Canon Cat Reference Manual

The

Canon Cat

Reference

Guide

Note: You

do

not have to read this manual

in order to use the Cat. Use

the How-to

Guide, especially

the blue-edged tutorial

pages,

to

get

acquainted

with

your

Cat.

Consult

this manual

for

more information

about a

particular

feature

or command

you

are

interested in.

Manual by

David Alzofon,
David Caulkins,

Jef Raskin,

Dr.Jalnes Winter

Canon Cat

Cat by Jef Raskin,

Dr.

James

Winter, Terry Holmes, Minoru

Taoyama, Jonathan Sand, John

Bumgamer, Paul Baker, Jim

Straus, Dave Bolton, Charlie Springer, Scott

Kim, Ralph

Voorhees, Richard Krause, Kouji Fukunaga, Kazuhiro
Nakamura,

Naohisa

Suzuki, Shigeru

Ishida, Susumu Takase

Copyright @

1987

by Canon

Inc. All rights rcserved.

Portions of this manual copyright @1987 by

Information Appli-

ance

Inc.

and ale

reproduced

by

permission.

Inforrnation Appliance, Calculation-in-Context,

and the com-

mand

names

LEAP,

LEAP AGAIN, DISK,

and SEND

arc trade-

marks of Information Appliance Inc.

Patents

Pending.

Canon Cat

is

a trademark of Canon

Inc.

Be sureto

read

and

follow therecommendations rnSetting

Up

and

Starting Up

nthe How-to

Guidc

regarding safety and environ-

mental

limitations in using the Cat. Also read and follow the

rec-

ommendations

for safeguarding

your

informationinAppend* C,

pagel25

of this manual.

This manual written on Canon

Cats

Manual design and

production:

Suzanne West and Cate Lush

Table

of Contents

Introduction

Basic Functions

Cursor

and

Highlight

Typing

Page

Numbering

Marking the Beginning of a Document
Titling Your Documents

The Ruler

I,eaping

Highlighting Text
Moving

Text

Erasing

Text

Using the Disk Drive
Printing YourDocument
Using the uNDOKey
Using the

HGLAINKey

Advanced

Functions

Customizing the Appearance of Paragraphs

l. Setting Margins and Indents

2.

Setting Tabs

3.

Setting Line

Spacing

4.

Styling the

Paragraphs

Customizing the

Appearance

of Words[-etters

l.

Capitalizing Wordsflrtten

2. Underlining WordsA-etrcn

3. Making Boldface Wordsfl-etters

Copying Text
Checking and

Correcting

Your

Spelling

Protecting Your Documents Against

Changes

Leaping Within a Specified Area
Changing the Keyboard Setting

ltl

I

2

5

9

10

l1

12

t4

19

22

23
25

34

37
38

39

40

4l

43

6

47
50

50
50

5l

52

53

56

58

60

Other

Useful

Features

Using

the Cat Over

the Telephone

1. Dialing and

Hanging Up

2. Holding a Cat Conversation

3. Receiving

Text

Calculating

With

the Cat

Putting Text

in

Alphabetical/I.{umerical

Order

Teaching the Cat to

R€,peat Your Commands

Changing

Document

Formats

Stopping

an Operation

Already in Progress

Appendix

A: Keyboard Chaxts

Appendix

B: Specifications

Appendix

C: Information Safeguards

Appendix

D: FCC Regulations

Glossary

Index

６



６２
６２
６５

“
７。
８５
９



％
１

３

114

120

125

127

128

147

Introduction

The Reference

Guide is notan instruction manual,

and

you

don't have

to read it in order to use the

Cat. You'll learn

the

Cat faster

if

you

just

plunge

in

and try it. After setting

up

your

equipment according

to

the instructions

in the first

part

of thel/aw+o

Guide,there are two

ways you

mightgo:

If

you've

already had word

processing

experience,

you

might want

to approach it through the

Quick

Reference

Card. Just try out the features.

If

you

want step-by-step instruction,

do the tutorial in

the

How-to

Guide.

The hour

or two

you

spend

on

the

tutorial

will

pay

big

dividends, since the habits

you

form

early on

will influence the way

you

use the Cat for a long

time to

come.

The

rest of the How-to

Guide answers

practical questions

such as "How

do

I

print

a document?" The Reference

Guide

ishke

anencyclopedia. It describes

every feature of

the Cat in detail. When

you

want to know

exactly

how

a

specific function

works and everything

that

it

can do, look

here.

Four Things

About

the Cat

You

Must Know

To

understand,the Reference

Guide,

you

must

be

familiar

with typing

and erasing, leaping, highlighting,

and com-

mands. If

you

are not familiar with

these,

read

about them

in

the

H

ow

-

t o G uide. Above all,

0ry them out.

It'

s essential

to unders[and these

functions in order to use the

Cat.

T\e

Quick

Reference

Card,

Howio

Guide,Tutorial,

and

Reference

Guide are all constructed alike,

with

parallel

sections

on typing, leaping, highlighting, and

commands.

You will find the same

commands discussed in

the same

order here and in

the How-to Guide.

IVhat's in

the Reference

Guide?

