Test systems for
-
compliance
-
Test61k
Harmonic test
(incl. 2 kHz to 9 kHz band)
and Flicker acc. to EN 61000-3
-
Test-Standby
Standby power consumption
test acc. to IEC/EN 62301
CE-Test en 09/2011-1
Requirements for the CE mark
Electrical installations, systems and devices which are to be marketed within the European Union (EU) must comply with the
European Union directives and regulations. The manufacturer resp. the importer is obliged to verify and mandatorily declare
this with the CE mark.
Amongst others, directives concerning electromagnetic compatibility and environmentally suitable designs of energy-using
products (e.g. the European Directive 2009/125/EC on ecodesign) have to be adhered and implemented.
Harmonics and flicker test
(pages 2-4)
The ZES ZIMMER compliance test system CE-Test61k allows
to test products interferences towards the power distribution system caused by current harmonics in accordance
with EN 61000-3-2/-12 and flicker in accordance with
EN 61000-3-3/-11 (directive 2004/108/EU).
Additionally it is possible to measure and document perturbations of the public power system in the frequency range
from 2 kHz to 9 kHz according to EN 61000-4-7 annex B.
Stand-by power compliance test
(pages 6-7)
The ZES ZIMMER CE-Test-Standby system offers monitoring
the power consumption in standby mode of home appliances, IT devices and similar equipment. The system tests
conformity with the requirements of the EU directive on
ecodesign 2009/125/EU, in conjunction with regulation
1275/2008 and in accordance with IEC/EN 62301. The different components of the system – the precision power measurement devices LMG95 and LMG500, current and voltage
sensors as well as power sources – can easily be integrated
into other test systems such as dedicated efficiency or consumption measurement in more general operations.
CE-compliance test system for
current harmonics and flicker
Standards concerning the electromagnetic compatibility of
a product classify the permissible degree of electromagnetic interference emission as well as immunity to it. Two
different types of electromagnetic interference emissions
that affect the public power system are considered: current
harmonics and flicker.
Even with a purely sinusoidal voltage, an electrical device
with a non-linear load characteristic creates current harmonics. Through the impedance of the mains, these harmonics
cause voltage drops and distort the line voltage. These
device generated harmonics are therefore the cause for a
reduced line voltage and quality of the AC power network.
In addition to that, certain devices such as stoves, instant
water heaters, etc. operate by switching the power repeatedly
on and off. These sudden load changes result in line voltage
variations perceived as fluctuations in the brightness of electric illumination, technically-called flicker. This is as well an
undesired perturbation of the power network quality.
Measuring methods and limits for these low-frequency perturbations on the mains caused by current harmonics and
flicker are specified in various standards. A product may
only bear the CE mark if conformity to these standards has
been verified and documented.
The standards distinguish between frequency ranges and
current ranges. The standards EN 61000-3-2 and -12 apply
to current harmonics up to the 40th order. The compliance
test regarding flicker is specified in the standards 61000-3-3
and -11 (see adjacent table). For example, standard EN
61000-3-2 for devices of a nominal current up to 16 A
defines the measuring and evaluation methods as well as
the limits for permissible current harmonics in the frequency range up to 2 (2.4) kHz. There are 4 different classes
(A, B, C, and D) for equipment under test that have different
limit values for current harmonics.
2
ZES ZIMMER provides the system CE-Test61k for compli-
G
~
G
~
G
~
jX
A
R
A
jX
A
R
A
jX
A
R
A
jX
N
R
N
A
A
A
VVV
EUT
Power source Reference impedance
NI2415-3
Power analyzer LMG500-3 Equipment
under test
ance tests corresponding to standards EN 61000-3-2, -3,
-11 and -12. The precision power analyzers LMG95 and
LMG500 comply with the standards for measurement
devices EN 61000-4-7 for harmonic analyzers and standard
EN 61000-4-15 for flicker meters. For validating the confirmation to the standards for current harmonics, the device
under test must be fed by a power source with a purely
sinusoidal and stable output voltage. This is essential in
order to proof that the measured current harmonics are
generated by the device under test and do not originate
from the source. Therefore the ZES ZIMMER LMG devices
test the voltage stability and that distortions by harmonics
are within permissible limits during each analysis interval.
Current Harmonics Flicker
In addition to a power source, the flicker test requires a
well-defined reference impedance. Flicker is determined
by the amplitude and occurrences of line voltage fluctuations. Voltage fluctuations are the result of current variations induced by the consuming device at the reference
impedance. In order to obtain results which can be compared with others, a normalized line impedance must be
inserted between the feeding source and the test sample
when measuring flicker. The impedance values for these
reference impedances are defined as (0.24+j0.15) Ω in the
phases and (0.16+j0.10) Ω in the neutral. The test software allows to record all device settings and measured
data and to process them into a test protocol that is mandatory for the CE declaration.
Current range Frequency range Test standard
up to 16 A
16 A to 75 A
0 to 75 A
Standards for testing and measurement devices for line interferences caused by current harmonics, depending on current and frequency
range, and by flicker, depending on current range
Device class
Class A
up to 2 (2.4) kHz,
i.e. up to the 40th
harmonics at 50
(60) Hz
2 (2.4) to 9 kHz ---
Type of device
•
Symmetric three-phase devices
•
Home appliances, except devices that
belong to class D
•
Electrical tools, except portable
electrical tools
•
Dimmer for bulbs
•
Audio equipment
•
Devices that do not match classes B,
C or D
EN 61000-3-2
EN 61000-3-12 ---
Measurement device
standard for current
harmonics analyzers
EN 61000-4-7
EN 61000-4-7
Annex B
Test standard
EN 61000-3-3
EN 61000-3-11
Measurement
device standard
for flicker meter
EN 61000-4-15
Class B
Class C
Class D
Device classes according to EN61000-3-2
•
Portable electrical tools
•
Arc-welding equipment for private use
•
Lighting equipment
•
Devices of the following t ype of which the
power goes below or equals 600 W:
- PCs and monitors for PCs
- TV sets or radio receivers
Test set-up for measurements according to EN61000-3, 3-phase
3
CE-Test61k: display of results of the just completed analyzing window as bar diagram. The measurement values are displayed in blue,
the 100% limit values in yellow, and 150% limit exceeds in orange.
CE-Test61k: Display of a measurement in progress. The left column
contains a summarization for current harmonics; the characteristics of the test voltage from the power source are displayed in the
right column.
Order no. Description
CE-Test61k: standards of both current and still valid norms. The clearly
arranged tree structure facilitates selecting a standard. According to
the chosen test standard, the type of device is assigned to the respective class and displayed (here: class C, lighting equipment).
CETEST61K-1PL95
CETEST61K-1PL50
CE TE ST61K-3PL50
CETEST61K-SOFT Software for test system CE-Test61k
CE TE ST61K-SW-O1
NI 2415-1
NI2415-3
CETEST-STBY-SW
Products for CE test systems
Hard-/software package for test system
CE-Test61k, single-phase with LMG95,
reference impedance, without power source.
Hard-/software package for test system
CE-Test61k, single-phase with LMG500-1,
reference impedance, without power source.
Hard-/software package for test system
CE-Test61k, three-phase with LMG500-3,
reference impedance, without power source.
Option O1 for CETEST61k-SOFT, current
harmonics analysis 2-9 kHz according to
EN 61000-4-7, Annex B
Reference impedance for CE-Test61k,
single-phase
Reference impedance for CE-Test61k,
three-phase
Software for measurement of standby
power according to IEC/EN 62301
4
Disturbances to the public power system
caused by current harmonics in the frequency
range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz
Current harmonics caused by home appliances are measured
and evaluated up to the 40th harmonic (2 kHz for a line
frequency of 50 Hz) according to EN 61000-3-2 and -12. For
frequencies of 9 kHz and higher the common EMC standards
apply. The frequency range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz is, however,
to a large extent not standardized so far. Distortions in this
frequency range originate for example from decentralized
sustainable energy sources such as photo voltaic or wind
power stations. Therefore these effects in the frequency
range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz are already existent and will
certainly increase in future, necessitating appropriate measurement methods.
The standard EN 61000-4-7, Annex B, describes a process to
measure the parts of the signal above the 40th harmonic
and to cluster the output. In summary, the standard stipulates the fulfillment of the following points:
•
DFT with 200ms rectangular window
•
No gaps, no overlapping
•
Groups of 200 Hz, each with 40 lines in intervals of 5 Hz:
- In 50 Hz systems, the first group begins at 2005 Hz,
the 35th group finishes at 9 kHz.
