Avocent PR4000 User Manual

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Cyclades-PR4000

Installation Manual

Mid-range, Multi-protocol, Expandable Remote Access Server

Cyclades Corporation

Cyclades-PR4000 Installation Manual Version 2.2 – May 2002 Copyright (C) Cyclades Corporation, 1998 - 2002

We believe the information in this manual is accurate and reliable. However, we assume no responsibility , financial or otherwise, for any consequences of the use of this Installation Manual.

This manual is published by Cyclades Corporation, which reserves the right to make improvements or changes in the products described in this manual as well as to revise this publication at any time and without notice to any person of such revision or change. The menu options described in this manual correspond to version 1.8.x of the CyROS operating system. This manual is printed horizontally in order to match the electronic (PDF) format of the Installation Manual, page per page.

All brand and product names mentioned in this publication are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

FCC Warning Statement:

The Cyclades-PR4000 has been tested and found to comply with the limits for Class A digital devices, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the Installation Manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user is required to correct the problem at his or her own expense.

Canadian DOC Notice:

The Cyclades-PR4000 does not exceed the Class A limits for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications.

Le Cyclades-PR4000 n’émet pas de bruits radioélectriques dépassant les limites applicables aux appareils numériques de la classe A prescrites dans le règlement sur le brouillage radioélectrique edicté par le Ministère des Communications du Canada.

Cyclades-PR4000

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL ........................................................................................................ 8

Installation Assumptions .................................................................................................................................... 9

Text Conventions .............................................................................................................................................. 10

Icons................................................................................................................................................................. 10

Cyclades Technical Support and Contact Information..................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS IN THE BOX .................................................................................................................. 13

SWAN Expansion Card.................................................................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER 3 USING CYROS MENUS ................................................................................................... ............ 18

Connection Using the Console Cable and a Computer or Terminal................................................................ 18

Special Keys................................................................................................................................................. 20

The CyROS Management Utility .................................................................................................................. 21

Operating the Front-Panel Display...................................................................................................................25

Modem Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 26

Interface Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 28

IP Traffic........................................................................................................................................................29

Syslog Messages ......................................................................................................................................... 29

System Info................................................................................................................................................... 29

CHAPTER 4 STEP-BY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMMON APPLICATIONS...........................................30

Example 1 Using the PR4000 as a Remote Access Server...........................................................................30

3Table of Contents

Cyclades-PR4000

Example 2 Connection to an Internet Access Provider via Modem................................................................ 37

CHAPTER 5 CONFIGURATION OF THE ETHERNET INTERFACE ................................................................ 45

The IP Network Protocol .................................................................................................................................. 45

IP Bridge....................................................................................................................................................... 47

Other Parameters ............................................................................................................................................. 48

CHAPTER 6 THE SWAN INTERFACE .............................................................................................................. 49

CHAPTER 7 THE E1 AND T1 INTERFACES, WITHOUT SIGNALING............................................................. 52

CHAPTER 8 THE E1 AND T1 INTERFACES, WITH SIGNALING .................................................................... 57

The CCS Signaling Mode (ISDN-PRI) ............................................................................................................. 59

The CAS Signaling Mode................................................................................................................................. 62

Parameters Independent of Signaling Mode ................................................................................................... 63

Multilink Options ........................................................................................................................................... 64

CHAPTER 9 NETWORK PROTOCOLS............................................................................................................. 75

The IP Protocol................................................................................................................................................. 76

The Transparent Bridge Protocol..................................................................................................................... 78

CHAPTER 10 DATA-LINK PROTOCOLS (ENCAPSULATION)......................................................................... 79

PPP (The Point-to-Point Protocol) ................................................................................................................... 79

CHAR ............................................................................................................................................................... 81

PPPCHAR ........................................................................................................................................................ 82

HDLC................................................................................................................................................................ 82

4Table of Contents

Cyclades-PR4000

Frame Relay..................................................................................................................................................... 82

X.25 .................................................................................................................................................................. 87

X.25 with PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler)........................................................................................... 90

CHAPTER 11 ROUTING PROTOCOLS............................................................................................................. 91

Routing Strategies............................................................................................................................................ 91

Static Routing ............................................................................................................................................... 91

Dynamic Routing .......................................................................................................................................... 91

Static Routes.................................................................................................................................................... 92

RIP Configuration............................................................................................................................................. 95

OSPF................................................................................................................................................................ 96

OSPF Configuration on the Interface ........................................................................................................... 97

OSPF Global Configurations ........................................................................................................................ 99

BGP-4 Configuration ...................................................................................................................................... 103

CHAPTER 12 CYROS, THE OPERATING SYSTEM....................................................................................... 114

Creation of the host table ............................................................................................................................... 114

Creation of user accounts and passwords..................................................................................................... 114

IP Accounting ................................................................................................................................................. 116

CHAPTER 13 NAT (NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION)........................................................................ 117

Types of Address Translation..................................................................................................................... 119

5Table of Contents

Cyclades-PR4000

CHAPTER 14 RULES AND FILTERS .............................................................................................................. 123

Configuration of IP Filters............................................................................................................................... 123

Traffic Rule Lists ............................................................................................................................................. 132

CHAPTER 15 IPX (INTERNETWORK PACKET EXCHANGE) ...................................................................... 138

Enabling IPX ................................................................................................................................................... 139

Configuring the Ethernet Interface ................................................................................................................. 139

Configuring Other Interfaces.......................................................................................................................... 139

PPP............................................................................................................................................................. 139

Frame Relay ...............................................................................................................................................140

X.25 ............................................................................................................................................................ 140

Routing ...........................................................................................................................................................140

The SAP (Service Advertisement Protocol) Table ......................................................................................... 141

CHAPTER 16 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK CONFIGURATION................................................................. 142

APPENDIX A TROUBLESHOOTING................................................................................................................ 147

What to Do if the Login Screen Does Not Appear When Using a Console. .................................................. 147

What to Do if the Router Does Not Work or Stops Working. .........................................................................148

Testing the Ethernet Interface........................................................................................................................ 149

Testing the WAN Interface ............................................................................................................................. 150

How to Test the Modems................................................................................................................................ 152

APPENDIX B. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................... 155

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Cyclades-PR4000

General Specifications ................................................................................................................................... 155

External Interfaces ......................................................................................................................................... 156

Console Port............................................................................................................................................... 156

Ethernet Port .............................................................................................................................................. 157

T1 and E1 ................................................................................................................................................... 158

Cables ............................................................................................................................................................ 159

Straight-Through Cable .............................................................................................................................. 159

Cross Cable................................................................................................................................................ 160

Router-MD / V.35 Cable ............................................................................................................................. 161

DB-25 to M.34 Adapter............................................................................................................................... 162

.................................................................................................................................................................... 162

Cross Cable for Testing the T1/E1 Ports.................................................................................................... 163

ISO 2110 Standard Cable........................................................................................................................... 164

E1 / DB-15 Cable........................................................................................................................................ 165

APPENDIX C CONFIGURATION WITHOUT A CONSOLE ............................................................................. 166

Requirements................................................................................................................................................. 166

Procedure....................................................................................................................................................... 166

APPENDIX D INSTALLATION OF ADDITIONAL DIGITAL MODEMS............................................................. 167

INDEX ................................................................................................................................................................ 172

7Table of Contents

Cyclades-PR4000

CHAPTER 1 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL

Three Cyclades manuals are related to the PR4000.

1 The Quick Installation Manual -- provided with the router,

2 The Installation Manual -- available electronically on the Cyclades web site,

3 The CyROS Reference Guide -- also available electronically on the Cyclades web site. CyROS stands for the Cyclades Routing Operating System. It is the operating system for all Cyclades Power

Routers (PR1000, PR2000, PR3000, and PR4000). The CyROS Reference Guide contains complete information about the features and configuration of all products in the PR line.

CyROS is constantly evolving, and the menus in this manual might be slightly different from the menus in the router. The latest version of all three manuals (and the latest version of CyROS) can be downloaded from Cyclades’ web site. All manuals indicate on the second page the manual version and the corresponding version of CyROS.

The first three chapters of this manual should be read in the order written, with exceptions given in the text. The most appropriate example in Chapter 4 should then be read, with chapters 5 through 14 providing complementary information.

Chapter 2 - What is in the Box

Chapter 3 -Using Menus

explains how the router should be connected.

describes CyROS menu navigation.

Chapter 4 -Step-by-Step Instructions for Common Applications - guide to configuration with detailed examples.

Chapters 5 to 11- Basic router configuration information for applications that do not fit any of the examples in

chapter 4.

Chapter 12 - CyROS - shows how to set router specific parameters and create lists of hosts and users.

Chapter 13 - Network Address Translation - describes CyROS’ NAT implementation.

Chapter 1 - How To Use This Manual

Cyclades-PR4000

Chapter 14- Filters and Rules - demonstrates how to protect your router from undesired traffic.

Chapter 15 - IPX - presents the hidden menus available only in routers with IPX activated.

Chapter 16 - Virtual Private Network - describes CyROS’ VPN implementation.

Appendix A - Troubleshooting - provides solutions and tests for typical problems.

Appendix B - Hardware Specifications.

Appendix C - Configuration Without a Console.

Appendix D - Modem Installation and Configuration

Installation Assumptions

This Installation Manual assumes that the reader understands networking basics and is familiar with the terms and concepts used in Local Area and Wide Area Networking.

Chapter 1 - How To Use This Manual

Cyclades-PR4000

Text Conventions

Common text conventions are used. A summary is presented below:

Convention Description

CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>L A combination of menu items, with the last being either a menu item, a

parameter, or a command. In this example, L lists the interface configuration.

A variable menu item that depends on hardware options or a choice of hardware or software options.

IP Address

Screen Text

A parameter or menu item referenced in text, without path prepended. Screen Text

<ESC>, <Enter> Simbols representing special keyboard keys.

Icons

Icons are used to draw attention to important text.

Icon Meaning Why

What is Wrong? When an error is common, text with this icon will mention the symptoms and

how to resolve the problem.

Where Can I Find More Information?

Caution! Not following instructions can result in damage to the hardware. Text with

Reminder. Certain instructions must be followed in order. Text with this icon will explain

Chapter 1 - How To Use This Manual

CyROS contains many features, and sometimes related material must be broken up into digestible pieces. Text with this icon will indicate the relevant section.

this icon will warn when damage is possible.

the proper steps.

Cyclades-PR4000

Cyclades Technical Support and Contact Information

All Cyclades products include limited free technical support, software upgrades and manual updates. These updates and the latest product information are available at:

http://www.cyclades.com ftp://ftp.cyclades.com/pub/cyclades

Before contacting us for technical support on a configuration problem, please collect the information listed be low.

• The Cyclades product name and model.

• Applicable hardware and software options and versions.

• Information about the environment (network, carrier, etc).

• The product configuration. Print out a copy of the listing obtained by selecting INFO=>SHOW

CONFIGURATION=>ALL.

• A detailed description of the problem.

• The exact error or log messages printed by the router or by any other system.

• The Installation Guide for your product.

• Contact information in case we need to contact you at a later time.

In the United States and Canada, contact technical support by phone or e-mail:

Phone: (510) 770-9727 (9:00AM to 5:00PM PST) Fax: (510) 770-0355 E-mail: support@cyclades.com

Outside North America, please contact us through e-mail or contact your local Cyclades distributor or representative.

11Chapter 1 - How to Use This Manual

Cyclades-PR4000

The mailing address and general phone numbers for Cyclades Corporation are:

Cyclades Corporation

Phone: + 01 (510) 770-9727 Fax: + 01 (510) 770-0355

41829 Albrae Street Fremont, CA 94538 USA

12Chapter 1 - How to Use This Manual

Cyclades-PR4000

CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS IN THE BOX

The following are included with the PR4000:

• PR4000 Main Unit • Quick Installation Manual and Documentation CD

• Power Cord • Mounting Kit with Handles

• Console Cable

Port 1 T1/E1

10 BaseT

100 BaseT

Power

230

Cyclades - PR4000

Interface Cable Slot

Expansion

Slot

Port 2 T1/E1

10 BaseT

Console

Port

Power Cable

//////////

Console Cable

Labeled “Console”

CD-Rom Containing

Documentation

Cyclades-PR4000

Quick Installation Manual

Mounting Kit

FIGURE 2.1 ITEMS INCLUDED WITH ALL PR4000 MODELS

Chapter 2 - What is in the Box 13

Cyclades-PR4000

SWAN Expansion Card

The PR4000 is often sold with a SWAN card in the expansion slot. The SWAN can be connected to a modem or DSU/CSU as shown in Figure 2.3. Cables are not included with the product.

Back Panel of PR4000

Slot with SWAN RSV Card

DB-25

Male

Straight Cable

DB-25

Male

V.35 Cable Set

DB-25 Male

DB-25

Male

RS-232 Modem

with DB-25

Interface

V.35

DB-25 Female/ M.34

Male Converter

DSU/CSU

with M.34

Interface

FIGURE 2.3 SWAN EXPANSION CARD SHOWING CABLE CONNECTIONS

Chapter 2 - What is in the Box 14

Cyclades-PR4000

Provisioning the T1/E1 Dialup Lines

This section provides information useful when provisioning the T1 or E1 dialup trunk lines for use with the CycladesPR4000 Remote Access Server. Line provisioning parameters vary widely depending on the switch being used at the central office and the service options offered by the carrier. In North America and Japan, a digital trunk uses a T1 speed of 1.5Mbps. In Europe and most other countries, a digital trunk runs at E1 speeds of 2Mbps. A digital trunk is a Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) line that carries information from several channels in digital form. In a given country, only E1 or T1 is offered.

Signaling: ISDN-PRI (CCS) or CAS

Phone lines carry signaling information used to establish and maintain connections. In a regular phone this information translates into dialing, ring, busy signal, dial tone, caller ID, etc. In an analog phone line, the signaling information shares the channel used to carry voice. In a T1 or E1 trunk, the signaling information for the trunk can be carried by a separate channel or can share the same channel used to carry data. There are three basic signaling protocols: ISDN-PRI (T1 or E1), CAS-BR (T1), or R2D/MFR2 (E1).

Newer systems use the ISDN-PRI signaling protocol, with channels dedicated to control. With this protocol, a T1 line carries 23 phone connections and an E1 line carries 30 phone connections.

