Canon 600EX, 600EX-RT User Manual

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL

English

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English

Introduction

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The Canon Speedlite 600EX-RT/600EX is a high-output, multi-feature flash unit for Canon EOS cameras, compatible with E-TTL II, E-TTL and TTL autoflash and external flash metering systems. The Speedlite can be used as an on-camera flash that attaches to the hot shoe of the camera (normal shooting), and as a master unit or slave unit during wireless shooting. In addition to these three functions, the Speedlite also has dust and water resistance equivalent to EOS-1D series cameras. Note that the 600EX-RT is equipped with a wireless flash shooting function that uses either radio transmission or optical transmission. The 600EX is equipped with a wireless flash shooting function that uses optical transmission only.

Read this instruction manual while also referring to your

camera’s instruction manual.

Before using the Speedlite, read this instruction manual and your camera’s instruction manual to familiarize yourself with the Speedlite operations.

Using the Speedlite with a Camera

Using with an EOS digital camera (Type-A camera)

• You can use the Speedlite for easy autoflash shooting in the same way as a camera’s built-in flash.

Using with an EOS film camera

• When using with an EOS film camera compatible with E-TTL II and E-TTL autoflash systems (Type-A camera), you can use the

Speedlite for easy autoflash shooting in the same way as a camera’s built-in flash.

• When using the Speedlite with an EOS film camera compatible with TTL autoflash system (Type-B camera), see page 116.

* This instruction manual assumes that the Speedlite is used with an

Type-A camera.

Chapters

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Introduction

Getting Started and Basic Operations

Flash preparations and basic flash shooting

Advanced Flash Shooting

Advanced shooting using the flash shooting functions

Setting Flash Functions with Camera Operations

Setting the flash functions from the camera’s menu screen

Wireless Flash Shooting: Radio Transmission

Wireless flash shooting with radio transmission

Wireless Flash Shooting: Optical Transmission

Wireless flash shooting with optical transmission

Customizing the Speedlite

Customizing with Custom Functions and Personal Functions

Reference

System map, FAQ, use with a type-B camera

103

When using a Speedlite 600EX, which does not have a radio transmission function, wireless shooting described in Chapter 4 is not available. To shoot with wireless flash, see Chapter 5.

Contents

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Introduction 2

Chapters ...................................................................................................3

Nomenclature............................................................................................6

Conventions Used in this Manual ...........................................................12

Getting Started and Basic Operations 13

Installing the Batteries .............................................................................14

Attaching and Detaching the Flash .........................................................15

Turning on the Power..............................................................................16

Fully Automatic Flash Shooting ..............................................................18

Using E-TTL II and E-TTL Autoflash in the Shooting Modes..................19

Advanced Flash Shooting 21

f Flash Exposure Compensation..........................................................22

g FEB...................................................................................................23

7: FE Lock...........................................................................................24

c High-speed Sync ................................................................................25

r Second-curtain Sync........................................................................26

Bounce....................................................................................................27

e: Flash Coverage Setting ..............................................................29

q: Manual Flash.....................................................................................31

?: Stroboscopic Flash ....................................................................33

//.: Flash External Metering...............................................36

Modeling Flash........................................................................................38

Clearing Speedlite Settings.....................................................................38

o Color Filter........................................................................................39

Setting Flash Functions with Camera Operations 41

Flash Control from Camera’s Menu Screen............................................42

Wireless Flash Shooting: Radio Transmission 47

' Radio Transmission Wireless Flash Shooting....................................48

Wireless Settings ....................................................................................52

a: Fully Automatic Wireless Flash Shooting...................................57

a: Wireless Multiple Flash Shooting with Flash Ratio ................... 61

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q: Wireless Multiple Flash Shooting with Manual Flash Output ........... 64

[: Shooting with a Different Flash Mode for Each Group .................... 65

Test Flash and Modeling Flash from a Slave Unit ................................. 67

Remote Release from a Slave Unit........................................................ 68

Linked Shooting with Radio Transmission ............................................. 70

Wireless Flash Shooting: Optical Transmission 75

:Optical Transmission Wireless Flash Shooting................................ 76

Wireless Settings ................................................................................... 78

a: Fully Automatic Wireless Flash Shooting.................................. 81

a: Wireless Multiple Flash Shooting with Flash Ratio ................... 85

q: Wireless Multiple Flash Shooting with Manual Flash Output ........... 88

Manual Flash/Stroboscopic Flash Setting on a Slave Unit .................... 89

Customizing the Speedlite 91

C / >: Setting Custom and Personal Functions ............................ 92

C: Setting Custom Functions ............................................................ 95

