1MHz, High-Efficiency, Step-Up Converter with Load Disconnection
Features
•Wide 0.8V to V
•Low 1.05V (typical) Start-Up Voltage
•Low 40µA No Load Bias Current
•100mA Output from a Single AA Cell Input
• 250mA Output from a Dual AA Cell Input
•Internal Synchronous Rectifier
•Up to 92% Efficiency
•<1µA Quiescent Current during Shutdown
•Current-Mode Operation with Internal Compen-
sation
- Stable with Ceramic Output Capacitors
- Fast Line Transient Response
•Fixed 1MHz Oscillator Frequency
•1.2A Current-Limit Protection
•Built-In Soft-Start
•Over-Temperature Protection with Hysteresis
•Available in a 2mmx2mm TDFN2x2-8 and TSOT-
23-6A Packages
•Halogen and Lead Free Available
(RoHS Compliant)
Input Voltage Range
OUT
Applications
•Cell Phone and Smart Phone
•PDA, PMP, and MP3
•Digital Camera
•Boost Regulator
General Description
The APW7212 is a synchronous rectifier, fixed switching
frequency (1MHz typical), and c urrent-mode step-up
regulator. The devic e allows use of small inductors and
output capacitors for portable devices. The current-mode
control sc heme provides fast transient response and
good output voltage accuracy.
At light loads, the APW7212 will automatically enter in
pulse frequency modulation(PFM) operation to reduce
the dominant switching losses. During PFM operation,
the IC consumes very low quiescent current and maintains high efficiency over the complete load range. The
device has a 1.05V start-up voltage and can operate with
input voltage down to 0.8V after start-up.
The APW7212 also includes current-limit and over-temperature shutdown to prevent damage in the event of an
output overload.
The APW7212 is available in 2mmx2mm TDFN2x2-8 and
TSOT-23-6A packages.
Simplified Application Circuit
V
C2
22µF
OUT
V
IN
0.8V to V
OUT
PFM/
PWM
C1
4.7µF
PWM
L1
4.7µH
8
SW
1
VIN
APW7212
3
EN
5
PS
VOUT
FB
GND
GND
2
R1
4
R2
6
7
Pin Configuration
1
VIN
2
VOUT
3
EN
FB
TDFN2x2-8
(Top View)
ANPEC reserves the right to make changes to improve reliability or manufacturability without notice, and
advise customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information to verify before placing orders.
Assembly Material
Handling Code
Temperature Range
Package Code
APW7212 QB:
APW7212 CT:W12X
Note: ANPEC lead-free products contain molding compounds/die attach materials and 100% matte tin plate termination finish; which
are fully compliant with RoHS. ANPEC lead-free products meet or exceed the lead-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020D for
MSL classification at lead-free peak reflow temperature. ANPEC defines “Green” to mean lead-free (RoHS compliant) and halogen
free (Br or Cl does not exceed 900ppm by weight in homogeneous material and total of Br and Cl does not exceed 1500ppm by
weight).
7212
X
Package Code
QB : TDFN2x2-8 CT : TSOT-23-6A
Operating Ambient Temperature Range
I : -40 to 85oC
Handling Code
TR : Tape & Reel
Assembly Material
G: Halogen and Lead Free Device
X - Date Code
X - Date Code
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)
Symbol
VIN VIN Supply Voltage (VIN to GND) -0.3 ~ 7 V
V
VOUT to GND Voltage -0.3 ~ 7 V
OUT
VSW SW to GND Voltage -0.3 ~ 7 V
FB, EN and PS to GND Voltage -0.3 ~ 7 V
TJ Maximum Junction Temperature 150 °C
T
Storage Temperature -65 ~ 150 °C
STG
T
Maximum Lead Soldering Temperature, 10 Seconds 260 °C
SDR
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life of a device may be impaired. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
Parameter Rating Unit
Thermal Characteristics
Symbol
Thermal Resistance -Junction to Ambient
θJA
Note 2: θJA is measured with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. The exposed pad
of package is soldered directly on the PCB.
1 6 VIN Supply Voltage Input Pin.
2 5 VOUT Converter output and control circuitry bias supply pin.
3 4 EN
4 3 FB
5 - PS
6, 7 2 GND Power and signal ground pin.