The

same things

you'll

find in

the

How-to

Guide,butin

greater

detail.

Basic Functions

The

Cursor and the Highlight

Typing

Page

Numbering

Marking

the Beginning

of a

Document

Titling Your Documents

The Ruler

kaping

Highlighting Text

Moving

Text

Erasing Text

Using

the Disk Drive

Printing Your Document

Using the LJNDO

Key

Using the E)GLAIN

Key

2

5

9

l0

ll

t2

t4

19

22

23

25

34

37

38

The

Cursor

and the

Highlight

Tlte cursor

is

the

blinking object on

the screen.

It

usually

appears

to the

right

of a

solid, unblinking

rectangle called

the highlight.

The

cursor

and the

highlightkeep track ofyourplace

on the

screen. Like a

pencil

and eraser, each

has a specialized

purpose which never changes.

What

They Do

The cursor shows

where the next character

you

type

will

appear.

The

highlight shows

what will be erased if

you

press

[ERASE].

This is always true,

so we call itthe

Fundamental Cursor

Rule.

Changes

in

the

Cursor's

Appearance

The

cursor

has three distinct

appearances:

narrow,wide,

and extended.

In

addition

it may blink

slowly or

quickly.

Narrow Cursor

The

cursor

is narrow

when the cursor and

the highlight

both

rest on the same character,

and both are

blinking.

The

cursor becomes

narrow whenever

you

move

it

by

leaping,

creeping, or scrolling.

When the cursor

is narrow, the

Fundamental Cursor

Rule

still applies:

You can either

type or erase

at this location.

Ifyou type, the character

at the cursor

will be

pushed

ahead

of the

new characters.

If

you

erase, the cursor

will remove

the characters

to its

right. The character

you

are on will

disappear

fi rst.

(See

Erasin

g

T e xt,

page

23, for more infor-

mation.)

Making

a correction: In

(

I

)

you

have

jwt

moved

the cursor to the

"s"

in

"stencil"

by leaping or

creeping, so the

cursor

is nnrrow on

"s"

. In

(2)

you press

[ERASE]

t]rice

and "st" disappears

(ifyoupressed

leetsel

again

"e"

would disap-

pear

).

In

(3)

you

make

the correction by typing

"red

p"

;

"encil"

moves

ahead.

The

cursor is now

wide because

you

have

been typing.

I

Wide

Cursor

Typing

or inserting

text by using a cornmand

always

makes the cursor wide.

The cursor is wide

when the

highlight is

on one character, and the

blinking cursor is

one

character

position

forward

from it. If the

cursor is wide and

you press

[ERASE],

the cursor

and

highlight

move

back-

ward

together, erasing

each

highlighted

character

as they

go.

This

closely resembles backspacing

on a typewriter.

Extended

Cursor

The

cursor

is

extended when

two or more characters

are

highlighted.

Extended cursor

and extended

highlight

mean the

same thing. Pressing both

LEAP keys after

a

leap

causes

the

highlight

to

extend, covering all

characters

between the

beginning and the

end of the leap.

Extending

the highlight

allows

you

to show

the Cat some

text

you

want

to affect. For example,

pressing

[ERASE]

erases

all the text in the extended highlight.

Commands

generally

affect only the

text

in

the extended highlight.

The highlight

is now

extended. The

next step

is to

press

[ERASE]

,o

make the

highlighted

text

vanish.

hank llllll       

・

When the

Cursor and Highlight

Separate

To move

text from

place

to

place,

you

highlight it,

then

leap

to the new location. During

the leap, the

cursor

temporarily

separates from

the highlighted

text. The

highlighted

text leaps to the new

position

of the cursor

as

soon as

you

release

the LEAP key . See MovingText,page

22, for more information.

Cursor

Blink Rate

In addition to

the cursor

shape, the cursor

blink

rate

also

indicates the

state of the

text:

-

Safely

recorded

or clean

text. The cr.;rsor

blinks faster,

about

three

times

per

second

when the text

has been

recorded on

a disk or

just

played

back from a disk

(see

Using

the

Disk Drive,page25,

for more information).

-

C

lnnged

text

The cursor blinks slower,

about once

per

second

when the text

has been changed

and the changes

have

not

yet

been

recorded.

In this state the text

is called

dirry.

Moving the

cursor, extending

the

highlight,

printing

text,

or

using

IEXPLAIN]

do not

make the text dirty.

Typing

Typing on the Cat

is like typing on

a

typewriter. You can

begin typing as soon as

you

see the blinking

cursor. What

you

type is always

inserted; text is never

destroyed by

typing, as it can be in some

word

processors.

Space

is made

for the.new text by

pushing

the old text

forward. Line

endings and

page

endings adjust automatically.

I{ord Wrap

Word wrap

automatically

ends the line

for

you

when

you

come to the

right margin while typing. A word

is

a

sequence of

printing

characters

plus

one or two following

spaces.

If

a

word runs into the right margin, word

wrap

moves the

whole word to the indent of the

following line.

If there is text ahead of the cursor,

line

and

page

endings

adjust automatically.

When

you

erase characters, the text unwraps.

Unwrapping

is the exact reverse of wrapping.

