Cisco Systems 7920 User Manual 3

Site Survey Guide for Deploying Cisco 7920 IP Phones

April 2005

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Text Part Number: OL-6315-01

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Site Survey Guide for Deploying Cisco 7920 IP Phones

Copyright © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preface v

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

1 Overview 1-1

Recommendations for Successful VoIP Surveys 1-1

Getting started 1-2

Minimum Requirements for WIPT Cells 1-4
The Ideal WIPT Environment 1-5
Data Rate and Signal Strength Considerations 1-6

Multi-floor survey 1-7
Comparison of a Manual Survey and an Automated Survey 1-8

2 Survey Tools 2-1

Survey Tools for Packet Jitter 2-11

3 Surveying for Cell Capacity and Channel Re-Use 3-1

Survey Design for Cell Capacity 3-1

4 Conducting a WIPT Survey 3

How To Survey for the WIPT 3

Channel Re-Use 4
Manual Survey for the WIPT 5
Automated Survey for the WIPT 6

CHAPTER

APPENDIX

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5 Positioning Access Points and Antennas for

Site Surveys

4-1

Access Point Positioning 4-1

Antennas and Antenna Positioning 4-2

A Additional Sources of Information A-1

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Contents

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Preface

This document provides instructions and guidelines for conducting a site survey for wireless LANs using
Voice over IP (VoIP) on Cisco 7920 IP Phones.

With the introduction of voice to a predominantly wireless data network the methodology of site surveys
will have to be altered. Voice over WLAN is a new application to wireless technology. Many of the
survey techniques used for WLAN must be updated.

This document is intended to identify many of the recommended techniques and tools needed to
successfully deploy VoIP over an 802.11 wireless network. The recommendations made in this document
supersede all other guides on doing site surveys. However, other site survey guides or training documents
are valuable and a necessary prerequisite to this recommendation guide.

Surveying for wireless voice coverage requires more effort and time than for data-only coverage at the
same site. A voice survey requires planning of coverage plus the planning of capacity. Wireless data is
less susceptible to disruption than wireless voice when it comes to cell overlap, RF noise, and packet
delay.

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CHAPTER

1

Overview

This document begins by identifying the specific radio environmental values that are needed for a
successful voice deployment.

Note Cisco offers a Cisco Aironet Wireless Site Survey class for technical individuals who will be performing

site surveys for wireless LAN solutions. This white paper does not replace the information in the site
survey class. Cisco recommends that wireless LAN survey technicians take the Aironet Wireless Site
Survey class as a requisite. Cisco also recommends that technicians study the Cisco Wireless IP Phone
7920 Deployment Recommendations before studying this white paper.

There are two types of wireless LAN VoIP surveys:

• A survey performed with Wireless IP Telephony (WIPT) handsets

• A survey that simulates WIPT operation

Cisco recommends that, if possible, you install the VoIP network following AVVID design guidelines
before surveying for a WIPT network.

Tip Click this link to browse to a library of AVVID design guides:

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/largeent/it/ese/srnd.html

Recommendations for Successful VoIP Surveys

The most effective surveys are performed using Cisco access points and Cisco WIPT handsets on active
calls through Cisco’s Call Manager. In the site survey, it is important that you test performance from the
source to the end point and also from the end point to the source. For example, your WIPT site survey
should use a wired VoIP phone (such as a Cisco 7960) in the core of the network to a WIPT (such as a
Cisco 7920) handset with a live conversation going in both directions. The Cisco 7920 WIPT handset
enables you to audibly monitor the quality of the call. Cisco also recommends that you use the
customer’s actual handset configuration when performing the survey.

Cisco considers it necessary to re-survey for voice at a site that has a trouble-free WLAN data network.
Voice traffic is isochronous—to be usable, it must be transmitted without delay. Voice traffic has strict
resource requirements for guaranteed bandwidth, low latency, low jitter, and low packet loss. The 7920
G.711 codec voice packets require a guaranteed bandwidth of 80 kbps. The G.711 packets have a
160-byte payload plus a 40-byte RTP/UDP/IP protocol overhead. Typically, voice packets are sent every
20 milliseconds (ms), and a corresponding service rate is expected from the network by the voice
application. A delay or loss of two or more contiguous voice packets is generally noticeable as quality

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Recommendations for Successful VoIP Surveys

degradation. This quality requirement also dictates the need for a fast roaming solution between access
points where the network can reassociate a client to a new access point within 100 ms (that is, without
suffering at most one packet delay or loss). People often walk around while talking on the phone, so users
making voice calls tend to roam more than users of wireless computers. Users of wireless computers
roam, but because very few users walk and use their computers at the same time, computer users are not
using their computers when the roam occurs.

