SmartSwitch 9000
9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16
Token Ring Module
User’s Guide
9032172-04
i
Notice
Notice
Cabletron Systems reserves the right to make changes in speciÞcations and other information
contained in this document without prior notice. The reader should in all cases consult Cabletron
Systems to determine whether any such changes have been made.
The hardware, Þrmware, or software described in this manual is subject to change without notice.
IN NO EVENT SHALL CABLETRON SYSTEMS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT,
SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOST PROFITS) ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THIS MANUAL OR THE INFORMATION
CONTAINED IN IT, EVEN IF CABLETRON SYSTEMS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF, KNOWN, OR
SHOULD HAVE KNOWN, THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
© Copyright December 1999 by:
Cabletron Systems, Inc.
P.O. Box 5005
Rochester, NH 03866-5005
All Rights Reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Order Number: 9032172-04
SPECTRUM and LANVIEW are registered trademarks and MicroLAN and SmartSwitch 9000 are
trademarks of Cabletron Systems, Inc.
ii
Notice
FCC Notice
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two
conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any
interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital
device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment.
This equipment uses, generates, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed in
accordance with the operatorÕs manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user
will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.
WARNING: Changes or modiÞcations made to this device which are not expressly approved by the
party responsible for compliance could void the userÕs authority to operate the equipment.
VCCI Notice
This is a Class A product based on the standard of the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by
Information Technology Equipment (VCCI). If this equipment is used in a domestic environment,
radio disturbance may arise. When such trouble occurs, the user may be required to take corrective
actions.
DOC Notice
This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class A limits for radio noise emissions from digital
apparatus set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of
Communications.
Le prŽsent appareil numŽrique nÕŽmet pas de bruits radioŽlectriques dŽpassant les limites applicables
aux appareils numŽriques de la class A prescrites dans le R•glement sur le brouillage radioŽlectrique
ŽdictŽ par le minist•re des Communications du Canada.
Notice
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
Application of Council Directive(s): 89/336/EEC
73/23/EEC
Manufacturer’s Name: Cabletron Systems, Inc.
Manufacturer’ s Address: 35 Industrial Way
PO Box 5005
Rochester, NH 03867
European Representative Name: Mr. J. Solari
European Representative Address: Cabletron Systems Limited
Nexus House, Newbury Business Park
London Road, Newbury
Berkshire RG13 2PZ, England
Conformance to Directive(s)/Product Standards: EC Directive 89/336/EEC
EC Directive 73/23/EEC
EN 55022
EN 50082-1
EN 60950
Equipment Type/Environment: Networking Equipment, for use in a
Commercial or Light
Industrial Environment.
We the undersigned, hereby declare, under our sole responsibility, that the equipment packaged with
this notice conforms to the above directives.
Manufacturer Legal Representative in Europe
Mr. Ronald Fotino Mr. J. Solari
________________________________________ ________________________________________
Full Name Full Name
Principal Compliance Engineer Managing Director - E.M.E.A.
________________________________________ ________________________________________
Title Title
Rochester, NH, USA Newbury, Berkshire, England
________________________________________ ________________________________________
Location Location
iii
Notice
iv
Chapter 1 Introduction
Features........................................................................................................................... 1-1
Related Manuals............................................................................................................ 1-4
Getting Help .................................................................................................................. 1-5
Chapter 2 Installation
Contents
Installing the SmartSwitch 9000 Module................................................................... 2-1
The Reset Switch ...........................................................................................................2-3
Setting the Module Card DIP Switch......................................................................... 2-4
Front Panel Cabling ...................................................................................................... 2-6
The 9T425-16 and 9T427-16 Modules.................................................................. 2-6
Station Port Pins.............................................................................................. 2-6
Lobe Port Pins .................................................................................................2-7
The 9T428-16 Module............................................................................................ 2-7
Recommended Cable Lengths .................................................................................... 2-8
Defaults......................................................................................................................... 2-10
Chapter 3 Operation
TNIB................................................................................................................................ 3-2
Switching........................................................................................................................ 3-3
Transparent Switching.................................................................................................. 3-3
Source Route and Source Route Translational Switching ....................................... 3-4
Spanning Tree Algorithm - IEEE 802.1d ....................................................................3-4
System Management Buses .........................................................................................3-5
SMB-1 Bus ............................................................................................................... 3-5
SMB-10 Bus ............................................................................................................. 3-5
System Diagnostic Controller...................................................................................... 3-6
DC/DC Converter ........................................................................................................3-6
INB NIB ..........................................................................................................................3-6
SecureFast Switch.......................................................................................................... 3-6
i960 Core......................................................................................................................... 3-7
Chapter 4 LANVIEW LEDs
v
Notice
Chapter 5 Specifications
Safety...............................................................................................................................5-1
Service............................................................................................................................. 5-1
Physical........................................................................................................................... 5-2
Dimensions .............................................................................................................5-2
Weight......................................................................................................................5-2
Electrical .........................................................................................................................5-2
Standards........................................................................................................................5-2
Port Interfaces................................................................................................................ 5-2
vi
Introduction
Chapter 1
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 Token Ring SmartSwitch 9000
are Enterprise Backbone switches supporting Smart Networking Services, RMON
per port and Dedicated Token Ring. The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16
modules (shown in Figure 1-1) provide sixteen ports, either UTP or STP for the
9T425-16 and 9T427-16, or multimode Þber for the 9T428-16. Combined with its
connection to the INB2 backplane, this provides for up to 112 or 224 separate
Token Ring segments to be interconnected within a single SmartSwitch 9000
chassis.