Line and

page

endings

adjust automatically.

Character Set

For each type of Cat

keyboard there is a

particular

set of

characters

which can be both typed and

printed.

Some

characters

-

automatic

page

breaks,

for example

-

al'e

not real characters in the same

sense

as

a character

you

have typed,

though they are displayed on the screen.

International

Keyboard

Set

Your keyboard has been set up to correspond

to the

conventions

of the country

where

you

bought

your

Cat.

Intemally, every Cat has all the

keyboard layouts used in

other countries. See Screen 2 : Machine S etup,

page

97, for

information on activating these

keyboard layouts. Appen-

dixA,

page

I14, has complete charts

for

all Cat

keyboards.

Permanent Space

P

ermanent

space is the uppercase character on

[TAB]

. A

permanent

space is typed between two

words

that

should

always appear

on the same line, such as "Canon

Inc." Word

wrap treats

words linked

by

permanent

spaces

as a single

word. A

permanent

space

looks the

same as an

ordinary

space on the screen or

when

printed.

If

you

leap to a

p€rmanent

space

(leap

to

[SHIFT]-[TABI),

the cursor

will

find only

permanent

spaces.

A leap

to an

ordinary

space finds either a

permanent

or a

regular

space.

Return Character

Pressing

[RETURN]

puts

a

return

character

in the text,

forcing the next character

in

sequence to appear

at the

indent of the next

line.

A

return

character also

marks the

end of a

paragraph.

This is

important for

the

paragraph

commands described

in

Customizing

the Appearance of

Paragraphs,

page

40.

A retum does not appear

in

the

printout.

Its whole

purpose

is to cause the

printer

to start a

new line. A return is visible

on the screen only

when highlighted, appearing as a small

hook-shaped arrow.

Tab Character

hessing

[TAB]

inserts

a

tab character into the text. A tab

character is a space

holder

of

variable width. It extends

from the

position

the cursor

held when

you pressed

[TAB]

forward to the

nearest tab stop. Inserting text to the left of

the tab character shortens

it.

A

tab character

is visible only when highlighted,

when it

appears as a dark

ribbon

containing

a right-pointing arrow.

A tab character is not visible in

the

printout

except as blank

space between characters.

A tab character may be compressed to the

width of one

character space

(one

mark on the ruler).

If insertions to the

left of a tab character force it beyond the tab

stop that

anchors its right side,

it

moves to the

next

tab

stop

(since

it is flexible, its

length may

change

when this happens).

The restofthe textforward from the tab characteris

pushed

ahead and words wrap as required.

Accented Characters

Accent characters can only be applied

to alphabetic char-

acters and spaces.

Punctuation cannot be accented.

Certain

print

wheels

provide

characters with

accents al-

ready in

place.

The

Cat uses such characters ifpossible;

otherwise it

prints

the

accent character,

then

prints

the

character to be

accented at the same location

bv overstrik-

ing.

When

you

type an accent, it

appears as a bare

accent

character

on the screen

(bare

means

"all by itself'). The

next

character

you

type will

appear at the same location,

under the accent character,

providing

you

do not type

another accent. If

you

type two accents in a row,

the text

will contain

two bare accent

characters. The second

accent

will appear

over the third

character

you

type,

providing

the

third

character

is

not an accent.

If

the cursor is narrow and

positioned

on

a bare accent

character,

and

you

type a characterother

than an accent,

the

accent

and character will combine

to form an

accented

character. This is slightly unusual

for the

cursor,

which

usually

pushes

the

character under the n:urow

cursor

forward when

you

type.

If

you

type

an accent character and move

the cursor away

from

it. the bare

accent character remains

alone

in

the text.

Adding

Text in

Boldface

or Underlined

Areas

When

you

type in the middle

of an underlined

or boldfaced

part

ofthe text, the characters

you

type take on

the style of

the surrounding characters.

Forexample, if

you

type in the

middle

of aboldface word, whatyou

type will

alsobe bold.

The

cursor must have

bold or underlined

characters on

both sides of it for newly

typed characters

to take on the

bold

or underline appearance. If

bold or underlined

text

is

only

on one side of the

cursor, the newly typed

text

will

be

plain.

A

dotted underline

appears undercharacters resulting

from

calculations.

If

you

type in the middle

of text with a

dotted

underline,

the newly typed

text

will

also be underlined.

This ensures

that any change

you

make in the middle

of a

mathematical

expression will

automatically be included

in

further

calculations.

Typing in

the middle of capitalized

text is not automati-

cally capitalized, unless

you

have

pressed

[LOCK].

The LOCK

Key

Pressing

[LOCK]

makes

the Cat behave

as

if

[SHIFT]

were

being held

down. A light in the

[LOCK]

keycap comes

on

when the keyboard

is locked. Note

that when

[LOCK]

is

engaged,

you

can

type only the uppercase

symbols on the

numeral

kevs.

ILOCKI

is nrmed

off

by

pressing

and

releasing either

[SHIFT].

When

ILoCK]

is

released the

light in the

keycap

goes

off.

