CHAPTER THIRTEEN USING THE UTILITY SOFTWARE ............................ 130
APPENDIX A - VELOCITY TABLE ................................................................. 132
APPENDIX B - SETUP LIBRARY ................................................................... 134
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The Dakota Ultrasonics model DFX-7 is both, an ultrasonic flaw detector, as well as
an ultrasonic A/B Scan thickness scope, in a single unit. It’s a combination of both
our CMX DL+, as well as our new DFX-7 flaw detector series. Why is this
advantageous? Thickness gauge are specifically setup to very accurately measure
thickness, locate pits, flaws and blind surface corrosion. All the linearity tables,
correction curves for various types of longitudinal transducers and features are built
with dimensional thickness as its primary focus. Flaw detectors are designed to
detect, size, position, and differentiate between flaw types in various materials and
welded joints. A flaw detector must be fast, in terms of its sample and screen refresh
rate, as inspectors are generally scanning the surface of a part or test specimen at a
relatively high speed, rather than looking for the thickness at a specific point or
location. While flaw detectors can also measure material thickness with reasonable
accuracy, they are not designed with precision thickness as their primary focus.
The DFX-7 combines the two types of gauges into one powerful and full featured
instrument, that’s equipped with a number of comprehensive toolkits to provide the
user the arsenal necessary to address a number of common field applications. In
and effort to avoid complexity issues and differential between gauges types, this
manual focuses only on the flaw detector portion of the DFX-7.
Dakota Ultrasonics maintains a customer support resource in order to assist users
with questions or difficulties not covered in this manual. Customer support may be
reached at any of the following:
Dakota Ultrasonics Corporation
1500 Green Hills Road, #107
Scotts Valley, CA 95066 USA
Telephone: (831) 431-9722
Facsimile: (831) 431-9723
www.dakotaultrasonics.com
1.1 General Disclaimer
The manual should be read and understood prior to using the DFX-7. This operating
manual provides the user with all the general information necessary to use and
operate the features of the DFX-7. However, this manual is not a certified NDT
training course, nor is it intended to be one. Ultrasonic training for sound wave
theory, flaw detection and interpretation of defects is highly recommended, and will
be required by most companies and contract services. Contact the local NDT society
in your area to inquire about training available in your locality.
1.2 Electrical Warning
The DFX-7 contains a high voltage pulser. It’s recommended that the gauge be
powered off prior to connecting or disconnecting your transducer, to avoid damaging
the DFX-7.
CHAPTER TWO
QUICK START GUIDE
This section will cover a basic quick start guide to initially get up and running with the
DFX-7 for demonstration purposes only. However, in order to use the gauge and
features for actual applications, a thorough review of this manual is recommended.
2.1 Gauge Type
Power up the DFX-7, by pressing the on/off key located in the bottom right corner of
the keypad. During initial boot up, a flash screen and lights will be displayed,
followed by a GAUGE TYPE selection screen. Since this manual will focus on the
flaw detector portion of the DFX-7, use the UP/DOWN arrow keys to select “flaw
detector”, followed by pressing the OK key start the DFX-7 in flaw mode. If this is the
first time the gauge has been used, a general startup configuration will automatically
be loaded and the DFX-7 is ready for general inspections. If this is not the first time
the gauge has been used, and the user would like to reload the basic default setup
parameters, refer to section 12.5 for further info.
Note: The default setup should only be considered as a basic setup. Proper
calibration and parameter settings should be done prior to an actual inspection.
2.2 Basic Flaw Setup Reference
The following table lists all the settings for the basic flaw setup:
PRB CAL DISP TUNE GT1
Type: Single Matl: Steel 1020 View: +Rect Filters: Wide Alarm: On
Note: The following features are set to off: GT2, TRIG, AWS, TCG, DAC, DGS.
2.3 Top & Submenu Reference
The following table is a quick menu reference guide. The DFX-7 has 15 top level
menu titles, and multiple submenu items as illustrated below. Refer to Chapter Three
for additional definitions and information on the keypad and menu items.
Start >>
PRB CAL DISP TUNE GT1 GT2 TRIG AWS
TYPE MAT VIEW FILTERS ALARM ALARM TRIG AWS
PULSE MATL 1PT DELAY MAX PRF DETECT DETECT THICKNESS SET REF GAIN
DAMPING MATL 2PT RANGE GAIN GATE1 GATE2 ANGLE % SCRN
HEIGHT
PULSER
VOLTAGE
ZERO BRIGHTNESS THRESHOLD1 THRESHOLD2
COLORS POLARITY1 POLARITY1
DIM
RECT WAVE
DETECT MARK
VELOCITY UNITS DETECT MODE GATE1 WIDTH GATE2 WIDTH X-OFFSET
>> End
TCG DAC DGS SET DATA UTIL XFER
TCG DAC DGS OPEN NEW AUTO FIND BACKUP
SETUPS
DRAW DRAW PROBE
CONFIG
CURVE MEAS TRANS LOSS DELETE ONE OPEN BACKUP DATA
SAVE EDIT GAUGE RESTORE
SETUPS
4
FILE
DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
% SCRN
HEIGHT
TRIGGER MATERIAL
DPOLARITY TB VELOCITY DELETE ALL
TB TYPE
TB SIZE
SIGNAL
CURVE REFLECT
LOSS
LANGUAGE DELETE ONE
LOSS
DEFAULT
SETUP
CLOSE RESTORE
DATA
ABOUT
FILE
DATA
2.4 Loading the Default Setup
If the DFX-7 has previously been used, the basic default settings can be reloaded at
any time, as outlined below:
Load Default Setup
The following section assumes the gauge is powered up, the flaw detector
option selected, and the main measurement screen is being displayed.
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the SET menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
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2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until DEFAULT SETUP is highlighted.
3) Press the ENTER key to display the confirmation screen.
4) Press the OK key to load the default setup and return to the measurement
screen.
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CHAPTER THREE
KEYBOARD, MENU, & CONNECTOR REFERENCE
3.1 Menu Key (Operation & Sub Menus)
The Menu key activates the primary menu structure containing 15 menu tab groups.
These tab groups then contain sub menu items, or functions. The sub menu items
have been organized in the tab groups according to how closely they are related to
the individual tab group names. Let’s first get familiar with how to move around in
these tabs before continuing on to the sub menu functions. This procedure is
outlined below:
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Dakota Ultrasonics
Activating and Navigation of the Menu Items
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left
until the desired tab group is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
The tab groups are illustrated above (A).
Now that you’re familiar with activating and moving amongst the tab groups,
let’s have a look at how to move around in the sub menu items as follows:
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until the desired function is highlighted. The sub menu items are illustrated
in the diagram above (B).
3) Depending on which function is highlighted, use the LEFT, RIGHT, and
Enter keys to scroll the options or activate the Digit Edit and List Box
options.
The sections to follow will provide the user with an explanation of the sub menu
functions:
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
3.2 Probe – Menu
TYPE:
Dual.
PULSE: The DFX-7 has an adjustable pulse width for both high penetration and
resolution applications. The pulse width refers to the duration of time the pulser is
on. The options are Spike, Thin, and Wide. Refer to page 86 for a further
explanation.
MAX PRF: This feature controls the pulse repetition frequency of the DFX-7. The
maximum frequency is 333 Hz. However, the DFX-7 will automatically adjust the
PRF according to what the current delay and range settings have been adjusted to.
Larger the range, the slower the repetition frequency will automatically be set for.
DAMPING: The ability to control the amplifiers output impedance to match the
impedance of the transducer, and optimize overall transducer performance.
Adjustable at: 50, 100, 300, 600, 1500 ohms. Refer to page 90 for further info.
PULSER VOLT: Adjustable pulser voltage: 100, 150, and 200 volt. Refer to page
87 for a further explanation.
Enables the user to select the type of transducer being used, either Single or
3.3 CAL – Menu
Select the material velocity from a chart of basic material types when a known
MAT:
sample thickness, or material velocity cannot be obtained.
MATL 1PT: Performs a single point calibration. Used in conjunction with the MATL
2PT option for the calibration process. Refer to page 35 for further info.
MATL 2PT: Performs a two-point calibration. This option allows the user to
automatically calculate the velocity by entering a second known sample thickness.
Refer to page 35 for further info.
VELOCITY: Function to calibrate the DFX-7 by setting the velocity to a known
material velocity. Refer to page 71 for further info.
ZERO PROBE: Used to zero the transducer and calibrate the screen. The DFX-7 is
zeroed in much the same way that a mechanical micrometer is zeroed. If the DFX-7
is not zeroed correctly, all of the measurements made using the DFX-7 may be in
error by some fixed value. Refer to the section on page 35, for further info.
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3.4 DISP (display) – Menu
VIEW: Selectable RF, +RECT, -RECT, RECTFW views. Refer to page 23 for further
info.
DELAY:
views. Refer to page 24 for further info.
RANGE:
viewable measurement area. It functions a lot like a zoom on a camera. Refer to
page 24 for further info.
UNITS: Toggle between English or Metric units. The readout will change from
inches to millimeters.
BRIGHTNESS: AMOLED high speed color display. An arbitrary scale of 1-20 has
been implemented, with the brightest setting at 20. Refer to page 76 for further info.
SCREEN UPDATE: Toggles how fast the display will redraw. Options are 60Hz or
120Hz. The 60Hz option conserves battery life. Refer to page 88 for further info.
COLORS: Provides the user with a variety of different color schemes to select from.
There are two schemes for each main color option. Refer to page 77 for further info.
DIM: Allows the user to conserve battery life by diming the display after idle for a
specific amount of time – OFF, 30, 60, 90, 120 seconds. Once dimmed, a single
press of any key will restore the screen brightness. Refer to page 79 for further info.
RECT WAVE: Provides the user an outlined or filled view option when the display
setting is in RECT (rectified) wave mode only. Refer to page 80 for further info.
