cisco MGX switches operates on the service modules listed in Table 4-4.

Table 4-4 MGX Service Module Support for P2MP Branching

Service Module Slot Multicasting Supported Port Mulitcasting Supported

AXSM/A

Yes Yes

AXSM/B Yes Yes

AXSM-E Yes No

AXSM-XG Yes Yes

BPX/SES No No

PXM1E Yes

1. The AXSM/A term refers to the first release of the AXSM card, which is named AXSM. The AXSM/A term is often used to clarify that the reference is to the AXSM card and not the AXSM/B card.

2. Slot multicasting is supported in Release 4.0.15 and later.

3. Port multicasting is supported in Release 5.0 and later.

Ye s

4-10

Slot multicasting or branching enables the PXM to branch an incoming P2MP connection to multiple service modules within the switch. Port multicasting allows a service module to branch an outgoing P2MP connection to multiple egress interfaces on that service module or to multiple channels on a port. When a service module does not support branching, the branching must be done at an upstream node that does support branching. To show how this works, this section introduces the PNNI farthest node branching feature.

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The farthest-node branch option is a PNNI enhancement that allows PNNI to use network links more efficiently. Figure 4-2 demonstrates farthest-node branching.

Figure 4-2 Farthest Node Branching

Additional Routing Features in MGX and SES Nodes

Root

Switch 1

1 SVC

4 SVCs

Switch 2

Switch 3

Leaf

Leaf 1, Leaf 2, Leaf 3, Leaf 4,

Party 1 Party 2 Party 3 Party 4

Party 5 Party 6 Party 7 Party 8

75691

In Figure 4-2, Switch 2 supports branching and Switch 3 does not. When PNNI sets up the P2MP connection to parties 1 through 4, it determines that the Switch 2 outgoing interface supports branching, so PNNI establishes 1 SVC between Switch 1 and 2.

Switch 3 in Figure 4-2 does not support branching, so Switch 1, which does support branching, establishes 4 SVCs to Switch 3. The destination for each SVC must be a leaf, so four leaf end points are established on Switch 3, one for each party. The four leaf end points can be on one interface, or they can be spread out on multiple interfaces. A leaf end point is an SVC endpoint.

Farthest-node branching is a PNNI feature that takes advantage of branching when it is available. Switch 1 could have originated a separate connection for each party on Switch 2, but this would have required 4 SVCs instead of 1, and all four would be carrying the same data. Farthest node branching improves network efficiency by reducing the number of SVCs required for P2MP connections and by reducing the bandwidth requirements for P2MP connections.

Previous software releases disabled branching with the branching restricted option. This option is now set by default to enable branching. If the network includes a node that does not support branching, the farthest branching node from the root creates an SVC for every downstream party.

Note This release does not support the P2MP leaf-initiated join feature, and leaf endpoints cannot use a P2MP

connection to communicate with other leaf endpoints.