[LocK]

and

its keycap

light

temporarily

swirch off

during

leaping. Since

leaping

is sensitive

to

capital

letters in

patt€rns,

[LOCK]

would make

leaping appear

to be out

of

order if

it were

left on during

the leap. When

you

release

the LEAP

key,

[LOCK]

is turned

on again.

The Cat also

ignores

[LOCK]

while

you

press

[USE

FRONT].

This

is

because

certain commands

behave

differently

when

[SHIFT]

is

pressed,

and using

[LOCK]

is like

holding

down

[SHIFT].

Page

Numbering

The Catnumbers andends

pages

automatically

while

you

are typing. Page numbering andpage endings

are updated

when

text

is erased

or

inserted. You

can also

force

a

page

to end

with

[PAGE].

The

uppercase character on

[PAGE]

-

called a document character

-

is

used to begin and end

documents.

[DOCUMENT]

begins a new

page

and restarts

page

numbering on succeeding

pages.

You

can adjust

page

numbering

and

page

length

using

[SETUP].

Only

page

numbers that

print

are displayed on the screen.

For

example, if the Cat is set so that

"1"

does not

print

at

the bottom of

page

l, then that

page

break will be

unnum-

bered on the screen. Page 2 is normally the first

page

number

to

print,

but this can be adjusted with

[SETUP].

Page

numbers are

positioned

slightly above the

page

break,

showing that ttrey

refer

to the text above.

Automatic Page Breaks

The

Cat automatically marks the text where enough lines

accumulate

to fill

a

paper page

(top

and bottom margins

taken

into

account). Automatic

page

brcaks are

displayed

as a single horizontal dotted line the full width of

the

screen. Ttrc automatic

page

break is a marker, not a true

character;

you

cannot type

it

or erase

it.

You can, however,

leap to it by holding

a LEAP key and

pressing

[PAGE].

The

cursorlands on the

first

character of the

page

following

the

automatic

page

break, rather

than on

the break itself. An

automatic

page

break can only be used in a single-charac-

ter leap

pattem.

Page Characters

Typing a

page

character by

pressing

[PAGE]

causes

the

page you

arc typing to end, and a new

page

to begin.

Page

numbers are automatically kept in order. Page

characters

are ordinary characters like

letters,

numerals, and

punctua-

tion.

They

can be typed and erased, and can be

part

of a

multi-character leap

pattem.

A

page

character is shown by a full-width

horizontal line

on the screen. The

page

number appears

slightly above the

line, showing that it refers to the text

above.

VT鵬

∥

:∥

eginning

Documents

begin and

end with a document

character, the

uppercase

character on

[PAGE].

A document

character

is

simply a

page

break

that forces

page

numbering to hgin

over again

(for

information

on how to change

the

first

page

number of

a document

see Screen

l: Document Setup,

page

96).

A document

character

is

displayed

as a

shaded

horizontal

line

somewhat

thicker than

a

page

character.

The number in the document

character

appears slightly

above

the line, showing

that it refers

to the text above.

If

you

leap to a document

character,

the cursor

will find

only a

document character.

If

you

leap to a

page

character,

the

cursor finds both

page

and document

characters.

The Cat has no concept

of a document

as a special category

of text.

Aside from the ability

to restart

page

numbering,

document characters are

like any

other characters

in the

text,

and can be typed,

erased, copied,

or moved

like all

other

characters.

You canbegin

new documents

anywhere

in

thetextsimply

by typing a document

character.

If

you

erase

a document

character,

the

text forward

from it becomes

part

of the

document

above,

and

page

numbering adjusts

automati-

cally.

[SETUP]

allows

you

to set

aside the fust

page

of a docu-

ment for a document

title.

The title may

include informa-

tion and commentary

on the document

that follows. See

TitlingYour

Documents,page

I 1, formore

information on

how

to

create title

pages.

Titling

Your

Documents

[TITLES]

allows

you

to

quickly

see what documents

you

have on a disk by assembling

all

their titles

in

one

place.

Maintaining the

titles listing

requires some effort,

since

you

must type a

title

page

for

each document.

Only

documents

with

titles

will be

shown when

you

use

[TITLES].

You

can also

find out

what documents

you

have

on

a disk by

leaping to a document

character, then using

[LEAP

AGAINI to

leap from document

to document.

To activate

[TITLES],

use

[SETUP]

to change the first

page

number of

a document to

zero. This

is easy since it is the

first option

on the

first screen

you

get

when

you

use

[SETU

P] . Once the first

page

of the document

is set to zero,

the text between

the document

character that

begins the

document and

the first

page

character

following it be-

comes

a document title.

When

you

use

[TITLES],

all

the document titles

appear in

place

of the ordinary

text,

with unnumbered

page

charac-

ters as dividers.

[TITLES]

will not show documents

that

don'thave

zero-numberedfirstpages,

orthose

without text

on

page

zero.

When the

document titles

fill more than a

screen of text,

youcan

scroll

title by title

forward orbackward

by

pressing

the

appropriate

LEAP key. When

you

release

IUSE

FRoNT],

your

text retums

with

the

cursor

where it

was before

you

used

[TITLES].