DETECT MARK:
waveform: Line, Box, Dots, None. Offers the user a graphics preference on how
they prefer to view the detection on the waveform.
Provides the user the ability to change the start position of the A-SCAN
Provides the user the ability to change the overall range/depth of the
Selectable graphics option for the point of detection on the
3.5 TUNE – Menu
FILTERS:
19 MHz (-3dB). The DFX-7+ is additionally equipped with selectable narrow band
filters at; 2, 5 & 10 MHz. Refer to page 91 for further info.
GAIN:
used to increase/decrease the strength or amplitude of the signal. This might easily
The DFX-7 is a wide band flaw detector with a frequency range of 1.8 to
The DFX-7 has a 0-110dB gain range with 2dB resolution. This feature is
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
be considered as similar to turning the volume up or down on a stereo receiver.
Refer to page 27 for further info.
DETECT MODE: The DFX-7 is equipped with optional detection modes; PEAK,
FLANK, or Z-CROSS (zero crossing). This options allows the user to decide where
the detection is acquired on the waveform echo. Refer to page 84 for further info.
3.6 GT1 – Menu
ALARM: Toggles the alarm function of gate 1; on, off, audible. The audible feature
sounds a beeper when the waveform breaks the threshold level, either above or
below, depending on the current DETECT setting. Refer to page 30 for further info.
DETECT: Enables the user to set the alarm detection to occur either above or below
the gates threshold level. Refer to page 30 for further info.
GATE1: Gates allow the user to view a specific inspection/measurement range, or
specific regions of the waveform, while ignoring others. In order to detect on a
waveform echo, and display the amplitude as a percentage of full screen height, the
echo must be inside the boundaries of the gate settings. The GATE1 feature adjusts
where the gate begins, according to the depth/thickness. Refer to page 30 for further
info.
GATE1 WIDTH: This feature allows the user to set the overall width of the gate, in
terms of distance, from the GATE1 setting. Refer to page 30 for further info.
THRESHOLD1: Enables the user to set the sensitivity level of Gate1 to a calibrated
screen height percentage. The threshold level will act as a starting point for the
alarm trigger, and is directly associated with the DETECT setting outlined above.
Refer to page 30 for further info.
POLARITY:
polarity, or stroke, of the half or full wave cycle. It should be noted that if the VIEW is
set to positive, and the gate negative, the DFX-7 will not display an amplitude
percentage of full screen height. Refer to page 30 for further info.
The gates can be set to detect on either the positive or negative
3.7 GT2 – Menu
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Dakota Ultrasonics
ALARM: Toggles the alarm function of gate 2; on, off, audible. The audible feature
sounds a beeper when the waveform breaks the threshold level, either above or
below, depending on the current DETECT setting. Refer to page 30 for further info.
DETECT: Enables the user to set the alarm detection to occur either above or below
the gates threshold level. Refer to page 30 for further info.
GATE2: Gates allow the user to view a specific inspection/measurement range, or
specific regions of the waveform, while ignoring others. In order to detect on a
waveform echo, and display the amplitude as a percentage of full screen height, the
echo must be inside the boundaries of the gate settings. The GATE2 feature adjusts
where the gate begins, according to the depth/thickness. Refer to page 30 for further
info.
GATE2 WIDTH: This feature allows the user to set the overall width of the gate, in
terms of distance, from the GATE2 setting. Refer to page 30 for further info.
THRESHOLD2: Enables the user to set the sensitivity level of Gate2 to a calibrated
screen height percentage. The threshold level will act as a starting point for the
alarm trigger, and is directly associated with the DETECT setting outlined above.
Refer to page 30 for further info.
POLARITY: The gates can be set to detect on either the positive or negative
polarity, or stroke, of the half or full wave cycle. It should be noted that if the VIEW is
set to positive, and the gate negative, the DFX-7 will not display an amplitude
percentage of full screen height. Refer to page 30 for further info.
3.8 TRIG – Menu
TRIG: This feature toggles trigonometry feature on/off. This feature is used with
angle beam transducers for the inspection of welds, to calculate three
measurements: Beam path distance (Ì), Surface distance (Æ), and Depth (È) from
the index point of the transducer. Refer to page 50 for further info.
THICKNESS: Used to set the thickness of the test material. The thickness will be
used to determine which skip/leg the DFX-7 is detecting on. Refer to page 50 for
further info.
ANGLE:
Refer to page 50 for further info.
X-OFFSET:
function, as is a physical measurement from the index point of the probe to the front
of the wedge/can/shoe/case. Refer to page 50 for further info.
CSC OD: Curved surface correction to compensate for changing sound path
distance and angle. This feature is used in conjunction with ‘thickness’ in order to
calculate a correction factor. Refer to page 50 for further info.
Used to set the angle of the transducer, and used in the calculations above.
This feature is used to calculate the surface distance in the trigonometry
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
3.9 AWS – Menu
AWS:
according to American Welding Society’s structural welding code D1.1-94, to
calculate the Indication Rating (IR). Refer to page 55 for further info.
SET REF GAIN:
percentage of full screen height (FSH). This value will typically be set somewhere
between 20%–90%. Refer to page 55 for further info.
ANGLE: This is used to set the angle of the transducer used for the calculations
above. Refer to page Error! Bookmark not defined. for further info.
X-OFFSET: This feature is used to calculate the surface distance in the trigonometry
function, as is a physical measurement for the index point of the probe to the front of
the wedge/can/shoe/case. Refer to page 55 for further info.
This feature toggles the AWS feature on/off. Used in the analysis of welds
The gain (in dB) required to set the indication level to a specific
3.10 TCG – Menu
TCG: This feature toggles the TCG feature on/off. The Time Corrected Gain (TCG)
feature displays reflectors of equal size at equal A-Scan amplitudes, regardless of the
reflector’s depth in the test material. Refer to page 66 for further info.
DRAW: Toggles the DRAW mode on/off, and used to draw the TCG curve. Refer to
page 66 for further info.
CURVE:
screen. Refer to page 66 for further info.
% SCRN HEIGHT: This feature enables the user to set the reference level of the
TCG as a percentage of full screen height (FSH). Refer to page 66 for further info.
Toggles the TCG correction curve on/off, and the curve is displayed on the
3.11 DAC – Menu
DAC: Toggles the DAC feature on/off/audible. A Distance Amplitude Correction
(DAC) curve is used to configure a variable threshold for the gate, using the same
size reflector at different distances. Refer to page 60 for further info.
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Dakota Ultrasonics
DRAW: Toggles the DRAW mode on/off/audible, and used to draw the DAC curve.
Note: TCG curve cannot be drawn in RF view. Refer to page 60 for further info.
MEAS: Toggles the units displayed as a relationship of either the signal amplitude
and DAC curve, or just the signal according to screen height. The units are as:
%FSH, %DAC, and dB. Refer to page 60 for further info.
CURVE: Selectable signal or multi DAC curve options. The displayed curve options
are: DAC, -2dB, -6dB, -10dB, (-6dB/-12dB), (-6dB/-14dB). Once the DAC curve has
been generated, these options can be toggled at any time. Refer to page 60 for
further info.
TRIGGER: Used to set the alarm threshold for the DAC curve. The options are; at
DAC, -2dB, -6dB, -10dB, -12dB, -14dB, or using an independent gate. The list of
trigger options will change according to which CURVE option has been selected.
Refer to page 60 for further info.
DPOLARITY: Used to select the polarity of the DAC curves generated, either
positive or negative. Refer to page 60 for further info.
3.12 DGS – Menu
DGS: Coming Soon.
3.13 SETUP – Menu
OPEN:
These setups can be recalled and used at any time. Refer to page 120 for further
info.
SAVE:
modified or created by the user. Refer to page 122 for further info.
DELETE:
in memory. Refer to page 125 for further info.
DEFAULT SETUP:
setups in the DFX-7 have been corrupted and a computer is not accessible. Refer to
page 127 for further info.
Displays a list of factory and user defined setups currently stored in memory.
Provides the user with the ability to save a custom setup that has been
Provides the user with the ability to delete specific setups previously save
Loads a basic default setup. Use only as a last resort when the
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
LANGUAGE: Provides the user the ability to select different languages for the DFX-
7. Refer to page 129 for further info.
3.14 DATA – Menu
NEW: Allows the user the ability to create a new alpha numeric grid, or sequential
log file with auto identifiers. It is equipped with custom parameters, rows, and
columns depending on the user’s application reporting requirements. Refer to page
96 for further info.
EDIT: Gives the user the ability to change parameters of grid or sequential file
previously saved. Note: Pre-defined coordinates cannot be changed once they have
been created. Refer to page 114 for further info.
OPEN: This function provides the user with the ability to recall grids or sequential log
files that currently exist in memory, from a list of grids. Refer to page 116 for further
info.
CLOSE: Provides the user the ability to close a currently opened grid or sequential
log file. Refer to page 118 for further info.
DELETE ONE FILE: This function provides the user with the ability to delete one
individual grid or sequential log file from a list of multiple grids/files previously saved
in memory. Refer to page 111 for further info.
DELETE ALL DATA: This function provides the user with the ability to delete all files
currently stored in memory. Refer to page 112 for further info.
3.15 UTIL (utilities) – Menu
AUTO FIND:
the viewable display area, and automatically sets up the gauges scope settings.
Refer to page 71 for further info.
GAUGE:
detector, or a thickness gauge. Refer to page 3 for further info.
Automatically locates the detection point if the measurement is out of
Gives the user the ability toggle the DFX-7 gauge type to either a flaw
3.16 XFER (transfer) – Menu
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BACKUP SETUPS: Enables the user the ability to backup the setups currently
stored in the DFX-7 to a PC via RS232 port. USB adaptor included. Refer the help
section of the DFX-7DakView software for a complete electronic manual.
RESTORE SETUPS:
saved on a PC to an DFX-7 via RS232 port. Refer the help section of the DFX-7
DakView software for a complete electronic manual.