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INDEX

Numerics

0-length prefix 4-3

ABR

description

route selection parameter 4-7

addcon command 4-3, 4-5, 4-8

addpnni-node command 1-6

address

AINI prefix

default 3-10

destination 3-2

formats 3-3

IISP prefix 3-12

ILMI prefix 3-12

plan guidelines 3-13

planning 3-1

registration authorities 3-6

route selection parameter 4-7

selection 3-11

source 3-1

SPVC prefix 3-12

static 3-13

worksheet, node 3-18

worksheet, port 3-19

address summarization, PNNI 3-2

administrative weight

See AW

AESA

AESA-embedded E.164 3-4

4-4

3-12

3-14, 4-10

AINI

MGX 8850 support

1-8

planning address prefixes 3-12

SES support 1-8

topology definition 1-8

version 2-1

American National Standards Institute 3-6

ANSI 3-6

APS 2-5

ATM addresses

default address

3-10

formats 3-3

ILMI prefix 3-12

plan guidelines 3-13

planning 3-1

registration authorities 3-6

selection 3-11

SPVC prefix 3-12

static 3-13

ATM End Station Address

See AESA

ATM public network, PNNI level limitation

audience, for this document xi

Automatic Protection System

See APS

available bit rate

See ABR

available cell rate

See AvCR

AvCR

definition

4-2

route selection parameter 4-7

3-9

Part Number OL-3847-01 Rev. D0, April, 2004

Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

IN-1

Index

AW 4-1

default value 5040 4-1

definition 4-1

route selection parameter 4-7

bandwidth overbooking 4-2, 4-3

best fit 4-6

border nodes

definition

1-8

planning guidelines 2-7

BPX 8600 1-1

branching

farthest-node

4-11

P2MP 4-9

British Standards Institution 3-6

BSI 3-6

calls barred 3-16

caution symbol, defined xii

CBR

description

route selection parameter 4-7

CDV

definition

route selection parameter 4-7

cell delay variation

See CDV

cells per second

cell transfer delay

See CTD

child peer group

Cisco.com xxvii

Cisco BPX 8600 1-1

4-4

4-2

1-5, 1-6

Cisco MGX 8850

AINI support

1-8

hierarchical PNNI support 1-4

Cisco MGX 8880 Media Gateway 1-1

Cisco MGX switches 1-1

Cisco Service Expansion Shelf

See SES

Cisco TAC

See TAC

Cisco WAN Manager

See CWM

class of service

4-7

Closed User Group

See CUG

CLR0+1, route selection parameter

CLR0, route selection parameter 4-7

cnfcon command 4-5, 4-8

cnfe164justify command 3-15

cnfpnni-election command 1-6

cnfpnni-routing-policy command 4-5

cnfpnportsig command 4-8

complex node representation 1-7

connections

destination endpoint

3-1

master endpoint 3-1

slave endpoint 3-1

source endpoint 3-1

constant bit rate

See CBR

conventions, documentation

xii

cps 4-2

CTD

definition

4-2

route selection parameter 4-7

4-7

Part Number OL-3847-01 Rev. D0, April, 2004

Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

IN-2

Index

CUG

calls barred

configuration worksheet 3-19

default address 3-18

explicit 3-16

external access control 3-17

implicit 3-16

index 3-15

interlock code 3-15

internal access control 3-16

overview 3-14

preferential 3-16, 3-17

selection 3-15

specifications 3-15

user 3-14

cumulative AW 4-2

CWM 3-14

3-16

objectives xi

obtaining xxx

ordering xxvii

organization xi

recommended order of use xiv

that ships with products xxii

E.164 addresses

format

right-justified 3-15

end point 4-10

end point reference 4-10

explicit CUG 3-16

3-4

database

PNNI

PNNI network 1-1

data country code

See DCC

DCC

default CUG address 3-18

destination address 3-2

destination endpoint, connection 3-1

Deutsche Industrie-Normen 3-6

Dijkstra SPF algorithm 4-4

DIN 3-6

directed route 4-7

documentation

changes for this release

conventions xii

descriptions of manuals xxii

feedback xxix

manuals for each product release xvi

3-1

3-4

xxviii

farthest-node branching 4-11

first fit 4-6

foreign address 3-2

grooming 4-8

hardware, redundant 2-5

Hello packets 1-2

hierarchical PNNI 3-7

benefits 1-8

definition 1-3

planning guidelines 2-7

PNNI level 3-7

hop 2-6, 4-2

Part Number OL-3847-01 Rev. D0, April, 2004

Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

IN-3

Index