>: Setting Personal Functions......................................................... 101

Contents

Reference 103

600EX-RT/600EX System.................................................................... 104

Flash Firing Restriction due to Temperature Increase......................... 106

Troubleshooting Guide......................................................................... 107

Specifications ....................................................................................... 112

Using with a Type-B Camera ............................................................... 116

Index .................................................................................................... 120

Nomenclature

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Flash head/ Optical transmission wireless transmitter

Color filter sensor

Optical transmission wireless sensor

External metering sensor (p.36)

Catchlight panel (retracted) (p.28)

Built-in wide panel (retracted) (p.30)

Remote release terminal* (p.68, 70)

Terminal cover

External power source socket

AF-assist beam emitter (p.20)

Mounting foot (p.15)

Locking pin Contacts

* Not provided on Speedlite 600EX. (Do not function.)

PC terminal

mounting hole

Bracket

<D>

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Radio transmission confirmation lamp* (p.53, 55, 58, 60, 72)

LCD panel

Function button 2

Function button 1

Wireless button/ Linked shooting button (p.52, 78/71)

<E > Flash mode button (p.18, 31, 33, 36, 37, 58, 64, 65, 82, 88, 89)

test flash button

<Q > Flash-ready lamp/ Test flash button (p.16, 58, 82, 95)

Mounting foot lock lever (p.15)

Lock-release button (p.15)

Dust- and w ater-resistant adapter

Power switch (p.16) <K > : Power on <a> : But ton/di al lock

<J > : Power off

Flash expo sure conf irmatio n lamp (p.18, 58, 82)

<9> Select Dial

<8> Select /Set button

Nomenclature

Color filter holder attac hment (p.39)

Bounce angle index (p.27, 28)

<z > Bounce lock release button (p.27, 29)

Function button 3

Battery compartment cover (p.14)

Battery compartment cover lock lever (p.14)

Function button 4

(Power on)

Nomenclature

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LCD panel

E-TTL II/E-TTL/TTL autoflash

: Zoom display (p.29)

: Wide panel + bounce warning

: Outside of flash coverage

L d

j k

m n

Flash exposure compensation amount

Flash exposure level

warning

: Automatic : Manual (p.29)

: E-TTL II/E-TTL

autoflash

: TTL autoflash

: Standard

: Guide number

priority (p.100)

: Even coverage

(p.100)

: Bounce (p.27)

: 7° down bounce

(p.29)

: Color filter holder attached

(p.39)

: Use of commercially-available

color filters warning (p.40)

: Temperature increase (flash

restriction/p.106)

: Flash exposure

compensation (p.22, 44)

(p.19)

Focal length (flash coverage/p.29)

: High-speed sync

(p.25, 44)

: Second-curtain

sync (p.26, 44)

: Beep (p.99)

: Auto zoom for

sensor size (p.20, 98)

: Custom

Functions (p.95)

: Aperture (p.37)

: Personal

Functions (p.101)

Distance indicator display (p.95)

: Meters

: Feet

Effective flash range (p.18)

FEB sequence (p.96)

: FEB (p.23, 44)

The display will show only the settings currently applied. The functions displayed above function buttons 1 to 4, such as <[>

and <@>, change according to settings’ status.

When a button or dial is operated, the LCD panel illuminates (p.17).

Manual flash (p.31)

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: Manual flash

Manual flash output

Stroboscopic flash (p.33)

Number of flashes

Flash frequency

Auto/manual external flash metering (p.36/37)

: ISO display

ISO speed

Nomenclature

: Multi (Stroboscopic)

flash

: Auto external

flash metering

: Manual external

flash metering

Nomenclature

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Radio transmission wireless shooting/optical transmission wireless shooting

(p.47/75)

Master unit

: Master

: Sync speed warning

(radio transmission) : Flash ratio

Flash mode

: Group flash

[

(radio transmission)

: Master flash

firing ON

: Master flash

firing OFF

Firing group

: Radio transmission

wireless shooting

: Optical transmission

wireless shooting

: Channel

: Channel automatic

)

setting (radio transmission)