In North America, older T1 systems use CAS (Channel Associated Signaling) protocols. These protocols “steal” some of the bandwidth from the data channels using a scheme called “bit robbing” (BR) and allow a T1 line to carry 24 phone connections. In other countries, older E1 systems use R2D/MFR2 signaling with a dedicated channel, leaving 30 phone connections. Lines with CAS or R2D/MFR2 signaling are sometimes referred as “Channelized T1/E1” or “DS-1”.

ISDN-PRI provides more control over connections than the older CAS or R2Ds. Given a choice between ISDNPRI and CAS/R2D, select ISDN-PRI.

Number of Phone Lines

In most applications, the maximum number of phone lines (for the protocol used) are purchased. However, it is also possible to request fewer lines. When using fewer lines, make sure to disable the remaining channels using the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>E1/T1 =><CHANNEL> =>ENCAPSULATION =>INACTIVATE.

Chapter 2 - What is in the Box 15

Cyclades-PR4000

ISDN Switch Type (ISDN-PRI only)

Different switch vendors have different signaling protocol implementations. If you are in the US and are given a choice of ISDN switch types, select National ISDN 2, which is intended to be the US standard switch type. Other common and acceptable options are Custom AT&T 5ESS and Northern Telecom DMS-100. In Europe, Euro ISDN (ETSI) is the standard ISDN switch type, but there are still some variations in use. Examples are TR6 in Germany and VN6 in France. Australia, Japan and Korea each have their own standard switch type. Other countries usually adopt the European standards.

Data/Voice Support

From the phone system standpoint, analog modem connections (V.34, V.90, K56 flex) are “voice” while “data” refers to digital connections using ISDN-BRI or V.110. Lines with CAS signaling support only voice calls. Most ISDN-PRI lines support both data and voice channels, but some lines are configured to support only voice or only data. If given a choice, both voice and data support is preferable. If only one may be chosen, voice should be chosen to support modem (V.34, V.90) clients and data should be chosen to support clients using ISDN-BRI or V.110. The Cyclades-PR4000 supports both digital and analog calls and can terminate both at the same time in the same trunk.

Phone Numbers, Hunting Groups, and Hunting Sequence

Each T1/E1 channel can have a different phone number or be organized into hunting groups with the same phone number. In the second case, the client gets the first available line within the hunting group. The line allocation can be done in a linear (the first available line gets a new call, from the first line to the last or vice-versa) or round-robin fashion. ISPs usually group all lines into one hunting group so that all customers call the same phone number. Breaking the trunk into more than one hunting group can be used to reserve a certain number of lines for different classes of customers.

One-Way or Two-Way Service

A line can only receive calls (dial-in) or receive and generate calls (dial-out). An ISP usually only needs to receive calls and one-way service is the recommended configuration unless you plan to support services that require dialout (fax servers, call back, etc.).

Chapter 2 - What is in the Box 16

Cyclades-PR4000

Signaling Method and Dialing Method (T1 CAS-BR only)

T1 with CAS signaling may require additional parameters. For Signaling Method, the selection may be MFR1, DTMF or no signaling. For Dialing Method, the selection may be wink-start or loop-start. The suggested choice is wink-start.

Line Coding

This refers to the way the digital data is encoded in the line. For T1 lines, the options are usually Bipolar with 8 Zeroes Substitution (B8ZS) or Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI). B8ZS is better suited to digital transmissions, so it should be the choice if available. For E1 lines, the options are usually High Density Bipolar of Order 3 (HDB3) and Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI). HDB3 is the more modern of the two and better suited to digital transmissions.

Framing

This refers to how the data bits are framed in the TDM bus. For T1 lines, the possibilities are D4 Super Frame (D4) or Extended Super Frame (ESF). ESF provides error checking and should be the choice if available. For E1 lines, the choices are usually Frame Alignment Signal with or without CRC4 (4-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check). If given a choice, select a line with CRC4, which will provide error checking.

Termination at the Customer Premises

The Cyclades-PR4000 supports T1 on a standard 100-Ohm RJ-48C connector and E1 on a standard 120-Ohm RJ-48C connector. In some countries, especially those using E1 lines, the termination may be provided on a Coax G703 connector (75 Ohms). An external interface converter (balum) is necessary in this case.

Chapter 2 - What is in the Box 17

Cyclades-PR4000

Chapter 3 Using CyROS Menus

This chapter explains CyROS menu navigation and special keys. There are four ways to interact with CyROS:

• Traditional menu interface using a console or Telnet session,

• CyROS Management Utility based on interactive HTML pages,

• Front-panel display,

• SNMP (explained in the CyROS Reference Manual).

Connection Using the Console Cable and a Computer or Terminal

The first step is to connect a computer or terminal to the router using the console cable. If using a computer, HyperTerminal can be used in the Windows operating system or kermit in the Unix operating system. The terminal parameters should be set as follows:

• Serial Speed: 9600 bps

• Data Length: 8 bits

• Parity: None

• Stop Bits: 1 stop bit

• Flow Control: Hardware flow control

none

Once the console connection is correctly established, a Cyclades banner and login prompt should appear on the terminal screen. If nothing appears, see the first section of the troubleshooting appendix for help. The second step is to log in. The preset super-user user ID is “super” and the corresponding preset password is “surt”. The password should be changed as soon as possible, as described in chapter 13 of the installation manual and at the end of every example in chapter 4. The login prompt and main menu are shown in Figure 3.1.

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 18

Cyclades-PR4000

[PR4000] login : super [PR4000] Password : ****

Cyclades Router (Router Name) – Main Menu

1 – Config 2 – Applications 3 – Logout 4 – Debug 5 – Info 6 – Admin

Select Option ==>

FIGURE 3.1 LOGIN PROMPT AND MAIN MENU

All menus have the following elements:

• Title – In the example in Figure 3.1: “Main Menu”.

• Prompt – The text: “Select Option ==>” (this text can be changed by the super user.)

• Options –The menu options, which are selected by number.

• Router Name – The default is the name of the product. Each router can be renamed by the super user for easier identification.

Menus can also be navigated using a short-cut method. This method must be activated first by choosing a shortcut chraacter (“+” in the example that follows) in the CONFIG =>SYSTEM =>ROUTER DESCRIPTION menu. Typing 4+1+1 at the main-menu prompt, for example, is equivalent to choosing option 4 in the main menu (Debug), then choosing option 1 in the debug menu (Trace), then choosing option 1 in the trace menu (Driver Trace). In addition to menus, some screens have questions with letter choices. In the line below, several elements may be identified:

lmi-type((A)NSI, (G)roup of four, (N)one )[A]:

• Parameter description – The name of the parameter to be configured, in this case “lmi-type”.

• Options – Legal choices. The letter in parentheses is the letter that selects the corresponding option.

• Current value – The option in square brackets is the current value.

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 19

Cyclades-PR4000

Pressing <Enter> without typing a new value leaves the item unchanged.

Special Keys

<Enter> or <Ctrl+M> These keys are used to end the input of a value. <ESC> or <Ctrl+I> These keys are used to cancel a selection or return to the previous menu. In

some isolated cases, this key jumps to the next menu in a series of menus at the

same level. <Backspace> or <Ctrl+H>These keys have the expected effect of erasing previously typed characters. L When available, this option displays the current configuration. For example, in

the Ethernet Interface Menu, “L” displays the Ethernet configuration. <Ctrl+L

This key combination works like a toggle switch to allow display of one page of

information at a time or display the entire configuration without page breaks. <Ctrl+C

This key combination disables any traces activated in the Debug Menu.

On leaving a menu where a change in configuration was made, CyROS will ask whether or not the change is to be saved:

(D)iscard, save to (F)lash, or save to (R)un configuration:

Selecting

Discard

will eliminate all changes made since the last time the question was asked. Saving to

Flash

memory makes all changes permanent. The changes are immediately effective and are saved to the configuration vector in flash memory . In this case, the configuration is maintained even after a router reboot. Saving only to the

Run

configuration makes all changes effective immediately , but nothing is saved permanently until explicitly saved

to flash (which can be done with the option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION=>TO FLASH). The menus and parameter lists are represented in this manual by tables. The first column contains the menu item

or the parameter, and the second column contains its description. This menu interface is also available via Telnet if one of the interfaces has been connected and configured. The

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 20

Cyclades-PR4000

menu interface is the same as that described earlier in this section. Using T elnet instead of a console for the initial Ethernet configuration is discussed in Appendix C of the Installation Manual.

The CyROS Management Utility

After one of the interfaces has been connected and configured, there is another way to interact with CyROS. Type the IP address in the location field in an HTML browser of a PC connected locally or remotely through the configured interface. A super-user ID and password will be requested (these are the same ID and password used with the line-terminal interface). A clickable image of the router back panel will apear, as shown in Figure 3.2.

Cyros Management Utility

Firmware version: Cyclades-PR4000: Cyros V_1.9.0i (Mar/28/00) #2

Configuration Menu Interface (Text Mode)

Global Ras Table

End HTTP session

FIGURE 3.2 CYROS MANAGEMENT UTILITY HOME PAGE

The link Clicking on an interface will show its current status and some additional information. The link will show a table similar to that shown in Figure 3.3. Clicking on

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 21

Configuration Menu Interface

will present an HTML version of the CyROS Main Menu, described previously .

Global RAS Table

End HTTP Session

will terminate the connection.

Cyclades-PR4000

Seq#

Slot #2 Port#1

Slot #2 Port#3

Slot #2 Port#6

Slot #2 Port#7

Slot #2 Port#10

Slot #2 Port#11

Slot #2 Port#15

Slot #2 Port#17

Slot #2 Port#

CyROS Management Utility

Global Remote Access Table Port Status

User Name

Arlt

Marquez

Neruda

Cervantes

Casares

Allende

Skarmeta

Rozenmacher

Start Session Time

Apr/18 18:11

Apr/18 18:05

Apr/18 18:31

Apr/18 16:05

Apr/18 18:08

Apr/18 17:41

Apr/18 18:10

Apr/18 18:09

Elapsed Time

0:04:46

0:10:46

0:05:09

2:10:56

0:07:47

0:35:27

0:05:58

0:06:34

Connect String

Md=23 V34 28800 26400 LAPM/V42Bis Md=12 V90 28800 42666 LAPM/V42Bis Md=21 V34 28800 24000 LAPM/V42Bis Md=13 V34 28800 16800 LAPM/V42Bis Md=17 V90 24000 28000 LAPM/V42Bis Md=19 V34 31200 33600 LAPM/V42Bis Md=20 V34 28800 31200 LAPM/V42Bis Md=18 V32 1440

Caller ID

1115553000

1115551268

1115554811

1115550000

1115559743

1115557553

1115551174

1115559800

FIGURE 3.3 GLOBAL RAS TABLE

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 22

Cyclades-PR4000

Clicking on one of the links in the Global RAS Table will provide more detailed information about the connection and the user. An example is shown in Figure 3.4. The user can be disconnected with the hangup button and the interface can be temporarily disabled by clicking on the administrative down button.

Slot #2 Port #26 Status

Username: cas Start Session Time: Apr/18/00 18:01:29 Elapsed Time: 0:11:01 Inactivity Timeout: None Caller ID: 5554321 modem Id 9 V32B Initial Rate 14400/14400 Current Rate 14400/14400 LAPM/V42Bis

Number of transmitted Frames: 237670 Number of transmitted bytes: 106541777 Number of transmission errors: 2368 Number of received frames: 245235 Number of received bytes: 34399893 Number of reception errors: 96

PPP LCP state = OPENED

PPP PAP state = OPENED PPP NCP (IPCP) state = OPENED Local IPaddr (200.200.200.200) Remote IPaddr (200.200.200.100)

Hangup Connection

Current Administrative Status is . Change it toUP

Admin. DOWN

Go Back

FIGURE 3.4 CHANNEL DETAILS

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 23

Cyclades-PR4000

Returning to the CyROS Management Utility Home Page, clicking on a T1 or E1 port on the figure will display the channel details. There is a toggle button in the upper-right-hand corner which toggles between name and speed. When set to name, as shown in Figure 3.5, passing the mouse over a channel displays the username. When set to speed, it displays the carrier and speed of the connection. The ports are color-coded with the current status.

CyROS Management Utility

E1 Line - Signalling Type [CAS BR]

Inactive Port

Hardware Error

Waiting Connection

Connecting

Port In Test

Administrative Down

Connection OK

FIGURE 3.5 CHANNEL SUMMARY WITH TOGGLE SET TO NAME

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 24

Cyclades-PR4000

Operating the Front-Panel Display

The Cyclades logo appears on the front-panel display (shown in Figure 3.6) after a sucessful boot.

Cyclades - PR4000

LCD

Ethernet 1

10Base-T

100Base-T

Link

Collision

Ethernet 2

10Base-T/ 100Base-T

LAN Connection

Menu Select

WAN Connection

Port 1

Port 2

FIGURE 3.6 FRONT-PANEL DISPLAY

There are 5 push buttons: 4 arrows and one menu selection button. Pressing the menu selection button displays the main menu, which contains the following options:

• Modem Overview

• Interface Overview

• IP Traffic

• Syslog Messages

• System Info

• Reboot (If configured to appear using the menu item CONFIG =>SYSTEM =>HARDWARE)

• Quit

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 25

Cyclades-PR4000

Modem Overview

The status of each connection can be displayed by modem or by interface.

Modem Order

This menu item presents a screen with one box for each modem. Each row corresponds to a Modem board. When 64 modems are present, the screen will appear as in Figure 3.7. The box on the upper left is the first modem, the upper right is the eight modem, and so forth for as many modems as are installed.

Modem Idle

Modem Connecting

Modem Connected

Modem Transmitting and Receiving

Modem Transmitting

Modem Receiving

Modem Administrative Down

Modem Not Detected

Modem Not Operational

Modem Reserved

Modem Initializing

NONDNO

FIGURE 3.7 MODEM ORDER SCREEN

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 26

Cyclades-PR4000

Slot/Link Order

This menu item presents a screen with one box per T1/E1 channel. Figure 3.8 shows two lines with 30 channels each. The box on the upper left is the first channel, the upper right is the eighth channel, and so forth for as many channels as are configured.