ICD 3-4

IISP

Cisco enhanced

1-9

planning address prefixes 3-12

topology definition 1-9

version 2-1

ILMI

address prefix

3-12

version 2-1

implicit CUG 3-16

index, CUG 3-15

inside link 1-8

Interim Inter-Switch Protocol

See IISP

interlock code

3-15

international code designator

SeeICD

International Telecommunications Union

IOTA 3-6

ISO National Administrative Authority 3-6

ITU 3-6

leaf, P2MP 4-10

leaf-initiated join 4-11

LGN 1-4, 3-8

link

adjacent peer groups

external network 2-6

inside 1-8

metrics 4-1

MGX and SES link selection 4-6

outside 1-8

parallel links 2-5

link state protocol 1-1

2-6

3-6

load balancing 4-6

parallel links 2-5

route selection option 4-7

logical group node

See LGN

logical nucleus

1-7

logical spokes 1-7

LOS 1-2

loss of signal 1-2

MAC address 3-11

manuals

See documentation

master endpoint, connection

maxCR

definition

4-3

route selection parameter 4-7

maximum cell rate

See maxCR

MCR

4-3

metrics, links and routes 4-1

MGX 8850

AINI support

1-8

hierarchical PNNI support 1-4

MGX 8880 Media Gateway 1-1

MGX switches 1-1

minimum cell rate 4-3

MPG

See hierarchical PNNI

multicasting

4-10

multiple links

adjacent peer groups

external network 2-6

multiple paths 2-6

multiple peer groups

See hierarchical PNNI

multipoint branch restriction

3-1

2-6

4-9

IN-4

Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

Part Number OL-3847-01 Rev. D0, April, 2004

Index

network database 1-1

network planning, physical network 2-5

nodal address worksheet 3-18

nodal transit restriction 4-9

node

border

1-8

complex node representation 1-7

definition 1-2

simple node representation 1-6

non-real-time variable bit rate

See nrt-VBR

note symbol, defined

xii

nrt-VBR

description

4-4

route selection parameter 4-7

nucleus 1-7

on-demand routing 4-1, 4-6

outside link 1-8

overbooking factor 4-2

P2MP

BPX/SES specifications

branching 4-9

branching, service module support 4-10

branch restriction 4-9

connection leaf 4-10

connection party 4-10

connection root 4-10

farthest-node branching 4-11

leaf-initiated join 4-11

MGX switch specifications 2-3

overview 4-9

2-4

parallel links 2-5

party, P2MP 4-10

pass-through connection, blocking 4-9

paths 2-6

peer group ID 3-10

peer group leader

See PGL

peer groups

ID selection

3-10

leaders 1-6

multiple

See hierarchical PNNI

single

1-2

PGL 1-5

definition 1-6

planning guidelines 2-7

priority 1-6, 2-7

physical network planning 2-5

planning, physical network 2-5

PNNI

address summarization

3-2

definition 1-1

hierarchical 3-7

level limitation, public networks 3-9

level selection 3-6

network database 1-1

networking specifications

MGX

2-2

SES 2-3

peer group ID 3-10

route selection 4-1

routing protocol 3-1

routing table 3-1

signaling protocol 3-1

software releases 1-1

topology database 3-1

version 2-1

PNNI Topology State Element

See PTSE

Part Number OL-3847-01 Rev. D0, April, 2004

Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

IN-5

Index

PNNI topology state packets 1-2

Point-to-Multipoint

See P2MP

port address worksheet

3-19

port multicasting 4-10

preferential CUG 3-16, 3-17

preferred route 4-7

routing

preferred

4-1

prefix

AINI

3-12

IISP 3-12

ILMI 3-12

SPVC 3-12

priority bumping 4-8, 4-9

priority routing 4-8

processor switch module 1-2

protocol, link state 1-1

PTSE 1-2, 3-7

PTSP 1-2

publications

See documentation

public ATM network

PNNI level limitation

3-9

PXM 1-2

root 4-10

route

CDV

4-2

CTD 4-2

directed 4-7

maxCR 4-3

metrics 4-1

preferred 4-7

route selection 4-1

AvCR 4-7

AW 4-7

best fit 4-6

first fit 4-6

load balancing 4-7

maxCR 4-7

routing

on-demand

4-6

preferred 4-7

SPT 4-3

routing control channel 1-2

routing priority 4-8

routing protocol, PNNI 3-1

routing table, PNNI 3-1

rt-VBR

description

4-4

route selection parameter 4-7

QoS 4-1, 4-6

quality of service

See QoS

RCC 1-2

real-time variable bit rate

See rt-VBR

redundant hardware

Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

IN-6

2-5

