Chino IR-M22 SERIES, IR-M21 SERIES Instructions Manual

INST No INE -403-0P0
IR-M2
□□□
Series
INFRARED MOISTURE METER DESIGNED AS A FIBER OPTIC
(Model : IR-M21
□□
,IR-M22
□□
)
Please be sure to deliver these instructions with the unit to the end user.
Always keep these instruction with the unit.
INST No INE -403-0P0
C1
Request to designers, instrument controllers, and sale agents
Delivery this instruction manual to the operator of this instrument without fail.
Request to the operator of this instrument
This instruction manual is necessary for maintenance, too. Keep this manual with due care until the instrument is discarded.
FOR SAFE USE
For the purpose of using this unit safely, observe the following cautions for safety during the operation, maintenance, and repair of this unit without fail. Take safety measures separately against wrong operation, troubles, and other circumstances of this unit.
The following warning mark is struck to this unit to enable users to use
this unit safely.
 
This instruction manual uses the following symbol marks for safe use.
           
PREFACERequests and notices
Thank you for your purchase of IR-M21□□□□, IR-M22□□□□series Infrared m oisture meter designed as a fiber optic. Please read this instruction manual without fail for using this instrument correctly and safely and also preventing troubles in advance.
1.For the contents of this manual, alteration is reserved without notice in the future.
2.This manual has been prepared by making assurance doubly sure about its contents.
However, if any question arises or if any error, an omission, or other deficiencies were found, please inform your nearest CHINO’s sales agent of them.
3.Y ou are requested to understand that CHINO is not responsible for any operation
results.
Note
This warning mark is struck to the portions being subject to an electric shock
acc
ident. Turn off the power supply of the feed source without fail before starting
wiring, maintenance, and repair.
Observe this caution item strictly for avoiding a danger, otherwise negligence of this caution may possibly cause troubles of this unit and accidents
Observe this caution item strictly, otherwise negligence of this caution may cause the damage of the unit or measuring errors.
This mark is described in each title covering      or   instructions.
War ning
Caution
Warning
DANGER
Refere nce
Information that you can use as a reference.
INST No INE -403-0P0
−C2
Power supply
Make sure that the power voltage of this unit meets the feed power voltage without fail before feeding power to this unit.
Protective grounding
Perform the protective grounding without fail before turning on the power supply of this unit for the purpose of preventing an electric shock accident.
Necessity of protective grounding
Don’t cut the internal or external protective grounding wire of this unit nor disconnect the wiring at the protective grounding terminal.
A defect of protective functions
Don’t operate this unit, if the protective grounding, fuse, or other protective functions seem to be defective. Check the protective functions for defects before operating this unit.
Use in a gaseous atmosphere
Never operate this unit at a place where a combustible gas, an explosive gas or their vapors exist., otherwise a very dangerous accident will occur.
Never touch the interior by hand.
This unit is internally provided with high-voltage circuits. Never touch the interior by hand when the voltage is applied to this unit.
External connections
Perform the protective grounding securely without fail before connecting this unit to a measuring object and/or an external control circuit.
