Agilent 8712C User Manual

Download

User’s Guide

HP 8712C and HP 8714C RF Network Analyzers

HP part number: 08712-90056 Printed in USA

February 1998 Supersedes: October 1997

Notice

Safety Information

Firmware Revision

Acknowledgements

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard shah not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.

For safety and regulatory information see Chapter 11. For warranty and assistance information see Chapter 10.

This manual documents analyzers with firmware revisions

C.04.50

and above. Some features will not be available or will require different keystrokes in analyzers with earlier hrmware revisions. For full compatibility, you can upgrade your firmware to the latest version. Contact your nearest Hewlett-Packard sales or service office for information.

ExcelTM Lotus@l-2-3@

is a product of Microsoft Corp.

are U.S. registered trademarks of Lotus Development

Corporation. Microsoft@ is a U.S. registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.

QuickBasicTM

is a product of Microsoft Corp. Windows@ is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp. Portions of the software include source code from the Info-ZIP

group.This asftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/unzip51. a.sunz51.zip

code is freely available on the Internet by anonymous ftp

tar.Z,

and from CompuServe

in the

IBMPRO

form, library 10 (data compression).

@Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1996, 1997, 1998 All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.

1400 Fountaingrove Parkway, Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799, USA

871X

and HP

8714C

RF Network Analyzers

The HP for production measurements instrument integrates an RF synthesized source, transmission/reflection test set, multi-mode receivers, and display in one compact box.

The source features 1 Hz resolution, 50 ms (or faster) sweep time, and up to + 16

The three-channel, dual mode receivers provide dynamic range of greater than 100 dB in narrowband measurement mode. For measurements of frequency-translating devices, the network analyzer features broadband internal and external detector inputs. The receivers incorporate digital signal processing and microprocessor control to speed operation and measurement throughput.

Two independent measurement channels and a large CRT display the measured results of one or two receiver channels in several user-selectable formats. An external VGA monitor can be connected to the rear panel for enhanced measurement viewing in color.

Measurement functions are selected with front panel hardkeys and menus. Measurements can be printed or plotted directly with a compatible peripheral. Instrument states can be saved to the internal floppy disk, internal non-volatile memory, or internal volatile memory. Built-in service diagnostics are available to simplify troubleshooting procedures.

Measurement calibrations and data averaging provide performance improvement and flexibility. Measurement calibrations consist of normalizing data, utilizing the internal factory calibration, or calibrating with external standards. Measurement calibration reduces errors associated with directivity, frequency response, and source match. Directivity is corrected to 40 dB and source match to 30 dB for unproved measurements.

8712C

and HP

dBm

output power.

8714C

are easy-to-use RF network analyzers optimized

,of

reflection and transmission parameters. The

softkey

. . .

111

How to Use This Guide

The first 7 chapters of this guide explain how to perform measurements, calibrate the instrument, and use the most common instrument functions.

Chapters 8 through 12 are reference material. Use these chapters to look up information such as front panel features, specific key functions and specifications.

Contents

1. Installing the Analyzer

Step 1. Check the Shipment Step 2. Meet Electrical and Environmental Requirements . Step 3. Check the Analyzer Operation Step 4. Configure the Analyzer

Connecting Peripherals and Controllers Installing the Analyzer In a Rack

Preventive Maintenance ...............

2. Getting Started

Front Panel Tour Entering Measurement Parameters Performing the Operator’s Check

Equipment List ..................

Make a Transmission Measurement Make a Reflection Measurement If the Analyzer Fails the Operator’s Check

.............

.........

............

.......

..........

..................

...........

.........

...........

......

l-3

l-4

l-9

l-10 l-11

1-17 1-18

2-3

2-4 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-17 2-19

3. Making Measurements

Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer

When to Use Attenuation and Amplification in a

Measurement Setup ...............

When to Change the System Impedance

The Typical Measurement Sequence

Using the BEGIN Key to Make Measurements

lJiZi!i]

Using the

The User BEGIN Function (Option

Measuring Transmission Response

Enter the Measurement Parameters Calibrate For a Transmission Response Measurement

Connect the DUT .................

View and Interpret the Transmission Measurement

Measuring Reflection Response

Enter the Measurement Parameters

Key Overview

................

Results ....................

[m)

....

Key To Configure Measurements

...........

............

.....

.......

.........

.....

lC2

only)

.........

....

3-3

3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-15 3-17 3-18 3-18

3-19 3-21

3-22 3-24 3-24

Contents-l

Calibrate For a Reflection Response Measurement ...

Connect the DUT ...................

View and Interpret the Reflection Measurement Results

Making a Power Measurement using Broadband Detection

Enter the Measurement Parameters .........