BACKUP DATA:
currently stored in the DFX-7 to a PC via RS232 port. Refer the help section of the
DFX-7 DakView software for a complete electronic manual.
RESTORE DATA: Enables the user the ability to restore grids or sequential log files
currently saved on a PC to an DFX-7 via RS232 port. Refer the help section of the
DFX-7 DakView software for a complete electronic manual.
ABOUT: Provides the user with Dakota Ultrasonics contact information and the
DFX-7 software version. Refer to the Dakota Ultrasonics web site for information on
the latest firmware versions available for download.
Enables the user the ability to restore the setups currently
Enables the user the ability to backup grids or sequential log files
3.17 CLR (clear) Key
The primary functions of the CLR key, is to clear a measurement from a grid or
sequential log files cell location or set obstruct, backspace in an Alpha Edit Box, or
clear a DAC reference point used to generate a curve. Use this key to clear saved
measurement & waveform.
3.18 MEAS (measurement mode) Key
The MEAS key puts the DFX-7 into it’s primary mode of operation. In this mode, the
user has a complete view of the LCD. When pressed multiple times, navigates the
hot menu items.
3.19 OK Key
The primary function of the OK key is confirmation of a change or selection. The OK
key also toggles the Hot Menu area, while in measurement mode, to a large digits
display area. If the DFX-7 is displaying a grid log, the OK key toggles an advance to
row number option.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
3.20 ESC Key
The ESC key is used in the MENU, MEAS, and EDIT functions as a back or escape
function. If the DFX-7 is displaying a grid or sequential log, the OK key toggles the
display options: RF, +RECT, -RECT and RECTFW views.
3.21 Arrow Keys
The Arrow Keys are used to navigate through the menus, increase/decrease values,
and toggle specific function keys.
3.22 ENTER key
The ENTER key is used in the overall menu selection process, to activate list and
edit boxes, display and save measurements/waveforms to grid or sequential file
locations.
3.23 MULTI MODE Key
The MULTI MODE key provides the user with a set of flaw mode options: Normal,
Peak, or Freeze. The normal mode is the standard flaw detector mode. The Peak
mode draws, holds, and updates the waveform for the entire duration of the
inspection. The Freeze mode ‘freezes’ the current waveform on the screen, allowing
the user the time to analyze the wave.
3.24 ON/OFF Key
The ON/OFF key simply powers the unit either ON or OFF. Note: Unit will
automatically power off when idle for 5 minutes. All current settings are automatically
saved prior to powering off.
3.25 DFX-7 Overview
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Dakota Ultrasonics
In order to understand how to operate the DFX-7, it’s best to start off with an
understanding of what we’re looking at. The DFX-7 has a lot of great features and
tools that will prove to be a huge benefit for the variety of applications you’re
constantly facing on a continual basis. Let’s have a brief look at the screens you’ll be
looking at most often:
A. Repeatability/Stability Indicator – This indicator shows the
stability/repeatability of the sound path signal. When all the vertical bars are
fully illuminated, the repeatability of the sound path is stable.
B. Battery Icon – Indicates the amount of battery life the DFX-7 has remaining.
C. Height – Shows the signal amplitude height as a percent of 100% full screen
height.
D. Feature Status Bar – Indicates the features currently enabled and in use in
ii. AWS – American Welding Society
iii. TCG – Time Corrected Gain
iv. DAC – Distance Amplitude Correction
v. DGS – Distance Gain Size
• View
i. RF: Radio Frequency.
ii. R+: Rectified positive.
iii. R- : Rectified negative
iv. FW: Rectified full wave.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
• Detect
i. Zero crossing (ZX)
ii. Flank (FK)
iii. Peak (PK)
• Leg – Skip leg reference, (L1…L4…)
• High Speed Scan Mode
• Alarm Mode
• Gain Setting
E. Leg (skip leg) – Indicates which skip/leg the detection in on. The thickness of
the material is used to calculate the leg.
F. Hot Menu items – We call this menu section our “hot menu”, as these items
are the most commonly adjusted features, requiring quick access from the
user. They can be displayed and scrolled by pressing the MEAS key at
anytime. The ESC key is used in conjunction with MEAS key to reverse the
direction scrolled.
G. Memory – Indicates that the currently displayed measurement screen and
values have been previous stored in memory. When MEM is displayed, all
measurement functions are disabled until the user advances to an empty
storage location, or the current measurement is cleared by pressing the CLR
key.
H. Height – Displays the amplitude of the signal as a percentage of full screen
height. Depending on the quantity selected, this could also be displayed in
dB, or D.
I. Grid or Seq Log Name – References the name of the log file currently open.
J. Log File – Shows the storage cells of the current log file open. Depending on
the quantity currently selected, show either the %height or dB value stored.
K. A-Scan Display – The actual echo reflections returned from the backwall or
defect.
3.26 Navigating the Hot Menu
The diagram above is a screenshot of the “Hot Menu” feature of the DFX-7. The Hot
Menu’s contain all the most regularly adjusted features of the gauge. The primary
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Dakota Ultrasonics
purpose of the design, was to provide the user with an efficient way to make
adjustments on the fly during inspections. The following procedure outlines the steps
to navigate and make adjustments as follows:
Hot Menu
Gate1
1) Press the MEAS key once to activate the Hot Menu. Press the MEAS key
multiple times to advance the cell right, and the ESC key multiple times to
advance the cell left, until the WIDTH1 cell is highlighted.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the value or status.
Note: This is a coarse adjustment. It’s the fastest and easiest way to
increment, decrement, or toggle the status, however it does so in coarse steps.
Set Detect
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until DETECT is highlighted.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the ABOVE or BELOW.
Note: Above will trigger the alarm when a signal meets or exceeds the height
of the gate, and below will detect on anything that meets or is below the height
of the gate.
3) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
4) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
5) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
6) Repeat steps 4 & 5 until the start position is correctly displayed.
7) Press the OK key to set the WIDTH1 position and return to the menu
screen, or ESC to cancel entering the WIDTH1 position.
Note: This procedure is universal for all the features in the Hot Menu cell
locations.
3.27 Top & Bottom End Caps
The top & bottom end panels are where all connections are made to the DFX-7. The
diagram above shows the layout and description of the connectors:
Transducer Connectors
Refer to Diagram: The transducer connectors, and battery cover/probe zero disk are
located on the DFX-7’s top end cap. The transducer connectors are of type LEMO
“00”. A single element transducer must be plugged into the inside LEMO jack as
illustrated above. Note: There is no polarity associated with connecting a dual
element transducer to the DFX-7.
Battery Cover
Refer to Diagram: The Battery cover is the large round disk shown in the diagram.
Be sure to check the polarity indicator diagram, located on the back label of the DFX-
7. Note: Rechargeable batteries can be used, however must be recharged outside
of the gauge in a standalone battery charger.
RS-232 Connector
Refer to Diagram: The RS-232 connector, located on the bottom end cap, is a 2 pin
female Lemo connector. It is designed to connect directly from the DFX-7 to a
standard AT serial port on a PC. The cable supplied with the DFX-7 is a Lemo to 9
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pin serial cable. Note: This connector is also used to upgrade the DFX-7 with the
latest version of firmware.
USB Serial to USB Converter Cable
A converter cable can be attached to the 9 pin serial cable in needed (part no. N-402-
0510).
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CHAPTER FOUR
SETTING UP FOR MEASUREMENT
4.1 Selecting Display View
The DFX-7 includes a variety of viewing options for the waveform display. There are
three primary options waveform options with selectable polarity. These are all outline
below as follows:
Radio Frequency (RF): Displays the entire sine wave signal, much like an
oscilloscope, from a reflector or return echo. This view shows both the positive and
negative peaks.
Rectified (RECT): Displays half sine wave signal, either positive or negative, from
the reflector or return echo. The user can select the polarity or “phase” displayed.
This is typically determined by first using RF view to select the most optimal polarity
“phase”, to fine tune the scopes settings. The RECT view is commonly used as the
primary “flaw detection” view.
Full Wave (RECTFW): Display entire sine wave signal in a rectified view. There is
no polarity.
The following procedure outlines the steps to select the view:
Display View
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the DISP menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
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2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until VIEW is highlighted.
3) Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the view options (RF,
+RECT, -RECT, RECTFW).
4) Once the view is displayed, press the MEAS key to return to measurement
mode.
4.2 Adjusting the display
This section will cover the procedures for adjusting the viewable range, or area, of
the display, in terms of thickness. A basic overview example for this section would
be as follows: Suppose we had a 50” widescreen television set. The left side of the
television screen is considered the Delay for all view options. The right side of the
television screen is the Range + Delay. By adjusting the left and right side of the
television screen, to control the viewable area/range, we can zoom in and out of any
part of the 50” screen we’d like, and focus on only the specific areas of the screen
necessary.
Setting Delay
The Delay represents the left side of the display, and can be adjusted to start at any
thickness value within the overall range of the DFX-7.
Note: Once the delay is set, it will remain the same for the views: RF, +RECT, RECT, RECTFW.
The procedures to adjust the Delay are outlined below:
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Setting Delay
DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
1) Press the MEAS key once to activate measure menu items. Press the MEAS key multiple times to move right and the ESC key multiple times to
move left, until the DELAY cell is highlighted.
2) Press the UP, DOWN, LEFT, and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the highlighted
value.
3) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
4) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
5) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
6) Repeat steps 4 & 5 until the DELAY value is correctly displayed.
7) Press the OK key to return to the measurement screen, or ESC to cancel
entering the DELAY.
8) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen.
Setting Range
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The Range is the distance from the delay that will be viewable on the screen. It can
be adjusted to any value greater than the Delay. The procedures to adjust the range
are outlined below:
Setting Range
1) Press the MEAS key once to activate measure menu items. Press the
MEAS key multiple times to move right and the ESC key multiple times to
move left, until the RANGE cell is highlighted.