Except

for the ability of

[TITLES]

to

gather

document titles

together

and display

them, document

titles are ordinary

text.

If

you

erase the

document character

preceding

the

text

of the title, the document

title becomes

part

of the

last

page

of the

previous

document,

and

it is no longer treated

as a title

by

[TITLES].

The larger document

that results

from erasing a document

character

will not automatically

have

its first

page

converted

to a title.

UNDO and the TITLES Command

[UNDO]has nO effect on[TITLES].

The Ruler

A ruler calibrated in character positions appears at the

bottom ofthc screen except when[SETUP]or[EXPLAIN]

are in useo You can use itto align and measure yourtext.

■ e ruler also caries a number of other indicators:

A. The

blinking

line

This line

(shown

in

blue above) tells

you

the cursor's

horizontal location on a line.

B. Regular tab

stop

Stops cursor at the same

character

position

on every line if

ITABI

is

pressed.

C. Decimal

tab

stop

Used in typing columns

of

numbers.

D. Character

positions

The ruleris calibrated in numbers

of characters, not inches.

The numbers

l-8 stand for character

positions

l0

through

80. Any character counts

as

one

space on the ruler.

ISETUP]

allows

you

to

print

at

10, I 2,

or

15

characters

per

inch.

Whatever the setting, the ruler

does

not

change. At

ten characters

per

inch with

one-inch

right

and

left

mar-

gins,

you

will

be able to fit 65 characters on a line;

at

12

or

l5 characters

per

inch,

you

will be able to fit 80 characters

on a

line.

E. Line number of

cursor

The

sign

indicates

that the cursor is on line

1. This means

the tenth

line

of type. The top margin is not included in

the

line count.

F. Left margin

The line

indicates

the character

position

of

the left margin.

G.

Indent

The

line

indicates

the character

position

of the indent.

H. Right margin

The line indicates

the character

position

of the right mar-

gin.

I. DISK sign

Some

commands, such as

[DISK],

take time to complete.

A

sign

here lets

you know that the Cat is doing something.

J.

Paragraph style signs

The four signs represent four

paragraph

styles:

l,eft Flush,

Centered, Right

Flush, and Justified.

The lighted sign

indicates the style

of the

paragraph the

cursor

is in.

K. Line spacing signs

Single,

l-U2, or double-spaced

text. Spacing

shown

applies to the

paragraph

the cursor

is in.

L. Keyboard VII signs

[KB

ll]

selects

the right-hand set of symbols

on four-symbol

keys.

M. Memory

gauge

Shows the amount

of text

you've typed. E means empry

-

you

haven't typed

any text and there

is lots of room. As

you

add text the

white bar lengthens to shows

how much

space has been used.

The numbers on the

ruler

are for

character

positions I

to 80.

The numbers

I

to 8 signify

character

positions

10,20,30,

40,

50,

60, 70, 80.

The

ruler

shows the features of

the

paragraph

containing

the blinking cursor.

For example,

if the cursor

is in

a

paragraph

with a five-character

indent and double-spaced

lines. these values will be shown

in the

ruler.

Leaping

The

Cat's

su1sq1- ths blinking

object on

your

screen

-

is

capable of

moving

anywhere in the text almost instantly.

The

term leap descibes this new and astonishingly fast

mode

of travel.

@@

The LEAP Keys

There are two directions

you

can leap: forward and

back-

ward. Two

rose-colored LEAP keys

-

[LEAP->]

and

[<-LEAP]

-

control leaping.

Forward and Backward

When

you

consider

the

normal reading

order of the text

(left

to

right

and down),forwardmeans toward characters

that come

later in

the text. Bach,tardmeans toward char-

acters that come earlier

in

the text.

How Leaping Works

While holding a LEAP key, type what

you

want the cursor

to

find.

Whatever

you

type is called a

pattern.

While

you

type the

pattern,

the cursor immediately moves

in

the direction

indicated

by the LEAP key, landing on the

frst character of the first occurrence of the

pattern

in the

text.

This

character

is

called the target character.

[<-LEAP]

behaves the same as

[LEAP->]

except that the

cursor

moves

in the opposite direction through the text.

The

search is circular. A leap

in

one direction

will

circle

the entire text in search

of the

pattern.

The top

or bottom

of the text

is no

barrier. By taking the

long way

around, the

cursor

may

arive at a backward

position

after a

forward

leap

and

vice versa.

The cursor can find what

you

leap to

even

when

you

leap rn

the wrong direction.

The moment

the

pattem

cannot be

found,

the cursor

retums

to the starting

place.

This

is called cursor

rebound.

Nter

cursor rebound

you

should let

go

ofthe

LEAP key

and start

the

leap

over

again.

There

are two leap modes:

local leap and

global

leap. ln

local

leap the

cursor

will

not leap outside

of the documents

you

select with

[LOCAL

LEAP]. In

global

leap

the cursor

can

leap to any

character anywhere in

the text. The

Cat

automatically

comes on

in

global

leap. It will

only be in

local leap if

you

use

[LOCAL

LEAP]. A LOCAL

sign in the

ruler lets

you

know when

local leap is

on.

After

a successful leap

the cursor is narrow

and

positioned

on the target character.