: Slave flash ready

(radio transmission)

Flash ratio

Slave unit

: Slave icon

: Slave

: Individual slave (optical transmission)

Linked shooting (p.70)

Linked shooting

x M

: Slave

: Master

Accessories provided

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Mini stand pocket

Nomenclature

Shoe

Filter attachment

pins

Color filter holder

Color filter set

(2 types/p.39)

Speedlite case Mini stand

Slits

Reflection area

SCH-E1

(p.39)

SCF-E1

Color filter holder case

Color filter case

(p.48, 76)

Conventions Used in this Manual

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Icons in this Manual

9 : Indicates the selection dial. 8 : Indicates the select/set button. 3/1/2 : Indicates that the respective function remains active

(p.**) : Reference page numbers for more information.

Basic Assumptions

The operation procedures assume that both the camera and the

Speedlite’s power switches are already set to <K>.

The icons used for buttons, dials and symbols in the text match the

icons found on the camera and the Speedlite.

The operation procedures assume that the menu and Custom

Functions of the camera and the Custom Functions and Personal Functions of the Speedlite are at their default settings.

All figures are based on the use of four AA/LR6 alkaline batteries

and Canon’s testing standards.

For explanatory purposes, the illustrations show the Speedlite

600EX-RT.

for 4 sec., 6 sec. or 16 sec. after you let go of the button.

: Warning to prevent shooting problems. : Supplemental information.

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Getting Started and

Basic Operations

This chapter describes the preparations before starting flash shooting and the basic shooting operations.

Cautions for firing continuous flashes

To avoid degrading and damaging the flash head

due to overheating, do not fire more than 20 continuous flashes. After 20 continuous flashes, allow a rest time of at least 10 min.

If you fire more than 20 continuous flashes, and

then fire the flash again repeatedly in short intervals, the safety function may activate and restrict flash firing. While flash firing is restricted, the recycling time is automatically set to an interval between approx. 8 and 20 sec. If this happens, allow a rest time of at least 15 min.

For details, see “Flash Firing Restriction due to

Temperature Increase” on page 106.

Installing the Batteries

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Install four AA/LR6 batteries.

Open the cover.

Slide the lock lever to the left as

shown in ", slide the cover down, and open the battery compartment cover.

Install the batteries.

Make sure the + and – battery

contacts are correctly oriented as shown in the battery compartment.

The grooves on the side surfaces of

the battery compartment indicate –. This is convenient when replacing the batteries in a dark place.

Close the cover.

Close the battery compartment cover

and slide it up.

X When it clicks in place, the battery

compartment cover is locked.

Recycling Time and Number of Flashes

Recycling Time

Quick Flash Normal Flash

Approx. 0.1 to 3.3 sec. Approx. 0.1 to 5.5 sec. Approx. 100 to 700 flashes

Based on new AA/LR6 alkaline batteries and Canon’s testing standards. The Quick Flash function enables flash shooting before the flash is fully

charged (p.16).

Number of Flashes

Using AA/LR6 batteries other than the alkaline type may cause improper

battery contact due to the irregular shape of the battery contacts.

If you change the batteries after firing flashes continuously, be aware that

the batteries might be hot.

Attaching and Detaching the Flash

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When <!> is displayed, replace the batteries with new ones. Use a new set of four batteries of the same brand. When replacing the

batteries, replace all four at one time.

AA/LR6 rechargeable Ni-MH or lithium batteries can also be used.

Attaching and Detaching the Flash

Attach the Speedlite.

Slip the Speedlite’s mounting foot all

the way into the camera’s hot shoe.

Secure the Speedlite.

On the mounting foot, slide the lock

lever to the right.

X When the lock lever clicks in place, it

will be locked.

Detach the Speedlite.

While pressing the lock-release

button, slide the lock lever to the left and detach the Speedlite.

Before attaching or detaching the Speedlite, be sure to turn off the Speedlite.

Turning on the Power

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Set the power switch to <K>.

X The flash recycling starts.

Check that the flash is ready.

The flash-ready lamp changes in

order from off to green (Quick Flash ready) to red (fully charged).

Press the flash-ready lamp (test flash

button) to fire a test flash.