Features
Processor
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 are equipped with an advanced Intel i960
microprocessor. This microprocessor provides a platform for all management
functions within a scalable RISC-based architecture.
SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC – Distributed Switching
These modules provide the fastest Switching fabric available at 750 Kpps. Each
module contains its own switch fabric - eliminating central board Single Point of
Failure.
ª
Modules
System Management
As with most SmartSwitch 9000 modules, the 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16
interface to the two System Management Buses (SMB-1 and SMB-10) for
intermodule management.
Connectivity
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 provide sixteen front panel C-ports,
allowing direct station attachment or station emulation for hub connections. STP
and UTP cables are supported by the 9T425-16 and 9T427-16, and multimode Þber
is supported by the 9T428-16.
1-1
Introduction
TOKEN RING
9T427-16
TX
STN
1
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
2
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
3
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
4
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
5
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
6
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
7
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
8
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
9
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
LED MODE
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
STN
Mb/s
Figure 1-1. The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 SmartSwitch 9000 Modules
1-2
Introduction
Packet Switching
Packet Switching occurs between the front panel Token Ring connections and/or
to any other module in the chassis via the INB2 bus. These modules are capable of
Transparent Bridging or Source Route Translational Bridging. IEEE 802.1d
Spanning Tree Protocol is supported in all bridging functions.
Source Route Translational Switching
Allows both transparent (TP) and Source Route (SR) packets to be forwarded. SR
packets are translated to TP; the Route Information Field (RIF) is stripped and
cached on each front panel port inbound SR. Outbound packets are automatically
reverse-translated by appending RIF data from the RIF cache into the packets
before transmission.
Management Information Base (MIB) Support
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 modules provide MIB support including:
¥ IETF MIB II (RFC 1213)
¥ IETF RMON MIB (RFC 1757 and 1513)
¥ IETF Bridge MIBs (RFC 1493 and 1525)
¥ IEEE 802.5 Token Ring MIB (RFC 1748)
¥ IEEE DTR MAC MIB
¥ Cabletron Enterprise MIBs
For a complete list of supported MIBs, refer to the release notes provided in
NOTE
LANVIEW LEDs
the module package.
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 use LANVIEW Ð the Cabletron Systems
built-in visual diagnostic and status monitoring system. With LANVIEW LEDs,
you can quickly identify the device, port, and physical layer status at a glance.
Hot Swapping
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 can be installed or removed from the
chassis while the SmartSwitch 9000 is powered up without affecting the operation
of the remaining modules in the chassis.
RMON
Five RMON groups are supported in the 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16:
Statistics, History, Alarms, Events, and Token Ring.
Broadcast Thresholds
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 contain broadcasts in the event of a
broadcast storm.
1-3
Introduction
SFVLAN (SecureFast Virtual LANS)
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 allow connection-orientated Switched
Virtual Circuits (SVC).
Protocol T ranslations
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 allow Òany-to-anyÓ connectivity for IPX, IP,
SNA, Netbios, Appletalk protocols between Token Ring and Ethernet, FDDI, and
Fast Ethernet devices.
Dedicated Token Ring - Auto TXI or TKP Modes
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 can operate in either TXI (Transmit
Immediate, a.k.a. Full Duplex) or TKP (Token Passing, a.k.a. Standard) modes.
TXI is tried Þrst. If this is incompatible with other products on the ring, TKP mode
is used.