Because it might not be possible to have a VoIP network and WLAN network in place before the WIPT
site survey, this document also describes a WIPT site survey process using standard wireless client cards
and utilities.

Cisco recommends that all WIPT site surveys use diversity enabled access points and diversity antennas
because a diversity configuration provides better throughput performance. A simple throughput test
using an FTP data transfer of 50 MB in an office environment (with low multi-path signals) shows a
3-second improvement when using a diversity configuration. Diversity configurations are especially
important in environments such as shop floors and hospitals, which often have heavy multi-path signals.

Cisco also recommends that you use 256-byte packets when you perform receive and transmit tests
during the survey. Voice traffic consists of two-way transmissions, usually a burst of packets in one
direction followed by a burst of packets in the other direction. You should check performance, error
rates, and signal levels in both directions.

This document also describes how to use signal levels and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in WIPT site
surveys. WLAN site surveys that use only signal level tests are designed to identify the wireless network
coverage area. Previous site surveys have shown that signal level tests alone are not sufficient for voice
traffic and many times are not sufficient for data traffic. WIPT site surveys must also consider voice call
capacity within a wireless cell. Currently, call loading is 7 active voice calls per channel using the G711
codec. This number is based on simultaneous requirements for data clients and quality voice calls with
current data rates and packet sizes. Cisco recommends that all WIPT site surveys and installations use
non-overlapping channels. For 802.11b/g operation the non-overlapping channels are a minimum of 5
radio channels apart. Cisco also recommends that you use a data rate of 11 Mbps to determine the cell
size for the Cisco 7920 WIPT handset. If other data rates are allowed, call capacity might be substantially
lower.

Chapter 1 Overview

Getting started

Part of any site survey is measuring the noise level within a wireless cell. Noise levels vary from site to
site and also within different locations of a site. The noise level affects a radio’s ability to receive data
or voice packets. Figure 1-1 uses the Cisco Aironet Client Utility (ACU) and a Cisco PCM350 client
adapter to identify the noise level, signal strength, and SNR at a specific location with a wireless cell.
The ACU window shows that the signal strength is –48 dBm, the noise level is –92 dBm, and the SNR
is 44 dB.

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Recommendations for Successful VoIP Surveys

Figure 1-1 ACU Site Survey Window

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Noise is defined as a 2.4-GHz signal that is not in an 802.11 DSSS format but is in the frequency range
of the access point’s configured channel. The noise can originate from an 802.11 2.4-GHz
frequency-hopping radio, a 2.4-GHz wireless phone, a 2.4-GHz HAM radio, a Microwave oven, or a
Bluetooth radio. Signals from a distant out-of-network 802.11b or 802.11g radio may also be seen as
noise. Any 2.4-GHz signal that the access point cannot decode is considered noise. However, valid data
packets from 802.11b or 802.11g radios that are not associated to the access point are considered data
traffic. Those packets are decoded by the access point and client devices but are discarded. However,
they increase the channel utilization on the access point, thus limiting the number of voice clients that
can associate. Same-channel interference must be minimized.

If the signal strength on a valid packet is higher than the receiver threshold of the access point radio or
the client device radio, the data packet is decoded. Most 802.11 radios have a receiver sensitivity value
of –94 dBm to –85 dBm at a data rate of 1 Mbps (the lower the dBm value, the better the radio’s receiver
sensitivity). Radio receiver sensitivity changes with data rates; for example, an access point radio might
have a receiver sensitivity of –94 dBm at 1 Mbps, but the radio sensitivity might be –84 dBm at 11 Mbps.

The access point discards random data traffic--valid packets that can be decoded but which are not from
clients associated to the access point. Random data traffic can originate from a shared media or from a
client device that is transmitting at a data rate that the access point does not support.

In Figure 1-1, the noise level reported by the ACU is –92 dBm and the PCM350 receiver sensitivity at
11 Mbps is –84 dBm, which provides a margin of 8 dB at the receiver. A signal strength value of –48
dBm less the noise value of –92 dBm equals an SNR of 44 dB as reported by the ACU (see Figure 1-2).

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Figure 1-2 Signal to Noise Ratio

Chapter 1 Overview

Minimum Requirements for WIPT Cells

Table 1- 1 lists the minimum values for voice and data cells. For WIPT cells, Cisco recommends that the

cell edge be –67 dBm and the SNR be 25 dB using a data rate of 11 Mbps. These values are much more
restrictive than those needed for data because of the sensitivity to delays and retries for voice clients.