- In 60 Hz systems, the first group begins at 2405 Hz,
the 33rd group finishes at 9 kHz.
- The groups are named by their center frequency.
For example the current of the first group at a line
frequency of 50 Hz is called I
of the last group U
8900
and the voltage
2100
The system ZES ZIMMER CE-Test61k allows measurements
in the frequency range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz in full compliance with this standard. Future updates for software and
firmware will enable the system to remain compliant. In
comparison with the fundamental oscillation, the signals to
be measured in the above frequency range usually have a
very low level. The high precision of both the precision
power analyzers ZES ZIMMER LMG95 and LMG500 and our
power and voltage sensors come to an advantage here by
offering a direct measurement of these signals.
Type of sensor
Current clamp LMG-Z406 40 A 1%
High Current Wideband AC
Measur ing Transformer WCT100
Prec ision Wideband High
Voltage Divider HST12
Prec ision Wideband High
Voltage Divider HST30
Available ZES ZIMMER Current- and Voltage Transformers,
each with nominal value and error rate at 9 kHz
Nominal
value
100 A 0.25%
12 kV 0.2%
26 kV 0.5%
Error at 9 kHz
In order to improve the reproducibility of tests, the line
impedance viewed by the EUT (equipment under test) must
be exactly defined. An artificial-mains network with a impedance in the frequency range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz according to
the standard above needs to be inserted between the device
under test and the power source. Not mandatory – but highly
recommended – is the use of a programmable AC power
source (see page 8).
However, for currents in the range of 16A to 75A the construction of an artificial power line is quite complex, hence,
the testing devices are normally being connected directly to
the power system. If users also want to analyze the voltage
harmonics, they can use a wide-band precision high voltage
divider of the series ZES ZIMMER HST to directly measure at
the medium-voltage grid.
CE-Test61k: Current harmonics measurement result of a 200 ms time frame in the frequency range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz.
Please note the distinct perturbation at 5 kHz.
5
CE-compliance test systems for
ecodesign requirements
The directive 2009/125/EU establishes a framework for the
setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products. The goal of this initiative is to reduce the effects of
products on the environment and to achieve energy savings
during their whole life cycle.
For many energy-consuming products, regulations have
been issued by the EU in order to accomplish directive
2009/125/EU. These are guidelines regarding the environmentally suitable design of the respective product,
the conformity assessment and the review procedure of
the surveillance authority.
Depending on the product, parameters like efficiency,
consumption and standby performance have to be measured. For example, minimum energy efficiency is set for
electric motors and lamps. For television sets and refrigerators, the maximum power input is defined depending
on the size of the screen or the cooling capacity.
The ZES ZIMMER precision power meters measure the
related electrical parameters with very high accuracy and
– by utilizing an AC power source (see page 8) – the test
results become reproducible.
Standby- and off-mode electric power consumption are
regulated by the EU regulation 1275/2008. It covers a
broad range of equipment from home appliances, certain
IT devices for private use, consumer electronics, electric
toys, and up to equipment for sports and leisure.
Application categories EU regulation no. Efficiency Consumption Standby losses
Standby losses 1275/2008 X
Set top boxes 107/ 20 09 X X
Household lamps 244/2009 X
Luminescent screen tubes, high intensity discharge
lamps, chokes
Power supplies 278/2009 X
Electric motors 640/2009 X
Glandless circulators 641/2009 X
Television receivers 642/2009 X X
Household refrigerating appliances 643/2009 X
Household washing machines 1015/2010 X
Household dishwashers 1016/2010 X
Regulations to implement the directive 2009/125/EU for of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products
245/2009 X
6
CE-Test-Standby: Display of a test in progress. Shown are the aggregated test results in the center as well as the
measuring values of the last time frame on the right-hand side.
This regulation defines strong requirements for both the
products to be tested and on the test equipment. For example, the power consumption of a home appliance or an
office machine without displaying the status in the offmode may not exceed 1 W. As of 2013 the power consumption ought to be further reduced to less than 0.5 W. The
power consumption shall be determined reliably, accurately and reproducible with state- of- the- art test
equipment and procedures. The measurement uncertainty
of power of 0.5 W or higher may not exceed 2 %, and for
less than 0.5 W it shall not more than 0.01 W. As standby
circuits mostly have very low power factors and very
high crest factors, the accuracy of the measurement
device must be up to two magnitudes higher than the
accuracy defined in the standard (see also ZES ZIMMER
application note no. 102 under www.zes.com).
Standby power compliance
certification made easy
The ZES ZIMMER test software CE-Test-Standby in connection with a precision power meter LMG95 or LMG500
measures the power consumption in compliance with the
standard IEC/EN 62301. The software allows for configure-ing the measuring device, defining the test procedure and issuing a test protocol compliant with the standard.For fluctuating power consumption, the standard
specifies averaging of the measuring values; in cases of
very constant power consumption, the measuring values
can be directly used as a quick test result. The software
records the current power consumption as well as the
average, the average time and the duration of the test.
It surveys the frequency, voltage and wave form (crest
factor and THD) of the feeding source as well as the
input range utilization of the power meter.
7
Power sources
+
A
B
C
–
AC/DC
converter
and
energy
storage
1- oder 3-phasiger AC-Eingang,
ungeregelt und verzerrt
Wave
form and
timing
Linear
amplifier
1- oder 3-phasiger AC-Ausgang,
geregelt und verzerrungsfrei
AC/DC
converter
and
energy
storage
+
–
A
B
C
Pulse width
modulator
Wave form
and timing
Power
switch
TP
TP
TP
1- oder 3-phasiger AC-Ausgang,
geregelt und verzerrungsfrei
1- oder 3-phasiger AC-Eingang,
ungeregelt und verzerrt
Because of their technology, switched power sources are
highly efficient, more compact and even cheaper than linear
power sources. Therefore they are quite often being used in
compliance test systems for harmonics and flicker. They can
supply the maximum current even under reactive loads with
low or even very low power factors and are superior in this
aspect to linear power sources.
ZES ZIMMER, however, offers linear power sources as well, if
– due to the type of the device under test, respectively the
test to be performed – the output signal ought to fulfill the
following requirements:
•
Minimal distortion of the output voltage
•
Very high frequency band-width
•
Very low output impedance
•
Very high current range without distortion of the output
voltage
•
Exclusion of any possible interaction (resonances or
oscillations) between the (low pass) output filter of the
switched power source and the device under test.
Simplified diagram of switched and linear AC power sources. The
unregulated and distorted AC voltages of the single- or threephase input are being converted to regulated and undistorted AC
through PWM resp. linear amplifiers.
Type of AC source Model
801 RP 0.8 kVA 1 3 A 16 … 500 Hz
1251 RP 1.25 kVA 1 4.6 A 16 … 500 Hz
2001 RP 2 kVA 1 6.7 A 16 … 5 kHz
2003 RP 2 kVA 3 2.5 A 16 … 5 kHz
PWM AC sources
Linear AC sources
(4-quadrant amplifier)
3001 i 3 kVA 1 11 A DC, 16 … 500 Hz
5001 i-400 5 kVA 1 18.5 A DC, 16 … 500 Hz
9003 i 9 kVA 3 11 A DC, 16 … 500 Hz
15001 i-400 15 kVA 1 55.5 A DC, 16 … 500 Hz
15003 i-400 15 kVA 3 18.5 A DC, 16 … 500 Hz
LAS 1000 1 kVA 1 3.7 A DC … 5 kHz (-3db)
LAS 2000 2 kVA 1 7.4 A DC … 5 kHz (-3db)
LAS 5000 5 kVA 1 18.5 A DC … 5 kHz (-3db)
LAS 15000 15 kVA 3 18.5 A DC … 5 kHz (-3db)
LAS 60000 60 kVA 3 74 A DC … 5 kHz (-3db)
Apparent power
output S
cont
No. of
phases
Continous current I
(per phase, 0 … 270 V)
cont
Frequency range
(0 … 300 V)
Synchronized and linear power sources for various test environments
Subject to technical changes, especially to improve the product, at any time without prior notification. Copyright © ZES ZIMMER Electronic Systems GmbH
Germany (headquarter)
ZES ZIMMER Electronic Systems GmbH
Tabaksmühlenweg 30
sales@zes.com
www.zes.com
•
D-61440 Oberursel
•
+49 6171 628750
United States (subsidiary)
ZES ZIMMER®, Inc.
44 Grandville Ave. SW
Grand Rapids
+1 760 550 9371
•
•
Suite 360
MI 49503-4064
•
usa@zes.com
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