About Quick Flash

The Quick Flash function enables flash shooting while the flash-ready lamp is green (before the flash is fully charged). The guide number is 1/2 to 1/6 of the full output, but it is useful for shooting with a faster recycling time at a short shooting distance. Set the drive mode to single shooting. You cannot use Quick Flash when continuous shooting, FEB, manual flash or stroboscopic flash is set.

About Auto Power Off

To save battery power, the power will turn off automatically after approx. 90 sec. of idle use. To turn on the Speedlite again, press the camera’s shutter button halfway, or press the test flash button (flash-ready lamp). During radio transmission wireless master flash shooting (p.59) or during linked shooting (p.73), the time until auto power off takes effect is 5 min.

Quick Flash cannot be used when the flash mode is set to .

Turning on the Power

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About the Lock Function

By setting the power switch to <a>, you can disable flash’s button and dial operations. Use this to prevent the flash function settings from being accidentally changed after you set them. If you operate a button or dial, <LOCKED> is displayed on the LCD panel (the functions displayed above function buttons 1 to 4, such as <[> and <@>, are not displayed).

About the LCD Panel Illumination

When a button or dial is operated, the LCD panel illuminates for 12 sec. When setting a function, the illumination continues until the setting is complete. During normal flash shooting, wireless master flash shooting and master linked shooting, the LCD panel illuminates in green. If the Speedlite is a slave unit, it illuminates in orange.

You cannot use the test flash while the camera’s 3/1/2 timer is

operating.

The flash settings are stored even when the power is turned off. To retain

the settings when replacing the batteries, replace the batteries within 1 min. of turning off the power switch and removing the batteries.

When the temperature of the flash head has risen due to continuous flash

firing, the time until auto power off takes effect may increase.

You can fire a test flash while the power switch is set to the <a>

position. Also, when a button or dial is operated, the LCD panel illuminates.

You can set a beep to sound when the Speedlite is fully charged (C.Fn-

20/p.99).

You can enable the (Quick) flash to fire when the flash-ready lamp is lit

green during continuous shooting (C.Fn-06/p.97).

Auto power off can be disabled (C.Fn-01/p.95). You can change the duration of the LCD panel illumination (C.Fn-22/

p.100).

You can change the color of the LCD panel illumination (P.Fn-02 to 04/

p.101).

Fully Automatic Flash Shooting

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When you set the camera’s shooting mode to <V> (Program AE) or Full Auto, you can shoot in E-TTL II/E-TTL fully automatic flash mode.

Set the flash mode to <a>.

Press the <E> button and set to

<a>.

Check that <M> or

<x> is not displayed.

Focus the subject.

Press the shutter button halfway to

focus.

X The shutter speed and aperture are

displayed in the viewfinder.

Check that <Q> is lit in the viewfinder.

Take the picture.

Check that the subject is in the

effective flash range.

When you press the shutter button

completely, the flash will fire and the picture will be taken.

X If a standard flash exposure was

obtained, the flash exposure confirmation lamp lights for 3 sec.

Even when attached to a camera that supports E-TTL II autoflash

system, <a> is displayed on the LCD panel.

If the flash exposure confirmation lamp does not light or if the subject is

dark (underexposed) when you check the image on the camera’s LCD monitor, move closer to the subject and shoot again. You can also increase the ISO speed when using a digital camera.

“Full Auto” refers to <A>, <1>, and <C> shooting modes.

Using E-TTL II and E-TTL Autoflash in the Shooting Modes

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Just set the camera’s shooting mode to <X> (Shutter-priority AE), <W> (Aperture-priority AE), or <q> (Manual exposure) and you can use E-TTL II/E-TTL autoflash.

Select this mode when you want to set the shutter speed manually. The camera will then automatically set the aperture matching the shutter speed to obtain a standard exposure.

If the aperture display blinks, it means that the background exposure will

be underexposed or overexposed. Adjust the shutter speed until the aperture display stops blinking.

Select this mode when you want to set the aperture manually. The camera will then automatically set the shutter speed matching the aperture to obtain a standard exposure. If the background is dark, such as in a night scene, a slow sync speed will be used to obtain a standard exposure of both the main subject and background. Standard exposure of the main subject is obtained with the flash, while a standard exposure of the background is obtained with a long

exposure using a slow shutter speed.

Since a slow shutter speed will be used for low-light scenes, using a

tripod is recommended.

If the shutter speed display blinks, it means that the background

exposure will be underexposed or overexposed. Adjust the aperture until the shutter speed display stops blinking.