Slot/Link Not Configured

Slot/Link Idle

Modem Connecting

Modem Connected

Modem Transmitting and Receiving

Modem Transmitting

Modem Receiving

FIGURE 3.8 SLOT/LINK ORDER SCREEN

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 27

Cyclades-PR4000

Interface Overview

This screen presents the status of each E1/T1 interface and indicates which modem has been allocated to each channel. The ordering of the channels is the same as for the previous screen

Not Configured

Not Connected

Connected (PRI)

Admin Down

Connected to a modem (Number of The Modem Allocated)

FIGURE 3.9 INTERFACE OVERVIEW SCREEN

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 28

Cyclades-PR4000

IP Traffic

After choosing the interface desired, a bar graph showing bytes per second or packets per second is displayed. It is a snapshot of the last 10 minutes of IP traffic through the interface (TX for transmitted and RX for received), with a refresh every minute. The arrow keys toggle the display between bytes and packets per second. Pressing <menu select> returns to the main menu.

Syslog Messages

Selecting this menu item leads to another menu that allows changes in the display of syslog messages. Syslog messages are administrative and debug events. The following options are available:

• Display - Exibits the last syslog message generated by CyROS. Arrow keys may be used to see the syslog history.

• Stop - New syslog messages are discarded. The syslog history remains unchanged.

• Start - New syslog messages are stored in the syslog history and are displayed.

• Clear - Clears the syslog history.

• Quit - Returns to the main menu.

System Info

This menu item presents a sequence of four screens: Hardware Information, Board Information, Modem Information, and Boot Information. Any arrow key switches between screens. The menu select key returns to the main menu.

Chapter 3 - Using CyROS Menus 29

Cyclades-PR4000

CHAPTER 4 STEP-BY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMMON APPLICATIONS

This chapter provides detailed examples that can be used as models for similar applications. Turn to the example that is closest to your application, read the explanations, and fill in the blank spaces with parameters appropriate to your system. At the end of the section, you should have listed all the parameters needed to configure the router. At that point, read chapter 3 if you have not already, and configure your router with help from later chapters of the Installation Guide, when needed.

Please read the entire example and follow the instructions before turning the router on. The router is programmed to log the super user off after 10 minutes of inactivity. All data not explicitly saved to memory is then lost. Collecting the data

configuring the router will likely cause delays and

while

frustration.

Example 1 Using the PR4000 as a Remote Access Server

This example explains the configuration of an E1 or T1 line with signaling, the most common option when the PR4000 is used as a RAS. When the incoming call is made by a computer using a modem, the internal digital modems are used to convert analog signals to digital signals. Either CAS or CCS signaling can be used in this case. When the incoming call is made by an ISDN-BRI line subscriber (and the E1/T1 line is configured for CCS), the digital modems are bypassed.

This section will guide you through a complete RAS configuration. Figure 4.1 shows the example system used in this section. Spaces have been provided next to the parameters needed for the configuration so you can fill in the parameters for your system. Do this now before continuing.

Chapter 4 - Step-By-Step Instructions for Common Applications 30

Cyclades-PR4000

LAN

Radius

Server

IP Address: 100.130.130.200

Network: 100.130.130.0 __________ Mask: 255.255.255.0 _________

IP Addresses: 100.130.130.11

FIGURE 4.1 RAS EXAMPLE SHOWING DIAL-IN USERS

__________

Key: Pinocchio

_______

IP Address: 100.130.130.1

PR4000

Multiple Calls

_________

100.130.130.12 …

__________

Telephone Number: 5533-3333_______

T1/E1

Telephone/ISDN

Network

Modem

Network

Terminator

ISDN-BRI

Line

Remote

IP Address

Assigned on

Connection

Chapter 4 - Step-By-Step Instructions for Common Applications 31

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP ONE The first step is to determine the parameters needed to configure the Fast Ethernet interface (ETH0). The parameters in the Network Protocol Menu (IP) are shown in Figure 4.2. Fill in the blanks for your application in the right-most column. These parameters will be entered into the PR4000 later, after all parameters have been determined. Each parameter in this menu is explained in more detail in chapter 5 of the Installation Guide.

CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>FAST ETHERNET=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP

Menu Parameter Example Your Application

Active or Inactive Active enables IP communication (IPX and Transparent

Bridge are not used in this example). Interface Unnumbered Numbered Primary IP Address 100.130.130.1 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 Secondary IP Address 0.0.0.0 for none. Enable Dynamic Local

No IP Address IP MTU Use the preset value, 1500. This determines whether

or not a given IP datagram is fragmented. NAT Global, because NAT is not being used in this example. ICMP Port Inactive Incoming Rule List None, filters and traffic control are not included in this

example. Outgoing Rule List Name

None, filters and traffic control are not included in this

example. Proxy ARP Inactive IP Bridge Inactive

FIGURE 4.2 ETHERNET NETWORK PROTOCOL MENU PARAMETERS

STEP TWO No more parameters are necessary for the Ethernet interface. The next step is the configuration of the E1 or T1

Chapter 4 - Step-By-Step Instructions for Common Applications 32

Cyclades-PR4000

line using the controller. Both CAS and CCS signaling are explained. Which one is used will depend on the services offered by the telephone system.

CONFIG=>CONTROLLER=>T1/E1

Menu Parameter Example Your Application

Frame Mode This value is provided by the T1/E1 line provider.

For T1, and

common) and

Line Code This value is provided by the T1/E1 line provider. For T1,

B8ZS

(Alternate Mark Inversion) are used. For E1, the

AMI

choices are

Signaling Mode

Clock Mo de ( C A S o nly) Slave Line Build Out Applies only to T1. The T1 service provider should supply

Receiver Sensitivity Short Haul Compan ding Mode This value is provided by the T1/E1 line provider.

for ISDN-PRI (digital or analog remote access).

CCS

for analog, modem-based remote access (usually

CAS

used with telephone networks that do not support ISDN).

this parameter.

A-law

used for T1 lines. Signaling Type (CAS only) Tone Signaling CAS Only. This value is provided by the T1/E1 line

Country Signaling Type ? to the options available for each country. This

Wink Start or Loop Start for T1 and R2 Digital ITU-T for

E1 are the options

provider. DTMF is the most common for T1 and MFR2

Compelled is the most common for E1.

value is provided by the T1/E1 line provider.

(Extended Super Frame, the most common)

ESF

are the options. For E1,

Non-CRC4

(Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution, the most common) and

(High-Density Bipolar) and

HDB3

is usually used for E1 lines and

are the options.

CRC4

(the most

is usually

u-law

AMI

FIGURE 4.3 E1/T1 CONTROLLER MENU PARAMETERS

Chapter 4 - Step-By-Step Instructions for Common Applications 33

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP THREE It is likely that not just anyone should have access to your LAN. A Radius or Tacacs server can be used to authenticate the username and password of the incoming connection request. A Radius server is used in this example. More than one Radius server can be configured. Fill in the data for your Radius Server in the table below.

Menu CONFIG=>SECURITY=>RADIUS=>RADIUS STATUS=>ADD

Parameter Example Your Application

Radius Server IP Address 100.130.130.200 Radius Server Type

Authentication and Accounting.

Both

Radius Server Retries 5 Radius Server Timeout 5 Radius Server Encryption

pinocchio Key Radius Server

1812. Older standards used 1645. Authentication Port Radius Server Send Start

Yes

accounting

FIGURE 4.4 RADIUS SERVER PARAMETERS

Chapter 4 - Step-By-Step Instructions for Common Applications 34

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP FOUR The RAS Wizard can be used to set up a PPP Remote Access Server using modems or DSU/CSUs and dial-up lines. The wizard can be used for one port or a range of ports. If the Wizard is used for a range or all ports, the ports will be numbered consecutively.

Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1(ISDN-PRI)=><CHANNEL>=>WIZARDS=>RAS PROFILE

Parameter Example Your Application

Remote IP Address 100.130.130.11 Phone Number (CAS Only) This number is only used for callback (in the

outgoing connection request).

Digital Modem Profile ID

(CAS Only)

FIGURE 4.5 RAS WIZARD PARAMETERS

STEP FIVE Now that the parameters have been defined, enter into each menu described above, in the order presented (read chapter 3, Using Menus, if you have not done so already). Set the parameters in each menu according to the values you wrote in the figures above. Save the configuration to flash memory at each step when requested — configurations saved in run memory are erased when the router is turned off. If you saved part of the configuration to run memory for some reason, save to flash memory now using the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FLASH. Be sure to change the superuser password using the menu option CONFIG =>SECURITY =>USERS =>MODIFY. The user ID, super, can remain the same, but the password must be changed to avoid unauthorized access.

If the Radius Server does not appear to be working, try switching the UDP port setting. This often resolves Radius problems. The menu item INFO =>AUTH. SERVERS STATUS =>RADIUS SERVERS STATUS also provides information about the status of the Radius Server. Any status other than OK means that either the RAS configuration is incorrect or the Radius Server configuration is incorrect. It may be necessary to reboot the router after performing the configuration described in step three, for the changes to take effect.

Chapter 4 - Step-By-Step Instructions for Common Applications 35

Cyclades-PR4000

At this point, you should create a back-up of the configuration file (in binary) and print out a listing of the configuration.

Instructions for creating a back-up of the configuration file:

Use the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FTP SERVER. Fill in the IP address of the computer where the configuration file should be saved, the file name, the directory name, and the user account information. This configuration file can later be downloaded with the ADMIN =>LOAD CONFIGURA TION =>FTP SERVER option.

Instructions for listing the configuration:

The menu option INFO =>SHOW CONFIGURA TION =>ALL will list to the terminal screen the configuration of the router. This can be saved as a text file and/or printed on a printer.

Chapter 4 - Step-By-Step Instructions for Common Applications 36

Cyclades-PR4000

Example 2 Connection to an Internet Access Provider via Modem

This section will guide you through a complete router installation for the connection of a LAN to an Internet access provider via PPP. The configuration of NAT (Network Address T ranslation) will also be shown. Figure 4.6 shows the example system used in this section. Spaces have been provided next to the parameters needed for the configuration where you can fill in the parameters for your system. Do this now before continuing.

RS-232___

DSU/CSU

Network

192.168.0.0

Host

PR4000

IP Address

Assigned

Dynamically

Host

192.168.0.11

192.168.0.10 _________

192.168.0.1_________

192.168.0.30_________

FIGURE 4.6 CONNECTION TO ACCESS PROVIDER USING A SWAN INTERFACE AND A MODEM

while

configuring the router will likely cause delays and

frustration.

37Chapter 4 - Step-by-Step Instructions

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP ONE The first step is to determine the parameters needed to configure the Ethernet interface (ETH0). The parameters in the Network Protocol Menu (IP) are shown in Figure 4.7. Fill in the blanks for your application in the right-most column. These parameters will be entered into the router later, after all parameters have been chosen. Each parameter in this menu is explained in more detail in chapter 5 of the Installation Guide.

CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>ETHERNET=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP

Menu Parameter Example Your Application

Active or Inactive Active enables IP communication (IPX

and Transparent Bridge are not used in this example).

Interface Numbered

Numbered /Unnumbered Primary IP Address 192.168.0.1 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 Secondary IP

0.0.0.0 for none Address IP MTU Use the preset value, 1500. This

determines whether or not a given IP

datagram is fragmented. NAT Local ICMP Port Inactive Incoming Rule List None, filters and traffic control are not

included in this example. Outgoing Rule List Name

None, filters and traffic control are not

included in this example. Proxy ARP Inactive IP Bridge Inactive

FIGURE 4.7 ETHERNET NETWORK PROTOCOL MENU PARAMETERS

38Chapter 4 - Step-by-Step Instructions

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP TWO No more parameters are necessary for the Ethernet interface. The other interface to be configured is the SWAN in slot 1. The SWAN physical media parameters are shown in Figure 4.8. Fill in the values for your application. The SWAN configuration is described in more detail in chapter 6 of the Installation Guide.

CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>PHYSICAL

Menu Parameter Example Your Application

Mode Asynchronous Speed 115.2k

FIGURE 4.8 SWAN PHYSICAL MENU PARAMETERS

STEP THREE The network protocol parameters, shown in Figure 4.9, are similar to those for the Ethernet interface. Fill in the parameters for your network in the right-most column. For an example using NAT where the Primary IP Address is not dynamically assigned, see the chapter dedicated to NAT in the Installation Manual.

CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP

Menu Parameter Example Your Application

Active or Inactive Active enables IP communication (IPX

and Transparent Bridge are not used in

this example). Interface

Numbered Unnumbered/ Numbered Primary IP Address 0.0.0.0 (This number will be assigned

by the Access Provider dynamically.) Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0

FIGURE 4.9 SWAN NETWORK PROTOCOL (IP) MENU PARAMETERS

39Chapter 4 - Step-by-Step Instructions

Cyclades-PR4000

Parameter Example Your Application

Secondary IP

0.0.0.0 for none Address Enable Dynamic Local IP Address

Yes, because the IP address of the SWAN interface will be assigned dynamically.

Remote IP Address

Any Type Remote IP Address 0.0.0.0 IP MTU Use the preset value, 1500. This

determines whether or not a given IP

datagram is fragmented. NAT

Global Assigned

because the IP address of the SWAN interface will be assigned dynamically.

ICMP Port Inactive Incoming Rule List None, filters and traffic control are not

included in this example.

Outgoing Rule List Name Routing of Broadcast

None, filters and traffic control are not included in this example. Inactive

Messages

FIGURE 4.9 CONTINUED -- SWAN NETWORK PROTOCOL (IP) MENU PARAMETERS

40Chapter 4 - Step-by-Step Instructions

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP FOUR The Encapsulation parameters for PPP are less straight-forward. Many of them are based on decisions that cannot be shown in a diagram. Fortunately , the choices made here will mostly af fect the performance of the link, rather than whether it works or not. Fill in the parameters appropriate for your system, consulting chapter 1 1 of the Installation Guide for more information if necessary.

CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>ENCAPSULATION=>PPP

Menu Parameter Example Your Application

MLPPP PPP Inactivity Timeout Enable Van Jacobson

No None

so that the connection is never broken. No

IP Header Compression Disable LCP Echo

Requests Edit ACCM No Value. This will depend on the

modem used.

Time Interval to Send

Use the preset value, one.

Config Requests Enable Predictor

Compression

FIGURE 4.10 PPP ENCAPSULATION MENU PARAMETERS

41Chapter 4 - Step-by-Step Instructions

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP FIVE A static route must be added to tell the router that all traffic not intended for the local LAN should be sent to the Access Provider. Chapter 12 of the Installation Guide explains static routes and other routing methods available in CyROS. Fill in the spaces in Figure 4.11 with the values for your application.