Connect the DUT .................

View and Interpret the Power Measurement Results . .

Measuring Conversion Loss ..............

Enter the Measurement Parameters .........

Perform a Normalization Calibration .........

Connect the DUT .................

View and Interpret the Conversion Loss Results ....

Measuring AM Delay (Option 1DA or 1DB) ......

Enter the Measurement Parameters .........

Calibrate For an AM Delay Measurement ......

Connect the DUT .................

View and Interpret the AM Delay Results ......

Making Measurements with the Auxiliary Input .....

Auxiliary Input Characteristics ...........

Measuring Group Delay ...............

Enter the Measurement Parameters .........

Calibrate For a Transmission Response Measurement

Connect the DUT .................

View and Interpret the Group Delay Measurement

Results ....................

Measuring Impedance Using the Smith Chart ......

Enter the Measurement Parameters .........

Calibrate For a Reflection Response Measurement ...

Connect the DUT .................

View and Interpret the Results ...........

Measuring Impedance Magnitude ...........

How the Reflection Measurement Works .......

How the Transmission Measurement Works

Using a Fixture ..................

......

3-25

3-27

3-28 3-30 3-31 3-32 3-33 3-35 3-37 3-38 3-39 3-40 3-42 3-43 3-44 3-45

3-46 3-48 3-48 3-49 3-50 3-51 3-52

3-53 3-55 3-56 3-56 3-57 3-58 3-62 3-63 3-64 3-65

Contents-2

4. Using Instrument Functions

Using Markers ...................

To Activate Markers ................

To Turn Markers Off ................

To Use Marker Search Functions ..........

To Use Marker Math Functions ...........

To Use Delta (A) Marker Mode ...........

‘Ib Use Other Marker Functions ............

To Use Polar Format Markers ............

To Use Smith Chart Markers ............

Using Limit Testing .................

To Create a Flat Limit Line ............

To Create a Sloping Limit Line ...........

To Create a Single Point Limit ...........

To Use Marker Limit Functions ...........

To Use Relative Limits ...............

Other Limit Line Functions .............

Additional Notes on Limit Testing ..........

Using Reference Tracking ...............

To Track the Peak Point ..............

To Track a Frequency ...............

Customizing the Display ...............

Using the Split Display Feature ...........

Enabling/Disabling Display Features .........

Modifying Display Annotation ...........

Expanding the Displayed Measurement ........

Saving and Recalling Measurement Results .......

Saving Instrument Data ..............

To Recall from a Disk or Internal Memory ......

Other File Utilities ................

To Use Directory Utilities .............

Formatting a Floppy Disk .............

Connecting and Configuring Printers and Plotters ....

Select a Compatible Printer or Plotter ........

Select an Appropriate Interface Cable ........

Connect the Printer or Plotter ...........

Configure the Hardcopy Port ............

Define the Printer or Plotter Settings ........

Printing and Plotting Measurement Results .......

To Select the Copy Port ..............

Define the Output .................

4-3 4-6 4-7

4-8 4-21 4-27

4-29

4-30 4-30 4-31 4-33 4-35 4-37 4-38

4-44 4-45 4-47 4-50 4-51 4-52 4-53 4-54 4-55 4-57 4-62 4-65 4-67 4-71 4-72 4-75 4-77 4-78 4-79 4-80 4-81 4-82 4-85 4-90 4-91 4-92

Contents-3

Using a Keyboard ..................

Connect the Keyboard ...............

To Use the Keyboard to Edit ............

Front Panel Control Using a Keyboard ........

Using an External VGA Monitor ...........

Customizing Color on an External Monitor ......

Synchronizing and Positioning the Display ......

5. Optimizing Measurements

Increasing Sweep Speed ...............

To Increase the Start Frequency ...........

To Set the Sweep Time to AUTO Mode .......

To Widen the System Bandwidth ..........

To Reduce the Amount of Averaging .........

To Reduce the Number of Measurement Points ....

To View a Single Measurement Channel .......

To Turn Off Alternate Sweep ............

To Turn Off Markers and Marker Tracking ......

To Turn Off Spur Avoidance ............

To Avoid Frequency Bandcrossings by Minimizing the

Span (HP 8714C only) .............

Increasing Network Analyzer Dynamic Range ......

To Increase the Receiver Input Power ........

To Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor .........

Reducing Trace Noise ................

To Activate Averaging for Reducing Trace Noise ... To Change System Bandwidth for Reducing Trace Noise

To Eliminate Receiver Spurious Responses ......

Reducing Mismatch Errors ..............

Reducing Mismatch Errors in a Reflection Measurement Reducing Mismatch Errors in a Transmission

Measurement ...