2) Press the UP, DOWN, LEFT, and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the highlighted
value.
3) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
4) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
5) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
6) Repeat steps 4 & 5 until the RANGE value is correctly displayed.
7) Press the OK key to return to the measurement screen, or ESC to cancel
entering the RANGE.
8) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
4.3 Gain
The gain feature of the DFX-7 is used to adjust the signal amplitude to a
predetermined reference height for the inspection process. The higher the gain the
more the sound is amplified. The gain, or amplification of the return echoes, can be
adjusted in the DFX-7 to accommodate a variety of applications. The setting of the
gain is crucial in order to obtain valid readings during the inspection process.
Too much gain may result in erroneous measurements, by detecting on noise rather
than the actual reflector or defect. Not enough gain may result in intermittent
detection. It may also result in lack of detection on internal flaws, pits, or porosity.
The gain can easily be compared to the volume control of a home stereo system. If
you turn it up too much, you can’t hear the music clearly. If it’s turned down too
much, you can’t hear it at all. The DFX-7 commands a 110dB gain range using 3
stages of amplification. The overall range makes the DFX-7 extremely versatile
regarding a variety of applications and material types.
The procedures to adjust the Gain are outlined below:
Adjusting Gain
1) Press the MEAS key once to activate measure menu items. Press the
MEAS key multiple times to move right, and the ESC key multiple times to
move left until the GAIN cell is highlighted.
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2) Press the UP, DOWN, LEFT, and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the highlighted
value.
3) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
4) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
5) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
6) Repeat steps 4 & 5 until the GAIN value is correctly displayed.
7) Press the OK key to return to the measurement screen, or ESC to cancel
entering the GAIN.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
The user can also access and adjust the gain from the tabbed menus. However, this
method is more tedious than making the adjustments using the Hot Menus. The
procedure using the tabbed menus is outlined below:
Adjusting the Gain using the Tabbed Menus
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the
MENU key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab
left, until the TUNE menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until GAIN is highlighted.
3) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value. When the
correct Gain is being displayed, proceed to step 8.
4) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
5) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
6) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
7) Repeat steps 5 & 6 until the Gain value is correctly displayed.
8) Press the OK key to set the Gain and return to the menu screen, or ESC to
cancel entering the Gain.
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9) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen.
4.4 Gates
The gates are an important part of any ultrasonic device, in this case a flaw detector.
The primary purpose of using a flaw detector is to “detect” and estimate the “size” of
of flaws according to calibrated reference standards or simulated defects. The gates
play an important role in this process, as without them a detection/measurement isn’t
possible. The height of a gate is also a threshold, or controls the level of sensitivity.
They can be adjusted to a specific reference height, based a predetermined reflector,
and set to act as an alarm during the inspection process.
The more flexible a gate is, the better the possibilities for the user to setup an
application. For example, a test block with a target size and depth is optimized on
the A-Scan display with a signal amplitude at 70% full screen height. The inspector
wants to know of any defects during the inspection that are greater than or equal in
size to the calibrated test specimen. A gate is then enabled and set to a reference
height of 70%. The width and range are adjusted to cover the range tested, and the
inspection is underway.
The DFX-7 is equipped with 2 fully independent gates. Each gate has a start and
stop or width, a threshold, a polarity switch, and a detect option. A gate can only
detect on reflections that occur inside the boundaries of the gate. Anything outside of
the start and range/width of the gate will be ignored. Both gates can be enabled and
set for different detects, polarities, and positioned anywhere on the A-Scan display
independent of one another. The following sections cover enabling and setting up
gates:
4.5 Activating and Setting Up a Gate
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
No Gate Gate On
The screenshots above show a rectified waveform with and without a gate enabled.
The following steps outline how to enable a gate as follows:
Activating a Gate
Gate1
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left,
until the GT1 menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until ALARM is highlighted.
3) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle ALARM to ON. The menu
items should now become active and adjustable, as the gate is now active.
Set Detect
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until DETECT is highlighted.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the ABOVE or BELOW.
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Note: Above will trigger the alarm when a signal meets or exceeds the height
of the gate, and below will detect on anything that meets or is below the height
of the gate.
Set Gate1 Start
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until GATE1 is highlighted, followed by
pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value. When the
correct start position is displayed, proceed to the next setting.
2) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the start position is correctly displayed.
6) Press the OK key to set the GATE1 start position and return to the menu
screen, or ESC to cancel entering the GATE1 start position.
Note: This where the gate first turn on relative to the horizontal axis or depth.
Sets the left boundary of the gate, or where it turns on.
Set Gate1 Width
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until GATE1 WIDTH is highlighted,
followed by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value.
When the correct width is displayed, proceed to the next setting.
2) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the width is correctly displayed.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
6) Press the OK key to set the GATE1 WIDTH and return to the menu screen,
or ESC to cancel entering the GATE1 WIDTH.
Note: This sets the overall width of the gate in terms of the horizontal axis or
depth. Sets the right boundary of the gate, or where it turns off.
Set Threshold1 Level
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until THRESHOLD1 is highlighted,
followed by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value.
When the correct threshold level is displayed, proceed to the next setting.
2) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the threshold level is correctly displayed.
6) Press the OK key to set the THRESHOLD1 level and return to the menu
screen, or ESC to cancel entering the THRESHOLD1 level.
Note: This sets the overall sensitivity level of the gate which is the threshold.
Select Gate Polarity
1) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until POLARITY1 is highlighted.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the POLARITY feature
positive or negative.
3) Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen.
Note: The GATE1 and WIDTH1 values can now be adjusted or tuned directly
from the Hot Menus on the main measurement screen.
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Note: Sets where the detection will occur, on the negative or positive going
echoes.
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CHAPTER FIVE
CALIBRATION
In this section we’ll focus on calibrating the DFX-7. There are a number of ways to
go about performing a calibration, but we’ll be focusing on the simplest and most
accurate method, which is performing a two point calibration. This method is very
convenient, as it will automatically calculate the material velocity and zero using a
minimum and maximum calibration standard of know thickness and material type.
The DFX-7 can certainly be manually calibrated by adjusting the velocity and zero
features, but this is a tedious and redundant process overall.
The two point calibration method can be used for both straight and angle beam
transducers. A number of certified calibration standards are available to address
inspection code requirements, specifications, and applications. It should be noted
again that the DFX-7 has virtually 2 gauges built into a single gauge; a flaw detector,
and a thickness gauge. Therefore, while the flaw detector option can be calibrated
for straight beam contact and angle beam style transducers, the thickness gauge
option contains a number of tools for using single and dual element style transducers
with linearity tables and v-path correction curves. In addition, it should also be noted
that the thickness gauge option has a fully functional scope with the same precision
linearity as the flaw detector option. Therefore, the user should consider the current
application to determine which gauge option will produce the best results. The
following sections outline how to setup and calibrate your DFX-7 for field use, given a
specific range and material type.
5.1 Setting Up For Calibration
This section covers performing a two point automatic calibration using a single
element straight beam contact transducer with a range from 1 to 4 inches. In order to
accomplish this, a set of calibration standards covering range is required. The steps
are outlined as follows:
DFX-7 Setup
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The gauge will require a few basic adjustments in order to get underway with
the calibration process. For this example, in order to avoid multiple steps for
setting the gauge features/options, the default setup will be loaded as a starting
point. However, the user should invest the necessary time getting to know the
features and options included in the DFX-7, as well as gaining a good
understanding of their function:
Loading Default Setup
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the SEUTP menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until DEFAULT SETUP is highlighted.
3) Press the ENTER key to display the CONFIRM screen.
4) Press the OK key to load the DEFAULT SETUP.
Setting the Range
1) Press the MEAS key once to activate the measure menu items. Press the
MEAS key multiple times to move right and the ESC key multiple times to
move left, until the RANGE cell is highlighted.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
2) Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the desired range value is displayed.
6) Press the OK key to set the value and return to the GT1 menu. Note: Our range calibration range for this example is 4 inches. Therefore
setting a range of 5 inches will enable the user to view the entire range on the
display.
Enabling and Setting Up a Gate
Refer to the illustrations above. In order to measure, a gate is required. The
width of the gate should be small enough, in terms of its width, in order to select
specific reflections to measure. The screenshot above shows a gate enabled to
select the 1 inch calibration standard, and in the second the 4 inch calibration
standard.
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Activating a Gate
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the GT1 menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until ALARM is highlighted.
3) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the gate ON.
Setting the Detect
1) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until DETECT is highlighted.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the option ABOVE.
Gate1 Start
1) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until GATE1 is highlighted.
2) Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the desired GATE1 value is displayed. Note: In our example, a value less than 1 inch should be selected.
6) Press the OK key to set the value and return to the GT1 menu.
Gate1 Width
1) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until GATE1 WIDTH is highlighted.
2) Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the desired GATE1 WIDTH value is displayed.
Note: In our example, a value greater than 1 inch should be selected.
6) Press the OK key to set the value and return to the GT1 menu.
Threshold Level
1) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until THRESHOLD1 is highlighted.
2) Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the desired THRESHOLD1 value is displayed.
Note: In our example, a value of 20% has been selected. However, the user
should set a value that will be close enough to the baseline to avoid a “Peak
Jump”, or missing the first cycle.
6) Press the OK key to set the value and return to the GT1 menu.
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Setting Polarity
1) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until POLARITY1 is highlighted.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the polarity POSITIVE.
3) Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen and get started
with the two point calibration.