      
CAUTIONS FOR SAFETY
INST No INE -403-0P0          
−C3
CONTENTS
1.General
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
1
1.1Summary
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
1
1.2Configuration
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
1
2 .Model s and accessories
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
2
2.1Models・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 2
2.1.1 Detector unit
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
2
2.1.2 Reflective type fiver
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
2
2.1.3 Output checker plate for reflective type fiver optics
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
2
2.1.4 Reflective type fiver opt ics with lens attachment 2
2.1.5 Output checker plate for reflective type fiver optics with lens attachment
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
2
2.1.6 Transparent type fiver optics
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
2
2.1.7 Measuring cell for liquids
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
2
2.1.8 Connection cable
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
2
2.2Accessories
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
2
3.Setting
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
3
3.1Settin g of dispswitches ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 3
3.2Installation of reflective type fiver optics ・・・・・・ 5
3.2.1 Installation of tip part・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 5
3.2.2 Air purge(Only IR-WCRN)・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 6
3.2.3 Connections with detector unit ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 6
3.2.4 Optical path ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 7
3.2.5 Measuring place
(for objects of pulverized or granul ar substance) 7
3.2.6 For the objects in sheet state such as paper, etc.7
3.3Installation of transparent type fiver optics ・・・・ 8
3.3.1 Installation of cell for liquids ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 8
3.3.2 Connections with detector unit ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 9
3.3.3 Disassemble cleaning ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 9
3.4Installation of detector unit ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・10
3.4.1 Outside and mounting dimensions of
detector unit ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・10
4. Connections
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
11
4.1Connections
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
11
4.2Layout of connection cable
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
11
4.3Multi -detector connections
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
12
4.3.1 Connections through relay box
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
12
4.3.2 Connections without rela y box
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
13
5.Names and functions of component parts
・・・
14
5.1Names and functions of detector unit
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
14
5.2Names and functions of setting display part
・ ・・・
15
6. Operation
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
16
6.1Confirmation before operation
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
16
6.2Setting of detector unit number
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
16
6.3Setting of calibration curve data
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
16
6.3.1 Setting data
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
17
6.3.2 Setting of calibration curve data
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
18
6.4Preparation of calibration curbe by knee point line approximation
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
18
6.4.1 Setting of knee point data
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
18
6.4.2 Knee point line setting data
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
19
6.4.3 Setting of calibration curbe data
for knee point line approximation
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
20
6.5 Setting of operating conditions
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
21
6.5.1 Setting data
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
21
6.5.2 Setting
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
23
6.6Calibration
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
23
6.7Setting of calibration curve number・・・・・・・・・24
6.8Correction of calibration curve
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
24
7.Preparation of calibration curve
・・・・・・・・・・
25
7.1Sample preparation ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 25
7.1.1 Powder or guranular
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
25
7.1.2 Paper(sheet substance)
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
26
! !
INST No INE -403-     
−C4−
7.1.3 Liquid
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
26
7.2Sample measuremernt ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 27
7.2.1 Powder or granular
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
27
7.2.2 Paper(sheet substance)
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
28
7.2.3 Liquid
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
28
7.3Preparation of calibration curves・・・・・・・・・・・ 29
7.3.1 Computation of regression expression
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
29
7.3.2 Confirmation of regression expression
・ ・・・ ・・・
30
8.Correction function by sample temprature from external input (option)
・・・・・・・・・・・・
31
8.1Summary ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 31
8.2Model・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 31
8.3Wiring of detector unit ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 31
8.4S etting of dipswitch ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 31
8.5Setting of correction enabled/disabled
by sample temperature ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 32
8.5.1 Setting at the detector unit
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
32
8.5.1 Setting at the display unit
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
32