Reducing Mismatch. Errors When’

Reflection and Transmission ...........

Compensating for Phase Shift in Measurement Setups . .

Port Extensions ..................

Electrical Delay

Measuring Devices with Long Electrical Delay .....

..................

Measuring’Bbth

4-97

4-98 4-99

4-101 4-102 4-104

5-3 5-3 5-4 5-4 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-7 5-8

5-9

5-10 5-10 5-11 5-13 5-13 5-14 5-14 5-17 5-17

5-18

...

5-18

5-19 5-19

5-20 5-21

Contents-4

Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy

Measurement Calibration Overview ..........

The Calibration Reference Plane ..........

Determine if a Calibration is Necessary

When a Calibration Is Not Necessary .........

When a Calibration Is Necessary ...........

Choose an Appropriate Calibration Method .......

To Perform a Normalization Calibration

To Perform a Transmission Calibration ........

To Perform a Reflection Calibration .........

To Perform a Conversion Loss Calibration ......

To Perform an AM Delay Calibration (Option

1DB

only)

To Perform a Calibration With Non-Standard

Connectors ..................

Writing or Editing Your Own Cal Kit File ......

Save the Calibration .................

Check the Calibration ................

Using Calibration Check for Analysis and

Troubleshooting

To Perform a Calibration Check ...........

Error Term Descriptions and Typical Values .....

7. Automating Measurements

Configuring Your Test System

Measurement System Topology Expandability and Large Systems Throughput Considerations

Selecting a Measurement Controller Selecting a Programming Language

Operator Interaction

Prompting the Operator Using Graphics to Create On-Screen Diagrams User-Defined Data Entry Using a Barcode Reader Data Entry Using an External Keyboard Using the Analyzer’s Title Feature Hot Keys on External Keyboard For Common Functions User-Defined TTL Input/Output Using a Foot Switch or Button Box Limit Test Pass/Fail TTL Input/Output

...................

................

.............

.................

..............

@Xl

Key Menu

............

..........

....... 6-10

1DA

............

...........

..........

.........

.......

..........

.........

.......

....

6-3 6-5

6-7 6-7 6-7

6-8

6-11 6-13 6-15

6-16

6-17 6-19 6-25 6-26

6-26 6-27 6-28

7-5

7-12 7-12 7-13 7-15 7-18 7-20 7-21 7-22 7-29 7-30 7-31 7-32 7-34 7-35 7-37

Contents-5

Analyzer Port Numbers ..............

Output for Large Screen External Monitor ........

Measurement Setup and Control with Fast Recall ....

Using Fast Recall with the Front Panel or a Keyboard

Using Fast Recall with a Switch ...........

Automated Measurement Setup and Control ......

Setting the Instrument State ............

SCPI Commands That Modify a Single Parameter ...

Fast Iterative Control ...............

Responsive Communication using SRQs .......

Using Both of the Analyzer’s Measurement Channels

AUTOST files ..................

Controlling Peripherals ................

Using the Parallel Port ...............

Writing to the Parallel Port .............

Reading from the Parallel Port ...........

Hardcopy Considerations ..............

Using the Serial Port ...............

Displaying Measurement Results ...........

Graticule On/Off .................

Limit Testing ...................

Customized X-axis Annotation ...........

Customized Measurement Channel Annotation ....

Markers Title and Clock : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Saving Measurement Results .............

Querying Measurement Data ............

Saving the Measurement to Disk-Save ASCII ....

Saving the Measurement to Disk-Save Data .....

Querying Marker Searches .............

Saving Measurement Results to Disk .........

Using Hardcopy Features to Print or Plot Results ...

Custom Data Sheets ................

Statistical Process Control .............

Transferring Files .................

7-39 7-40 7-41 7-41 7-43 7-44 7-46 7-49 7-50 7-52 7-52 7-53 7-54 7-54 7-56 7-59 7-60 7-61 7-62 7-63 7-64 7-66 7-68 7-69 7-71 7-72 7-72 7-73 7-74 7-74 7-75

7-76 7-80 7-82 7-82

Contents-6

8. Front/Rear Panel

Connectors

BNC Connectors Multi-pin Connectors RF Connectors

.....................

.................

...............

..................

Display ...................

Knob ........

Line Power Switch 1 1 Display Intensity Control Disk Drive

.....................

Line Module

Power Cables The Line Fuse The Voltage Selector Switch

()GiECTj 1 Softkey

Numeric Entries

.................

...............

....................

...................

..................

............

Reference

...................

1 1

A .........................

B.........................

c .........................

.........................

E .........................

F .........................

.........................

I .........................