CONFIG=>STATIC ROUTES=>IP=>ADD ROUTE

Menu Parameter Example Your Application

Destination IP

Type in the word "DEFAULT".

Address Gateway or Interface Interface Is This a Backup

Interface

, because the IP addresses

are not known at configuration time.

Link 1

in the example.

Route? OSPF Advertises

This Static Route

FIGURE 4.11 STATIC ROUTE MENU PARAMETERS

STEP SIX NAT must now be activated. There are two varieties of NAT: Normal and Expanded. This example uses the Normal NAT Mode. The other mode is explained in the chapter on NAT in the Installation Manual.

Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>GENERAL

Parameter Example Your Application

Nat Status Enabled Nat Mode Normal Disable Port Translation No

FIGURE 4.12 GENERAL NAT PARAMETERS

42Chapter 4 - Step-by-Step Instructions

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP SEVEN NAT parameters will now be determined for routing outside of the local LAN. Network Address Translation maps the local IP addresses, registered in the local address range menu below, to the one global IP address assigned by the access provider. Local IP addresses not indicated in this menu will not be translated.

Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>LOCAL ADDRESS =>ADD RANGE

Parameter Example Your Application

First IP Address of

192.168.0.10 New Range Number of IP

21 Addresses in the Range

FIGURE 4.13 NAT LOCAL ADDRESS RANGE MENU PARAMETERS

The factory preset values for all other NAT parameters are appropriate for this example. STEP EIGHT

Now that the parameters have been defined, enter into each menu described above, in the order presented (read chapter 3, Using Menus, if you have not done so already). Set the parameters in each menu according to the values you wrote in the figures above. Save the configuration to flash memory at each step when requested — configurations saved in run memory are erased when the router is turned off. If you saved part of the configuration to run memory for some reason, save to flash memory now using the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FLASH.

STEP NINE The Ethernet interface can be tested as described in the troubleshooting appendix. The SWAN interface can be tested in a similar manner. At this point, you should create a back-up of the configuration file (in binary) and print out a listing of the configuration.

43Chapter 4 - Step-by-Step Instructions

Cyclades-PR4000

Instructions for creating a back-up of the configuration file.

Instructions for listing the configuration.

The menu option INFO =>SHOW CONFIGURA TION =>ALL will list to the terminal screen the configuration of the router. This can be saved as a text file and/or printed on a printer.

44Chapter 4 - Step-by-Step Instructions

Cyclades-PR4000

CHAPTER 5 CONFIGURATION OF THE ETHERNET INTERFACE

The PR4000 has one Ethernet 10/100Base-T interface, provided in a standard RJ-45 modular jack, which should be connected to an Ethernet hub or switch. Use a standard 10/100Base-T straight-through cable (not included). When the Ethernet link is correctly connected, the link LED will be lit. The menus for the Ethernet Interface are independent of the speed of the link.

If your network uses 10Base2 (thin coaxial cable) or 10Base5 (thick coaxial cable), you will need a transceiver to convert between the different Ethernet media. A crossover cable is required for direct connection to a computer (an RJ-45 Ethernet pinout is provided in appendix B). Note: While Cyclades Power Routers work with most standard RJ-45 cable/connectors, shielded Ethernet cables should be used to avoid interference with other equipment .

The parameters in the encapsulation menu are preset at the factory and it is usually not necessary to change them. The first step in the Ethernet configuration is to choose which network protocol to use and assign values to the relevant parameters. Either IP, Transparent Bridge, or IPX (optional) must be activated. In this chapter, IP Bridges are also described. Use the information provided below to set the parameters for the Ethernet interface.

The IP Network Protocol

Some parameters are explained in detail in later chapters. At this point, the preset values provided by the operating system can be accepted and the interface will work at a basic level.

Network Protocol Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>ETHERNET =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>IP

Parameter Description

Active or Inactive Activates this interface. Interface

Unnumbered interfaces are used for point-to-point connections. Unnumbered Assign IP From Interface Primary IP Address Applies to Subnet Mask Applies to

Applies to

to this one.

Unnumbered Numbered

Numbered

interfaces. Address assigned to this interface. interfaces. Subnet mask of the network.

interfaces. Applies the IP address of another router interface

This table is continued.

Chapter 5 - Configuration of the Ethernet Interface 45

Cyclades-PR4000

Network Protocol Menu (Continued)

Parameter Description

Secondary IP Address

Applies to

Numbered

interfaces. Indicates a second (or third, etc. up to eight) IP address that can be used to refer to this interface. This parameter and the next are repeated until no value is entered.

Subnet Mask Applies to

Numbered

interfaces. Subnet mask of

Secondary IP Address

IP MTU Assigns the size of the Maximum Transmission Unit for the interface. This determines

whether or not a given IP datagram is fragmented.

NAT Determines the type of IP address if NAT is being used. Use

otherwise. See

Global

chapter 13 or the examples in chapter 2 for details on how to configure NAT.

ICMP Port

causes the router to send ICMP Port Unreachable messages when it receives

Active

UDP or TCP messages for ports that are not recognized. This type of message is used by some traceroute applications, and if disabled, the router might not be identified in the traceroute output. However, there are security and performance reasons to leave this option

Inactive

Incoming Rule List Filter rule list for incoming packets. See chapter 14 for instructions on how this

parameter should be set.

Detailed Incomi ng IP Accounting

Applies when a list is selected i n the pre vious parameter. See explanation of IP Accounting in chapter 12. IP Accounting for a rule requires that the parameter CONFIG =>RULES LIST=>IP=>CONFIGURE RULES=>ADD RULE=>ALLOW

Yes

Detailed

Outgoing Rule List Name Detailed Outgoing IP Accounting Routin g o f Broadcas t Messages

ACCOUNT PROCESS also be Filter rule list for outgoing packets. See chapter 14 for instructions on how this parameter should be set. Applies when a list is selected i n the pre vious parameter. See explanation of

Incoming IP Accounting

. Activating this parameter causes the router to route broadcast messages from the LAN to the WAN and vice-versa. An individual interface can be excluded by setting this parameter to

Inactive

, without effecting the broadcast of messages on the other

interfaces.

Proxy ARP Causes the router to answer ARP requests with its own MAC address for IP addresses

reachable on another interface.

Chapter 5 - Configuration of the Ethernet Interface 46

Cyclades-PR4000

IP Bridge

An IP Bridge is used to divide a network without subnetting. Whenever a subnetwork is created, two IP numbers are lost — one describing the network and the other reserved for broadcast. This does not occur with an IP Bridge.

200.240.240.9

200.240.240.3

200.240.240.2

200.240.240.1

ETH0

PR4000

Link 1

PR3000

..................................

ETH0

200.240.240.8

200.240.240.4

FIGURE 5.1 IP BRIDGE EXAMPLE

Chapter 5 - Configuration of the Ethernet Interface 47

Cyclades-PR4000

In Figure 5.1, an example of the use of an IP Bridge is given. From the available IP addresses, the range

200.240.240.4 to 200.240.240.8 is bridged to another physical location. The following parameters apply only for IP Bridge.

Network Protocol Menu (Continued) -- (IP Bridge)

Parameter Description

IP Bridge Activates the IP Bridge functionality. The following parameters apply only if IP Bridge is Initial IP Address to be Bridged

Indicates the start of the range of IP addresses to be transferred to another physical location. This and the next three parameters are repeated in case the bridge is to be

Active

broken up into various sections. Up to 8 sections can be defined. In the example, this value is 200.240.240.4.

Ending IP Address to be Bridged Broadcast Over the

Indicates the end of the range of IP addresses to be transferred to another physical location. In the example, this value is 200.240.240.8. Allows propagation of broadcast IP packets over this bridge.

Link Bridge Over Link Indicates which link forms the other half of the bridge. In the example, link 1 is used.

Other Parameters

Transparent Bridge is covered in chapter 7 and IPX is covered in chapter 15. The parameters defined in the Routing Protocol and Traffic Control Menus should be set after reading chapters 11 and 14, respectively. It is probably best to complete the basic configuration of all router interfaces, then return to the routing protocol and traffic control menus after general routing and traffic control strategies have been defined.

Chapter 5 - Configuration of the Ethernet Interface 48

Cyclades-PR4000

CHAPTER 6 THE SWAN INTERFACE

This chapter describes how to configure a SWAN interface. The physical link should be set up as shown in chapter 2, according to the type of modem or device at the other end of the connection and the type of SWAN port.

STEP ONE The first step in the SWAN interface configuration is to define its physical characteristics. These parameters are presented in the Physical Menu Table.

Physical Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>PHYSICAL

Parameter Description

Mode Asynchronous or Synchronous. This parameter is determined by the mode of the

device at the other end of the connection.

Clock Source Applies for

Synchronous Mo de

. Whether this interface provides clock for the device at the other end of the cable or vice-versa. When the interface is connected to a modem, the

Clock Source

Receive Clock Applies for

compare incoming messages with the clock it is generating ( it receives from the sender along with the message (

is always

External

Internal Clock Source

. When this interface provides clock, it can either

) or with th e cl ock

Externa

l is

External

Internal

recommended.

Speed Applies for

Internal Clock Source

. Determines at which speed the data will be sent

across the line.

Media for SWAN Cable

Type of cable -- RS-232, V.35 or X.21. Usually the type is cable is d etected by the router.

Chapter 6 - Configuration of the SWAN Interface 49

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP TWO The second step is to choose a data-link protocol in the Encapsulation menu. There are many encapsulation options on this interface.

For synchronous communication:

• Frame Relay: the Frame Relay Protocol is based on frame switching and constructs a permanent virtual circuit (PVC) between two or more points.

• X.25: The X.25 Protocol is generally used to connect to a public network. The router can act either as a DTE or a DCE.

• HDLC: A proprietary alternative to PPP.

For synchronous or asynchronous communication:

• PPP: The PPP (Point-to-Point) protocol is used for leased, dial-up, and ISDN lines. Multilink PPP is also provided.

Information on how to determine the values of the parameters for each data-link protocol is provided in chapter 8. STEP THREE

The third step is to set the Network Protocol parameters. Information for this step is provided in chapter 7.

Chapter 6 - Configuration of the SWAN Interface 50

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP FOUR If PPP Encapsulation is being used, a type of authentication should be chosen. This is done in the authentication menu.

Authentication Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>AUTHENTICATION

Parameter Description

Authentication Type

uses the list of users defined in CONFIG=> SECURITY=>USERS=>ADD.

Local

uses either Radius or Tacacs to authenticate the user.

Server Remote

is when this interface is considered to be the user and the

other

end of the

connection performs the authentication

Username Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The username the remote device

expects to receive.

Password Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The password the remote device

expects to receive.

Authentication Server Applies when

Authentication Type

. Indicates that either a Radius or Tacacs

Server

server is used for validation. The location and othe r parameters of the server must be configured in C ONFIG=> SECURITY. See section 4.3 of the CyROS Reference

Guide. Authentication Protocol

Applies when

Authentication Type

be used for authentication.

Local

. Either PAP or CHAP or both can

Server

STEP FIVE The parameters defined in the Routing Protocol and Traffic Control Menus should be set after reading chapters 9 and 12, respectively . It is probably best to complete the basic configuration of all router interfaces, then return to the routing protocol and traffic control menus after general routing and traffic control strategies have been defined.

Chapter 6 - Configuration of the SWAN Interface 51

Cyclades-PR4000

CHAPTER 7 THE E1 AND T1 INTERFACES, WITHOUT SIGNALING

The menus relating to configuration of the E1 and T1 interfaces without signaling are given in this chapter. T1 is a standard used in the United States, Canada, and Japan. It has a clock speed of 1.5MHz and has 24 channels of 64K each. One of the channels is reserved for signaling when ISDN/PRI is used. E1 is a standard used in Europe and many other countries. It has a clock speed of 2MHz and has 32 channels with two reserved for signaling. Aside from this, there are few differences between the two standards in terms of configuration.

The Controller menu tree for the PR4000 (for Signaling Mode = None) is shown in figure 7.1

Config

Controller

T1/E1

Frame Mode Line Code Signaling Mode Clock Mode Line Build Out Receiver Sensitivity Companding Mode Add Group

Timeslot Timeslot Allocation Timeslot Start Timeslot End Timeslot N

Delete Group

Edit Group

Channel Group Number

Rest Same as Add Group

Clear All Groups

FIGURE 7.1 PR4000 CONTROLLER MENU TREE

Chapter 7 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, Without Signaling 52

Cyclades-PR4000

The controller parameters are explained in the table that follows. Controller Menu CONFIG=>CONTROLLER=>T1/E1

Parameter Description

Frame Mode Line Code Signaling Mode Only appear s f or t h e P R4000. Clock Mode Selects the clock mode:

Line Build Out Applies only to T1. Sets the attenuation on the TX line. The T1 service provider Receiver Sensitivity

Inversion). E1:

otherwise, see chapter 8.

should supply this parameter.

Short haul

data, usually when the router is installed more than 2000 feet from the cable

termination.

(Extended Super Frame, the most common) and D4 are the op tions.

ESF

(the most common) and

CRC4

(Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution, the most com mon) and

B8ZS

(High-Density Bipolar) and

HDB3

Master

is usually used.

Long haul

Non-CRC4

for channelized lines without signaling,

None

Slave

is necessary if attenuation prevents reception of

are the op tions.

AMI

(Alternate Mark

For the CCS Signaling Mode (ISDN-PRI) and the CAS Signaling Mode, read chapter 8 this chapter.

INSTEAD

The T1/E1 interface can be broken up into channels, defined by timeslots. Each timeslot is a slice of time allotted to throughput from a particular source. The configuration can be done in three ways:

1 Full T1/E1: Only one channel group is defined and no others are allowed. All timeslots are allocated

automatically to this channel.

2 Fractional T1/E1: Only one channel group is defined. One or more timeslots are allocated to this channel.

The number of timeslots can be increased at a later time.

3 Channelized T1/E1: Many channels are defined, with one or more timeslots allocated to each channel.

Chapter 7 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, Without Signaling 53

Cyclades-PR4000

STEP ONE The first step in the T1/E1 configuration is the assigning of channel groups, performed in the channel groups menu shown in Figure 8.1. A brief description of the add group menu parameters is given in the table.