Auto MTU Size
If the user changes the ring speed, The MTU is automatically set to the maximum
size for that speed. The maximum allowable MTU is 8130 bytes @16 Mbps or 4500
bytes @4 Mbps. The user may set the MTU to a smaller size, if desired.
Auto Ring Number Detection
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 set the Ring Number automatically to
match the current number in use on the ring segment. (May be toggled off. The
default setting is enabled.)
Related Manuals
The manuals listed below should be used to supplement the procedures and
technical data contained in this manual.
SmartSwitch 9000 Installation Guide
SmartSwitch 9000 Operations Guide
SmartSwitch 9000 9C300-1 Environmental Module UserÕs Guide
SmartSwitch 9000 9C214-1 AC Power Supply UserÕs Guide
SmartSwitch 9000 Local Management UserÕs Guide
1-4
Getting Help
For additional support related to this device or document, contact Cabletron
Systems using one of the following methods:
World Wide Web http://www.cab letron.com/
Phone (603) 332-9400
Internet mail support@cabletron.com
FTP ftp://ftp.cabletron.com/
Login
Password
To send comments or suggestions concerning this document, contact the
Cabletron Systems Technical Writing Department via the following
email address: TechWriting@cabletron.com
Make sure to include the document Part Number in the email message.
anonymous
your email address
Introduction
Before calling Cabletron Systems, have the following information ready:
¥ Your Cabletron Systems service contract number
¥ A description of the failure
¥ A description of any action(s) already taken to resolve the problem (e.g.,
changing mode switches, rebooting the unit, etc.)
¥ The serial and revision numbers of all involved Cabletron Systems products in
the network
¥ A description of your network environment (layout, cable type, etc.)
¥ Network load and frame size at the time of trouble (if known)
¥ The device history (i.e., have you returned the device before, is this a recurring
problem, etc.)
¥ Any previous Return Material Authorization (RMA) numbers
1-5
Introduction
1-6
Installation
Installing the SmartSwitch 9000 Module
The SmartSwitch 9000 module may be installed into any two available slots. To
install, follow the steps below:
Chapter 2
The INB Terminator Modules must be installed on the rear of the fourteen slot
NOTE
1. Remove the blank panels covering the slots that the module is being mounted
2. Carefully remove the module from the shipping box. (Save the box and
3. Attach one end of the ESD wrist strap packaged with the SmartSwitch 9000
4. Remove the module from the plastic bag. Observe all precautions to prevent
5. Carefully examine the module, checking for shipping damage. If any damage
chassis before powering up this module. The INB Terminator Modules are not
required on the six slot chassis. Refer to the INB Terminator Modules
Installation Guide for information and installation procedure.
in. All other slots must be covered if modules are not being installed, to ensure
proper airßow and cooling.
packing materials in the event the module must be reshipped.)
chassis to your wrist. Plug the other end into the ESD Wrist Strap Grounding
receptacle in the lower right corner of the SmartSwitch 9000 Chassis shown in
Figure 2-1.
damage from Electrostatic Discharge (ESD).
exists, DO NOT install the module. Contact Cabletron Systems Technical
Support immediately.
6. The module is installed into the chassis by sliding it into a pair of slots and
locking down both pairs of top and bottom plastic tabs, as shown in
Figure 2-1. Take care that the module slides in straight and engages the
backplane connectors properly. Ensure that both circuit cards are between the
card guides. Check both the upper and lower tracks of both cards.
2-1
Installation
7
FLNK
8
FLNK
FLNK
10
RX
FLNK
INS
TX
11
RX
FLNK
INS
TX
12
RX
Metal Back-Panel
Circuit Card
Card Guides
Warning:
Ensure that the circuit card is between the card guides.
Lock down the top and bottom plastic tabs
at the same time, applying even pressure.
Figure 2-1. Installing the SmartSwitch 9000 Module
Receptacle for
ESD wrist strap
2-2
The Reset Switch
The Reset switch is located on the front panel, under the top plastic tab as shown
in Figure 2-2. It serves two functions:
¥ Pressing the reset switch twice within three seconds causes the processor (i960)
to reset.
¥ Pressing and holding the switch for three or more seconds causes the module
to shutdown. Pressing and holding the switch again for three seconds restarts
the module.
SNMP management may be used to disable this switch to enhance module
security.
Installation
SMB
Figure 2-2. The Reset Switch
Reset Switch
CPU
2-3
Installation
Setting the Module Card DIP Switch
An eight position DIP switch is located just under the edge of the top module card
as shown in Figure 2-3. The functions of the switch are listed in Table 2-1.