8.6Setting of sample temperature scaling (Only 4 to 20mA DC) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 33
8.6.1 Setting at the det ector unit
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
33
8.6.2 Setting at the display unit
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
33
8.7Setting of sample temperature ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 33
8.8Setting of calibration curve data ・・・・・・・・・・・ 34
8.9Measurement ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 35
8.10Display of sample temperature Ts ・・・・・・・・・ 35
8.10.1 Display at the detector unit
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
35
8.10.2 Display at the set ting display unit
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
35
9.Inspection and maintenance
・・・・・・・・・・・・・
35
9.1Periodical inspection ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 35
9.2Self-diagnosis function ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 36
9.3 Measures against troubles not included in
self-diagnosis ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 37
9.4Maintenance parts・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 38
9.4.1 List of maintenance parts
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
38
9.4.2 Repla cement of light source lamp
・ ・・・・・・・・・ ・
38
9.4.3 Replacement of motor
・ ・・・・・・・・・ ・・・・・・・・・
39
9.4.4 Replacement of lithium batterty
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・
40
9.4.5 Replacement of power supply unit
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
41
9.4.5 Ram clearing
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
41
10.Specifications
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
42
10.1Detector unit ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・42
10.2Fiver optics ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・43
10.2.1 Reflective type fiver optics IR-WCRN
・ ・・・ ・・・
43
10.2.2 Output checker plate for reflective type fiver optics IR-WCNB
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
43
10.2.3 Raflective type fiver optics with lens IR-WCRE 43
10.2.4 Output checker plate for reflective type
fiver optics with lens IR-WCREB
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
43
10.2.5 Measuring cell for liquid IR-WCC1
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・
44
10.2.6 Transparent type fiver optics IR-WCT
・ ・・・ ・・
44
10.3Accessories ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・44
10.3.1 Power supply unit (conforming to CE) IR-WEP 44
10.3.2 Connection cable IR-WERT
・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・
44
CONTENTS
INST No. INE -403-0P0
1
1.1 Summary
The infrared moisture meter IR-M2 series is designed as a fiber optic moisture meter for on-line moisture meter utilizing infrared absorption of moisture, and it consists of a detector unit, a fiber optics, a setting display unit and accessories. The detector unit is provided with 99 built-in calibration curves to output linear analog signals according to the moisture. Since the detector unit provides keys, digital displays and communications function, it can be used as a single unit or combined with a personal computer. Two kinds of fiber optics, reflective type and transparent type, are available. The reflective type fiber optics is for moisture measurement in powder state or in sheet state objects and the transparent type fiber optics is for moisture measurement in liquids by combining with a measuring cell for liquids. Up to 9 detector unit can be connected with the setting display unit which can set various parameters of the detector unitand displays the moisture value digitally. Accessories including cables and output checker plate are available for various applications. This manual describes about the detector unit, the fiber optics (reflective type and transparent type), the measuring cell for liquids and accessories. For the setting display unit, refer to a separate instruction manual for it.
1.2 Configuration
1. General
C H DATA
Transpa rent type fib er op tics
IR-WCT
Reflective type fiber opticswith lens attachment IR-WCRE
Reflective type fiber opticsIR- WCRN
Measuring cell fo rliquids
IR-WCC1
Detector:Model for IR-M2
Analog output
IR-WERT (connection cable)
24V DC
IR-WEP (power supply unit)
IR- GMEG1 (settin g displayunit)
Optical fiber
RS- 485
Communication and Analogoutput
INST No. INE -403-0P0
2
2.1 Models
2.1.1 Detector unit IR-M2    
Measurement object
1: Universal type 2: High moisture type
Fiber optics combined
0: Reflective type 5: Transparent type
External input/output
0: Moisture output 4 to 20mA (Standard) 5: Correction input 4 to 20mA (Option) *1
8 :Correction input Pt100 (Option) *1
Communications interface
S : RS-485 (Standard) *2 R : RS-232C (Option) A : RS-422A (Option) *1
Special specification
Blank: None
x: Other special specification
2.1.2 Reflective type fiber IR-WCRN
   
2.1.3 Output checker plate for IR-WCRNB
reflective type fiber optics
2.1.4 Reflective type fiber optics with lens attachment IR-WCRE
2.1.5 Output checker plate for reflective
type fiber optics with lens attachment      IR-WCREB
2.1.6 Transparent type fiber optics          IR-WCT
2.1.7 Measuring cell for liquids     IR-WCC1
2.1.8 Connection cable          IR-WERT
2.2 Accessories
Component name Quantity
Remarks
Power supply unit (IR-WEP) 1no. S82K-05024 (Omron) Fuse 2 nos. SMP20 (Daito) Instruction manual 1 copy This document Communications instruction manual 1 copy Attached to IR-M2R/A only Inspection certificate 1 copy
2. Models and accessories
*1:
Combination of “5”
or “8” of
optional
external I/O and communications interface “A” is not
possible.
*2:Specify “S” for
combination with the setting display unit.
INST No. INE -403-0P0
3
3.1 Setting of dipswitch es
Set the internal dipswitches before installation of the detector unit.
1) Open a door, remove 4 screws for fixing a setting display part and then remove the setting display part.
2) The setting display part is connected to the interior through cables. Lift the setting display part with due care so as not to damage the cable and disconnect the connector for the setting display part at the position shown in the figure.
3) Set the dipswitches according to the working conditions.