Add Channel Group Menu CONFIG =>CONTROLLER =>T1/E1 =>CHANNEL GROUPS =>ADD GROUP

Parameter Description

Timeslot

is used for Full T1/E1 as described above.

Full

Fractional

is for Fractional or

Channel ized T1/E1 as desc ribed abov e . Timeslot Allocation

Contiguous

allows configuration of a range of timeslots while

Manual

presents each

available timeslot one by one. Timeslot Start Applies for Timeslot End Applies for Timeslot N Applies for

Contiguous Timeslot Allocation Contiguous Timeslot Allocation Manual Timeslot Allocation

. Defines the beginning of the range. . Defines the end of the range.

. Allows inclusion of this timeslot in the channel.

STEP TWO The parameters for each E1/T1 channel are configured in the CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1 =>

menu. A summary menu tree is given in Figure 7.2. A brief description of each principal item appears in the following table.

E1/T1 Interface Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1=>

Menu Item Descri pt i o n

Encapsulation Determines the data-link layer protocol to be used for this communication link. Network Protocol Provides menus for the IP and Transparent Bridge parameters, including rules to be

applied to this interface. Routing Protocol Submenus for RIP and OSPF configuration. Traffic Control Sets the bandwidth of the connection for use with traffic control rules and associates a

traffic control rule list to this interface. See chapter 14 for more information on traffic

control rules. Authentication Determines the method used for authentication for connections on this line.

Chapter 7 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, Without Signaling 54

Cyclades-PR4000

Config

Interface

T1/E1

Channel

Encapsulation

(if Channelized)

Network Protocol [menu shown in a later figure] Routing Protocol [menu shown in a later figure]

Traffic Control

Authentication

FIGURE 7.2 E1/T1 INTERFACE CONFIGURATION MENU TREE

STEP THREE There are many encapsulation options on this interface. For full T1/E1:

• Frame Relay,

• PPP,

• X.25, and

• HDLC.

Frame Relay [menu shown in a later figure] PPP [menu shown in a later figure] X.25 [menu shown in a later figure]

HDLC

Keep Alive Interval

Inactive

General

Bandwidth IP Traffic Control List

Authentication Type Username Password Authentication Server Authentication Protocol

Chapter 7 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, Without Signaling 55

Cyclades-PR4000

For channelized T1/E1:

• PPP and HDLC.

The Encapsulation options are described in chapter 10. STEP FOUR

The Network Protocol Menu parameters must be set next. A description of these parameters appears in chapter

9. The remaining menus in Figure 7.2 are described in later chapters. Routing Protocols is the subject of chapter 1 1, and Traffic Control is discussed in chapter 14. The Authentication Menu is only relevant when PPP Encapsulation is used.

Authentication Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1 =>

=>AUTHENTICA TION

Parameter Description

Authentication Type

uses the list of users defined in CONFIG =>SECURITY =>USERS =>ADD.

Local

uses either Radius or Tacacs to authenticate the user.

Server

Remote

is when this interface is considered to be the user and the

other

end of the

connection performs the authentication Username Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The username the remote device

expects to receive. Password Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The password the remote device

expects to receive. Authentication Server Applies when

Auth en tication Ty p e

. Indicates that either a Radius or Tacacs

Server

server is used for validation. The location and other parameters of the server must be

configured in CONFIG=>SECURITY. See section 4.3 of the CyROS Reference Guide. Authentication Protocol

Chapter 7 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, Without Signaling 56

Applies when

Auth en tication Ty p e

be used for authentication.

Local

. Either PAP or CHAP or both can

Server

Cyclades-PR4000

CHAPTER 8 THE E1 AND T1 INTERFACES, WITH SIGNALING

Two varieties of signaling are available. The older mode, called CAS, and the newer mode, called CCS (which is used for ISDN-PRI). The first step in the configuration process is to configure the channels using the Controller menu. The Controller Menu tree is shown in Figure 8.1. The parameters are described in the table that follows.

Config

Controller

E1/T1 Frame Mode

Line Code Signaling Mode Clock Mode Receiver Sensitivity Companding Mode Signaling Type Tone Signaling Contry Signaling Switch Type

FIGURE 8.1 THE CONTROLLER MENU TREE

57Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

Controller Menu CONFIG=>CONTROLLER=>T1/E1

Parameter Description

Frame Mode Line Code Signaling Mode

Clock Mode Selects the clock mode: Line Build Out Applies only to T1. Sets the attenuation on the TX line. The T1 service provider should

Receiver Sensitivity Companding Mode

Signaling Type Applies when Tone Signaling Applies when

Country Signaling Switch Type Applies when

T1 E1 T1

Inversion). E1:

None

for anal o g , m odem-bas e d r e mote acce ss ( usually used with telephone n etwork s that do not support ISDN).

supply this parameter.

Short haul

data, usually when the router is installed more than 2000 feet from the cable termination. Defines the compression mode to be used. Depends on the telephone exchange and the E1/T1 provider should supply this parameter. is usually used for T1 lines.

by the service provider. The options are R2-Digital, ITU-T, and R2-Analog. DTMF is the most common tone signaling for T1 and MFR2 Compelled is the most

common for E1. Applies when parameters.

supplied by the service provider.

(Extended Super Frame, the most common) and D4 are the op tions.

ESF

(the most common) and

CRC4

(Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution, the most common) and

B8ZS

(High-Density Bipolar) and

HDB3

for channelized lines without signaling (see chapter 7),

Master

is usually used.

Long haul

Signaling Mode Signaling Mode

is is

CAS CAS

CAS CCS

Non-CRC4

Slave

is necessary if attenuation prevents reception of

. Selects the signaling type. This should be supplied . Will depend on what is expected by the line provider.

. Determines country-dependent signaling . Selects the signaling protocol. This should be

are the op tions.

A-law

AMI

CCS

is usually used for E1 lines and

(Alternate Mark

for ISDN-PRI and

u-law

CAS

58Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

The CCS Signaling Mode (ISDN-PRI)

ISDN, the Integrated Services Digital Network, was intended to be a digital upgrade to the current analog telephone system. The ISDN discussed in this chapter is N-ISDN, where the N is for Narrow Band. A Broad Band ISDN also exists. There are two ISDN interfaces:

• BRI — Basic Rate Interface — used for residential or small-business access.

• PRI — Primary Rate Interface — used to provide access or used by large businesses for access.

Two PRI interfaces are provided on the PR4000 via E1 or T1 ports with CCS Signaling. These connections can be digital or analog (via a modem). The data layer protocols CHAR, PPPCHAR and Slip are used with a modem connection.

A typical application in an Internet Service Provider is shown in Figure 8.2.

Router

Application

Server

Integrated

RAS

ISDN Line

Telephone/

ISDN Network

BRI Line

FIGURE 8.2 ISDN-PRI APPLICATION EXAMPLE

Analog Line

Remote Users

59Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

After the channel groups are defined, the ISDN line and channels must be configured. The ISDN-PRI Interface Configuration Menu tree is shown in Figure 8.3.

Config Interface

FIGURE 8.3 ISDN-PRI INTERFACE CONFIGURATION MENU TREE

T1/E1

(ISDN-PRI)

ISDN

One

Channel

Range

All Channels

Main Phone Idle Timeout T200 N200 T203

Add Entry

Destination IP Address DestinationPhone #

Slot N Channel # Delete Entry Edit Entry

Same as Add Entry

Clear All Entries

Encapsulation Network Protocol Routing Protocol ISDN Traffic Control

Bandwidth

IP Traffic Control List

Authentication

Authenticarion Type

Username

Passaword

Authentication Server Wizards

Authenticarion Protocol

Same Parameters as One Channel

60Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

The general ISDN options are explained first. ISDN General Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1(ISDN-PRI)=>ISDN

Parameter Description

Main Phone # Principal phone number assigned to the ISDN trunk line. Leave this parameter blank if this

number should not be confirmed by the router. This is recommended when the provider does not send the trunk line number in the incoming call message.

Idle Timeout Time, in minutes, for the connection to time out if there is no traffic. For this to work, any

status messages, like PPP's LCP Echo Requests, must be disabled. The value 0 disables the timeout function.

T200 Data-layer timer. When the router sends a command, this timer determines how long it

should wait for a response.

N200 Data-layer number of re-tries. When the T200 period passes without a response, the

command is re-sent up to N200 times.

T203 When no messages are received for T203 seconds, an enquiry (RR or RNR) is sent.

At the end of this parameter list appears the menu for the dial-out table. It can also be reached by using the <ESC> key at any time during the parameter list.

Each entry is an association between a channel and the IP Address and Phone number at the other end of the connection. The router uses the IP information stored here in its routing table. When a packet arrives at the router, and the IP is listed in the dial-out table, the router will attempt a connection on the slot indicated using the associated phone number. The parameters for each entry are given next.

Add Entry Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1(ISDN-PRI)= >ISDN =><ESC> =>ADD ENTRY

Parameter Description

Destination IP

IP Address assigned to the remote connection. Address Destination

Phone number assigned to the remote connection Phone # Slot N Channel # Channel used to reach this destination.

61Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

The CAS Signaling Mode

A typical application that uses CAS Signaling is shown in Figure 8.4.

Application

Server

Integrated

RAS

CAS Line

Telephone

Network

Analog Line

Remote Users

Router

Analog Line

FIGURE 8.4 CAS APPLICATION EXAMPLE

The CAS Signaling Mode does not have a menu equivalent to the CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1(ISDN-PRI) =>ISDN menu described above. Both signaling modes have a mode-specific menu at the channel level, with different names, but basically the same function. This menu, CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1 =>

=>SIGNALING, will be described in the next section. The Interface Configuration tree for E1/T1 with CAS Signaling is shown in Figure 8.5

62Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

Config

Interface

E1/T1 (CAS)

One Channel

Encapsulation Network Protocol Routing Protocol Signaling Traffic Control

Authentication

Wizards

Bandwidth IP Traffic Control List

Authentication Type Username Password Authentication Server Authentication Protocol

Range

All Channels

Same Parameters as One Channel

FIGURE 8.5 CAS INTERFACE CONFIGURATION MENU TREE

Parameters Independent of Signaling Mode

The channel specific parameters can be set for each channel individually, for a range of channels, or for all channels. Wizards are available to automatically configure the channels for typical applications. Details appear at the end of this chapter. The notation

Channels

where appropriate. The following menu options are available for each channel:

will be used to represent

One Channel, Range

, or

All

63Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

Channel Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1=>

Menu Option Description

Encapsulation Determines the data-link layer protocol to be used for this communication link. Network Protocol Provides menus for the IP and Transparent Bridge parameters, including rules to be applied to this

Routing Protocol Configures RIP parameters. ISDN(CCS) / Signaling (CAS) Traffic Control Sets the

Authentication Determines the method used for authentication for connections on this line. Wizards Tools that aid in the configuration of the interface for common applications.

interface. Sets parameters particular to the signaling mode, and determines the phone number and modem

profile.

Rule List

Bandwidth

to this interface. See section 4.7 for more information on traffic control rules.

of the connection for use with traffic control rules and associates a

Traffic Control

The encapsulation options, PPP, PPPCHAR, CHAR, Slip, and SlipChar are discussed in chapter 10.

Multilink Options

There are three ways to make two or more physical links perform as one logical link:

1 Multichassis, Multilink PPP, 2 Multilink PPP, 3 CyROS Multilink (at the network-protocol level).

Multichassis PPP is a feature that allows two or more connections to different PR4000s on the same LAN act as one logical connection. The Cyclades Multichassis PPP implementation is compatible with the Lucent Portmaster 3 (either PR4000s/PR3000s or Portmaster 3s can be used to form the multichassis circuit). The multichassis PPP functionality is demonstrated in Figures 8.6 and 8.7. Figure 8.6 shows a RAS bank in an Internet Service Provider. The RAS that receives the first connection becomes the master and the connection becomes the primary link. The information sent on link 1 passes through the RAS and continues on to its destination (in this example, a server on the LAN). At the same time, the RAS (IP

200.200.200.1 in the example) sends a broadcast message to all other RASs in the same group letting them know that it has the primary link for this PPP connection.

64Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

Internet Service Provider

ISDN

Modem

Link 1

Packet

Primary Link

LAN

PR4000

Master

Server

Packet

MC PPP End Point Discriminator 11:22:33:44:55:66 MC PPP IP Address (Ethernet IP Address): 200.200.200.1

PR4000

MC PPP End Point Discriminator 11:22:33:44:55:66 MC PPP IP Address (Ethernet IP Address): 200.200.200.2

PR4000

MC PPP End Point Discriminator 11:22:33:44:55:66 MC PPP IP Address (Ethernet IP Address): 200.200.200.3

FIGURE 8.6 FIRST INCOMING CONNECTION OF A MULTICHASSIS PPP CIRCUIT

The RAS that receives the second connection from the same ISDN modem (shown in Figure 8.7), has already been informed by the broadcast message that the first RAS has the primary link. The connection is set up as a secondary link with this RAS (IP 200.200.200.3 in the example) as the slave. The information is not sent directly to its final destination. Rather, the packets are sent to the master RAS where they are joined with packets sent through other physical links before being forwarded to their final destination.

65Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

The info menu items INFO=> SHOW MCPPP LINKS and INFO=> SHOW MCPPP NEIGHBORS provide information about the PPP connections and the other RASs forming the circuit. The tool DEBUG=> MESSAGE TRACE=> MCPPP may be useful in discovering MCPPP problems. Another tool exists which must be used in the RAS containing the primary link for a given PPP connection. The menu option ADMIN=> KILL VIRTUAL SESSION will show all active secondary links. Selecting one of them will cause the master RAS to send a message to the slave RAS holding that secondary link, ordering it to drop its connection.

Internet Service Provider

ISDN

Modem

Link 2

Link 1

Primary Link

LAN

PR4000

Master

IP Address 200.200.200.1

PR4000

IP Address 200.200.200.2

Server

Packet

Secondary Link

PR4000

Packet

Slave

IP Address 200.200.200.3

FIGURE 8.7 SECOND INCOMING CONNECTION OF A MULTICHASSIS PPP CIRCUIT

66Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

Multilink PPP (MLPPP) is similar in functionality to the Multichassis feature. The primary difference is that all physical links reside in the same RAS/Router. It is similar to the CyROS Multilink capability described in section

4.4 of the CyROS Refrence Guide, but it is implemented at the data-link level instead of the network-protocol level. When compared to Multilink, MLPPP is slightly more efficient and less generic (because it applies only to PPP encapsulation).