Table 1-1 Minimum Signal Strength and Signal to Noise Ratios for Voice and Data Cells

Data Cell WIPT Cell

Minimum Cell
Edge Signal

Data Rate (Mbps)

54 –71 25 — —

36 –73 18 — —

24 –77 12 — —

12 or 11 –82 10 –67 25

6 or 5.5 –89 8 –74 23

2 –91 6 –76 21

1 –94 4 –79 19

Figure 1-3 shows how the difference in transmit powers between the access point and the WIPT client

creates different effective ranges. The 5 mW signal probably would continue all the way to the access
point, but if the access point antennas do not have enough gain to make up the difference in received
signal of the WIPT client, then the WIPT packets will not be decoded. A high-gain antenna on an access
point will receive a signal from a 5-mW client from a greater distance than a low-gain antenna. It is the

Strength Minimum SNR

Minimum Cell
Edge Signal
Strength Minimum SNR

1-4

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Chapter 1 Overview

Recommendations for Successful VoIP Surveys

difference in transmitter power and receiver sensitivity that matters because the gain of an antenna is
reciprocal. To verify the cell coverage edge of –67 dBm while the client is actively sending and receiving
voice size packets, check the access point’s Station Information and Status page for a dBm value of
–67 dBm or higher.

Figure 1-3 Transmit Power Imbalance

100mW

The Ideal WIPT Environment

Figure 1-4 shows the ideal WIPT cell with the recommended cell edge signal strength value of -67 dBm

at an 11-Mbps data rate and the recommended same-channel separation of 19 dBm at an 11-Mbps data
rate. The two yellow cells have a cell edge of –67 dBm. The measured overlap of a channel should not
exceed –86 dBm (from the center of the measured cell to the edge of the neighboring cell of the same
channel). This is the value of –67 dBm plus the 19 dBm for separation. Keeping the separation at 19 dBm
between same-channel cells produces a cell with minimal throughput degradation because of media
contention. This helps maintain up to 7 good-quality WIPT calls in a cell.

Figure 1-4 Ideal WIPT Environment

The radius of the
cell should be:
67 dBm

5mW

A typical deployment showing a 15-20% overlap
from each of the adjoining cells.

Provides almost complete redundancy throughout
the cell

The separation of
same channel cells
should be:
19 dBm
7920 RSSI=20

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Channel

1

Channel

11

Channel

6

67dB

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Recommendations for Successful VoIP Surveys

Figure 1-4 also illustrates the recommended overlap of 15 to 20 percent for WIPT cells (larger than the

10 to 15 percent for data cells). The reason for the increase in overlap is to provide enough capacity for
quality calls, efficient roams, and better load balancing. With a 15% to 20% overlap the call capacity
would be double that of a cell without overlap. However, it is important to avoid excess overlap because
it can cause frequent roams by the WIPT clients which may result in lower quality calls.

Data Rate and Signal Strength Considerations

You should consider data rate and signal strength before beginning any WIPT site survey. Signal strength
or transmitting power of the access point radio combines the configured transmit power of the access
point and the antenna attached to it. If an additional antenna cable is placed between the access point and
the existing antenna cable, there is a loss in transmitted power. Generally, the longer the cable between
the access point and the antenna, the lower the transmitted signal strength will be. The combination of
radio transmit power, antenna cable loss, and antenna gain is known as Effective Isotropic Radiated
Power (EIRP). For example, if the 100mW transmit power of the radio equals 20 dBm, the loss of a
100-foot cable is 6 dB, and the gain of an antenna is 3 dBi, the result is an EIRP of 17 dBm. Using the
EIRP value of 17 dBm from this example and considering the receiver sensitivity of the Cisco 7920
radio, the coverage area in an open office without noise would be about 140 feet from the access point
at a data rate of 11 Mbps.

This example highlights the guidelines for surveying for the Cisco 7920 WIPT handset. Cisco
recommends an access point data rate configuration of 11 Mbps for WIPT cells. The faster data rate
means that packets take less time to be received and results in higher call quality. The 1-Mbps data rate
has a theoretical throughput of 650,000 bits per second for 256-byte packets. The codec used by the
Cisco 7920 has a packet size of 236 bytes. The data rate of 11 Mbps has a theoretical throughput of
2,000,000 bits per second for 256-byte packets. This means the Cisco 7920 packets require almost 4
times more time at the 1 Mbps than at the11-Mbps data rate. Another important reason for using the
11-Mbps data rate is the reduced cell size. At 11 Mbps, the 802.11b/g radio of the access point has an
open office cell size with a radius of 160 feet. The 1-Mbps cell size for the same radio has a radius of
over 400 feet. The larger the cell size, the more clients that can be active in the cell. For the Cisco 7920,
we recommend only 7 handsets in a cell, which results in better quality calls.