3. Setting
Turn off the power supply before removing the setting display part. War ning
Loosen the se fou rscrews
CH
DATA
SEL
ENT
CH/
DIP switch 1
Connector fordisplay
INST No. INE -403-0P0
4
3.1 Setting of dipswitch es
SW Dipswitch
No
Function
OFF ON
Defaults
1 Measurement/
Calibration mode
Measurement mode
Calibration mode
OFF (Don’t change.)
2 Mathematical
operation format
Logarithm operation
Ratio operation ON (Don’t change.)
3 No.2 calibration
enable/disable
Disable Enable OFF
4 Connection
destination
Setting display
unit
PC
OFF : IR-M2 S ON : IR-M2R   IR-M2A
5 Key/display
enable/disable
Enable Disable OFF
6 Not used OFF 7
Correction input
enable/disable
Disable Enable OFF
8 Correction input 4 to 20mADC Pt100 OFF
3. Setting
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
O N
DIP switch 1
INST No. INE -403-0P0
5
3.2 Installation of reflective type fiber optics
There are two types of reflective type fiber optics. One is “Without lens (IR-WCRN)” and the other is “With lens (IR-WCRE)”.
3.2.1 Installation of tip part
Set an attached holder to the installation place first. Insert the tip of fiber optics into the hole of the holder and fix it by tightening the tip fixing screw. Two types of holder, horizontal mounting type and flange type are attached.
The tip of reflection type fiberoptics with lens attachment
The tip of reflection type
fiber opticswith lens attachment
23 27
84
64
(
Ø
3
0
)
(
Ø
3
0
)
64 80
12
30
42
12
70
28
2-Ø9Mountinghole
2-Ø9Mounting hole
Tipfixing screw
Tipfixing screw
Place the tip of fiber optics with t
he following measurement distance from
an object. Reflective type fiber optics 15 to 50mm
Reflective type fiber optics with lens 25 to 100mm
War ning
Fix the fiber optics with appropriate metal tools at several places
for
avoiding affect with vibrations, etc. Make sure not to bend the fiber
optics
below its minimum bending radius (100R).
Warning
[ Model for IR-WCRN ]
15mm
Ø
50
Ø
20
Ø
6
[ Model for IR-WCRE ]
100m
25mm
Ø
40
Ø
25
Ø
20
Tipfixing screw
17
14
40 50 16
7
The tip of reflectiontype fiberoptic s
(
Ø
1
6
)
2-Ø6.6Mountingho le
(
Ø
1
6
)
2-
Ø5.5
Mountinghole
The tipof reflection
typefiber optics
44
8
27
16
48
38
25
Tipfixingsc rew
1)Reflection-typefiber
2)Reflectiontypefiberoptics withlensattachment
3. Setting
INST No. INE -403-0P0
6
Purgeair inlet
Purge air flow:50 to 200Nl/min Purge air pressure:Lower than200kPa
3.2.2 Air purge (Only IR -WCRN)
When air purging is required, supply dry air not containing oil, dust, etc. from a purge air inlet. Connect a nylon tube of φ6mm in outer diameter and φ4mm in inner diameter to the purge air inlet. (When the reflection type fiber optics is used in ambient temperature more than 60°C, remove the purge air inlet and pipe to the screw hole of RC1/8 directly .
Purge air flow: 5 to 20NI/min Purge air pressure: Less than 200kPa (2kgf/cm2)
3.2.3 Connection s with detector unit
Connect the side being separated into two parts of light projecting side and light receiving side with the fiber optics connectors of the detector unit.
The fiber optics has “Light project ing
side (D)”and “Light receiving side
(E)”and each one has a carved mark. Connect the fiber optics through the rubber bush as shown in the following figure.
War ning
3. Setting
Connector forfiber [Light projecting side]
Connector forfiber [Light receivingside]
Dent department
Protrusiondepartment
D E
Rubberbush
Bushfittingring
Connector ring
Optical fiber
D:Connect tolight projectingside E:Connectto light receivingside
INST No. INE -403-0P0
7
3.2.4 Optical path
Select a place where water drops, dust particles, smoke, water steam, etc. will not enter between the tip of fiber optics and an object. If these substances cannot be prevented and their influences are negligible, purge them with air, or other remedial measure is necessary. If direct current (DC) light like the natural light, which does not change its intensity momentarily , comes to an object, it does not cause any disturbance in measurement, but alternate current (AC) light like as electric bulb, flame, etc., causes disturbance. Further, strong light such as direct sunlight also causes disturbance. In such cases, it is necessary to shade the disturbing light to prevent it from direct shining on an object.