Upper

and

Lowercase

Characters

in Leaping

Characters

in a

pattem

may

include

lowercase,

uppercase,

and accented

characters.

Patterns

and text match

as fol-

lows:

-

Lowercase

characters in the leap

pattern

match

both

upper and lowercase

characters in the

text.

For

example,

if

you

leap

to me,the cursor will ftnd

me, Me, mE,

or ME.

-

Uppercase

characters match

only uppercase characters.

The

pattern

A.BC matches

only ABC in the text, not

ADc or

abc.

-

Plain

characters match both

plain

and accented

charac-

ters. The

pattern

a will match

a, A, and d.

Special Leap Features

Scrolling

By holding

[SHIFT]

and,

while

holding it,

pressing

a

LEAP

key,

you

can

make

the text scroll one line

at a time in the

direction indicated

by the LEAP key. After

one use

of

[SHIFT]-[LEAP],

you

can use

[LEAP

AGAIN]

to make scroll-

ing autorepeat.

The

cursor stays on the same character in

the text, while the

text moves

up or down the screen. When

the cursor hits the

top or the bottom line

of the screen, it moves

to the margin

and remains

there while the

text continues to scroll by

underneath

it line-by-line. When

the cursor reaches

the

beginning or the

end of the entire text

(or

either end of the

local leap region)

scrolling stops. If

you

attempt to scroll

further in

the same direction, nothing

happens.

If

you

start scrolling when

the

highlight

is extended,

the

highlight

collapses when the cursor moves

to the

leftrnost

column

after

hitting

the top or bottom line

of the screen.

[UNDO]

retums

the cursor and the

screen to the way they

were

before

you

began scrolling.

Leaping to automatic

page

breaks

If

you

leap to a

page

character, the cursor

will also leap to

automatic

page

breaks.

The

cursor

lands on the first

character

following the automatic

page

break.

If

the

pattern

contains

more than one character,

automatic

page

breaks

will not be

found. For example, if

you

leap to

[PAGEI[a]

the cursor

will find the first

page

character

followed by an "a" or an

"A", but it will

not find an

automatic

page

break followed by

an "a".

Leaping

to the

beginning or the

end of the text

kaping

to

a

pattern

of several consecutive

page

characters

causes the

cursor to

leap

to the

first or last document

character

in

the

entire text.

The leap occurs the instant the

pattern

exceeds

the

number

ofconsecutive

page

c[aracters

that can

be found anywhere

in the text.

For

example,

if

there are

no more than two consecutive

page

or document

characters anywhere

in

the text,

the

cursor

will leap to the

beginning

or the end of the text

the moment

you press

IPAGEI

the third time

while holding a LEAP

key.

Use

[<-LEAP]

to

leap

to the

beginning of the text; use

[LEAP->]

to leap to the end.

In local leap

mode

the

cursor

will land at the first or

last

document

character

in

the

local

leap region.

Accent characters

in leaping

A leap

pattem

may contain

a bare accent character

(an

accent character that stands

alone), or characters

modified

by accents.

As

you

typ€

a

pattem

containing

an accent,

type the accent

first,

then

the character

which it accents.

The two

join

together

in the leap

pattem.

Thus typing "-"

and

"n" in succession

while leaping causes

you

to leap to

an i.

The instant

you

type

the accent the cursor

leaps

to

the

first example of

the

accent

in the text,

whether it is a bare

accent or it

modifies a character.

When

you

type the next

character

in

the

pattem,

the cursor moves

to the first

accented example ofthis

character, unless

it already stands

on such

a character. A bare accent

can occur only at the end

of a

paffern

or in a single-character

pattern.

A bare accent

matches a bare accent or an accented

character

in the text.

Leaping

and

LEARN

Iraping is not circular during

the learning or

re-enacting

phase

s of

[LEARN].

If

the cursor

encounters either the

first

or

last document characters

in the text during a

leap, it will

rebound to its starting

point;

learning or re-enacting

will

stop. If local leap is on, the

LEARN command stops and

the cursor rebounds when

it encounters either end of

the

local leap region.

UNDO and

Leap

[UNDO]

returns the cursor and

the screen to the

way they

were before the

leap

began.

Cursor Rebound

When the Pattern

is

Not

Found

The

Cat does not treat a failed leap

as an error. The cursor

simply returns

to its starting

point

the instant there is no

match between the leap

pattern

and the text. After

the

cursor rebounds

you

can

let

go

and start the leap

over, or

you

can erase some or

all of the

pattern

(see

Erasing

and

Correcting

the Leap Pattern

below).

Because the most common error in leaping

is repeatedly

pressing

the same key to leap from

example to example

of

the same thing, the Cat beeps when

the leap

pattern

consists ofthree or more identical

characters that

cannot be

found in the text.

Erasing

and Correcting the Leap Pattern

If

you press

[ERASEI

during a

leap,

it erases the last

character

you

typed in

the leap

pattem.

The

cursor back-

tracks, behaving

as

ifit

had

leaped

only as far

as

indicated

by the shortened

pattern.

When

you

erase

all characters

from a

pattern,

the cursor returns to its

starting

place.