Router A

Modem

Link 2 (Bundle 6)

Link 1

(Bundle 6)

Router B

FIGURE 8.8 MULTILINK PPP EXAMPLE

In Figure 8.8, Router B connects to Router A via two modem connections to achieve a larger bandwidth. Router A accepts the two physical connections, but treats them as one logical connection (one “bundle”). MLPPP must be enabled on all interfaces that will form this bundle, (and on both sides of the connection), with the same bundle identifier specified for each.

67Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

Configuration of Multilink PPP (with an extension to Multichassis Multilink PPP) includes the following steps: STEP ONE

The first four parameters in the PPP Menu must be defined. The PPP Menu can be reached by following the path: CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>

=>ENCAPSULATION =>PPP. The first parameter enables MLPPP. The second parameter determines the type of connection (leased line, dial-in, etc.). The third parameter is the number assigned to the bundle, as described above (except for dial-in lines, where the bundle is defined dynamically). The number itself is not important, but must be consistently used by the routers on both ends of the connection. The fourth parameter determines the maximum number of links included in the multilink PPP circuit.

STEP TWO (only for Multichassis Multilink PPP) The menu CONFIG =>IP =>MCPPP contains the only two parameters necessary to enable MCPPP. The first is the MCPPP End Point Discriminator, which must be the same for all RASs that will participate in the Multichassis Multilink PPP Circuit. The value of the number is immaterial, but it must have the form of a MAC number, as shown in the example. The other parameter is the MCPPP IP Address, which must be the same as the Ethernet IP address for the LAN where the other RASs are located. The MCPPP parameters must be set for all the RASs that will participate in the circuit.

The Network Protocol Menu tree is explained in chapter 9. The only routing protocol available is RIP. RIP is described in chapter 11. For each channel, certain signaling parameters must be configured. This menu tree is shown in Figure 8.9.

Config

Interface

E1/T1 <Channel>

ISDN/

SIgnaling

Connection Type Phone # Increment By Digital Modem Profile ID Automatic Dial Out Use DSP to Dial-Out

FIGURE 8.9 CHANNEL ISDN (OR SIGNALING) MENU TREE

68Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

Channel ISDN Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1(ISDN-PRI)=>

=>ISDN or Channel Signaling Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1(CAS)=>

=>SIGNALING

Parameter Description

Connection Type Applies only for ISDN. Whether the line will be used to receive (dial-in) or send (dial-out)

messages, or both. Phone # for this Channel

Applies for Dial-in, or Both. If a specific phone number is assigned to each channel,

enter it here. Usually this does not happen. Increm e nt By Applies on ly for CAS, when configuring a r ange or all channel s. Inc rement b y z e ro

assigns all channels in the range the same phone number (set in the previous item).

Increment by one assigns consecutive phone numbers to all channels in the selected

range. Digital Modem Profile ID Automatic Dial Out Applies only for ISDN and Dial-out. If

Applies for Dial-in, or Both. The modem profiles are defined in CONFIG =>SYSTEM

=>MODEMS =>DIGITAL MODEM.

, the router will try to connect with the first

Yes

destination listed in the dial-out table as soon as the ISDN line is up and synchronized. If

, the connection will occur only on demand.

Use DSP to Dial Out

Applies on ly for ISDN and Dial - o ut or Both. If

(modem). If

, digital.

, the con nection wil l be analog

Yes

The Authentication Menu Tree, which appears only for PPP and PPPCHAR encapsulation, is shown in Figure 8.3.

69Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

Authentication Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1=>

=>AUTHENTICA TION

Parameter Description

Authentication Type

uses the list of users defined in CONFIG=> SECURITY=>USERS=>ADD.

Local

uses either Radius or Tacacs to authenticate the user.

Server Remote

is when this interface is considered to be the user and the

other

end of the

connection performs the authentication

Username Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The username the remote device expects

to receive.

Password Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The password the remote device expects

to receive. Authentication Server

Applies when

Auth en tication Ty p e

. Indicates that either a Radius or Tacacs

Server

server is used for validation. The location and other parameters of the server must be

configured in CONFIG=> SECURITY. See section 4.3. Authentication Protocol

Applies when

Auth en tication Ty p e

be used for authentication.

Local

. Either PAP or CHAP or both can

Server

Wizards were created to simplify the E1/T1 configuration for common applications. The Wizards Menu tree is shown in Figure 8.10, and its parameters are explained in the next table. The parameters set automatically are given in the tables that follow.

70Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

Config

Interface

T1/E1 <Channel>

Wizards

TS Profile

RAS Profile

LAN-to-LAN Profile

Copy From Channel

FIGURE 8.10 WIZARDS MENU TREE

Username Phone # Digital Modem Profile ID

Remote IP Address Phone # Digital Modem Profile ID

Primary IP Address Subnet Mask Secondary IP Address Subnet Mask Remote IP Address Type Remote IP Address Phone # Digital Modem Profile ID

Channel

71Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

Wizards Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1 =>

Menu Items Description

TS Profile Used to create a local host Terminal Server. For CCS, the only parameter is the

Username. For CAS, the parameters are the Username, the Phone Number for the channel, and the Digital Modem Profile ID.

RAS Profile Used to set up a PPP Remote Access Server using modems and dial-up lines. The

Remote IP Address

parameters are

of the first port is the only parameter, for CCS. For CAS, the

Remote IP Address

Digital Modem Profile ID

ports will be the numbered consecutively.

Lan-to-Lan Profile Used to connect two LANs. The only parameters are the

Subnet Mask Address Type Modem Profile ID

Copy From Channel Used to copy an entire configuration from one channel to another, while changing the

IP address so that the ports are numbered consecutively.

, any

Second ar y I P Addr esses

and the

are also requested.

, the

. If the Wizard is used for a range or all ports, the following

Address

. For CAS, the parameters

=>WIZARDS

Phone Number

and

Subnet Ma sks

for the channel, and the

Primary IP Address

, the

Remote IP

Phone Number

, the

and

Digital

The parameters automatically configured by the terminal server wizard are shown in Figure 8.11.

Encapsulation Device Type TCP KeepAlive Terminal Type Escape Session Character Code Switch Session Character Code Direct Login User Dial-Out Phone # Digital Modem Profile ID #

FIGURE 8.11 PARAMETERS SET BY THE TS WIZARD

CHAR Terminal Inactive ANSI 1 11 *** Non-Automatic (CCS only) *** for CAS *** for CAS

72Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

The parameters automatically configured by the RAS wizard are shown in Figure 8.12.

Encapsulation IP Protocol Interface Primary IP Address Subnet Mask Remote IP Address Type Remote IP Address IP MTU NAT - Address Scope ICMP Port Incoming Filter List Outgoing Filter List None Interface Transparent Bridge Bandwidth IP Traffic Control List Van Jacobson IP Header Compression LCP ECHO Requests Time Interval to Send Config Re quests : ACCM for Reception: Escape Session C harac ter C ode Switch Session Character Code Predictor Compression Inactivity Timeout Link Authentication Method Connection Phone # Digital Modem Profile ID #

PPPCHAR Active Unnumbered *** *Depends on the IP Fixed *** 1500 Global Inactive None None Inactive 0 None Disabled Enabled 1 000A0000 1 11 Disabled None PAP/CHAP Local Authenticator Dial-In *** for CAS *** for CAS

FIGURE 8.12 PARAMETERS SET BY THE RAS WIZARD

73Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

The parameters automatically set by the Lan-to-Lan wizard are shown in Figure 8.13.

Encapsulation IP Protocol Interface Primary IP Addre s s Subnet Mask Secondar y IP Address Secondar y Subnet Mask Remote IP Address Type Remote IP Address IP MTU NAT - Address Scope ICMP Port Incoming Filter List Outgoing Filter List None Interface Transparent Bridge Bandwidth IP Traffic Control List Van Jacobson IP Header Compression LCP ECHO Requests Time Interval to Send Config Requests: ACCM for Reception: Predictor Compression Inactivity Timeout Link Authentication Method Connection Phone # Digital Modem Profile ID #

PPP Active Numbered *** *** *** *** *** *** 1500 Global Inactive None None Inactive 0 None Disabled Enabled 1 00000000 Disabled None None Dial-In *** for CAS *** for CAS

FIGURE 8.13 PARAMETERS SET BY THE LAN-TO-LAN WIZARD

74Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling

Cyclades-PR4000

CHAPTER 9 NETWORK PROTOCOLS

The second step in most interface configurations is to choose which network protocol to use and assign values to the relevant parameters. At least one of IP, Transparent Bridge, or IPX (optional, and discussed in chapter 15) must be activated. Use the information provided below to set the parameters for each interface. The Ethernet network protocol menu includes IP bridging and is explained in chapter 5. The SWAN Network Protocol Menu is given in figure 7.1. Note that this menu varies slightly for each interface. Specific information on the options for each interface is provided in the CyROS Reference Guide in the chapter for the interface.

Config

Interface

SWAN

FIGURE 7.1 NETWORK PROTOCOL MENU TREE FOR THE SWAN INTERFACE

Chapter 9 Network Protocols

Network Protocol

Transparent Bridge

Active Interface Unnumbered/Numbered Assign IP from Interface Primary IP address Subnet Mask Secondary IP Address Subnet Mask IP MTU NAT ICMP Port Incoming Rule List Name Detailed Incoming IP Accounting Outgoing Rule List Name Detailed Outgoing IP Accounting Routing of Broadcast Messages

Status Port Priority Incoming Rule List Name Outgoing Rule List Name

Cyclades-PR4000

The IP Protocol

If the preset values provided by the operating system are accepted, the interface will work at a basic level. The most common options are explained in the following table.

Network Protocol (IP) Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP

Parameter Description

Active or Inactive Activates this interface. Interface Unnumbered Unnumbered interfaces can be used for point-to-point connections. Assign IP From Interface Applies to

Unnumbered

interfaces. Applies the IP address of another router

interface to this one. Primary IP Address Applies to Subnet Mask Applies to Secondary IP Address Applies to

Numbered Numbered Numbered

interfaces. Address assigned to this interface. interfaces. Subnet mask of the network.

interfaces. Indicates a second (or third, etc. up to eight) IP address that can be used to refer to this interface. This parameter and the next are repeated until no value is entered.

Subnet Mask Applies to Enable Dynamic Local IP Address

The terminal connected through PAD assigns an IP address to the router for purposes of their connection.

Numbered

interfaces. Subnet mask of

Secondary IP Address

Remote IP Address Type The computer connected through PAD or PPP sends its IP address in the

negotiation package.

Fixed

: The IP address sent must match the number set in the next parameter.

Same Net

: The IP address sent must be an address in the network set in the next

parameter.

Any

: The IP address can be any number that does not conflict with any local IP

address.

None

: Any IP address is accepted. This is not recommended.

Remote IP Address. If

Remote IP Address Type

not

None

. Used in conjunction with the previous

parameter.

this table is continued

Chapter 9 Network Protocols

Cyclades-PR4000

Network Protocol (IP) Menu (Continued)

Parameter Description

IP MTU Assigns the size of the Maximum Transmission Unit for the interface. This

determines whether or not a given IP datagram is fragmented.

NAT Determines the type of IP address if NAT is being used. Use

Global

otherwise.

See chapter 11 or the examples in chapter 4 for details on how to configure NAT.

ICMP Port

Active

causes the router to send ICMP Port Unreachable messages when it receives UDP or TCP messages for ports that are not recognized. This type of message is used by some traceroute applications, and if disabled, the router might not be identified in the traceroute output. However, there are security and performance reasons to leave this option

Inactive

Incoming Rule List Filter rule list for incoming packets. See chapter 12 for instructions on how this

parameter should be set.

Detailed Incoming IP Accounting

Applies when a list is selected in the previous parameter. See explanation of IP Accounting later in this chapter. IP Accounting for a rule requires that the parameter CONFIG =>RULES LIST=>IP=>CONFIGURE RULES=>ADD RULE

Yes

=>ALLOW ACCOUNT PROCESS also be

Outgoing Rule List Name Filter rule list for outgoing packets. See chapter 12 for instructions on how this

parameter should be set.

Detailed Outgoing IP Accounting Routing of Broadcast Messages

Applies when a list is selected in the previous parameter. See explanation of

Detailed Incoming IP Accounting

. Activating this parameter causes the router to route broadcast messages from the LAN to the WAN and vice-versa. An individual interface can be excluded by setting this parameter to

Inactive

, without effecting the broadcast of messages on the other

interfaces.

Chapter 9 Network Protocols

Cyclades-PR4000

The Transparent Bridge Protocol

The Transparent Bridge Protocol can be used in conjunction with either IP or IPX. A detailed explanation of its use appears in section 4.6 of the CyROS Reference Guide.

Transparent Bridge Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>TRANSPARENT BRIDGE

Parameter Description

Status Activates the Transparent Bridge on this interface. Port Priority For the Spanning Tree Algorithm, a priority is given to each link in the router and to

each router in the network. See CONFIG=>TRANSPARENT BRIDGE =>SPANNING TREE in the CyROS Reference Guide for more information.

Incoming Rule List Name Transparent Bridge rule list name for incoming packets. Note: Rule lists for

Transparent Bridge and IP are created separately. See section 4.7 in the CyROS Reference Guide for instructions on how this rule list is created.

Outgoing Rule List Name Filter rule list name for outgoing packets. See section 4.7 in the CyROS Reference

Guide for instructions on how this rule list is created.

Chapter 9 Network Protocols

Cyclades-PR4000

CHAPTER 10 DATA-LINK PROTOCOLS (ENCAPSULATION)

Each encapsulation option is presented in a separate section in this chapter. Not all data-link protocols are available for all interfaces.

PPP (The Point-to-Point Protocol)

PPP is the only encapsulation option than can be either synchronous or asynchronous. It is important to choose between them in CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>PHYSICAL before entering the Encapsulation menu. The menu options depend on this choice. (Note: not all interfaces support both the synchronous and asynchronous modes. In this case, there is no physical menu.)

The configuration of the PPP data-link protocol is confined to one menu, CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ENCAPSULATION =>PPP. Information about all the parameters appearing in this menu is provided in the table below. Not all parameters will appear for all interfaces.