5.2 Straight Beam Calibration
Now that the DFX-7 is setup with a valid range and a gate enabled, we’re ready to
perform a two point, calibration using a single element contact style transducer, as
follows:
Two Point Calibration – Straight Beam
Note: Calibration standards representing the minimum and maximum
thickness of the overall inspection range intended are required. They must also
be of the same material type as the intended application. For our example,
we’ll be using a 1 and 4 inch standard for calibration.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
Coupling to the 1” Cal Standard (1st Point)
Apply a drop of couplant on the transducer and place the transducer in steady
contact with the 1” calibration standard. Be sure that the reading is stable and
the repeatability indicator, in the top left corner of the display, is fully lit and
stable. Also, be sure there is sufficient signal amplitude in order to avoid ‘peak
jumping’ or missing the first cycle.
Adjusting the Gate
1) Press the MEAS key once to activate the measure menu items. Press the
MEAS key multiple times to move right and the ESC key multiple times to
move left, until the GATE1 cell is highlighted.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move the gate over the waveform
to be measured, as demonstrated in the screen shot above.
Note: In order to trigger on a signal, the waveform must be inside the
boundaries of the gate.
Calibrating the First Point
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the CAL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items, as shown in
the screenshot above.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until MATL 1PT is highlighted.
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3) Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
4) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
5) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
6) Repeat steps 4 & 5 until the known thickness value is correctly displayed.
7) Press the OK key to calculate the velocity and return to the menu screen, or ESC to cancel the one point calibration.
Apply a drop of couplant on the transducer and place the transducer in steady
contact with the 4” calibration standard. Be sure that the reading is stable and
the repeatability indicator, in the top left corner of the display, is fully lit and
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
stable. Also, be sure there is sufficient signal amplitude in order to avoid ‘peak
jumping’ or missing the first cycle.
Adjusting the Gate
1) Press the MEAS key once to activate the measure menu items. Press the
MEAS key multiple times to move right and the ESC key multiple times to
move left, until the GATE1 cell is highlighted.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move the gate over the waveform
to be measured, as demonstrated in the screen shot above.
Note: In order to trigger on a signal, the waveform must be inside the
boundaries of the gate.
Calibrating the Second Point
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the CAL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items, as shown in
the screenshot above.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until MATL 2PT is highlighted.
3) Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
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4) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
5) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
6) Repeat steps 4 & 5 until the known thickness value is correctly displayed.
7) Press the OK key to calculate the velocity and return to the menu screen, or
ESC to cancel the one point calibration.
Note: A velocity and zero value will be calculated and displayed in the fields a
shown above.
8) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen.
In order to trigger on anything that’s detected in the calibrated range, the
boundaries of the gate must be adjusted to include the entire range. Caution:
in both z-cross & flank detection settings, the first signal to cross the gate will be
triggered on. However, if the peak detection setting has been enabled, the
signal with the most amplitude will be detected.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
Adjusting the Gate to Calibrated Range
1) Press the MEAS key once to activate the measure menu items. Press the
MEAS key multiple times to move right and the ESC key multiple times to
move left, until the GATE1 cell is highlighted.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move the gate start to a position
less than 1 inch.
3) Press the MEAS key once to highlight the WIDTH1 cell.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move the gate start to a position
greater than 4 inches.
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Note: CHECK YOUR CALIBRATION! Place the transducer back on the one
inch point, and any others in the given range, to confirm linearity. If the velocity
and zero values we calculated correctly, the thickness reading will match the
known thickness of the calibration standards. If the thickness is not correct,
repeat the steps above.
5) Press the OK key once to display the thickness, or the MEAS key to return
to the hot menus at any time.
5.3 Angle Beam Calibration
In the first example we demonstrated how to perform a two point calibration using a
single element straight beam contact transducer. With the exception of a handful of
additional comments, calibration using an angle beam transducer is virtually identical
in the scope of the overall step by step process. To avoid copying the procedures
from the previous section, we’ll focus only on the additional comments. Refer to
section 5.1 and 5.2, regarding the procedures to setup and calibrate the DFX-7. The
following are a list of additional items to consider when using an angle beam
transducer, as follows:
Calibration Standards:
There are a number of calibration block options available in a variety of common
material types, and according to specific code requirements. The user should
consider the application, codes applicable, and purchase the necessary calibration
standards.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
Shear versus Longitudinal Velocity:
Unlike the previous straight beam calibration, which uses a longitudinal wave, an
angle beam transducer uses a shear wave. The following is a brief review of the
waves:
•Longitudinal –
o Particle motion is parallel to the direction of wave travel.
o Travels in solids, liquids, and gasses.
o Fastest mode of vibration.
• Shear –
o Particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
o Travels only in solids.
o Is approximately ½ the velocity of longitudinal waves.
o Has a shorter wavelength than a longitudinal at the same frequency.
Therefore, a two point calibration using an angle beam transducer will result in a
velocity approximately ½ the speed of the velocity calculated from the straight beam
calibration in the previous section.
Gain and Amplitude Ratio:
During an angle beam calibration the overall amplitude height of the waveform is
critical for “peaking up”. Therefore the maximum amplitude of the waveform must be
visible on the display in order to correctly position the transducer on the calibration
standard. The user should select a screen height and gain level that will enable the
entire waveform to be visible on the display.
Peaking Up the Signal Amplitude:
During an angle beam calibration, it’s important to peak up the overall amplitude of
the waveform to its maximum potential. The primary purpose is to be sure the
transducer is positioned properly on the calibration standard, that’s producing return
echoes at different distances. For example: If the operator is using a DSC block to
calibrate the velocity and zero, a DSC block will produce echoes at 3 & 7 inches.
The operator then positions the transducer on an index point, moves the transducer
in both directions forward and backward, rotates it side to side, and watches the
signal amplitude to find the maximum potential. At the maximum potential, the
transducer is correctly positioned to measure both multiple echoes at the correct
distances, and ready to proceed with the calibration.
Selecting the Material Type:
The user can also select a material type directly from a table built into the DFX-7 with
shear wave values. This would only get the user close, in terms of velocity, to the
calibration standards material type. In order to display the material chart with shear
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wave values, the TRIG mode must be enabled. The following outlines the steps to
enable the shear wave velocity table and select a material type from the chart:
Selecting the Material Type
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the TRIG menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle TRIG mode ON.
3) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the CAL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
4) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until MAT is highlighted.
5) Press the ENTER key to display the list of material types.
6) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the material list until
the appropriate material is highlighted.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
7) Press the ENTER key to select the material type and initiate the overwrite
confirmation screen.
8) Press the OK key to confirm the material selection, or ESC key to cancel
changing the material type.
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CHAPTER SIX
TRIGONOMETRY MODE
6.1 Introduction to TRIG
Trig mode is most commonly used for inspecting welded joints using an angle beam
transducer. Based on the location, orientation, and geometry of the weld, a straight
beam transducer is typically not suitable for inspection. As a result, a transducer
emitting sound at a given angle will allow the operator to position the transducer
away from the actual weld, and “skip” into the weld at a given angle. Therefore, in
order to determine the location of a defect, given a specific angle, the trigonometry
mode is used. This section will cover the steps to setup and utilize trigonometry
mode.
6.2 Additional Comments
Prior to proceeding on to the next section outlining how to enable and setup the TRIG
mode, a few additional items should be clarified:
Angle Beam TransducerWeld Inspection
Refer to the Angle Beam Transducer diagram above:
SP – Sound Path X-Offset – Front of wedge less Index
Angle – Transducer Angle SD – Surface Distance
Thickness – Material Thickness Depth – Depth of flaw from surface
Screenshot Trig mode:
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
When TRIG mode is enabled, the calculated measurements will be displayed below
the waveform display area at (A), and the signal amplitude as a percentage of full
screen height at (B).
Curved Surface Correction:
The DFX-7 will also compensate for convex curved surfaces of longitudinally welded
pipes. A curved surface will produce a greater sound path than a flat surface will,
using a transducer with a given angle. The user should consider the angle used on
curved surfaces, with respect to the material thickness, in order to be sure a
reflection will occur from the opposite surface of the test material. In order to utilize
the curved surface compensation, the outside diameter must be entered into the
DFX-7.
6.3 Setup Trigonometry Mode
This section provides a step by step procedure to enable and setup the TRIG mode.
Note: A two point calibration should be done prior to proceeding. Refer to Chapter
Five for the calibration procedures.
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Activating & Setting the Parameters
Activate Trig Mode
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left,
until the TRIG menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until TRIG is highlighted.
3) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the TRIG feature ON. The
menu items should now become active and adjustable, as illustrated above.
Enter Material Thickness
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until THICKNESS is highlighted,
followed by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value.
When the correct thickness is displayed, proceed to the next setting.
2) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
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4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the thickness is correctly displayed.
6) Press the OK key to set the THICKNESS and return to the menu screen, or
ESC to cancel entering the THICKNESS.
Note: Thickness is used to calculate the depth.
Transducer Angle
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until ANGLE is highlighted, followed
by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value. When the
correct angle is displayed, proceed to the next setting.
2) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the angle is correctly displayed.
6) Press the OK key to set the ANGLE and return to the menu screen, or ESC
to cancel entering the ANGLE.
X-Offset
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until X-OFFSET is highlighted,
followed by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value.
When the correct X-Offset is displayed, proceed to the next setting.
2) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the X-Offset is correctly displayed.
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6) Press the OK key to set the X-OFFSET and return to the menu screen, or
ESC to cancel entering the X-OFFSET.
Note: The X-Offset is used for purposes of marking, and is physically
measured with a ruler from the index point to the front edge of the transducer.
Curved Surface Outside Diameter
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until CSC OD is highlighted, followed
by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value. When the
correct CSC OD is displayed, proceed to the next setting.
2) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the CSC OD is correctly displayed.
6) Press the OK key to set the CSC OD and return to the menu screen, or ESC
to cancel entering the CSC OD.
Note: The CSC OD value is only used for curved surfaces of longitudinally
welded pipes.
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CHAPTER SEVEN
AWS – WELD INSPECTION
7.1 Introduction to AWS
AWS provides a toolkit for evaluating defects according to the American Welding
Society D1.1 welding code. The code offers inspectors a method to classify
discontinuities by calculating and Indication Rating (IR) using ultrasonics. This toolkit
can be used in conjunction with TRIG mode, outlined in the previous chapter, to
simultaneously display the sound path (SP), surface distance (SD), and depth (D).