You

can type a

corrected or entirely new

pattern

after

erasing

part

or all

of a

pattem.

Pattern

Memory

The last

pattem

used in

a

leap remains

in the Cat's memory

until

you

leap to

something new. This means

you

can let

go

of a LEAP key,

then

later

use

[LEAP

AGAIN] to leap

to

the next example of what

you

just

leaped

to.

[LEAP

AGATN]

is

described below.

The LEAP AGAIN

Command

[LEAP

AGAIN]

causes the cursor

to

leap

again

-

in the

direction indicated by

the

LEAP

key

-

to the nearest

occurrence of the last

pattern

used

in

a

leap.

You use the

command repeatedly

to

find

all

instances

of a

pattem

in the

text. The cursor

circles the entire text, crossing the

boundary between the

top and bottom of the text, and

finally

returns to the

exact spot it started from. Like

leaping,

[LEAP

AGATN]

can

go

forward or backward. To

leap

again, hold a LEAP key and

press

[USE

FRONT],

or

hold

[USE

FRONT]

and

press

a LEAP key. The first

method

is most

convenient and most often

used.

If

you press

and

hold

[USE

FRONT]

and the LEAP key

together,

[LEAP

AGAIN]

autorepeats,

causing

the cursor

to

skitter rapidly through

the text.

UNDO and

LEAP AGAIN

IUNDO]

returns the cursor and

the screen to the

way they

were before the

leap began.

Creeping

Creeping

moves the cursor

character-by-character

in

the

direction

indicated by the

LEAP key.

It is similar to

conventional

left-right

cursor control.

To creep,

press

and

release

either

LEAP key; the cursor

moves when

you

release

the key.

You

can

tap the LEAP

key repeatedly to

make the cursor

crawl smoothly

character-by-character

in

one

direction, but

it is much better

to leap than creep.

Creeping

is for short

moves only.

If the cursor

is wide, the

first creep

makes it narrow.

The

next creep

moves the cursor

one character

in the direction

indicated by the

LEAP key. Creeping

can also be used to

adjust

the area

covered by the

extended

highlight

(see

Adjusting the

Highlight by Creeping,

page

21, for more

information).

Creeping

does not autorepeat.

UNDO and

Creeping

[UNDO]

returns

the cursor to

where it was before

you

began

creeping.

Highlighting

Text

There is always

at

least

one highlighted character.

After

typing, it is

the character

you

just

typed,

usually

just

to the

left of the blinking

cursor. After leaping, it is

the character

on which

the cursor

is

positioned

(the

first or target

character

you

leaped

to).

If

you press

both LEAP keys

after a leap,

the

highlight

extends to cover

all the text from

the

location

of the

highlight

at the beginning ofthe leap

to the

present

cursor

position.

Creeping can be used to

adjust the size of the extended

highlight

as described below.

Hightighting

Recently Typed

Text

Ifyou

start typing after a leap,

a creep, or even when

the

highlight

is extended

(causing

the extended highlight

to

unhighlight),

everything

you

type

can be highlighted

by

pressing

both LEAP keys.

A

practical

example illustrates how

this can be useful.

Suppose

you

receive a

phone

call in

the

middle

of typing

a

repon:

-

Press

both

LEAP

keys. This extends

the

highlight,

and

when

you

begin typing it will mark

the beginning of a new

highlighted

area.

-

Begin

typing

your

notes. The instant you

begin to

type,

the

extended highlight becomes normal-sized

and

your

typing

appears.

-

Press

both LEAP keys when

you

finish typing. The

highlight

will extend

to cover the notes

you

have

just

typed.

-

Use

[PRINT]

to

print your

notes. As soon as the highlight

collapses to normal,

press

both LEAP keys to rehighlight

your

notes, and

press

[ERASE]

to erase them.

You

now have a

printed

copy of

your

notes, and

your

text

looks

the same as it did before

you

began typing the notes.

UNDO

and

Highlighting

[UNDO]

leaves the

text and

cursor as they

were before

you

extended

the highlight.

Automatic

Highlighting

Some

commands

-

[COPY],

[SEND],

[BOLD], [CAPS],

and

[UNDERLINE]

-

allow

you

to skip the

step of

pressing

both

LEAP keys

in order to

extend the

highlight. Simply

using

the command

after a

leap

(or

after

typing

as described

above

in Highlighting

Recently

Typed

Text,

page

20)

causes

the

highlight to

extend and

the command

to be

carried

out.

Unhighlighting

If the

highlight

is

extended

and

you

press

and

release

[LEAP->I,

the

highlight collapses

to the size

ofone charac-

ter, resting on

the

last

character

of

the formerly

highlighted

text.

This

is called unhighlighting

forward,

since the

highlight

collapses to

its forward

end.

The cursor

does

not change

position

when

you

unhighlight

forward.

It remains

one character

to the

right of the

highlight.

Thus the cursor

is left

wrde after unhighlighting

forward

(se,eWide

Cursor,

page

3).

If the

highlight

is

extended

and

you

press

and release

[<-LEAP],

the

highlight

collapses

to the size ofone

charac-

ter,

resting on

the first character

of

the formerly

high-

lighted text.