Select this mode if you want to set both the shutter speed and aperture manually.

Standard exposure of the main subject is obtained with the flash. The exposure of the background is obtained with the shutter speed and aperture combination you set.

If you use the <Z> or <Y> shooting mode, the result will be the same as

using the <V> (Program AE) mode.

Flash Sync Speeds and Apertures Used

V Set automatically (1/X sec. - 1/60 sec.) Automatic X Set manually (1/X sec. - 30 sec.) Automatic W Set automatically (1/X sec. - 30 sec.) Manual

q Set manually (1/X sec. - 30 sec., Bulb) Manual

1/X sec. is the camera’s maximum flash sync speed.

Shutter Speed Aperture

Using E-TTL II and E-TTL Autoflash in the Shooting Modes

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About Auto Zoom Adjustment to Image Sensor Size

EOS digital cameras have three sizes of image sensors, and the effective focal length of the mounted lens varies depending on the model. This flash automatically recognizes the image sensor size of each EOS digital camera, and automatically adjusts the optimum flash coverage for the effective focal length of the lens in a range of 20 to 200 mm. When mounted on a supported camera, <S> is displayed on the LCD panel.

Auto zoom adjustment for image sensor size can be disabled (C.Fn-09/p.98).

About Color Temperature Information Transmission

This function optimizes the white balance during flash shooting by transmitting the color temperature information to the EOS digital camera when the flash fires. When you set the camera’s white balance to <A> or <Q>, the function is enabled automatically. See the Specifications in your camera’s instruction manual to find out if it is compatible with this function.

About AF-Assist Beam

When autofocus cannot achieve focus on the subject in low-light or when contrast is low, the built-in AF-assist beam activates automatically to help autofocus.The AF-assist beam in 600EX-RT/600EX is compatible with all EOS cameras’ AF points. The AF-assist beam is compatible with 28mm and longer focal lengths and its effective range is shown in the table below.

Position Effective Range (Approx. m/ft.)

Center 0.6 / 2.0 to 10 / 32.8

Periphery 0.6 / 2.0 to 5 / 16.4

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Advanced Flash

Shooting

This chapter describes advanced shooting operations using the flash functions.

When the camera’s shooting mode is set to a fully automatic mode or an Image Zone mode, the operations other than “Bounce” (p.27, 29), “Wide Panel” (p.30) and “Color Filters” (p.39) in this chapter are not available. Set the camera’s shooting mode to V/X/W/q/5 (Creative Zone mode) to enable all the operations in this chapter.

f Flash Exposure Compensation

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In the same way as normal exposure compensation, you can set exposure compensation for flash. The flash exposure compensation amount can be set up to ±3 stops in 1/3-stop increments.

Press the <@> button.

Press function button 2 <@>.

X <f> is displayed and the flash

exposure compensation amount is highlighted.

Set the flash exposure

compensation amount.

Turn <9> to set the flash exposure

compensation amount, and press <8>.

X The flash exposure compensation

amount is set.

“0.3” indicates 1/3 stops and “0.7”

indicates 2/3 stops.

To cancel flash exposure

compensation, return the compensation amount to “±0”.

Generally, set an increased exposure compensation for bright subjects

and set a decreased exposure compensation for dark subjects. If the camera’s exposure compensation is set to 1/2-stop increments, flash exposure compensation will be up to ±3 stops in 1/2-stop increments.

When the flash exposure compensation is set on both the flash and the

camera, the flash setting is given priority.

The flash exposure compensation amount can be set directly with <9>

without pressing the button (C.Fn-13/p.99).

g FEB

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You can take three shots while automatically changing the flash output. This is called FEB (Flash Exposure Bracketing). The settable range is up to ±3 stops in 1/3-stop increments.

Press the <E> button.

Press function button 3 <E>.

X <g> is displayed and the FEB level

display is highlighted.

Set the FEB level.

Turn <9> to set the FEB level, and

press <8>.

X The FEB level is set.

“0.3” indicates 1/3 stops and “0.7”

indicates 2/3 stops.

When used together with flash

After the three shots are taken, FEB is canceled automatically. Before shooting with FEB, it is recommended to set the camera’s drive

mode to single shooting and check that the flash is recycled.

You can use FEB together with flash exposure compensation or FE lock.