PPP Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ENCAPSULATION =>PPP

Parameter Description

MLPPP Enables Multilink PPP on this interface. MLPPP is described in the CyROS

Reference Guide for each interface that supports it. Leased, Dial-in, etc. Applies for Identification for This Bundle Applies for Total Number of lines for

Applies for

MLPPP MLPPP MLPPP

Yes

. Type of line used on this link.

Yes

and

Dial-out

Yes

. Maximum number of links allowed in the bundle.

Leased

. An integer value.

This Bundle PPP Inactivity Timeout Applies to asynchronous connections only. The connection is closed when

data does not pass through the line for this period of time. Enable Van Jacobson IP Header Compression

Allows the link to receive compressed packets. This type of compression is

useful for low-speed links and/or small packets. It is not recommended for fast

links, as it requires CPU time. Transmit Compressed Packets

Applies when

Enable Van Jacobson IP Header Compression

parameter causes the link to send compressed packets.

Yes

. This

Chapter 10 - Data-Link Protocols (Encapsulation)

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PPP Menu (Continued)

Parameter Description

Disable LCP Echo Requests

LCP (Link Control Protocol) messages are normally exchanged to monitor the status of the link. Disabling these messages reduces traffic, but the link then has no way of

knowing if the other end is still connected. Time Interval to Send Config Requests

Config Request messages are used to negotiate the parameters at the start of a PPP

connection. For a slow line, this time should be increased to allow the reply to return

to the sender. If not, the sender will assume it was lost and send another. Edit ACCM Applies to asynchronous connections only. Permits control character mapping

negotiation on asynchronous links. This is useful when you need to send a control

character as data (e.g. XON/XOFF, Crtl A, etc.) over an asynchronous link and do not

want it interpreted by the modem or other device in the middle. The map is built up

with the following commands.

Clear

– Resets the ACCM table toggle;

Toggle XON/XOFF

Toggle Char

– Add XON/XOFF control characters to the ACCM table;

– Add other control characters to the ACCM table, using their ASCII value. Typing the option once (for example, X), includes it in the table. Typing it again excludes it from the table. More details are given in the CyROS Reference Guide.

Enable Predictor Compression

Enables data compression using the Predictor algorithm. This feature should be enabled only if Cyclades' equipment is being used on both ends of the connection because there is no established standard for data compression interoperability. Data compression is very CPU-intensive, making this feature effective only for links runnin at speeds under 1Mbps. At higher speeds, the time necessary to compress data offsets the gains in throughput achieved by data compression.

Number of Bits for Compression Connection Type Applies to asynchronous connections only.

Applies when

Predictor Compression Enabled

. Sixteen is fastest, but 10 must be

used if the router on the other end is a PathRouter, for compatibility.

NT-Serial Cable

is a direct connection to a Windows NT computer. This is necessary because NT requires a negotiation before the beginning of the PPP negotiation.

Direct

is used for other connections

using cables or leased lines.

Chapter 10 - Data-Link Protocols (Encapsulation)

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CHAR

The configuration of the CHAR data-link protocol is confined to one menu, CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ENCAPSULATION =>CHAR. Information about all the parameters appearing in this menu is provided in the table below. Not all parameters will appear for all interfaces.

CHAR Encapsulation Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE =><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>CHAR

Parameter Description

Device Type Determines whether a

Terminal, Printer

, or

Socket

device will be connected to this

port. TCP Keep Alive Timer T he delay between Keep Alive messages sent by TCP. Terminal Type For a Switch Session Character Code Escape Session Character Code Username Applies for a

terminal, ANSI

Applies for

Terminal Device

is generally used. For a

. Control character used to switch sessions. 1 is Ctrl-

printer, dumblp

A, 2 is Ctrl-B, etc. The value 254 disables this option.

Applies for

Terminal Device

. Control character used while in a telnet session, to

return to the router menu without closing the session.

Terminal Device

. Must be entered into the local user table first. See

is generally used.

chapter 10. If th is parameter is left blank, the user will hav e to enter a username Wait for or Start a Connection

Applies for

Socket Device

communication. When

Wait

is used when the remote application will start the

Start

is used, a connection is attempted as soon as the line

is considered operational. Destination Hostname Applies for

Socket Device

. The remote hostname to which the socket will be connected, if the previous parameter was start. This name must have been defined in the host table. See chapter 10.

Filter Null Char after CR Char Idle Timeout in Minutes Applies for DTR ON Only if Socket Connection Established Device Attached to This Port Will Send ECHO

Applies for

Socket Device

connection, as CR (only).

Socket Device

Applies for

Socket Device

when the router is booted. Applies for

Socket Device

chacters sent to it.

. Interprets a CR NULL sequence, received on a TCP

. The connection is broken if no traffic passes in this time.

. If

False

, the Data Terminal Ready line is switched on

Yes

if the device attached to the socket will echo the

Chapter 10 - Data-Link Protocols (Encapsulation)

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PPPCHAR

The configuration of the PPPCHAR protocol is contained in the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ENCAPSULATION =>PPPCHAR. The parameters for PPPCHAR are a combination of those for PPP and CHAR. See the tables describing the PPP and CHAR options for guidance in configuring this protocol.

HDLC

This data-link protocol is a proprietary alternative to PPP. It has only one parameter , the

HDLC Keepalive Interval

This is the time interval between transmission of Keepalive messages. The receiver of these messages must send keepalive messages with the same frequency or will be considered inoperative.

Frame Relay

FR supports multiple connections over a single link. Each data link connection (DLC) has a unique DLCI (data link connection identifier). This allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single channel. These are called Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs). The DLCI has only local significance and each end of the logical connection assigns its own DLCI from the available local numbers.

Traffic Control based on Data Link Connection

Traffic Control as described in chapter 14 can also be performed on a Frame Relay interface for each permanent virtual connection. The parameters in the

Add DLCI

menu are used in the same manner as those described in

chapter 14. More details are available in the CyROS Reference Guide.

Chapter 10 - Data-Link Protocols (Encapsulation)

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STEP ONE The first step is to set the general Frame Relay parameters, those applying to all DLCs. This is done in the Frame Relay Menu. The parameters are shown in the table below. Most of these depend on the standards used by the Frame Relay Network Provider. The Local Management Interface (LMI) Protocol provides services not available in simple Frame Relay . It is used for controlling the connection between the user and the network. It monitors this link, maintains the list of DLCs, and sends status messages about the PVCs. A separate virtual circuit is created to pass this information (DLCI

0). Frame Relay Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>FRAME RELAY

Parameter Description

SNAP IP Indicates that the Sub-Network Access Protocol should be used. The router on the sending

end must be using the same header type (NLPID or SNAP) as the router on the receiving end. See the CyROS Reference Guide for more information.

LMI Selects the Local Management Interface specification to be used.

(defined by the vendors that first implemented Frame Relay),

(used for a dedicated FR connection without a network).

None

T391 Interval between the LMI Status Enquiry messages. N391 Fu ll Status Po lling C ounter. Full Status Enquiry messages are sent every N391-th LMI Status

Enquiry message.

N392 Error Threshold. The network counts how many events occur within a given period and

considers an interface inactive when the number of events exceeds a threshold. number of events to be considered and N392 the number of errors within this period. If of the last

receipt of a valid Status Enquiry message N393 Monitored Events Count. See the description of CIR Committed Information Rate, in percentage of total bandwidth (bandwidth defined in

CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN =>TRAFFIC CONTROL =>GENERAL =>BANDWIDTH).

Traffic above this rate may be discarded if the network is congested. Bandwidth Reservation FRF-12 W h en set, indicates the size of the FRF012 fragment in bytes (range: 40-1600).

Enables traffic control per DLCI. Traffic control options appear in the Add DLCI Menu.

events are errors, the interface is deemed inactive. A successful event is the

N393

. This value must be larger than N392.

N392

ANSI, Group of Four

(defined by ITU-T), and

Q933a

N393

is the

N392

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STEP TWO After configuring the general parameters, each DLC must be defined. An example will be used to demonstrate the procedure. A public Frame Relay network connecting offices in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Recife is shown in Figure 1 1.1. Each router will have a routing table pairing destination network with router interface and gateway . A Frame Relay Address Map is also created (either statically or dynamically) to associate each DLCI with the destination router IP. For the router in Salvador, the Frame Relay address map will look like this:

DLCI IP

11 200.1.1.1 21 200.1.1.4 81 200.1.1.3

Data link connections are defined in the

Add DLCI

menu, which appears at the end of the Frame Relay parameter list. It can be reached by passing through all parameters or by using the <ESC> key at any point in the parameter list.

Chapter 10 - Data-Link Protocols (Encapsulation)

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São Paulo Network: 192.168.200.0

Router

200.1.1.1

Rio de Janeiro Network: 192.168.201.0

Router

200.1.1.4

200.1.1.2

Router

Salvador Network: 192.168.203.0

200.1.1.3

Router

Recife Network: 192.168.202.0

FIGURE 8.1 PERMANENT VIRTUAL CIRCUITS BETWEEN OFFICES

Chapter 10 - Data-Link Protocols (Encapsulation)

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Add DLCI Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ENCAPS =>FRAME RELAY =>

<ESC>

=>ADD DLCI

Parameter Description

DLCI Number Used to identify the DLC. This number is supplied by the Public Frame Relay

network provider. The DLCIs are stored in a table which can be seen with the

command. Frame Relay Address Map

Determines the method used for mapping the remote IP address to the Permanent

Virtual Circuit.

Static

maps one IP address to this DLCI.

Inverse ARP

maps the IP

address dynamically, in a manner similar to the ARP table. IP Address Applies when

Frame Relay Address Map

Static

. Provides the IP address to be

used for static address mapping. Enable Predictor Compression

Enables data compression using the Predictor algorithm. This feature should be

enabled only if Cyclades' equipment is being used on both ends of the connection

because there is no established standard for data compression interoperability. Data

compression is very CPU-intensive, making this feature effective only for links runnin

at speeds under 1Mbps. At higher speeds, the time necessary to compress data

offsets the gains in throughput achieved by data compression. Number of Bits for Compression

Applies when

Predictor Compression Enabled.

Sixteen is fastest, but 10 must be

used if the router on the other end is a PathRouter, for compatibility. DLCI Priority Level This is the equivalent of CONFIG=>RULES LIST=>IP =>CONFIGURE

RULES=>ADD RULE=>FLOW PRIORITY LEVEL. See the section on traffic control

in chapter 12. Reserved Bandwidth Th is is the equivalent of CONFI G => RULES LIST=>IP =>CONFIGURE

RULES=>ADD RULE=>RESERVED BANDWIDTH. Defines what percentage of the

CIR (Committed Information Rate) for an interface will be set aside for this DLC. See

the section on traffic control in chapter 12. Bandwidth Priority Level

This is the equivalent of CONFIG=> RULES LIST=>IP =>CONFIGURE

RULES=>ADD RULE=>BANDWIDTH PRIORITY LEVEL. See the section on traffic

control in chapter 12.

Chapter 10 - Data-Link Protocols (Encapsulation)

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To edit the DLCI table, use the list command (CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>FRAME RELAY=>L) to discover the number CyROS has assigned to each table entry. It will not be the same as the DLCI.

Modem or DSU/CSU

Router / DTE

Switch / DCE

Router / DTE

X.25

FIGURE 8.2 PUBLIC X.25 NETWORK EXAMPLE

X.25

A Cyclades Router can act either as a DTE (Data-terminal Equipment) connected to a public X.25 network or as a DTE or DCE (Data circuit-terminating Equipment) as part of a private X.25 network. The first case is discussed in this chapter. The second case is described in the CyROS Reference Guide. Both Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) and Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) can be defined. A PVC requires that two DTEs be permanently connected.

Chapter 10 - Data-Link Protocols (Encapsulation)

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STEP ONE First, the general X.25 protocol parameters are set in the X.25 Menu. A detailed description of the X.25 parameters and their values for the example is provided in the table below.

X.25 Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>X.25

Parameter Description

X.121 (Local DTE) Address Address assigned to this interf ace (provided by the public X.25 Network

Provider). Can be up to 15 digits. Switch Mode Active Causes the Router to act as a switch. Incoming Calls Received

Applies when Switch Mode is

Active

. Over the Other X.25 Links With Unknown Destination DTE Can be Forwarded Through This Link Suppress Calling Address

Public X.25 Network:

This parameter must be chosen according to the guidelines given by the Public X.25 Network provider. When activated, the sender's Local DTE address is not included in the Call Request Message.

Inactivity Timeout Time until connection is automatically terminated by the router if there is no

traffic.

Configure as DTE or DCE As mentioned above, the router can act either as the recipient of information

(

DTE

), or as the passer-on of information (

DCE

Public X.25 Network:

Both

routers are DTEs.

Number of Virtual Circuits Indicates the maximum number of virtual circuits (total of PVCs and SVCs)

allowed on this interface. The maximum is 64.

Number of Permanent Virtual Circuits

Indicates the number of permanent virtual circuits that will be connected through this interface. This maximum is also 64.

this table continued

Chapter 10 - Data-Link Protocols (Encapsulation)

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X.25 Menu (Continued)

Parameter Description

Layer 3 Window Size The layer 3 (packet) level window represents the number of sequentially

numbered packets that can be sent before an acknowledgement must be received. This number may be negotiated if the Window Size Facility is utilized (see last parameter in this table).

Layer 2 Window Size The layer 2 (frame) level window represents the number of sequentially

numbered frames that can be sent before an acknowledgement must be received. The frame numbers are independent of the packet numbers.

Packet Size The packet size to be sent across the interface. This number may be

negotiated if the Packet Size Facility is utilized (see last parameter in this table).

Number of Retries N2 Number of times an informat ion frame can be resent, without respons e, before

the link is considered down.

TL Time the frame level waits for an acknowledgement for a given frame before re-

sending it.

T2 Time that can elapse, after receiving a frame, until the router must send an

acknowledgement.

T21 Call Request response Timer. After this time has elapsed, the DTE sends a

Clear message.

T23 Clear Request response Timer. After this time has elapsed, the DTE

retransmits the Clear message.

Negotiable Facilities Initiates facility negotiation during virtual circuit creation. Send Facility Determines which facilities are negotiated during virtual circuit creation:

size

is part of the flow control parameters negotiation,

throughput class negotiation, and

N3 Window

(Level 3 Window Size, above) is

Throughput

Packet

is part of the

part of the flow control parameters negotiation.