3.2.5 Measuring place (for objects of pulverized or granular substance)
For installation of the tip of fiber optics on on-line, select a place where the moisture difference is small between the surface and the inside of an object, like as at a hopper outlet or just behind the conveyor belt transfer place. If such a place cannot be selected, face the inside to the surface by using a baffle plate during measurement as shown in the figure.
3.2.6 For the objects in sheet state such as paper, etc.
Tilt the tip of fiber optics by 15° from the vertical face as shown in the figure.
3. Setting
Baffle plate
Measuringobject
Belt conveyor
Paperor othersheets
15°
INST No. INE -403-0P0
8
3. Installation of transparent type fiber optics
3.3.1 Installation of cell for liquids
Install a measuring cell to flow a sample liquid from down to up. Connect with the fiber optics between the detector unit and the measuring cell. Make sure to connect the light projecting side and the light receiving side of the fiber optics to the correct sides of the detector unit and the measuring cell.
Fix the fiber optics with appropriate metal tools at several places for
avoiding affect with vibrations, etc. Make sure not to bend the fiber optics below its minimum bending
radius
(250R).
War ning
C H D ATA
Detector:Mode l for IR-M2
Power supply unit:
Model for IR-WEP
Setting display unit:
Model for IR- GMEG1
Measuring cell
Output
Input of sample liquid
Light receiving side fiber optics
Light projecting side fiber optics
Fixthe fiberoptics with appropriatemetaltools atseveral places.
3. Setting
INST No. INE -403-0P0
9
3.3.2 Connection with detector unit
Connect the fiber optics, as shown in the following figure, through the rubber bush attached to the detector unit .
3.3.3 Disassemble cleaning
For accurate measurements, recommend periodical cleaning of the cover glass in a liquid contacting part of the measur ing cell.
1) Remove the fiber optics (both of light projecting side and light receiving side), from the measuring cell.
2) Next, remove 4 screws fixing a connecting part and remove the connecting part from the liquid-contacting part.
3) Remove a fitting ring by using the tool A. Then after screwing the tool B into the cover glass, pull out the cover glass from the liquid-contacting part.
4) Wipe off dirt on the glass surface with a gauze, etc.
5) Confirm that an O ring is inserted in liquid-contacting part and push in the cover glass to the liquid-contacting part.
6) Match the positions of E and D characters of the connecting part and the liquid contacting part, and fix the connecting part.
7) After the cleaning of the cover glass, make sure to re-calibrate your moisture meter.
3. Setting
OUT
I N
Connectingpart
4- Fixingscew
Liquidcontacting part
Tool A
ToolB
Fittingring
Curler
Cover glass
Oring
Connector for fiber [Lightprojectingside ]
Connector for fiber [Lightreceiving side]
Dent department
Protrusion department
D
E
Rubberbush
Bushfittingring
Connector ring
Optical fiber
D:Connect to light projectingside E:Connectto light receivingside
INST No. INE -403-0P0
10
3.4 Installation of detector unit
The detector unit is a wall-mounting type with 4 mounting holes. Fix the detector unit to wall surface, etc. with 4 pieces of M8 screw. The outside and mounting dimensions are shown in the figure.
3.4.1 Outside and mounting dimensions of detector unit
115
2
270
180
3 03 0
98
10
12
2323
74.5
47
47
165
145
125
4-M8Mountin g hole
Vibrations and impacts
Use the detector unit in a place where is free of any noticeable
vibrations
or impacts.
War ning
Induction
The detector unit is designed for anti-induction. However separate
the
detector unit from induction heating oscillators or power
lines as far as
possible.
War ning
Ambient temperature and humidity The ideal ambient temperature of the detector unit is 10 to 30°C
and the
ambient humidity as low as possible is recommended. In high
humidity
environment,
you may have error in measurement due to condensation of
steam by change in temperature.
War ning
3. Setting
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