8 1 SW Switch pin. Connect this pin to inductor.
- -
NAME
Exposed
PAD
Enable Control Input. Forcing this pin above 1.0V enables the device. Forcing this
pin below 0.4V to shut it down. In shutdown, all functions are disabled to decrease
the supply current below 1µA.
Feedback Input. The device senses feedback voltage via FB and regulate the
voltage at 1.23V. Connecting FB with a resistor-divider from the output set the
output voltage in the range from 1.8 to 5.5V.
Pulse Skipping Mode Selection. Pulling this pin to logic high to force boost converter
enter PWM mode. Pulling it low to automatic switch under PFM (Pulse Frequency
Mode) and PWM mode. Do not leave this pin floating. This pin internally connects to
GND for TSOT-23-6 package.
The APW7212 is a c onstant frequency, synchronous
rectifier, and current-mode switching regulator. In normal
operation, the internal N-channel power MOSFET is turned
on each cycle when the oscillator sets an internal RS
latch and turned off when an internal comparator (ICMP)
resets the latch. The peak inductor current which ICMP
resets the RS latch is controlled by the voltage on the
COMP node, whic h is the output of the error amplifier
(EAMP). An external resistive divider connected between
V
and ground allows the EAMP to rec eive an output
OUT
feedback voltage VFB at FB pin. When the load current
increases, it causes a slightly decrease in VFB relative to
the 1.23V reference, which in turn causes the COMP voltage to increase until the average inductor current matches
the new load current.
Start-up
A start-up oscillator circuit is integrated in the APW7212.
When the device enables, the circ uit pumps the output
voltage high. Once the output voltage reaches 1.6V (typ),
the main DC-DC circ uitry turns on and boosts the output
voltage to the final regulation voltage.
Automatic PFM/PWM mode Switch
The APW7212 is a fixed frequency PWM peak current
modulation control step-up converter. At light loads, the
APW7212 will automatically enter in pulse frequency
modulation operation to reduce the dominant switching
losses. In PFM operation, the inductor current may reach
zero or reverse on each pulse. A zero current comparator
turns off the P-channel synchronous MOSFET, forcing
DCM(Discontinuous Current Mode) operation at light load.
These controls get very low quiescent current, help to
maintain high efficiency over the complete load range.
Synchronous Rectification
The internal synchronous rectifier eliminates the need
for an external Schottky diode, thus reducing cost and
board space. During the cycle off-time, the P-FET turns
on and shunts the FET body diode. As a result, the synchronous rectifier significantly improves efficiency without the addition of an external component. Conversion
efficiency can be as high as 92%.
Load Disconnect
Driving EN to ground places the APW7212 in shutdown
mode. When in shutdown, the internal power MOSFET
turns off, all internal circuitry shuts down and the quiescent supply current reduces to 1µA maximum.
A special circuit is applied to disconnect the load from the
input during shutdown the converter. In conventional synchronous rectifier circuits, the back-gate diode of the highside P-FET is forward biased in shutdown and allows
current flowing from the battery to the output. However,
this device uses a special circuit, which takes the cathode of the back-gate diode of the high-side P-FET and
disconnects it from the source when the regulator is
shutdown. The benefit of this feature for the system design engineer is that the battery is not depleted during
shutdown of the converter. No additional components
must be added to the design to make sure that the battery is disconnected from the output of the converter.
Current-Limit Protection
The APW7212 monitors the inductor current, flowing
through the N-FET, and limits the current peak at currentlimit level to prevent loads and the APW7212 from damages during overload conditions.
Over-Temperature Protection (OTP)
The over-temperature circuit limits the junction temperature of the APW7212. When the junction temperature exceeds 150oC, a thermal sensor turns off the both N-FET
and P-FET, allowing the devices to cool. The thermal
sensor allows the converters to start a soft-start process
and regulate the output voltage again after the junction
temperature cools by 30oC. The OTP is designed with a
30oC hysteresis to lower the average Junction Temperature (TJ) during continuous thermal overload conditions,
increasing the lifetime of the device.
The input capacitor (CIN) reduces the current peaks drawn
from the input supply and reduces noise injection into
the IC. The reflected ripple voltage will be smaller with
larger CIN. For reliable operation, it is recommended to
select the capacitor voltage rating at least 1.2 times higher
than the maximum input voltage. The capacitors should
be placed close to the VIN and GND.