The following sections provide an outline for using the AWS feature.
7.2 Additional Comments
Since the DFX-7 is a gain controlled instrument, the following formula applies:
A – B – C = D
Where:
A = Discontinuity Indication Rating (DI)
B = Reference Indication Level (IL)
C = Attenuation Factor (AF); or 2(SP – 1)
SP = sound path in inches (2dB loss per inch of material thickness)
D = Indication Rating (IR)
Note: all values are in dB.
Calibration Standards & Calibration:
In order to use the AWS feature, the operator must have calibration standards made
with the same size reflector at different distances within the testing range. The
standards should also be made of the same material type as the material to be
inspected.
AWS D1.1 Standard:
There are specific transducers that are required by the D1.1 standard. The
frequency specified by the standard is 2-2.5MHz. The user should refer to the
standard for further information.
7.3 Setup AWS
This section provides a step by step procedure to enable and setup the AWS feature.
Note: A two point calibration should be done prior to proceeding. Refer to Chapter
Five for the calibration procedures. The TRIG mode will also be used for weld
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inspection, and should additionally be setup prior to enabling the AWS feature. Refer
to Chapter Six for instructions on setting up TRIG mode.
Activating & Setting AWS
Activate Trig Mode
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left,
until the AWS menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until AWS is highlighted.
3) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the AWS feature ON. The
menu items should now become active and adjustable, as illustrated above.
Enter % Screen Height
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until % SCRN HEIGHT is highlighted,
followed by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value.
When the correct height is displayed, proceed to the next setting.
2) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
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3) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the height is correctly displayed.
6) Press the OK key to set the % SCRN HEIGHT and return to the menu
screen, or ESC to cancel entering the % SCRN HEIGHT.
Note: % Screen Height is an arbitrary level, and is not specified by the AWS
D1.1. The user should set a value that will optimize viewing defects that are
larger and smaller than the reference level. Typically this level is set between
50%-80% full screen height.
Setting the Reference Gain
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until SET REF HEIGHT is highlighted,
followed by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the feature
ON.
2) Press the MEAS key once to activate measure menu items. Press the MEAS key multiple times to move right and the ESC key multiple times to
move left, until the GATE1 cell is highlighted.
Note: A gray cursor should be visible in the waveform area of the display.
Also, since the DFX-7 has been previous calibrated and the TRIG feature has
been setup, a gate should be enabled and active.
Peak Up on the Reflector
1) Apply couplant on the calibration standard, place the transducer in the
correct area in position with the reflector, and slide the transducer around to
locate the maximum amplitude.
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2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to position the start of GATE1 to
trigger on the waveform.
3) Optionally, press the MEAS key multiple times to move right and the ESC
key multiple times to move left, until the WIDTH1 cell is highlighted.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to adjust the size or width of
GATE1.
Note: When the signal is in the gate, the height indicator will detect and display
the % full screen height.
Setting the Level
1) Press the MEAS key multiple times to move right and the ESC key multiple
times to move left, until the AWS BOX: cell is highlighted.
2) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to position the cursor box over the
waveform.
3) Press the ENTER key to set the REFGN (reference gain).
Note: This process can be repeated and reset multiple times, or until the SET
REF GAIN feature is toggled OFF.
4) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left,
until the AWS menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
5) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until SET REF GAIN is highlighted,
followed by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle OFF.
6) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the main measurement screen,
followed by pressing the OK key to display the AWS screen.
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Note: The AWS screen can be toggle on by pressing the OK key while in the
main measurement screen. Equally, the Hot Menus can be toggled by
pressing the MEAS at any time.
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CHAPTER EIGHT
DISTANCE AMPLITUDE CORRECTION (DAC)
8.1 Introduction to DAC
A DAC curve is a gate with a variable threshold to compensate for a given reflector
type and size measured at different depths. Unlike a standard gate, which typically
has a fixed threshold level regardless of the depth, the DAC curve is more
representative of the reflector size at different depths. In order to generate a DAC
curve, calibration standards must made with the same material being inspected, the
representative reflector size, and over a given thickness range. The DAC curve is
then used as an alarm to inform the user about the size of any given reflector at any
depth during the inspection process.
Once the DAC curve has been established, the user can display; -2dB, -6dB, -10dB,
-12dB, -6/-12dB, -6/-14dB, DAC or GATE at any time. The initial DAC curve
generated is always displayed in conjunction with any of the above CURVE options.
Additionally, the alarm can be set to TRIGGER on any of the curve options displayed.
Therefore, if the -6/-12dB curve option has been selected, the user can toggle the
TRIGGER options: GATE, DAC, -6dB, or -12dB.
Note: Based on the screen resolution of the DFX-7, the dynamic range of the DAC
is approximately 18dB. As a result, inspection of any materials that attenuate more
than 18dB over the inspection range, the DAC feature should not be used, and TCG
(Time Corrected Gain) should optionally be considered.
8.2 Additional Comments
Prior to proceeding onto the next section to create a DAC curve, a few additional
items will help with the users selection process in the menu items:
• Up to 8 points can be used to generate a DAC curve.
• 3 or more points must be used in order to draw a DAC curve.
• All the DAC curve or gate combinations only detect when the amplitude of the
signal is ‘at’ or ‘above’ the selected trigger option.
• Any of the DAC curves or gate displayed, can be set as the trigger alarm
option.
• The measure (meas) options are as follows:
dB –
%DAC – At the DAC curve represents 100%. Any signal generating an
amplitude below the DAC curve is less than 100%, and any above
greater than 100%.
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%FSH – The top of the waveform display represents 100% full screen
height. Any waveform amplitudes generated greater than 100% full
screen height will not be displayed. 100% is the greatest value that can
be displayed.
Note: The MEAS option selected is overridden with %FSH while the
DAC curve is in DRAW mode. Once the DRAW mode is turned off, the select MEAS option will be displayed.
• The MEAS, CURVE, and TRIGGER options can be changed at any time once
the DAC curve has been created.
• In order to move the highlighted cursor over a waveform to use as a point in
generating the DAC curve, the “DAC BOX:” hot menu item in the main
measurement screen must be highlighted.
8.3 Creating a DAC Curve
This section provides a step by step procedure to create a DAC curve. Note: a two
point calibration should be done prior to proceeding. Refer to Chapter Five for the
calibration procedures. Also, if the TRIG function will be used, it should be setup
prior to proceeding. Refer to Chapter Six for the setup procedure.
Activating & Setting the Parameters
Activating DAC
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left,
until the DAC menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
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2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until DAC is highlighted.
3) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the DAC feature ON or AUDIBLE. The menu items should now become active and adjustable, as
illustrated above.
Activating Draw Mode
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until DRAW is highlighted, followed by
pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys until ON is displayed.
Quantity Displayed
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until MEAS is highlighted, followed by
pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle and select dB, %FSH,
or %DAC.
Selecting the Curve(s)
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until CURVE is highlighted, followed
by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle and select DAC, -2, -4, -6, -10, (-6/-12), or (-6/-14) curve options. The CURVE option can be
changed at any time after the DAC curve has been created.
Setting the Curve(s) Trigger
1) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until TRIGGER is highlighted, followed
by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle and select which
curve or gate to use as the alarm trigger. The options displayed will vary
according to which CURVE option has been selected above: DAC, -2, -4, -6,
-10, (-6/-12), or (-6/-14) curve options. The Trigger option can be changed
at any time after the DAC curve has been created.
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2) Proceed to the next section – Drawing the DAC.
Drawing the DAC
DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
1) With all the parameters set in the previous section, press the MEAS key
once to return to the main measurement screen.
Note: The user should now see a highlighted cursor displayed in the waveform
area, starting at the left most side of the display area.
ex. 1 ex. 2
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2) Press the MEAS key multiple times to move right, and the ESC key multiple
times to move left until the DAC BOX: cell is highlighted. Now that the DAC BOX: cell is highlighted, the cursor can be controlled by moving the LEFT
and RIGHT arrow keys.
3) Couple the transducer to the first calibration standard, and peak up on the
reflector, adjusting the gain to keep the signal height within the boundaries
of the waveform display area, and at a suitable height to allow for
attenuation at greater depths in the overall range to be tested.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move the cursor over the
waveform to be used as the first point in the DAC curve, and press the
ENTER key to set the first point. Illustrated in ex.1 above.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 to set multiple points as is necessary. Illustrated in ex.2
above.
Note: The DAC curve will be displayed after 3 points have been set/recorded,
and will continue to be redrawn/updated for each additional point added,
with a maximum of 8 points allowed.
6) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left,
until the DAC menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
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7) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until DRAW is highlighted, followed by
pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys until OFF is displayed. The DAC
curves are now set and ready to be used for inspection.
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CHAPTER NINE
TIME CORRECTED GAIN (TCG)
9.1 Introduction to TCG
The TCG feature increases gain as distance increases, in order to achieve an overall
level of sensitivity for the same reflector at different distances. It is very similar to the
DAC feature noted in a previous chapter. However, while a DAC curve plots points
at given amplitudes and distances, generating a variable threshold, the TCG feature
increases the gain at various distances to adjust the signal amplitude to a
predetermined level of full screen height. Therefore, the amplitude of all signals at
various distances will be displayed at the same reference level.
Note: One of the advantages of the TCG feature over the DAC option is the dynamic
range. The TCG feature has a maximum dynamic range of 50dB, while the DAC
option is approximately 18dB. Therefore the TCG feature is a better solution for any
materials that attenuate more than 18dB over the inspection range, and should be
considered.
9.2 Additional Comments
Prior to proceeding onto the next section to create a DAC curve, a few additional
items will help with the users selection process in the menu items:
• Up to 8 points can be used to generate a TCG curve.