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STEP TWO The next step is to create a static routing table associating each remote X.121 address with an IP address or a TCP Socket location. This is done in the Add DTE menu, which appears at the end of the X.25 parameter list. It can be reached by passing through all X.25 parameters or by using the <ESC> key at any point in the parameter list.

X.25 Add DTE Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>X.25=>

<ESC>

=>Add DTE

Parameter Description

Type of Logical Address IP Address or TCP Socket. Users that intend to use the TCP Socket option should

see the CyROS Reference Guide.

IP Address Applies for

IP Address Type

. IP Address of remote DTE device. X.121(DTE) Address Address of remote DTE device. VC Number Number assigned to this circuit, if it is a PVC. For SVCs, the value should be zero. Enable Predictor Compression

Applies for

IP Address Type

. Enables data compression using the Predictor

algorithm. This feature should be enabled only if Cyclades' equipment is being used on both ends of the connection because there is no established standard for data compression interoperability. Data compression is very CPU-intensive, making this feature effective only for links running at speeds under 1Mbps. At higher speeds, the time necessary to compress data offsets the gains in throughput

achieved by data compression. Number of Bits for Compression

Applies when

Predictor Compression Enabled

. Sixteen is fastest, but 10 must be

used if the router on the other end is a Cyclades PathRouter, for compatibility.

X.25 with PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler)

PAD acts as a protocol converter, allowing a user to access the packet-switched network via a serial terminal. This asynchronous connection is then converted into synchronous communication with the router and the network beyond (using the telnet application available in the router). Please see the CyROS Reference Guide for information about this Encapsulation option.

Chapter 10 - Data-Link Protocols (Encapsulation)

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CHAPTER 11 ROUTING PROTOCOLS Routing Strategies

Routing can be done either statically or dynamically.

Static Routing

Static routing is recommended when the network contains a small number of routers and other equipment. When a system is simple and without redundant links, static routing is the simplest option. Even with some redundant links, a multilink circuit can be created for semi-dynamic routing behavior. Multilink circuits are described in section 4.4 of the CyROS Reference Guide.

Dynamic Routing

Dynamic routing is recommended when the network contains a large number or routers with redundant links between them. RIP and OSPF are currently available in the Power Router line. RIP is simpler to configure and is appropriate for systems that are stable (links do not go down often). OSPF is more complicated to configure, requires much more CPU, and is not necessarily available in all equipment in a network. A mixture of RIP, OSPF, and static routes is often used.

BGP-4 is a dynamic routing protocol used to route packets on the Internet. It is used in addition to the protocols RIP and OSPF or static routing.

Chapter 11 - Routing Protocols 91

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Static Routes

Routers used in very small or simple networks may use static routes as the primary routing method. When RIP or OSPF are used, some static routes may still be needed. Configuration of static routes will be explained using two examples.

Network 2

142.10.0.0 Mask: 255.255.0.0

142.10.0.2

142.10.0.3

142.10.0.4

Router 2

192.168.100.1

192.168.100.0 Mask: 255.255.255.0

142.10.0.1

10.0.0.0

Mask: 255.0.0.0

In the first example, three networks are connected by 2 routers. The routing table for router 1 will automatically include servers A,B,C, and D, as they are direct links. A static route must be created for access to Network 3. This type of route, a be sent to Router 2. Details are given in the parameter table that follows.

Chapter 11 - Routing Protocols 92

Router 1

Gateway

10.0.0.3

192.168.100.2

10.0.0.2

10.0.0.1

FIGURE 12.1 STATIC ROUTING EXAMPLE 1

route, tells the router that any message not intended for hosts A, B, C or D should

Network 1

192.168.100.3

Network 3

Cyclades-PR4000

Router 2

Router 1

ETH0

Slot 1

10.0.0.3

Unnumbered Interfaces

Point-to-Point Connection

Slot 3

ETH0

192.168.100.1

Network 3

FIGURE 12.2 STATIC ROUTING EXAMPLE 2

Figure 12.2 shows another static routing example to explain the two routers is a point-to-point connection. Another network could be created, but is not necessary. Both routers can be assigned unnumbered interfaces, because everything that leaves one router is sent to the other.

To define static routes, enter the menu CONFIG =>STATIC ROUTES =>IP =>ADD ROUTE. A description of the parameters in this menu, with the configuration for Router 1 in the examples above, is given in the table that follows.

Network 1

Gateway

Interface

parameter. Between the

Chapter 11 - Routing Protocols 93

Cyclades-PR4000

Add Static Route Menu CONFIG =>STATIC ROUTES =>IP =>ADD ROUTE

Parameter Description

Destination IP Address

Address that route will lead to. To configure a default route, type "default" for this parameter, otherwise enter 0.0.0.0 in both this and the next parameter.

Both Examples

-- for the static route between Router 1 and Network 3, the IP

addre s s is 19 2.168.100.0. Subnet Mask Gateway or Interface

Both Examples

Exampl e 1

Exampl e 2

-- To access all hosts in Network 3, its mask, 255.255.255.0, is used.

-- the route is to a gateway.

-- the route is to an interface since unnumbered interfaces are being

used. Gateway IP Address Applies only when previous parameter is

the router. In

Example 1

, it is 142.10.0.4.

Interface Applies only when previous parameter is

N) that will be unnumbered. In

Example 2

Gateway Interface

, it is Slot 1.

. It must be an address visible to

. Select the port (Ethernet or slot

Metric Relative cost of this link. Generally measured in number of routers between two IP

addresses. Is This a Backup Route? OSPF Advertises This Static Route

Indica tes that this route is used as a backup in a multilink circ uit. See section 4.4 for

more information about multilink circuits.

Static routes defined in the router can be advertised by OSPF. Both this parameter

and the parameter CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF=>GLOBAL=>ADVERTISE STATIC

ROUTES must be set to External Metric Applies when

Both Examples

OSPF Advertises This Static Route

-- 1.

for the route to be advertised.

Yes

is set to

. Defines the metric

Yes

that will be advertised by OSPF. External Metric-Type Applies when

OSPF Advertises This Static Route

is set to Yes. For

Type 1

, the total metric of this route is composed of the internal metri c (inside the autonomous system) and the external metric (provided in the previous paramet e r). For

Type 2

, the total

metric of this route is the value provided in the previous parameter.

Chapter 11 - Routing Protocols 94

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RIP Configuration

CyROS supports three basic types of RIP:

1 RIP1 [RFC 1058] 2 RIP2 with broadcast (compatible with RIP1) [RFC 1723] 3 RIP2 with multicast [RFC 1723]

The primary difference between RIP1 and RIP2 is that only RIP2 advertises subnet masks and next hops. If the network contains equipment that understands only RIP1 packets, then RIP1 or RIP2 with broadcast should be used. See RFC 1723, item 3.3 for more details. If only RIP2 is used, RIP2 with multicast is recommended.

Unlike static routes RIP is configured on each interface rather than in a global menu. The menu is the same for all interfaces and its parameters are presented in the table below.

RIP Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>

<LINK>

=>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>RIP

Parameter Description

Send RIP Causes the router to transmit RIP messages. Listen RIP Causes the router to accept RIP messages. RIP2 Authentication Applies if

was chosen in the first two options. Activates RIP message

RIP2

authentication with a password. RIP2 Authentication Password

Chapter 11 - Routing Protocols 95

Applies if

RIP2 Authentication

transmitted RIP messages.

. Password used for both received and

Active

Cyclades-PR4000

OSPF

The OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) routing protocol is significantly more complicated than RIP . The determination of which protocol is better suited to a given network is beyond the scope of this manual. An example network using OSPF is given in Figure 12.3.

AREA 1

Router 2

AREA 0

(Backbone)

Router 0

To Another Autonomous System

Router 1

Link 1

Router 5

Router 3

Router 4

Router 6

AREA 2

AN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM

Area Border Routers: R3, R6, R8

AS Boundary Router: R5

Router 7

Virtual Link

AREA 3

Router 8

Router 9

FIGURE 12.3 OSPF EXAMPLE

Chapter 11 - Routing Protocols 96

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First, some definitions:

• An Autonomous System (AS) is a portion of the network that will use a single routing strategy. It is made up of a backbone area and optionally of non-backbone areas.

• OSPF Areas are sub-systems that have identical routing databases. An area generally has no knowledge of the routing databases of other areas.

• The Backbone connects areas and contains any routers not contained in another area.

• An Area Border Router connects areas and contains a separate database for each area it is contained in.

• An Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) connects Autonomous Systems. The other Autonomous System does not necessarily need to use OSPF.

STEP ONE If using OSPF for the first time, sketch the network and determine which routers will make up the backbone and each area. Determine if each router is an area border router or an autonomous system boundary router.

OSPF Configuration on the Interface

STEP TWO Contrary to most other protocols in CyROS, OSPF must first be configured on each interface, then configured in the CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF menu. Enter into each interface and set the parameters listed in the table.

OSPF Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>

<LINK>

=>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>OSPF

Parameter Description

OSPF on This Interface

Activates OSPF.

Enable Inactive

is used to temporarily disable the OSPF protocol without erasing the parameters set below. This is useful when OSPF is first configured, as the general parameters must be set afterwards in CONFIG=>IP =>OSPF and OSPF cannot function without them.

Parameters that apply only when Advertise This NonOSPF Interface

Causes the router to include this interface in its advertisements through other interfaces (as an external route).

OSPF on This Interface

Disabled

This table is continued.

Chapter 11 - Routing Protocols 97

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OSPF Menu (continued)

External Metric Defines the metric that will be advertised by OSPF. External Metric Type For

, the total metric of this route is composed of the internal metric (inside the

Type 1

autonomous system) and the external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For

, the total metric of this route is the value provided in the previous parameter.

Type 2

Parameters that apply only when

OSPF on This Interface

Enable

Enable I na ctive

Area ID Identifies the area to which the interface belongs. Areas are created here, then later

defined in CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF =>AREA. Has the format of an IP address, but is not linked to any IP address in the system. Small OSPF networks will typically have only one area (the backb one area represent ed by 0.0.0.0).

Router Priority Priority used by OSPF in multicast networks to elect the designated router. A priority of

1 will make this router the most likely to be chosen. A priority of 2 will make it second most likely. Set it to 0 (zero) if this router should never be the designated router.

Transit Delay in Seconds

Estimated transit time in seconds to route a packet through this interface. Use the preset value (1) or increase the number for slow links

Retransmit Interval * Time in seconds between link-state advertisement retransmissions for adjacencies

belonging to this interface.

Hello Interval * Time in seconds between the hello packets on this interface. Dead Interval * Inactivity time (seconds) before a neighbor router is considered down. Poll Interval * Time in seconds between the hello packets sent to an inactive, non-broadcast, multi-

access neighbor.

Password * String of up to 8 characters used to authenticate OSPF packages. The use of this

password is enabled in CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF=>AREA=>AUTHENTICATION TYPE

Metric Defines the cost for normal service. For consis tent routing, this parameter should be

determined in the same manner for all routers in the OSPF Area. Normally, metric cost is defined as an inverse function of interface throughput (e.g. 1 for 100Mbps, 10 for 10Mbps, 65 for T1, 1785 for 56kbps, etc).

Advertise Secondary IP Address

Causes the router to advertise additional addresses assigned to this interface. These are configured in CONFIG => INTERFACE =><LINK> =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>IP.

* Inside a given area, these 4 parameters should be the same for all routers.

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OSPF Global Configurations

STEP THREE After completing the OSPF interface configuration for all interfaces (even those that will not use OSPF), navigate to the OSPF Menu, CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF . Enter into the OSPF Global Commands menu and set the parameters as indicated in the table below.

OSPF Global Commands Menu CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF =>GLOBAL

Parameter Description

OSPF Protocol Enables OSPF on all interfaces. Router ID Assigns a unique ID to the router for use by the OSPF protocol. It mu st be one of the

router's IP addresses.

AS Boundary Router An Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) can convert external routes into

OSPF routes. Which external routes is determined through the following parameters.

In the figure, only Router 5 is an ASBR. The following parameters apply only to Originate Default

Router will advertise itself as the Default Gateway (DG).

Autonomous System Boundary Routers

Gateway Advertisement Default Gateway External Metric Default Gateway External Metric-Type

Applies when

Originate Default Gateway Advertisement

is set to

. Defines the

Yes

metric that will be advertised by OSPF.

Applies when

Originate Default Gateway Advertisement

is set to Yes. For

Type 1

total metric of this route is composed of the internal metric (inside the autonomous

system) and the external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For

Type 2

, the , the

total metric of this route is the value provided in the previous parameter. Advertise RIP Routes Routes learned through the RIP protocol will be converted to OSPF as external routes. RIP External Metric Applies when

Advertise RIP routes

is set to

. Defines the metric that will be

Yes

advertised by OSPF. This table is continued.

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OSPF Global Commands (Continued)

Parameter Description

RIP External MetricType

Applies when

Advertise RIP routes

is set to

Yes

. For

, the total metric of this

Type 1

route is composed of the internal metric (inside the autonomous system) and the

external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For

, the total metric of

Type 2

this route is the value provided in the previous parameter. Advertise Non-OSPF interfaces

A router can have both OSPF and non-OSPF interfaces. This option causes the router

to advertise when these non-OSPF interfaces are up or down. When OSPF is

disabled on an interface, the parameter CONFIG=>INTERFACE =>

<LINK>

=>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>OSPF =>ADVERTISE THIS NON-OSPF INTERFACE

for the inte rf a ce to be advert i sed.

Yes

Advertise Static Routes

must also be set to

Static routes defined in the router will be converted to OSPF. Note that static routes

can be configured individually as advertised or not in the parameter

CONFIG=>STATIC ROUTES=>IP=>ADD ROUTE=>OSPF ADVERTISES THIS

STATIC ROUTE. Both parameters must be

for the route to be advertised.

Yes

STEP FOUR The next step is to define the areas created in step two. This is done in the OSPF Area Menu.

Area Menu CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF =>AREA

Parameter Description

Area ID Has the format of an IP address, but is not linked to any IP address in the system. Use

the CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF=>L option to see which areas have been defi ned, and use

the area ID here. Authentication Type Simple password authentication can be used in OSPF. The authentication type should

be the same for all routers in an OSPF Area. If used, the password for each interface

is set in CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>

=>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>OSPF

=>PASSWORD. This table is continued.

Chapter 11 - Routing Protocols 100

Avocent PR4000 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual