Avaya AppleTalk User Manual
Configuring AppleTalk
Services
Router Software Version 11.0
Site Manager Software Version 5.0
Part No. 114048 Rev. A
August 1996
4401 Great America Parkway 8 Federal Street
Santa Clara, CA 95054 Billerica, MA 01821
Copyright © 1988–1996 Bay Networks, Inc.
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ii
114048 Rev. A
Bay Networks Software License
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114048 Rev. A
iii
Bay Networks Software License
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(continued)
iv
114048 Rev. A
Contents
About This Guide
Before You Begin .............................................................................................................xiii
Conventions .....................................................................................................................xiv
Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... xv
Ordering Bay Networks Publications ...............................................................................xvi
Technical Support and Online Services
Bay Networks Customer Service ...................................................................................xviii
Bay Networks Information Services .................................................................................xix
World Wide Web ........................................................................................................xix
Customer Service FTP ..............................................................................................xix
Support Source CD ................................................................................................... xx
CompuServe ............................................................................................................. xx
InfoFACTS .................................................................................................................xxi
How to Get Help ........................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1
AppleTalk Overview
AppleTalk Networking .....................................................................................................1-1
AppleTalk Addresses ................................................................................................1-2
AppleTalk Zones .......................................................................................................1-4
Seed Routers and Nonseed Routers .......................................................................1-4
How the Bay Networks AppleTalk Router Works ............................................................1-5
AppleTalk Link Access Protocols (TLAP and ELAP) ................................................1-5
AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP) ......................................................1-6
Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) ..........................................................................1-8
Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) ........................................................1-10
Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) .............................................................................1-11
Name Binding Protocol (NBP) ................................................................................1-13
AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) ..............................................................................1-14
114048 Rev. A
v
AppleTalk Update-based Routing Protocol (AURP) ...............................................1-14
AURP Tunneling ...............................................................................................1-14
Update-based Routing Table Maintenance ......................................................1-19
Hop Count Reduction ......................................................................................1-20
For More Information ....................................................................................................1-21
Chapter 2
AppleTalk Implementation Notes
AppleTalk Interfaces over WAN Media ............................................................................2-2
AppleTalk Running on Frame Relay or SMDS .........................................................2-2
Configuring AppleTalk as a Nonextended Network over PPP ..................................2-2
Configuring AppleTalk as an Extended Network over PPP ......................................2-4
Seed Router Interfaces ...................................................................................................2-5
Interface Costs ...............................................................................................................2-6
AppleTalk Routing and Bridging on the Same Interface .................................................2-8
AppleTalk Zone Information ............................................................................................2-8
Adding or Removing AppleTalk Zones .....................................................................2-8
Using AppleTalk Zone Filters .................................................................................2-10
How Zone Filters Work ....................................................................................2-11
Zone Filter Rules .............................................................................................2-14
AppleTalk Network Topology Information ......................................................................2-27
Configuring the AppleTalk Router to Source Route over Token Ring Networks .....2-27
Configuring the AppleTalk Router in a Non-Fully Meshed Frame Relay Topology .2-29
Reducing Excess Routing Traffic on a Large AppleTalk Network ...........................2-30
Adding a Bay Networks AppleTalk Router to a Transitional Network .....................2-31
AURP Information .........................................................................................................2-31
Deciding When to Use AURP .................................................................................2-31
Setting the Update Rate .........................................................................................2-32
Setting the Last Heard From Timeout ....................................................................2-33
Setting the Hop Count Reduction ...........................................................................2-34
Setting the Command Timeout and Command Retries .........................................2-34
Setting Zone Filters ................................................................................................2-35
Setting the Interface Cost .......................................................................................2-35
AppleTalk Dial-on-Demand Routing .......................................................................2-35
vi
114048 Rev. A
Chapter 3
Enabling AppleTalk Services
Enabling AppleTalk on an Interface ................................................................................3-2
Configuring the Zone List .........................................................................................3-5
Using Nonprintable Characters in AppleTalk Zone Names ......................................3-7
Configuring AURP ..........................................................................................................3-8
Chapter 4
Editing AppleTalk Parameters
Accessing AppleTalk Parameters ...................................................................................4-2
Editing the AppleTalk Global Parameter .........................................................................4-2
Editing AppleTalk Interface Parameters ..........................................................................4-3
Configuring AppleTalk Zone Lists .................................................................................4-11
Adding Zones to a Zone List ..................................................................................4-11
Deleting Zones from the Zone List .........................................................................4-13
Changing the AppleTalk Default Zone ..........................................................................4-14
Configuring AppleTalk Zone Filters ...............................................................................4-15
Adding Zones to the Zone Filter List ......................................................................4-15
Editing the Zone Filter Type ....................................................................................4-17
Deleting Zones from the Zone Filter List ................................................................4-19
Selecting the Name Binding Protocol Interface ............................................................4-19
Globally Deleting AppleTalk ..........................................................................................4-21
Editing AURP Global Parameters .................................................................................4-21
Editing AURP Interface Parameters .............................................................................4-22
Editing the AURP Zone Filter List .................................................................................4-27
Appendix A
AppleTalk Default Settings
Index
114048 Rev. A
vii
Figures
Figure 1-1. AppleTalk Address with 24 Bits ................................................................1-2
Figure 1-2. Extended and Nonextended AppleTalk Network ......................................1-3
Figure 1-3. AARP Packets ..........................................................................................1-7
Figure 1-4. DDP Packet ..............................................................................................1-9
Figure 1-5. RTMP Data Packet .................................................................................1-10
Figure 1-6. ZIP Response Packets ...........................................................................1-11
Figure 1-7. ZIP GetNetInfo Packets ..........................................................................1-12
Figure 1-8. NBP Packets ..........................................................................................1-13
Figure 1-9. AURP Tunneling across an IP Internet ...................................................1-15
Figure 1-10. Fully Connected Tunnel ..........................................................................1-16
Figure 1-11. Partially Connected Tunnel ....................................................................1-17
Figure 1-12. AppleTalk Data Packet Forwarded across an AURP Tunnel ..................1-19
Figure 2-1. AppleTalk Nonextended Configuration over PPP .....................................2-3
Figure 2-2. AppleTalk Extended Configuration over PPP ...........................................2-5
Figure 2-3. Assigning Circuit Costs to AppleTalk Interfaces .......................................2-7
Figure 2-4. Updating an AppleTalk Router’s Zone List ...............................................2-9
Figure 2-5. Configuring Zone Filters with the Exclude Option ..................................2-12
Figure 2-6. Configuring Zone Filters with the 5.X Exclude Option ...........................2-14
Figure 2-7. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the Exclude Option: Rule 1 ........................2-15
Figure 2-8. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the Exclude Option: Rule 2 ........................2-16
Figure 2-9. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the Exclude Option: Rule 3 ........................2-17
Figure 2-10. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the Exclude Option: Rule 4 ........................2-18
Figure 2-11. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the Include Option: Rule 1 ..........................2-19
Figure 2-12. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the Include Option: Rule 2 ..........................2-20
Figure 2-13. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the Include Option: Rule 3 ..........................2-21
Figure 2-14. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the 5.X Exclude Option: Rule 1 ..................2-22
Figure 2-15. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the 5.X Exclude Option: Rule 2 ..................2-23
Figure 2-16. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the 5.X Exclude Option: Rule 3 ..................2-24
Figure 2-17. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the 5.X Include Option: Rule 1 ...................2-25
114048 Rev. A
ix
Figure 2-18. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the 5.X Include Option: Rule 2 ...................2-26
Figure 2-19. AppleTalk Zone Filters with the 5.X Include Option: Rule 3 ...................2-27
Figure 2-20. AppleTalk Routers Source Routing across a Token Ring Network ........2-28
Figure 2-21. AppleTalk Routers in a Non-Fully Meshed Frame Relay Topology ........2-30
Figure 2-22. Network Loop .........................................................................................2-34
Figure 3-1. AppleTalk Interface Configuration Window ..............................................3-2
Figure 3-2. AT Zone Configuration Window ................................................................3-6
Figure 3-3. AppleTalk Zone Configuration Window ....................................................3-6
Figure 3-4. Edit Apple AURP Global Parameters Window .........................................3-8
Figure 3-5. AT AURP Interface Configuration Window .............................................3-10
Figure 3-6. AppleTalk AURP Configuration Window .................................................3-10
Figure 4-1. Configuration Manager Window ...............................................................4-2
Figure 4-2. Edit AppleTalk Global Parameters Window ..............................................4-3
Figure 4-3. AT Interface Configuration Window ..........................................................4-4
Figure 4-4. AT Zone Configuration Window ..............................................................4-12
Figure 4-5. AppleTalk Zone Filter Configuration Window .........................................4-16
Figure 4-6. AppleTalk Zone Filter Configuration Window .........................................4-16
Figure 4-7. AT Interfaces Window ............................................................................4-20
Figure 4-8. Edit Apple AURP Global Parameters Window .......................................4-21
Figure 4-9. AT AURP Interface Configuration Window .............................................4-23
x
114048 Rev. A
Tables
Table 4-1. Time Equivalents in Seconds .................................................................4-25
Table A-1. AppleTalk Global Parameters ..................................................................A-1
Table A-2. AppleTalk Interface Parameters .............................................................. A-1
Table A-3. AURP Global Parameters ....................................................................... A-2
Table A-4. AURP Interface Parameters .................................................................... A-2
Table A-5. AURP Zone Filter List Parameters .......................................................... A-2
114048 Rev. A
xi
About This Guide
If you are responsible for configuring Bay Networks router software for
AppleTalk services, refer to this guide for
• A brief look at the AppleTalk routing protocol in relation to Bay Networks
routing services (see Chapter 1, “AppleT
• Implementation notes to help you configure AppleTalk routing services (see
Chapter 2, “AppleT
• Instructions on initially configuring an AppleTalk interface (see Chapter 3,
“Enabling
AppleTalk Services”)
alk Implementation Notes”)
alk Overview”)
• Instructions on editing AppleTalk global and interface parameters and
configuring AppleTalk services (see Chapter 4, “Editing
Parameters”)
For information and instructions about the following tasks, see
Routers
• Retrieving a configuration file
• Rebooting the router with a configuration file
:
Before Y ou Begin
Before using this guide, you must complete the following procedures. For a new
router:
• Install the router (refer to the installation manual that came with your router).
• Connect the router to the network and create a pilot configuration file (refer to
Quick-Starting Routers and BNX Platforms, Connecting BayStack AN and
ANH Systems to a Network
to a Network)
AppleTalk
Configuring
, or
Connecting ASN Routers and BNX Platforms
.
114048 Rev. A
xiii
Configuring AppleTalk Services
Make sure that you are running the latest version of Bay Networks Site Manager
and router software. For instructions, refer to
7–10.xx to Version 11.0
Conventions
Upgrading Routers from Version
.
bold text
Indicates text that you need to enter and command
names in text.
dinfo
command.
italic text
Example: Use the
Indicates variable values in command syntax
descriptions, new terms, file and directory names, and
book titles.
quotation marks (“ ”) Indicate the title of a chapter or section within a book.
screen text
Indicates data that appears on the screen.
Example:
Set Bay Networks Trap Monitor Filters
separator ( > ) Separates menu and option names in instructions and
internal pin-to-pin wire connections.
Example: Protocols > AppleTalk identifies the
AppleTalk option in the Protocols menu.
Example: Pin 7 > 19 > 20
vertical line (
|
) Indicates that you enter only one of the parts of the
command. The vertical line separates choices. Do not
type the vertical line when entering the command.
Example: If the command syntax is
show at routes
show at routes
nets
|
, you enter either
show at nets
or
, but not both.
xiv
114048 Rev. A
Acronyms
About This Guide
AARP AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol
AEP AppleTalk Echo Protocol
AMT Address Mapping Table
ATCP AppleTalk Control Protocol
AURP AppleTalk Update-based Routing Protocol
DDP Datagram Delivery Protocol
DI Domain Identifier
DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
ELAP EtherTalk Link Access Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
LAN local area network
NBP Name Binding Protocol
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
RFC Request For Comments
RTMP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
SMDS Switched Multimegabit Data Services
SNAP Subnetwork Access Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
TLAP TokenTalk Link Access Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
WAN wide area network
ZIP Zone Information Protocol
114048 Rev. A
xv
Configuring AppleTalk Services
Ordering Bay Networks Publications
To purchase additional copies of this document or other Bay Networks
publications, order by part number from the Bay Networks Press
telephone or fax numbers:
• Telephone - U.S./Canada 1-888-4BAYPRESS
• Telephone - International 1-510-490-4752
• Fax 1-510-498-2609
You can also use these numbers to request a free catalog of Bay Networks Press
product publications.
™
at the following
xvi
114048 Rev. A
Technical Support and Online Services
To ensure comprehensive network support to our customers and partners
worldwide, Bay Networks Customer Service has Technical Response Centers
in key locations around the globe:
• Billerica, Massachusetts
• Santa Clara, California
• Sydne y , Australia
• Tokyo, Japan
• Valbonne, France
114048 Rev. A
The Technical Response Centers are connected via a redundant Frame Relay
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Support FTP, and InfoFACTS document fax service.
xvii
Configuring AppleTalk Services
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If you purchased your Bay Networks product from a distributor or authorized
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1-800-2LANWAN; enter Express Routing
Code (ERC) 290 when prompted
(508) 670-8766
xviii
(508) 436-8880 (direct)
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114048 Rev. A
Bay Networks Information Services
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Technical Support and Online Services
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The Bay Networks URL is
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Accessible via URL
combines and organizes support files and documentation from across the
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and Xylogics
site lets you quickly locate information on any of your Bay Networks products.
114048 Rev. A
®
http://www.baynetworks.com
ftp://support.baynetworks.com
. Customer Service is a
(134.177.3.26), this site
business units. Central management and sponsorship of this FTP
xix
Configuring AppleTalk Services
Support Source CD
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xx
The message section is monitored by Bay Networks engineers, who provide
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GO BAYNET
114048 Rev. A
.
InfoFACTS
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Outside North America, toll calls can be made to 1-408-764-1002. In Europe,
toll-free numbers are also available for contacting both InfoFACTS and
CompuServe. Please check our Web page for the listing in your country.
How to Get Help
Use the following numbers to reach your Bay Networks Technical Response
Center:
Technical Response Center Telephone Number Fax Number
Billerica, MA 1-800-2LANWAN (508) 670-8765
Santa Clara, CA 1-800-2LANWAN (408) 764-1188
Valbonne, France (33) 92-968-968 (33) 92-966-998
Sydney, Australia (612) 9927-8800 (612) 9927-8811
Tokyo, Japan (81) 3-5402-0180 (81) 3-5402-0173
Technical Support and Online Services
114048 Rev. A
xxi
Chapter 1
AppleTalk Overview
Configuring AppleTalk services on your router involves
• AppleTalk network organization, addresses, and zones
• Seed routers and nonseed routers
• The Bay Networks implementation of AppleTalk routing protocols
• Initialization of Bay Networks AppleTalk interfaces
• The Bay Networks implementation of AppleTalk Update-based Routing
Protocol (AURP)
• More information about AppleTalk
AppleTalk Networking
The AppleTalk network system, developed by Apple Computer Inc., lets you
communicate and share resources (such as printers or file servers) with other
Apple and non-Apple users.
AppleTalk’s dynamic addressing scheme lets you plug into an AppleTalk network
to gain immediate access without complicated configuration procedures.
An AppleTalk internet unites physically distinct networks composed of AppleTalk
end nodes connected by routers. The end nodes send and receive messages; the
routers (like the Bay Networks AppleTalk router) send and recei ve messages, and
also route messages, in datagram format, throughout the AppleTalk network.
114048 Rev. A
1-1
Configuring AppleTalk Services
AppleTalk Addresses
There are two types of AppleTalk networks:
extended
and
nonextended
. An
extended network theoretically supports up to 16 million nodes and has the
following characteristics:
range
• The network is assigned a
of 16-bit network numbers.
• Each node within the network is dynamically assigned a 24-bit AppleTalk
address (Figure
1-1) that consists of a 16-bit network number, chosen from
within the range assigned, combined with an 8-bit node number. The v alues 0,
$FF, and $FE are reserved for future use.
16 bits
Network Number
Figure 1-1. AppleTalk Address with 24 Bits
8 bits
Node Number
APT0001A
For example, in Figure 1-2, Networks 2-3, 4-4, 5-7, and 8-11 are extended
networks.
A nonextended network supports up to 254 nodes and has the following
characteristics:
1-2
single
• The entire network is assigned a
16-bit network number.
• Each node within the network is dynamically assigned a 24-bit AppleTalk
address that consists of the assigned network number combined with a
unique, 8-bit node number.
For example, in Figure
1-2, Network 1 is a nonextended network.
114048 Rev. A
1.1 1.2
Network 1
Administrative
(default)
6.1 6.2
7.1 7.2
AppleTalk Overview
Network 5-7
Accounting
(default)
Finance
Network
NumberRange
1
2-3
4-4
5-7
Network 2-3
Marketing
(default)
8.1
8.2
(default)
Network Type
Nonextended
Extended
Extended
Extended
Network 8-11
9.1
9.2
Manufacturing
Default Zone
Administrative
Marketing
Marketing
Accounting
Network 4-4
Marketing
(default)
10.1
10.2
11.1
11.2
EngineeringMarketing
Zone List
Adminstrative
Marketing
Marketing
Finance
Accounting
8-11
Extended
Marketing
Figure 1-2. Extended and Nonextended AppleTalk Network
114048 Rev. A
Marketing
Manufacturing
Engineering
APT0002A
1-3
Configuring AppleTalk Services
AppleTalk Zones
Each AppleTalk network is logically divided into
the location of a network entity or service. Similar network services are usually
assigned to the same zone.
A network’s
nonextended network consists of only a single zone. You can divide an extended
network into 255 zones, with one zone designated as the
zone can be part of many different networks. When a new node first starts on the
network, it is assigned to the default zone. Later, you can reassign it to any valid
zone on the zone list.
zone list
contains all the zones assigned to the network. A
Seed Routers and Nonseed Routers
Each AppleTalk network must have at least one designated seed router, which is a
router configured with the following network information:
• Network number start range
• Network number end range
• Default zone name
• Zone list for the network
Seed routers share this network information with all other nonseed routers on the
network. Multiple seed routers can reside on the same network, but their network
ranges, default zone name, and zone list must be identical.
zones
. Zones help you identify
default zone
. The same
1-4
114048 Rev. A
How the Bay Networks AppleTalk Router Works
This section describes the following AppleTalk protocols and notes any Bay
Networks divergences from these standards:
• TokenTalk Link Access Protocol (TLAP)
• EtherTalk Link Access Protocol (ELAP)
• AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP)
• Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)
• Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)
• Zone Information Protocol (ZIP)
• Name Binding Protocol (NBP)
• AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP)
• AppleTalk Update-based Routing Protocol (AURP)
This section also describes how a Bay Networks AppleTalk interface initializes on
the network.
AppleTalk Overview
AppleTalk Link Access Protocols (TLAP and ELAP)
The Bay Networks AppleTalk router uses AppleTalk Link Access protocols to
transmit packets between nodes on the same physical network. (TokenTalk
controls data transmission on Token Ring networks; EtherTalk controls data
transmission on Ethernet networks.) The router also supports Fiber Distributed
Data Interface (FDDI) and Bay Networks-proprietary synchronous encapsulation.
Note: The Bay Networks AppleTalk router does not support LocalTalk or
AppleT alk Phase 1 routing and therefore cannot directly attach to none xtended
networks.
114048 Rev. A 1-5
Configuring AppleTalk Services
AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP)
For a Bay Networks AppleTalk router to forward a packet to a directly connected
AppleTalk node, the router needs to know the
• P acket’ s AppleT alk address
• Corresponding hardware address of the node where the AppleTalk address
resides
The router uses the AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP) to map
AppleTalk addresses to their equivalent hardware addresses. The router saves this
information in its Address Mapping Table (AMT), which lists all known
AppleTalk addresses, corresponding hardware addresses, and the circuit/port
where the address resolution is in effect.
The router updates and maintains its AMT by broadcasting and receiving AARP
packets (Figure
address, it scans its AMT to find the address. If the address is not found, the router
broadcasts a single Request packet to find out which node is using the address.
If the address exists, the node whose address matches that specified in the Request
packet sends back a Response, which identifies the hardware address that maps to
the AppleTalk address. The router then updates its AMT with this new
information. The router waits 2 seconds for a response.
1-3). When the router needs to send a packet to a gi ven AppleT alk
AARP is also responsible for generating a unique AppleTalk address for each of
the router’s AppleTalk interfaces that have not been explicitly assigned. This
process is called probing. The Bay Netw orks AppleTalk router implements this by
first generating a tentative AppleTalk address for the interface in the format
<start_network_number>.<start_node_number>
where
• <start_network_number> is the lowest end of the network number range
assigned to the network to which this interface connects.
• <start_node_number> is a randomly selected node number that could be
assigned to this interface.
1-6 114048 Rev. A
AppleTalk Overview
AARP Request
AARP Response
AARP Probe
Hardware
type
Protocol
type ($809B)
Hardware address length
Protocol address length
Function Request = 1
Source hardware
address
Source AppleTalk
address
0
Desired AppleTalk
address
Hardware
type
Protocol
type ($809B)
Hardware address length Hardware address length
Protocol address length
Function Request = 2
Source hardware
address
Source AppleTalk
address
Destination hardware
address
Desired AppleTalk
address
Hardware
type
Protocol
type ($809B)
Protocol address length
Function Request = 3
Source hardware
address
Tentative AppleTalk
address
0
Tentative AppleTalk
address
AppleTalk Address
in AARP Packets
0
Note:
The $ indicates
Network Number
Node Number
a hexadecimal
value.
APT0003A
Figure 1-3. AARP Packets
114048 Rev. A 1-7
Configuring AppleTalk Services
Next, the router checks the validity of the address by broadcasting 10 AARP
probe packets containing this address at 0.2-second intervals. (For WAN
interfaces, the frequency is five AARP packets at 1.0-second intervals.) AARP
probe packets inquire if any other node on the network is already using this
address. If the router does not receive a response, then it kno ws that the address is
unique on the network and assigns the address to the interface. If the router
receives a response (or a probe for the same address), it knows the address is
already in use. So the router increments the node number by 1, then sends out 10
more probes. It repeats this process until it does not receive a response, or runs out
of all possible node numbers.
If the router runs out of possible node numbers, it increments the
start_network_number by 1 and repeats the entire probe process. Finally, if the
router is still unable to generate a unique address, it logs the error and shuts down
the interface.
Note: If you statically configure the AppleT alk interf ace’s address (setting the
network ID and node ID to a nonzero value) and another AppleTalk de vice has
already acquired this address, the router logs a message indicating that the
address is already in use. The router cannot bring up such an interface.
Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)
The Bay Networks AppleTalk router uses the Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)
to transmit packets between nodes on the network. The Datagram Delivery
Protocol is an unreliable network layer protocol.
An AppleTalk datagram consists of the DDP header, immediately followed by the
data. The Bay Networks router encapsulates all packets in an extended 13-byte
DDP header (Figure
sending a packet out onto the network. Each router that receives the packet
increments the hop count by one until it either reaches the destination end node, or
reaches the maximum hop count (15), in which case it is discarded.
1-8 114048 Rev. A
1-4). The source node sets the hop count field to zero before
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