• 3 or more points must be used in order to draw a TCG curve.
• The gain will be adjusted at each point to display the signal amplitude at a
predetermined reference level.
• In order to move the highlighted cursor over a waveform to use as a point in
generating the TCG curve, the “TCG BOX:” hot menu item in the main
measurement screen must be highlighted.
9.3 Creating a TCG Curve
This section provides a step by step procedure to create a TCG curve. Note: a two
point calibration should be done prior to proceeding. Refer to Chapter Five for the
calibration procedures. Also, if the TRIG function will be used, it should be setup
prior to proceeding. Refer to Chapter Six for the setup procedure.
Setting TCG Parameters
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Activating TCG
4) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left,
until the TCG menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
5) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until TCG is highlighted.
6) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the TCG feature ON. The
menu items should now become active and adjustable, as illustrated above.
Enter % Screen Height
7) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until % SCRN HEIGHT is highlighted,
followed by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value.
When the correct height is displayed, proceed to the next setting.
7) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
8) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
9) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
10) Repeat steps 3 & 4 until the height is correctly displayed.
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11) Press the OK key to set the % SCRN HEIGHT and return to the menu
screen, or ESC to cancel entering the % SCRN HEIGHT.
Activating Draw Mode
4) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until DRAW is highlighted.
5) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the DRAW feature ON.
6) Proceed to the next section – Drawing the TCG curve.
Drawing the TCG
1) With all the parameters set in the previous section, press the MEAS key
once to return to the main measurement screen.
Note: The user should now see a highlighted cursor displayed in the waveform
area, starting at the left most side of the display area.
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ex. 1 ex. 2
2) Press the MEAS key multiple times to move right, and the ESC key multiple
times to move left until the TCG BOX: cell is highlighted. Now that the TCG BOX: cell is highlighted, the cursor can be controlled by moving the LEFT
and RIGHT arrow keys.
3) Couple the transducer to the first calibration standard, and peak up on the
reflector to achieve maximum signal amplitude.
4) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to move the cursor over the
waveform to be used as the first point in the TCG curve, and press the
ENTER key to set the first point. Illustrated in ex.1 above.
5) Repeat steps 3 & 4 to set multiple points as is necessary. Illustrated in ex.2
above.
Note: You must set 3 points to draw a TCG curve. Any point can be cleared
by pressing the CLR key when DRAW is active.
6) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left,
until the TCG menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
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7) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys until DRAW is highlighted, followed by
pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys until OFF is displayed. The TCG
curve is now set.
8) Optionally, the TCG curve can be displayed by pressing the UP and DOWN
arrow keys until CURVE is highlighted, followed by pressing the LEFT and
RIGHT arrow keys toggle ON.
9) Press the MEAS key to display the main measurement screen, and the TCG
curve will be displayed.
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CHAPTER TEN
ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF THE DFX-7
10.1 Material Velocity
The DFX-7 has a built in feature to manually adjust the material velocity to a know
value in the calibration section of the DFX-7. It should be noted that this does not
calculate the zero value like the two point calibration option does. Therefore, if the
material velocity is changed you should check the calibration. The procedures for
adjusting the velocity are outlined below:
Adjusting Velocity
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the CAL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until VELCITY is highlighted.
3) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value. When the
correct velocity value is being displayed, proceed to step 8.
4) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
5) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
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6) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
7) Repeat steps 5 & 6 until the velocity value is correctly displayed.
8) Press the OK key to set the velocity and return to the menu screen, or ESC
to cancel entering the velocity.
9) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen.
10.2 Zero
The DFX-7 has a feature to manually adjust the electronic zero. This feature used in
conjunction with manually adjusting the velocity, are the primary features necessary
to perform a ‘crude’ manual screen calibration. The procedure for adjusting the zero
is listed below:
Adjusting Zero
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the CAL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
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2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until ZERO is highlighted.
3) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value. When the
correct zero value is being displayed, proceed to step 8.
4) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
5) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
6) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
7) Repeat steps 5 & 6 until the zero value is correctly displayed.
8) Press the OK key to set the zero and return to the menu screen, or ESC to
cancel entering the zero.
9) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen.
10.3 Material Velocity Charts
The DFX-7 has two material velocity charts built into the gauge with both longitudinal
and shear material velocities. It should be noted that in order to display the chart
containing the shear wave velocities the TRIG mode must be activated, as we’ve
assumed an angle beam transducer will be used for the inspection process. The
procedure is listed below:
Selecting a Basic Material Type
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1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the CAL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until MAT is highlighted.
3) Press the ENTER key to display the list of material types.
4) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the material list until
the appropriate material is highlighted.
5) Press the ENTER key to overwrite the material type and display the menu
items with the new material type selected.
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6) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen and begin
taking readings.
10.4 Auto Find
The DFX-7 is equipped with a very handy feature for locating the detection point of a
return echo that is not currently in the viewable region of the display. The AUTO FIND feature is a convenient way to automatically bring the detected echo into view
on the display. Once the echo is in the viewable area, the user can then make small
adjustments to the delay and range accordingly. The procedure to use the AUTO
FIND feature is outlined below:
Using Auto Find
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left,
until the UTIL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until AUTO FIND is highlighted.
3) Place the transducer on the test material and obtain a reading.
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4) Press the ENTER key to automatically adjust the display settings and bring
the waveform into view.
5) Once the signal is displayed, press the MEAS key to return to measurement
mode.
10.5 Brightness
The DFX-7 is equipped with a brightness feature to adjust the display visibility and
optimize battery life. It has an arbitrary scale with a values from 1-20, with 20
representing the brightest setting. The procedures for adjusting the brightness are
outlined below:
Adjusting Brightness
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the DISP menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until BRIGHTNESS is highlighted.
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3) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the value. When the
correct brightness value is being displayed, proceed to step 8.
4) Alternatively, press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box.
5) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll the highlighted value.
6) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the digit locations.
7) Repeat steps 5 & 6 until the brightness number is correctly displayed.
8) Press the OK key to set the brightness and return to the menu screen, or ESC to cancel entering the brightness.
9) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen and begin
taking readings.
10.6 Color Scheme
The DFX-7 has a variety of display color options to select from. These will change
the look and feel of the according to the users preference. The procedures for
changing the VIEW, are outlined below:
Selecting a Color Scheme
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1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the DISP menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until VIEW is highlighted.
3) Press the ENTER key to display a list of the color scheme options.
4) Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the material list until
the appropriate material is highlighted.
5) Press the ENTER key, followed by pressing the OK key, to overwrite the
current color scheme with the selected scheme.
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6) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen and begin
taking readings.
10.7 DIM
The DFX-7 has a built-in DIM feature to manage power more effectively. This feature
has adjustable time durations, until the power of the display is dimmed and current
draw reduced. The timer is constantly reset while the user is making measurements,
and is only activated when the gauge is idle for the duration of time the DIM value is
set for. This feature does not override the preset 5 min idle power off feature in any
way. However, if the gauge is turned on, set for a DIM of 120sec, and then left idle
for 5 minutes, the DFX-7 will dim in 2 minutes, then power off in 5 minutes. The
procedures for adjusting the DIM time are outlined below:
Setting a DIM time
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the DISP menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until DIM is highlighted.
3) Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the DIM time.
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4) Finally, press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen and begin
taking readings.
10.8 Graphics Options (look & feel)
The DFX-7 includes a couple of cosmetic features for user preference when viewing
the waveform. These features only serve as cosmetic items, and do not change the
functionality of the DFX-7 in any way.
RECT Wave:
The rectified wave feature, is only functional when using RECT wave view, and
provides the user the following display options:
Outline – Draws the unfilled outline of the waveform.
Filled – Draws a filled version of the waveform.
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The procedure to select the look and feel option is outlined below:
Setting the Look & Feel
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the DISP menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until RECT WAVE is highlighted.
3) Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the RECT WAVE options.
4) Once the RECT WAVE is displayed, press the MEAS key to return to the
measurement screen.
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10.9 Detect Mark
Another look and feel option of the DFX-7 is the DETECT MARK feature. The detect
mark give the user the option to select: none, line, dots, or box. Depending on the
select made, an indication will be displayed on the waveform, showing where the
detection is occurring. It should be noted that the “box” option will only be visible in
RF view. The following screenshots illustrate the above selection options:
None Line
Dots Box
10.10 Polarity
The DFX-7 has a number of features and views that offer selectable polarity. The
important thing to note is the polarity view is entirely different than the polarity
selection of a gate. If a polarity view of +RECT is selected, only the positive portion
of the waveform will be shown on the screen. If a positive polarity is then selected for
GT1, not only will the gate be displayed on the screen, it will only detect on the
positive going cycles of the waveform. Polarity is selectable according to the VIEW, GT1, GT2, and DAC. Again, view corresponds only to what portion of the waveform
is displayed, positive or negative, and the other three options are primarily associated
with where the detect occurs. Finally, if the view is set to RF, the entire waveform
cycle will be displayed, both positive and negative. Refer to the diagram below:
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
The diagram above is an RF view, showing both the positive and negative going
cycles for purposes of explanation. Notice the +/- positions in the diagram. The
positive phase is everything above the horizontal center line, and the negative
everything below the center line. The baseline is found at position (A), and
considered zero dB. If +RECT was selected as the view, only the positive portion of
the waveform would be displayed. Equally, if the gate polarity was set to positive, as
in the diagram at (C), it would also appear on the display. However, if it was set to
negative, would not appear on the display. In the example above, the gate is set to
positive and will detect on the positive going waveform cycles shown in the box (B).
Toggle Polarity (+/-)
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Note: The screenshots above show where all the possible locations for polarity
selection are found in the DFX-7. For more information on the above, refer to
the sections on VIEW, DAC, GT1, & GT2.