Inductor Selection
For high efficiencies, the inductor should have a low DC
resistance to minimize conduction losses. Especially at
high-switching frequencies the core material has a higher
impact on efficiency. When using small chip inductors,
the efficiency is reduced mainly due to higher inductor
core losses. This needs to be considered when selecting the appropriate inductor. The inductor value determines the inductor ripple current. The larger the inductor
value, the smaller the inductor ripple current and the lower
the conduction losses of the converter. Conversely, larger
inductor values cause a slower load transient response.
A reasonable starting point for setting ripple current, ∆IL,
is 30% to 50% of the average inductor current. The recommended inductor value can be calculated as below:
2
V
IN
≥
L
V
OUT
−
⋅
VV
⋅
IF
η
INOUT
⋅
∆
)MAX(OUTSW
I
L
I
()
AVGL
where
VIN = input voltage
V
= output voltage
OUT
FSW = switching frequency in MHz
I
= maximum output current in amp.
OUT
η = Efficiency
∆IL /I
= (0.3 to 0.5 typical)
L(AVG)
The peak inductor current is calculated as below:
VVV
1
II
I
V
I
IN
IN
C
IN
I
L
I
SW
I
D
L
)MAX(INPEAK
2
N-FET
⋅+=
LX
−⋅
INOUTIN
FLV
⋅⋅
SWOUT
I
D1
I
SW
I
PEAK
I
IN
OUT
ESR
C
OUT
V
OUT
I
LIM
∆I
L
I
OUT
Output Capacitor Selection
The current-mode c ontrol scheme of the APW7212 allows the use of tiny ceramic capacitors . The higher capacitor value provides the good load transients response.
Ceramic capacitors with low ESR values have the lowest
output voltage ripple and are recommended. If required,
tantalum capacitors may be used as well. The output ripple
is the sum of the voltages across the ESR and the ideal
output capacitor.
To avoid saturation of the inductor, the inductor should be
rated at least for the maximum input current of the con-
V
COUT
I
OUT
⋅≅∆
C
OUT
−
VV
INOUT
⋅
FV
SWOUT
verter plus the inductor ripple current. The maximum in-
pacitor application, the output voltage ripple is dominated
by the ∆V
. When choosing the input and output ce-
COUT
ramic capacitors, the X5R or X7R with their good temperature and voltage characteristics are recommended.
Output Voltage Setting
A resistive divider sets the output voltage. The external
resistive divider is connected to the output, allowing remote voltage sensing as shown in “Typical Application
Circuits”. A suggestion of the maximum value of R1 is
2MΩ and R2 is 600kΩ to keep the minimum current that
provides enough noise rejection ability through the resistor divider. The output voltage can be calculated as
below:
1R
+⋅=
1VV
REFOUT
2R
1R
+=
123.1
2R
Layout Consideration
For all switching power supplies, the layout is an important step in the design, especially at high peak currents
and switching frequencies. If the layout is not done
carefully, the regulator may show noise problems and
duty cycle jitter.
Layout Consideration
Via to VIN
1
VOUT
2
3
R1
APW7212 Layout Suggestion
V
IN
L1
SW
R2
Via To V
APW7212 Layout Suggestion
VIN
C1C2
C2
L1
PWM
PFM/PWM
Via To V
IN
V
EN
V
OUT
8
SW
7
GND
6
GND
54
PS
R2
C1
GND
FB
GND
R1
OUT
1. Since the VOUT supplies IC bias voltage, the output
capacitor should be placed close to the VOUT and
GND. Connecting the capacitor with VOUT and GND
pins by short and wide tracks without using any via
holes for good filtering and minimizing the voltage
ripple.
2. To minimize copper trace connections that can inject
noise into the system, the inductor should be placed
as close as possible to the SW pin to minimize the
noise coupling into other circuits.
3. Since the feedback pin and network is a high impedance circuit the feedback network should be routed
away from the inductor. The feedback pin and feedback network should be shielded with a ground plane
or trace to minimize noise coupling into this circuit.
4. A star ground connection or ground plane minimizes
ground shifts and noise is recommended.