Figure 2-3. Location of Module DIP Switch
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2-4
See the Cautions at the end of this table.
Table 2-1. Functions of DIP Switch
Switch Function Description
Installation
8 Clear
Password
7 Clear
NVRAM
6 Force BootP
Download
5 Reserved For Factory Use Only (Factory Default is OFF)
4 Reserved For Factory Use Only (Factory Default is OFF)
3 Reserved For Factory Use Only (Factory Default is OFF)
1
2
When toggled, this switch clears user-entered
passwords stored in NVRAM, and restores the
default passwords. Once reset you can use the
defaults or enter new passwords.
The module uses NVRAM to store userentered parameters such as IP addresses,
device name, etc. To reset these parameters to
the factory defaults, toggle this switch. Once
reset, you can use the defaults or enter new
parameters which are stored in NVRAM when
the module is powered down, and remain
there until the switch is toggled again.
Toggling this switch after pulling the board out
of the SmartSwitch 9000, clears download
information from NVRAM and forces image
Þles to be downloaded from the station
conÞgured to act as that modulesÕ BOOTP
server.
!
CAUTION
2 Reserved For Factory Use Only (Factory Default is OFF)
1 Reserved For Factory Use Only (Factory Default is OFF)
1
Do not toggle Switch 8 unless you intend to reset the user-conÞgured passwords
to their factory default settings.
2
Do not toggle Switch 7 unless you intend to reset the user parameters to the
factory default settings.
2-5
Installation
Front Panel Cabling
This section details the front panel cabling for the 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and
9T428-16 modules.
The 9T425-16 and 9T427-16 Modules
This section shows the pin-outs for wiring cable to the front panel RJ45
connectors.
Station Port Pins
Figure 2-4 illustrates the signal assignments for RJ45 station port pins.
Cable Shield
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cable Shield
Figure 2-4. RJ45 Station Port Pins – Signal Assignments
TxRx+
RxTx+
2-6
Lobe Port Pins
Figure 2-5 illustrates the signal assignments for RJ45 lobe port pins.
Cable Shield
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
RxTx+
TxRx+
Installation
Figure 2-5. RJ45 Lobe Port Pins – Signal Assignments
The 9T428-16 Module
Table 2-2 lists signal tolerance speciÞcations for the Multimode Fiber Optic cable
used for front panel connections.
Table 2-2. Signal Tolerances for Multimode Fiber Optic Cable
Cable Type Attenuation Maximum Drive Distance
Multimode 50/125
Multimode 62.5/125 µm ≤ 16.0 dB 2 km (2187.7 yards)
Multimode 100/140 µm ≤ 19.0 dB 2 km (2187.7 yards)
Typical Signal Attenuation Rate: ≤ 1.5 dB/km
Cable Shield
µ
m
≤ 13.0 dB 2 km (2187.7 yards)
The Fiber Optic cable segments have ST connectors. They are connected by
inserting the connector in the port and then turning it to lock down.
The Receive port of one device is connected to the Transmit port of the other
device as shown in Figure 2-6.
2-7
Installation
TX Port
To TX Port on Other Ring
To RX Port on Other Ring
RX Port
Figure 2-6. Connecting Fiber Optic cable to the 9T428-16
Recommended Cable Lengths
The IEEE 802.5 speciÞcation does not specify a minimum lobe length in meters
that a Token Ring station must meet. Rather the standard speciÞes Cable
Attenuation, Signal to Crosstalk Noise Ratio (SCNR) and a Next Loss to Insertion
Loss Ratio (NIR) which must be met. This method of speciÞcation allows
maximum ßexibility when constructing a cabling system, however it can be very
complicated to the end user unfamiliar with these terms.
Therefore the following cabling guidelines are recommended. These
recommendations are conservative to provide a problem free environment to the
end user. Longer lengths are achievable with good cable plants.
Table 2-3 and Table 2-4 list the recommended cable lengths for Station cables.
Table 2-5 lists the recommended cable lengths for Lobe cables.