Chapter 1 Overview

1-6

The data rates configured on the access point depend on the other types of client devices used at the
customer site. The customer might have an installed base of legacy 802.11 clients that require support
of a 2-Mbps data rate. It is highly unlikely that any 802.11b network would need support for a data rate
of 1 Mbps. This rate should be disabled because it uses long headers, and the slowest required data rate
is the data rate used by the access point to send 802.11 control and management packets. Other
configuration parameters that could have negative impact on legacy 802.11 performance are short
headers and beacon rates. The 350 series access point, the 1100 series access point, and 1200 series
access point running Cisco IOS software default to short headers, as do the Cisco 7920 handsets.

Note Older clients might require long headers. The Cisco 7920 works correctly with long headers, as should

all client devices.

802.11b might use a long 144-bit preamble or a shorter 72-bit preamble. The short preamble cuts 96 ms
off the transmission time of every packet. It can significantly improve performance, especially for
smaller-sized voice packets. There is a throughput hit with long headers of about 500,000 kbps with a
256-byte packet at the 11-Mbps data rate.

Note An 802.11 transmission channel is simplex only. Only one device can transmit at a time, exactly like

shared Ethernet.

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Chapter 1 Overview

The characteristics of VoIP require a meticulous WIPT site survey. To avoid a call with jitter, the delay
variation between packets should not exceed 30 ms. The one-way delay should not exceed 150 ms and
packet loss should not exceed one percent. Surveying for a one percent packet loss is important because
VoIP uses the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP), which does not retransmit for lost packets. Voice
packets are small but are sent at consistent intervals. The 7920 client assumes that it has lost its
connection to an access point if it misses 3 consecutive beacons. The access point sends a beacon every
100 ms, which means that the Cisco 7920 looks for another access point if it does not see beacons every
300 ms from the access point to which it is associated.

Multi-floor survey

At many sites it is important to consider the effect of above-floor and below-floor coverage. An antenna
placed near a ceiling in a multi-floor facility can easily provide coverage to the floor above. There will
be considerable loss in dBm signal strength, but the signal can still have enough quality to be usable.
Depending on the capacity, throughput, and coverage requirement for the site, the power of the access
point may be turned down to minimize the signal coverage between floors. An Omni antenna propagates
directly above it into the floor above. A patch antenna will also propagate signal into the floor above,
but not directly above as the Omni antenna will. Although directional antennas help focus the signal
energy in a particular direction, which can help to overcome fading and multipath signals, multipath
signals reduce the focused power of a directional antenna and the amount of multipath seen by a user at
a long distance from the access point can be much greater. Directional antennas used indoors typically
are low gain (5 dBi to 10 dBi), and therefore have lower front-to-back and front-to-side lobe ratios. This
reduces the radio’s ability to reject or reduce the interference signals received from directions outside
the primary lobe area. A low-gain directional antenna, such as a 6.5-dBi patch, will receive signal from
the sides and the back, but the primary coverage area will be forward. The coverage in Figure 1-5
represents an Omni antenna coverage. The cell coverage overlap and same-channel separation should be
maintained at a multi-floor site.

Recommendations for Successful VoIP Surveys

Figure 1-5 Survey in a Building with Multiple Floors

Different types of facilities, such as hospitals and schools, have different signal propagation patterns,
multipath levels, and attenuation levels.

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Recommendations for Successful VoIP Surveys

Comparison of a Manual Survey and an Automated Survey

Figure 1-6 shows an actual hospital survey done using AirMagnet Surveyor with an 802.11b Cisco

PCM350 client card. Four panels on the AirMagnet window show the survey results. The top-left panel
shows that the survey data was collected in passive mode. The middle left panel shows the access points
seen by the survey client while doing the passive mode walkabout to collect survey data. The right panel
shows the floor plan that was imported and the strength of signal as reported by the client walkabout for
the survey area. The dark green to light blue colors indicate that the signal strength on the floor of the
hospital wing varied from -30 dBm to -55 dBm. The five access points that are located on the floor are
tagged with their MAC addresses. The room walls on this floor had 6 dB of attenuation and the doors
had 7 dB of attenuation. The through-floor attenuation was 7 dB.

Figure 1-6 Hospital Floor Survey with AirMagnet Surveyor

Chapter 1 Overview

1-8

Figure 1-7 shows the manual survey results of a group of survey engineers. The AirMagnet Surveyor

report shows a remarkable similarity to the manual survey. The survey in Figure 1-6 shows that
throughout the floor the signal is above -65 dBm. The manual survey was done with a cell edge
requirement of -65 dBm. The manual survey was completed several weeks before the AirMagnet
Surveyor survey. The floor plans used for AirMagnet Surveyor were imported from the drawings
provided by the contracted survey team. By necessity, the survey team spent a great deal of time
determining the proper location, power settings, and antenna types to be used on the floor. However, the
AirMagnet Surveyor provided an updated survey in a couple of minutes from a walkabout that took less
than 20 minutes.

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Recommendations for Successful VoIP Surveys

Figure 1-7 Hospital Floor Survey by a Survey Crew

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