At the same

time, the cursor

leaps backward

and lands

on the same character.

This is called

unhigh'

lighting bachuard.

Unhighlighting

backward changes

the

cursor

from wide to

narrow

(seeNarrow

Cursor,page2).

UNDO

and

Unhighlighting

Using

[UNDO]

restores

the

highlight to the

way

it was

before

you

unhighlighted.

In

other

words, it rehighlights

the

text.

Rehighlighting

After unhighlighting,

you

can rehighlight,

or

bring back

the

extended

highlight, by

pressing

both

LEAP

keys again.

The Cat

rememben the area

you

highlighted

until

you

begin

typing

or leap after

unhighlighting.

Adjusting the

Highlight

by Creeping

If

you

creep a certain

distance,

the area covered

by the

extended

highlight

will be

made larger or

smaller by the

distance

you

creep

when

you

press

both

LEAP keys to

rehighlight.

This

is most useful

when

you

want the

highlight to

include a hard-to-reach

character.

Leap to an

easy-to-reach character

nearby, creep over

to the hard-to-

reach character,

and

press

both

LBAP

keys.

You can also

highlight, unhighlight,

creep,

and rehighlight

to

adjust either

end ofthe extended

highlight.

Moving

Text

If the highlight is extended and you leap somewhere

outside the extended highlight,the highlighted textinoves
to the new location ofthe cursor as soon as you release the

LEAP key.The textremains highlighted in case you want

to move it again.To completc the move,unhighlight the

text.

Only the cursor moves du五 ng the leap.The highlighted

tcxt stays where itis until you release the LEAP key.

IfyoupresstheoppositeLEAPkeydu五 ng the leap,the Cat

ignores it.

A leap inside the extended highlight itself docs not result

in textrnovement.The instant you release the LEAP key,

the highlight collapses with the highlight and cursor posi―
tioned on the target character.■

he cursor win be narrow.

If you rehighlight,the new highlight will extend from the
target charactcr to the forward end of the previous high―

light.

UNDO and

Moving

Using

[UNDO]

moves the highlighted text

and

the cursor

back to their former locations. Repeatedly

pressing

[UNDO]

moves the text back and forth between the two

locations.

Erasing Text

There

are three ways to erase text:

-backward

erase: character-bv-character

when the cur-

sor is wide

-forward

erase:

character-bv-character when the

cursor

is

narrow

-a

lot oftext

all at once:

pressing

[ERASE]

when

the

highlight is extended.

Backward

Erase

Backward

erase resembles backspacing

on a typewriter,

except the text is erased

as the cursor moves backward.

If the cursor is wide

and

you

press

[ERASE],

the character

in the highlight

disappears and the

cursor and highlight

move

one character backward. The

text to the right of the

cursor moves

backward

to

fill

the space vacated by the

erased

character. Holding down

[ERASE]

engages autore-

peat.

The

cursor moves rapidly to

the

left,

erasing as it

goes.

The

text forward from the cursor

unwraps as needed.

Forward

Erase

Forward

erase is automatically

available after leaping or

creeping. In forward erase, the

cursor stands still while the

characters to its

right move toward it and

are erased as they

enter the highlight.

If the

cursor

is

narrow when

you press

[ERASE],

the

character

in

the highlight

disappears, and the text to

the

right

of

the

cursor moves to the left to fill in

the space. The

cursor itself

does not move or change. Holding

down

[ERASE]

engages autorepeat,

causing the text forward

from

the cursor to march steadily

to the left as it is

consumed by the stationary niurow

cursor.

Words

forward

from

the cursor unwrap

as

necessary. The

text on the

backward

side of the cursor does not change.

You

can change from forward erase to backward

erase by

typing any character. This changes the

cursor to

wide,

and

forward erase

changes to backward erase. You

can type

any

character,

since it will be erased when

you press

IERASEI.

Erase

Turnaround

Forward erase

or backward

erase

change direction

when

the

cursor

reaches

either end

of the

text. This

is

called

erase turnaround.

Backward

erase switches

to

forward erase

when

you

erase

the

last character

separating

the

cursor

from the

initial

documentcharacter,

or,

iflocal

leap is on, the

lastcharacter

separating

the

cursor

from the beginning

of the

local

leap

region.

Forward erase

switches

to backward

erase

when

you

erase

the

last character

separating

the cursor

from the final

document

character,

or,

iflocal leap

is

on,

the last character

separating

the cursor

from

the end of the

local

leap region.

Erasing

Highlighted

Text

If

you press

[ERASE]

when the highlight

is extended,

all the

text

contained

in the extended

highlight

vanishes.

The

cursor

is left

wide, with the

normal-sized

highlight

resting

on the

first character

that

preceded

the extended

highlight.

UNDO

and

Erasing

IUNDO]

restores all erased

characters

to the

screen.

Ifthe

highlight

was extended

before erasing,

it will be extended

after

you

undo the

erase.

The screen

will look exactly

as it

did before

you

pressed

[ERASE].

You cannot

undo the

erasure once

you've pressed

a

key

other

than

[UNDO]

after

erasing.