2-8
Table 2-3. 16 MBPS (Station Mode) - 9T425-16/9T427-16
Installation
Cable Type
Passive MAU
(meters)
Active MAU
(meters)
Category 3 UTP 55 100
Category 4/5 UTP 100 180
Type 1 STP 200 300
Table 2-4. 4 MBPS (Station Mode) - 9T425-16/9T427-16
Cable Type
Passive MAU
(meters)
Active MAU
(meters)
Category 3 UTP 150 250
Category 4/5 UTP 250 350
Type 1 STP 300 500
Table 2-5. DTR (LOBE PORT Mode) - 9T425-16/9T427-16
Cable Type 4 MBPS (meters) 16 MBPS (meters)
Category 3 UTP 250 100
Category 4/5 UTP 350 250
Type 1 STP 600 500
Table 2-6. Multimode Fiber Optic Cable - 9T428-16
Cable Type 4 MBPS (km) 16 MBPS (km)
Multimode 50/125 µm2 2
Multimode 62.5/125 µm2 2
Multimode 100/140 µm2 2
2-9
Installation
Defaults
When the module is installed, the parameters listed below are the defaults. These
can be changed by Local Management or by SNMP management.
Ring Speed (or Media Rate)
Defaults to a 16Mbps ring speed.
Ring Numbers
Default to the Token Ring port number (i.e., port 3 = ring number 3). If
ÒAuto-Detect Ring NumberÓ is enabled and a RPS device is present, the ring
number will be set to the existing number in use on the attached ring segment.
Source Route Bridge Number
Defaults to one.
Virtual Ring Number
All ports are switched to an internal virtual ring. The number defaults to CAC.
C-Port Mode
Defaults to STN/RI for the 9T428-16 module. The 9T425-16 and 9T427-16 default
to AUTO - it automatically determines STN or LOBE when the cable is attached.
Bridge Type/Explorer T ype
Defaults to TP/TP. This setting allows the port to receive Source Route and
Transparent frames, but transmits all frames to the ring segment connected to the
front panel as Transparent frames (TP). Unknown and broadcast (Explorers) are
also transmitted as transparent (TP) frames.
2-10
Operation
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 SmartSwitch 9000 Modules provide
connectivity between the front panel Token Rings and the INB2 backplane.
SmartSwitch 9000 modules connect to either the Internal Network Bus (INB) or
the Flexible Network Bus (FNB) bus. The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16
modules connect only to the INB2 bus. Switching may occur between the sixteen
front panel ports and/or to any other SmartSwitch 9000 module via the INB2 Bus.
As shown in the block diagram in Figure 3-1, the Token Ring Network Interface
Blocks (TNIBs) convert data packets received from any of the ports into a
canonical frame format before forwarding to the SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC, while
the Internal Network Bus Network Interface Block (INB NIB) converts data cells
received from the INB into a canonical format before forwarding to the
SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC.
Chapter 3
3-1
Operation
i960
Processor
Diagnostic
Controller
SMB 1
1
2
I
N
B
SMB 10
TNIB
TNIB
TNIB
TNIB
Smart
Switch
ASIC
DC/DC
Convertor
INB
NIB
Figure 3-1. 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 Block Diagram
All data packets destined for a front panel port, the INB, or the i960 are converted
into the canonical format before forwarding to the SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC.
Network Interface Blocks (NIBs) check for valid data packets entering the system.
If an errored data packet is found, the SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC ßags the error and
does not forward the errored data packet to any outbound ports. Once in this
common format, the SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC decides from header information the
port destination of data packets. Data packets are then converted from the
canonical format to the proper format for the interface destination whether it is a
front panel port, or connection to the INB.
TNIB
3-2
The Token Ring Network Interface Block (TNIB) converts Token Ring data
packets received through front panel ports into a common canonical format that
allows the SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC Engine to determine the proper destination
port. The TNIB also converts data packets from the common canonical format
back to Token Ring packets for transmission out front panel ports.
Switching
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 operate as a Source Route Translational
(SR-TB) switch. They provide translation to transparent frames. For information
on conÞguring the switching function, see the addendum to the SmartSwitch 9000
Local Management UserÕs Guide, containing information speciÞc to this model.
All SR (Source Route) and TP (Transparent) frames are translated to canonical
frames (even between ports on the front panel). The RIFs (Routing Information
Field) of SR frames are cached on each port.
In Traditional Bridging mode, all canonical frames are forwarded based on a
destination address. RIF information is not used in the decision to forward
frames.
The Token Ring ports on the 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 are conÞgurable
for three modes of operation:
TP (Transparent) - ports receive Source Route and Transparent frames but
transmit only packets that are Transparent.
SR (Source Routing) - ports receive and transmit only packets that are Source
Route.
SRT (Source Route and Transparent) - ports receive and transmit both Source
Route and Transparent packets.
Operation
Transparent Switching
Transparent Switching is accomplished by building a Source Address Table (SAT)
from source MAC/physical addresses and using the SAT to make forwarding
decisions.
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 prevent unnecessary network trafÞc from
passing through the module by implementing the IEEE 802.1d Þltering process.
The IEEE 802.1d Þltering process, begins with the creation of a list of local node
addresses in a table (the SAT). When the 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 Þrst go
on-line, they initially forward all packets across the bridge. After receiving a
packet on the bridge port, the 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 learn the address
of the sending node from the packet and stores that address in the SAT. In this
manner, the bridge learns the address of each node on each side of the bridge. The
bridge then uses the addresses stored in the table to compare the destination
address of each subsequent packet that travels to the bridge. If the destination
address of a packet resides on the bridge segment, the 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and
9T428-16 does not forward across the Token Ring link.
3-3
Operation
Source Route and Source Route Translational Switching
In SR (Source Routing) and SRT (Source Route and Transparent) modes, the
received SR packets are stripped of their RIF during the translation to canonical
frame format. Packets that are queued for transmission out the Token Ring port
can have a RIF inserted from the RIF cache, or can be sent without the RIF as a TP
packet. This decision is automated when the port is set to SRT and is handled on a
packet by packet basis.
SRT Switching operates much the same as TP Switching, but strips the RIFs and
caches them locally. Frames transmitted out the Token Ring ports have RIFs
appended to them from the cache.
SR operates by transmitting frames over a designated route. Unlike Transparent
Bridging, all devices in a Source Route Bridged (SRB) network ÒknowÓ the
locations of other stations within the network. Using the RIF portion of the MAC
frame header, the source device determines the route for the frames it sends.
In order for source routing to work, the source station must determine the proper
route to reach the desired destination. To accomplish this:
1. The source station sends out frames called All Route Explorer (ARE) or
Spanning Tree Explorer (STE) frames onto the network. All Source Route
Bridges recognize these frames and forwards them to their outbound ports.
2. The receiving bridges insert their own route information to the RIF in the
MAC frame header and transmit the frame again.
3. Eventually, the original source device receives all of the ARE replies from the
other end stations on the network.
4. From this information, the source device can determine a desired route for
each frame it transmits.
Spanning Tree Algorithm - IEEE 802.1d
The 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 promote maximum network use in
multiple bridge environments. A bridge learns the bridge topology of its network
from bridge protocol data that it receives from other bridges within the network.
The bridges then apply the Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) to select a root bridge,
and then determine primary data paths within potential data loop conÞgurations.
BPDUs that are transmitted by the TR ports are sent to the bridge-group address
in MSB format (0X800143000000).
3-4
Spanning Tree Algorithm is a hierarchy (or tree) of priorities that bridges establish
between themselves. This hierarchy guarantees that primary and redundant data
paths are clearly deÞned at all times, so that the network is continuously available
to users.
In a multiple bridge environment, one bridge in the network establishes itself as
the root bridge. As the root, this bridge has priority over all other bridges. In a
Spanning Tree, all of the bridges must determine which bridge is the root, and
then determine their own relative priority within the network.
System Management Buses
There are two management channels within the SmartSwitch 9000 system: the
SMB-1 and the SMB-10. These buses provide out-of-band management and
inter-module management communication.
SMB-1 Bus
Operation
The SMB-1 is a 1Mbs management bus located within the SmartSwitch 9000. This
bus is utilized by all diagnostic controllers in the system including connectivity
modules, power supply modules, and the environmental module. The SMB-1
transports inter-chassis information between system components, such as power
and environmental information, as well as diagnostic messages. Periodic
loop-back tests are performed by all modules which share this bus to ensure the
validity of SMB-1. In the event a failure is detected on SMB-1, the SMB-10 may be
used as an alternate communication channel.
SMB-10 Bus
The SMB-10 is a 10Mbs management bus located within the SmartSwitch 9000
which is also used for inter-chassis communication of modules as well as serving
as an out-of-band management channel into the SmartSwitch 9000. The SMB-10 is
externalized from the chassis via an optional Ethernet Port Interface Module
(EPIM) located on the front of the Environmental Module. Through an EPIM
connection, full SNMP management of the SmartSwitch 9000 is available out-ofband from user data. Modules which share the SMB-10 bus periodically send out
loop-back packets to ensure the validity of SMB-10. In the event a fault is detected
on the SMB-10, the SMB-1 can be used as an alternate communication channel by
the modules.
3-5
Operation
System Diagnostic Controller
This diagnostic controller is composed of a Z-80 microprocessor and its
supporting logic. The diagnostic controller is designed to control the power-up
sequencing of modules, monitor the 9T425-16, 9T427-16, and 9T428-16 input and
output power parameters, keep watch over the main host processor, as well as
monitor the temperature and control the SMB LANVIEW diagnostic LED.
Although the diagnostic controller and the main host processor can operate
independent of each other if needed, they exchange information about each
otherÕs status and overall module condition. The information gathered by the
diagnostic controller is available to the network manager via local/remote
management and the LCD located on the environment module. The 9T425-16,
9T427-16, and 9T428-16 have been designed so that in the event of a diagnostic
controller fault, the modules will continue to function.
DC/DC Converter
The DC/DC converter converts the 48 VDC on the system power bus to the
necessary operating voltages for its host network services module. The diagnostic
controller controls the operation of the DC/DC converter.
INB NIB
Each module that attaches to the Internal Network Bus (INB) has an INB Network
Interface Block (NIB). The INB NIB converts canonical frames to Þxed length data
blocks for transmission onto the INB. For data blocks received from the INB, the
INB NIB reassembles the data blocks received from the INB back into canonical
frames for transmission to the SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC then from the SmartSwitch
9000 ASIC to the front panel ports.
SecureFast Switch
The SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC is a hardware based switch design that is the key
building block of the SmartSwitch 9000. All Þltering/forwarding decisions are
made in hardware as opposed to software as in traditional switches. This custom
hardware allows the SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC to process over 750K frames per
second. The SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC is designed to support up to 64 ports that are
shared between the host processor, the INB backplane, and LAN/WAN interfaces
on the front panel of SmartSwitch 9000 modules. The SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC can
operate in two modes: as a traditional switch, or as a SecureFast Switch (SFS).
When operating in traditional switch mode, it makes Þltering/forwarding
decisions based on Destination Address (DA), with standard IEEE 802.1d
3-6
learning. When operating in SecureFast Switch mode, all Þltering/forwarding
decisions are made based on a DA-SA pair and its receive port. The SmartSwitch
9000 hub can support modules operating in traditional switch mode and
SecureFast Switch mode simultaneously. This provides security when-and-where
needed, and ease-of-conÞguration where security is not required.
i960 Core
The i960 core provides the SNMP protocol stacks to support industry standard
MIBs. Additionally, Cabletron enterprise extension MIBs are supported for each
media type. Advanced management services, such as the Distributed LAN
Monitor, telnet and network address to MAC address mapping, are also provided
by the i960 core.
The Host Engine sends and receives packets via the CPU SmartSwitch 9000 ASIC
Interface. This allows the traditional switch to perform spanning tree protocol and
other traditional switching functions. The SMB Interfaces provide communication
to the Host Engine for management functions and communication with other
modules in the chassis.
Operation
3-7
Operation
3-8
LANVIEW LEDs
The front panel LANVIEW LEDs, shown in Figure 4-1, indicate the status of the
module and may be used as an aid in troubleshooting.
T oken Ring P ort
T ransmit
Token Ring Port
Receive
TOKEN RING
Chapter 4
System Status
Station Mode
Port Mode
STN
9T425-16
Mode
9T428-16
Mb/s
Mb/s
Figure 4-1. LANVIEW LEDs
INB Transmit
SMB CPU
INB
INB Receive
Port Speed
4-1
LANVIEW LEDs
The 9T427-16 also has a front panel mode switch, shown in Figure 4-2, that
changes the functions of the LEDs.
TOKEN RING
9T427-16
System Status
INB Receive
INB Transmit
TX
STN
1
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
2
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
3
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
4
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
5
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
6
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
7
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
8
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
9
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
TX
STN
RX
Mb/s
Transmit (TX)
Receive (RX)
STN
Mb/s
(Mode Switch in LEFT Position)
STN
Mb/s
STN
Mb/s
(Speed Status)
(Mode Switch in RIGHT Position)
A
LED functions when LED MODE
switch is in the RX-TX position.
This is the default switch setting.
B
LED functions when LED MODE
switch is in the STN-Mb/s position.
A
B
4-2
STN
LED Mode Switch
Mb/s
LED MODE
Figure 4-2. 9T427-16 LEDs and Mode Switch
LANVIEW LEDs
The functions of the two System Status LEDs, System Management Bus (SMB)
and the CPU, are listed in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1. System Status LEDs (SMB and CPU)
LED Color State Description
Green Functional Fully operational.
Yellow (Flashing) Crippled Not fully operational (i.e., one bad port).
Yellow/Green Booting Blinks yellow and green while booting.
Red Reset Normal power-up reset.
Red (Flashing) Failed Fatal error has occurred.
Off Power off Module powered off.
The functions of the INB receive LED are listed in Table 4-2.
Table 4-2. INB Receive LED
LED Color State
Red No link
Green (Flashing) Link, Port Disabled
Green Link, No activity
Yellow (Flashing) Link, Port Enabled, Activity
The functions of the INB transmit LED are listed in Table 4-3.
Table 4-3. INB Transmit LED
LED Color State
Red No Link
Green (Flashing) Link, Port Enabled, Activity
Yellow (Flashing) Link, Bridge Standby
Off Link, No activity
4-3
LANVIEW LEDs
The functions of the Token Ring Port receive LEDs are listed in Table 4-4.
The functions of the Token Ring Port transmit LEDs are listed in Table 4-5.
Table 4-4. Token Ring Receive LEDs
LED Color State
Green Insert, No activity, Port Enabled
Yellow (Flashing) Insert, Activity, Port Enabled (Flashing rate
indicates rate of activity)
Off No Insert, No activity
Table 4-5. Token Ring Transmit LEDs
LED Color State
Red (Flashing) Fault or Error. Ring is Beaconing
Green (Flashing) Activity (Flashing rate indicates rate of activity).
Yellow (Flashing) Port in standby state
Off No activity
The functions of the Station Mode LEDs are listed in Table 4-6.
Table 4-6. Station Mode (STN) LEDs (9T425-16 & 9T427-16)
LED Color State
Green Port ConÞgured for Station Emulation (Default)
Off Port ConÞgured as a Lobe (TCU) Port for Direct-
Attach Station Connections
4-4
LANVIEW LEDs
Table 4-7. Mode LEDs (9T428-16 Only)
LED Color State
Green Port is ConÞgured as Station Emulation (STN) or
Ring In (RI) (default) using 802.5 keying.
Yellow Port is ConÞgured as Cabletron Ring In/Ring Out
(RI/RO) using Cabletron keying.
Off Port is ConÞgured as Lobe Port (Trunk Coupling Unit -
TCU) using 802.5 keying.
The Port Speed LEDs show a combination of Ring Speed and Access Protocol in
use. The functions of the Port speed LEDs are listed in Table 4-8.
Table 4-8. Port Speed LEDs
LED Color State
Green 16Mbs, TXI (32M/s)
Yellow
4 Mbs, TXI (8Mb/s)
(Flashing)
Yellow 16 Mbs, TKP
Off 4 Mbs, TKP
*
TXI is Transmit Immediate or Full Duplex operation.
TKP is Token Passing or standard Token Ring.
*
4-5
LANVIEW LEDs
4-6
Specifications
Safety
It is the responsibility of the person who sells the system to which the module will
!
CAUTION
This equipment meets the safety requirements of:
¥ UL 1950
¥ CSA C22.2 No. 950
¥ EN 60950
¥ IEC 950
¥ EMI Requirements of FCC Part 15 Class A
¥ EN 55022 Class A
¥ VCCI Class I
¥ EMC requirements of:
be a part to ensure that the total system meets allowed limits of conducted and
radiated emissions.
EN 50082-1
IEC 801-2 ESD
IEC 801-3 Radiated susceptibility
IEC 801-4 EFT
Chapter 5
Service
MTBF (MHBK-217E) >200,000 hrs.
MTTR <0.5 hr.
5-1
Specifications
Physical
Dimensions
35.0 D x 44.0 H x 6.0 W centimeters
(13.8 D x 17.4 H x 2.4 W inches)
Weight
Unit: 1.4kg. (3lb) 9T427-16
Shipping: 1.81kg. (4lbs.) 9T427-16
Electrical
2.7kgs. (6lbs.) 9T425-16 & 9T428-16
3.6kgs. (8lbs.) 9T425-16 & 9T428-16
CPU: i960
Local DRAM Memory: 20Mb (expandable to 48Mb)
Flash: 4Mb (expandable to 8Mb)
Token Ring Interfaces: 16 Cabletron Token Ring Controllers
Packet Buffer Memory: 2MB shared plus 64KB per port
NVRAM: 128 Kb
Standards
IEEE 802.5r Dedicated Token Ring (DTR)
IEEE 802.1d Transparent Bridging
Port Interfaces
9T425-16/9T427-16 Shielded RJ45
9T428-16 ST Fiber Optic
5-2
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