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right, and the ESC key multiple times to tab left,
until the DISP, DAC, GT1, or GT2 menu is highlighted and displaying the
submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until VIEW, DPOLARITY, POLARITY1, or POLARITY2 is highlighted.
3) Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle the VIEW, DPOLARITY, POLARITY1, or POLARITY2 negative or positive.
4) Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen and begin taking
readings.
10.11 Detect Modes
The DFX-7 has three selectable modes of detection: Z-Cross, Flank, and Peak. The
following diagram illustrates the difference between the options:
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
Z-Cross Flank Peak
Refer to the diagrams above. The current polarity is positive, as shown by the
position of the gate above the baseline:
Z-Cross:
and goes negative.
Flank: The detection occurs as the first half cycle left edge rises and breaks the
threshold.
Peak: The detection occurs at the highest peak in the gate.
The procedure to select the DETECT MODE is outlined below:
The detection occurs as the first positive half cycle crosses the baseline
Selecting the Detect
5) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the TUNE menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
6) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until DETECT MODE is highlighted.
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7) Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the DETECT options.
8) Once the DETECT is displayed, press the MEAS key to return to the
measurement screen.
10.12 Pulse Width
The DFX-7 has a square wave pulser with adjustable pulse width option. Pulse
width, refers to the duration of time the pulser is left on. This time results in
increased energy sent into the test material. There are three width options (SPIKE, THIN, and WIDE). The SPIKE setting may be desirable for high resolution and
general applications to decrease the overall noise. When additional energy is
needed, more penetration, the THIN and WIDE options may be necessary. The
standard setting is THIN. The procedure to change the pulse width is outlined below:
Selecting the Pulse Width
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the TUNE menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until PULSE is highlighted.
3) Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the Pulse options.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
4) Once the Pulse is displayed, press the MEAS key to return to the
measurement screen.
10.13 Pulser Voltage
The DFX-7 has a 200 volt square wave pulser that can be adjusted for specific
applications and transducers. The Pulser Volt feature offers a 50 volt cut/boost
option to the user. The standard setting is 200 volts. This enables the DFX-7 to offer
greater penetration for difficult material types, or increased resolution on noisy
materials. The procedure to change the pulser voltage is outlined below:
Changing the Pulser Voltage
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the TUNE menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until PULSER VOLT is highlighted.
3) Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the PULSER VOLT options.
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4) Once the desired Pulser Voltage is displayed, press the MEAS key to
return to the measurement screen.
10.14 Screen Update (Refresh)
The DFX-7 has a maximum screen redraw rate of 120Hz. While it’s extremely fast
for a digital flaw detector, it also requires additional power as it draws more current.
As a result, we’ve opted to include an option to toggle between 60Hz and 120Hz in
order to provide the user the option to conserve on battery life. The procedure to
toggle this option is outlined below:
Selecting the Refresh
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the PRB menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until SCREEN UPDATE is highlighted.
3) Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to toggle 60Hz or 120Hz.
4) Once the desired SCREEN UPDATE is displayed, press the MEAS key to
return to the measurement screen.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
10.15 Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
The DFX-7 is equipped an adjustable pulse repetition rate, with adjustable settings of
8, 16, 32, 66, 125, 250, and 333Hz. The primary purpose is to control how fast the
pulser is firing. The repetition rate is tied into the alarm LEDS. Therefore, when
scanning at higher speeds, a higher repetition rate will make the alarm trigger more
responsive. It’s important to note that since the screen has a maximum refresh rate
of 120Hz, or draws at 120 times a second, any PRF settings over this maximum will
not be visible on the display. In fact, the human eye has a response rate of less than
60Hz.
The PRF setting will automatically be overridden according to the range set by the
user. Long range settings will slow the PRF down automatically. Slower PRF
settings will save on battery life. Therefore, if your current application doesn’t call for
fast scanning speeds, you can save battery life by selecting a slower PRF. The
procedure to change the MAX PRF setting is outlined below:
Setting the Max PRF
5) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the PRB menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
6) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until MAX PRF is highlighted.
7) Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the PRF options.
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8) Once the desired PRF is displayed, press the MEAS key to return to the
measurement screen.
10.16 Damping
The DFX-7 has an adjustable damping feature, enabling the user to select from a
variety of settings according the transducer frequency and overall output. The range
of the damping feature is 50-1500 ohms. The available steps are 50, 75, 100, 300,
600 and 1500 ohms. Lower frequency transducers require less damping because
they typically have higher impedance and distort. The reverse is true for higher
frequency transducers. Nevertheless, trial and error with this feature will enable you
to find the optimal signal response and setting for your transducer. The procedure to
change the DAMPING is outlined below:
Selecting the Damping
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the PRB menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until DAMPING is highlighted.
3) Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the DAMPING options.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
4) Once the desired DAMPING is displayed, press the MEAS key to return to
the measurement screen.
10.17 Filters (Wide & Narrow Bands)
There are two versions of the DFX-7 series: DFX-7 and DFX-7+. The DFX-7 is a
wide band only gauge, which includes a single wide band filter with a range of
1.8MHz to 19MHz. The DFX-7+ includes the same wide band filter, but also includes
a few narrow band filter options at 2MHz, 5MHz and 10MHz. The wide band option
is responsive to all signals within the given frequency range. However, narrow band
filters eliminate signals outside of the target filter frequency, and focus on the output
of the transducer at the specified frequency. The procedure to change the
DAMPING is outlined below:
Selecting the Damping
1) Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the MENU
key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until
the TUNE menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items
until FILTERS is highlighted.
3) Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll the FILTERS options.
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4) Once the desired FILTERS is displayed, press the MEAS key to return to
the measurement screen.
10.18 Peak Hold
The DFX-7 includes a peak hold feature that draws and saves the maximum
waveform amplitude on the screen. This allows an inspector to move the transducer
in all directions, in an effort to “peak up” on a signal, and locate the maximum
amplitude. The following procure outlines the steps to activate and use the PEAK
hold feature:
Activating Peak
1) Press the MULTI MODE key located in the bottom left corner of the keypad
to display the mode options.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys PEAK is highlighted.
3) Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen.
Clearing Current Wave Draw
Note: At any point during a PEAK scan the operator may opt to clear the wave
drawing and start over.
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DFX-7 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
1) Press the CLR key at any time to clear the currently displayed waveform,
and continue the scanning process.
Disabling PEAK
Note: In order to deactivate the PEAK hold feature.
1) Press the MULTI MODE key located in the bottom left corner of the keypad
to display the mode options.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys NORMAL is highlighted.
3) Press the ENTER key to set the mode and automatically return to the
measurement screen.
10.19 Freeze Waveform
The DFX-7 also includes a FREEZE mode that allows an operator the ability to
freeze a the current waveform being display on the screen at anytime. Once the
operator freezes the waveform, the transducer can be removed from the test
material. The following procure outlines the steps to activate and use the FREEZE
feature:
Activating Peak
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Note: Assuming the operator currently has a waveform that they’d like to
freeze on the display.
1) Press the MULTI MODE key located in the bottom left corner of the keypad
to display the mode options.
2) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys FREEZE is highlighted.
3) Press the ENTER key to set the mode and automatically return to the
measurement screen.
Disabling Freeze
Note: In order to deactivate the FREEZE feature.
3) Press the MULTI MODE key located in the bottom left corner of the keypad
to display the mode options.
4) Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys NORMAL is highlighted.
5) Press the ENTER key to set the mode and automatically return to the
measurement screen.
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CHAPTER ELEVEN
DATA STORAGE – SETUP, EDIT, & VIEW FILES
11.1 Introduction to Grid and Sequential file formats
The DFX-7 is equipped with two data file format options, GRID LOG and SEQ LOG.
The GRID file format is very similar to a spreadsheet format found in popular
software programs like Excel. A GRID is simply a table of readings. A location in a
grid is specified by giving a row and column coordinate. The rows are numbered
from 1 to 999 and the columns are labeled from A to ZZ (999 Rows & 52 Columns).
The sequential file format can be viewed as a file as a single column of up to 512
possible rows (readings), and a column of corresponding identifiers associated with
each individual reading. The identifier can be a combination of up to 10 numeric,
alpha, or special characters listed above, while the file name can consist of a
combination of up to 20 of the same character set. Note: The identifier cannot start or end with a special character. Once a start and end ID are entered into the DFX-7
and the log created, the DFX-7 will automatically generate all the identifiers within
that range.
The following character set listed below are all the allowable characters that will be
used for both file formats: GRID & SEQ LOG. Any combination of these characters
can be used for creating a Name and Note regardless of the selected format. The
allowable characters are as follows:
Numeric characters: 0 – 9 Alpha Characters: A – Z
Special Characters: ! ‘ _ # space / . – ( )
Multiple grids can be created and stored until the DFX-7’s memory is full. If the user
attempts to store a new file in the DFX-7 and the size of the file exceeds the capacity
of memory, the DFX-7 will respond with an error message indicating that the memory
is unable to store the new file.
The DFX-7 can store a total of 8,000 readings with a corresponding screenshot of
the RF or RECT views with every reading, as well as all the DFX-7 settings for every
individual reading. If the graphics option is disabled, not saving screenshots, the
DFX-7 can store a total of 210,000+ readings. The screenshot stored with the
reading will depend on what view the DFX-7 was in at the time it was saved. For
example, if the view was in RECT, then a RECT will be saved with the reading.
In the sections that follow, the procedures for creating, using, and editing GRID’s and SEQ LOG’s have been combined together for the purpose of similarity in overall
functionality and structure. The illustrations below are snapshots of typical GRID and
SEQ LOG file formats:
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Grid File Formats
Sequential Log Formats
Important Note: For the duration of this chapter, all references to GRIDS and SEQ
LOGS should be considered synonymous with references to FILES.
11.2 Creating a new Grid or Sequential Log (File)
Important Note: This entire section is a step by step guide to successfully create a
grid or sequential log. The instructions must be used in the sequential order
specified, as follows:
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