If the camera’s exposure compensation is set to 1/2-stop increments, flash exposure compensation will be up to ±3 stops in 1/2-stop increments.

You can set FEB to remain enabled after shooting the three shots (C.Fn-

03/p.96).

You can change the FEB shooting sequence (C.Fn-04/p.96).

exposure compensation, FEB shooting is performed based on the flash exposure compensation amount. When the FEB range exceeds ±3 stops, the end of the flash exposure level shows or <J>.

7: FE Lock

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FE (Flash Exposure) lock locks the correct flash exposure setting for any part of the scene. While <a> is displayed on the LCD panel, press the camera’s

B> button. On cameras without a button, press the <7>

< or (AE lock) button.

Focus the subject.

Press the button. (2)

Aim the center of the viewfinder over

the subject and press the button.

X The Speedlite fires a preflash, and

the flash output required for the subject is retained in the memory.

X “FEL” will be displayed in the

viewfinder for 0.5 sec.

Each time you press the

button, a preflash will be fired and the new flash output required at that time is retained in the memory.

If a correct exposure cannot be obtained when FE lock is performed, <Q>

blinks in the viewfinder. Move closer to the subject, open the aperture, and perform FE lock again. You can also increase the ISO speed and perform FE lock again when using a digital camera.

If the target subject is too small in the viewfinder, FE lock might not be

very effective.

c High-speed Sync

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With high-speed sync, the flash can synchronize with all shutter speeds. This is convenient when you want to use aperture-priority AE for fill-flash portraits of a subject.

Display <c>.

Press function button 4 <Y> to

display <c>.

Check that <F> is lit in the

viewfinder.

When using the flash with EOS cameras compatible with E-TTL and

released up to 2011, high-speed sync is not possible with radio transmission wireless flash shooting (p.51).

With high-speed sync, the faster the shutter speed, the shorter the

effective flash range will be. Check the effective flash range on the LCD panel.

If you set a shutter speed that is equal to or slower than the camera’s

maximum flash sync speed, <F> will not be displayed in the viewfinder.

To return to normal flash shooting, press function button 4 <Y> to

turn off <c>.

High-speed sync is not available during stroboscopic flash.

r Second-curtain Sync

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Shooting with a slow shutter speed and second-curtain sync captures the trajectory of moving light sources, such as car lights, in a natural way. The flash fires right before the exposure finishes (shutter closes).

Display <r>.

Press function button 4 <Y> to

display <r>.

Second-curtain sync works well when the camera’s shooting mode is set

to “buLb”.

To return to normal flash shooting, press function button 4 <Y> to

turn off <r>.

When the flash mode is set to <a>, the flash fires twice. This first

flash is a preflash to determine the flash output. It is not a malfunction.

Second-curtain sync is not available during wireless flash shooting.

Bounce

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By pointing the flash head toward a wall or ceiling, the flash will bounce off the surface before illuminating the subject. This can soften shadows behind the subject for a more natural-looking shot. This is called bounce flash.

Set the Bounce Direction

You can turn (bounce) the flash head while pressing the <z>

button as shown. During bounce shooting, the flash icon on the LCD panel changes to <m>.

When the flash head is turned while the flash coverage is set to <L>

(automatic) (p.29), the flash coverage is fixed at 50 mm and <---> is displayed on the LCD panel.

You can also set the flash coverage manually (p.29).

If the wall or ceiling is too far away, the bounced flash might be too weak

and result in underexposure.

If the picture appears dark or the flash exposure confirmation lamp does

not light, use a larger aperture opening (smaller f/number) and try again. You can also increase the ISO speed when using a digital camera.

The wall or ceiling should be plain white for high reflectance. If the

bounce surface is not white, a color cast may result in the picture.

Bounce

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Catchlight Panel

Using the catchlight panel enables you to reflect light in a person’s eyes and create a more vivid expression.

Turn the flash head 90° up.

Pull out the wide panel.

Pull up the wide panel.

X The catchlight panel is also pulled up

at the same time.

Push back the wide panel.

Push back the wide panel. Shoot using the same method as

bounce shooting.

Position the flash head towards the front and 90° up. When the flash

head is rotated to the left or right, the catchlight is not very effective.

To effectively obtain the catchlight in a person’s eyes, shoot within 1.5 m

(4.9 ft.) of the subject.

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