Service Expansion Shelf

See SES

SES

1-1

AINI support 1-8

hierarchical PNNI support 1-4

shortest path table

See SPT

signaling protocol, PNNI

simple node representation 1-6

3-1

Part Number OL-3847-01 Rev. D0, April, 2004

Index

single peer group

definition

1-2

planning guidelines 2-6

PNNI level 3-7

slave endpoint, connection 3-1

slot multicasting 4-10

soft reroute 4-9

software, PNNI support 1-1

source address 3-1

source endpoint, connection 3-1

specifications 2-1

spokes 1-7

SPT

definition

4-1

introduction 4-3

routing 4-3

SPVC and SPVP usage 4-5

SVC and SVP usage 4-5

SPVC address prefix 3-12

standards 2-1

static ATM addresses, planning 3-13

TAC

case priority definitions

opening a case xxix

website xxix

technical assistance

obtaining

xxix

Technical Assistance Center

See TAC

tips symbol, defined

TM 4.0 2-1

xxx

xii

topology

AINI topology definition

hierarchical PNNI

benefits

1-8

definition 1-3

planning 3-7

IISP topology definition 1-9

MPG

See hierarchical PNNI

single peer group

1-2

topology database, PNNI 3-1

Traffic Management 4.0 2-1

transit restriction 4-9

UBR

description

4-4

route selection parameter 4-7

UNI

version

2-1

unspecified bit rate

See UBR

user, CUG

3-14

user-network interface

See UNI

VC 1-2

virtual circuit 1-2

1-8

Part Number OL-3847-01 Rev. D0, April, 2004

worksheets

CUG configuration

3-19

node address 3-18, 3-19

port address 3-19

Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

IN-7

Index

IN-8

Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

Part Number OL-3847-01 Rev. D0, April, 2004

Cisco Network Router User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Cisco PNNI Network Planning Guide for MGX and SES Products, Release 5

CONTENTS

Objectives

About This Guide

Audience

Organization

Conventions

Documentation

Documentation Notes for the April 2004 Product Releases

Related Documentation

Technical Manual Order of Use

Technical Manual Titles and Descriptions

Obtaining Documentation

Cisco.com

Ordering Documentation

Finding Documentation for Cisco MGX, BPX, SES, and CWM Products

Changes to This Document

Documentation Feedback

Obtaining Technical Assistance

Cisco TAC Website

Opening a TAC Case

Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

TAC Case Priority Definitions

Introduction to PNNI

The PNNI Network Database

The Single Peer Group Topology

The Hierarchical PNNI Network Topology

Peer Group Leaders

Simple Node Representation

Complex Node Representation

PNNI Internetworking with AINI

Border Nodes

Hierarchical PNNI Network Benefits

PNNI Internetworking with IISP

Interoperability and Performance Planning

Compatible Standards

Specifications

Connection Limit Adjustments

Physical Network Planning

Install Redundant Hardware in Switches

Parallel Links Between Adjacent Switches

Planning Guidelines for Individual Peer Groups

Multiple Links Between Adjacent Peer Groups

Multiple Links to an External Network

Multiple Paths Between Network Nodes

Planning Guidelines for Hierarchical Networks

Planning Guidelines for Peer Group Leaders

Planning Guidelines for Border Nodes

Address and Closed User Group Planning

Address Planning Overview

Planning Address Configuration Settings

Guidelines for Selecting an Address Format

Address Registration Authorities

Selecting a PNNI Level

Selecting the PNNI Peer Group ID

Selecting the ATM Address

Selecting the ILMI Address Prefix

Selecting the SPVC Address Prefix

Planning Address Prefixes for AINI and IISP Links

Selecting Static Addresses for UNI Ports

Additional Guidelines for Creating an Address Plan

Closed User Group Overview

Planning CUG Configuration Settings

Selecting an Interlock Code

Selecting an Index

Selecting CPE Addresses

Selecting Internal CUG Access Options

Selecting External CUG Access Options

Specifying a Preferential CUG

Worksheets

Selecting a Default CUG Address

Planning Intermediate Route Selection

How MGX and SES Nodes Select Routes

Link and Route Metrics

Administrative Weight

Cell Transfer Delay