K .........................

L.........................

M.. .......................

.........................

0 .........................

P.........................

R .........................

s .........................

T .........................

u .........................

v .........................

w .........................

x .........................

.........................

..........

8-3 8-5

8-7 8-13 8-14

8-16

8-17

8-19 8-20 8-21 8-21 8-23 8-24

9-3

9-4 9-10 9-13 9-19 9-24 9-27 9-31 9-33 9-37 9-40 9-41 9-46 9-55 9-58 9-59 9-63 9-68 9-81 9-85 9-86 9-88 9-89 9-90

Contents-7

10. Specifications and Characteristics

System Specifications

Dynamic Range

Measurement Port Specifications

Instrument Specifications and Characteristics

Source Specifications Receiver Specifications

Typical

Delay Specifications Display Characteristics

General Characteristics

Front Panel Connectors Rear Panel Connectors Environmental Characteristics

Warranty

Limitation of Warranty

Exclusive Remedies

Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Offices

11.

Safety and Regulatory Information

Safety Information

Warnings Cautions Statement of Compliance Cleaning Instructions Shipping Instructions Instrument Markings

Regulatory Information

Notice for Germany: Noise Declaration Declaration of Conformity

Measurement

......................

....................

.....................

................

...............

Uncertainty

................

...............

..............

...............

..............

................

..................

..............

...............

.............

..........

......

...........

.......

........

10-2

10-3 10-4 10-4

10-8

10-11

10-14

lo-16

10-17 10-17 10-17 10-19 10-21 10-22 10-22

lo-23

11-3 11-3 11-4 11-4 1

l-4

11-5 11-5 11-6

11-6

12.

Preset State and Memory Allocation

Preset and Peripheral States

Preset State Peripheral State Volatile Settings

Save/Recall Memory Allocation

Types of Storage Disks Types of Storable Information How to Determine the Size of Disk Files Memory Usage Notes

Contents-8

...................

..................

.............

............

...............

...........

....

...............

12-2 12-2

12-8 12-13 12-14 12-14 12-16 12-17

12-19

Figures

l-l.

Voltage Selector Switch Location

1-2.

Protective Earth Ground

l-3.

Ventilation Clearance Requirements

l-4.

Analyzer Rear Panel Line Module and Selected Connectors .

l-5.

HP-IB Connection Configurations

l-6.

Maximum and Minimum Protrusion of Center Conductor From

Mating Plane

2-l.

Network Analyzer Front Panel Features

2-2.

Connect the Filter to the Analyzer

2-3.

Reference Positions

2-4.

Both Measurement Channels Active

2-5.

Split Display

2-6.

Equipment Setup for Transmission Measurement

2-7.

Verify Transmission Measurement Verify Reflection Measurement

2-8. 2-9.

Connect the Load

3-1.

DUT Response to an RF Signal

3-2.

Simplified Block Diagram Block Diagram

3-3. 3-4.

The

(jj)

......................

Equipment Setup For a Transmission Response Measurement

3-5.

Example of a Transmission Measurement Display

3-6.

Equipment Setup For a Reflection Response Calibration

3-7.

Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of a Two-Port

3-8.

Device

Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of a One-Port

3-9.

Device

Example of a Reflection Measurement Display

3-10.

Equipment Setup For a Power Measurement

3-11.

Example of a Power Measurement

3-12.

Filtering Out the Unwanted Mixing Product

3-13.

Equipment Setup For a Conversion Loss Measurement

3-14.

Example of a Conversion Loss Measurement

3-15.

Equipment Setup For an AM Delay Response Calibration

3-16.

Equipment Setup For an AM Delay Measurement

3-17.

Example of an AM Delay Measurement

3-18.

Equipment Setup For a Group Delay Measurement

3-19.

......................

....................

.....................

Key

.......................

.................

....................

...................

.................

.............

............

.............

..........

............

......

.............

..............

......

.......

........

.............

........

......

..........

.....

...

. .

l-4

l-6

l-7

l-11

1-13

1-18

2-2 2-5

2-9

2-11

2-12

2-15

2-16 2-17 2-18

3-3 3-5

3-7

3-12

3-21

3-23

3-26 3-27 3-27

3-29 3-32 3-34

3-36

3-39

3-41

3-44 3-45 3-47 3-52

Contents-10

Contents

3-20. Example of a Phase-Derived Delay Measurement Display

. .

3-21. Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of a Two-Port

Device

.......................

3-22. Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of a One-Port

Device

3-23. Interpreting the Smith Chart

..:....................

...............

3-24. Determining the Magnitude and Phase of the Reflection

Coefficient 3-25. Example of an Impedance Measurement 3-26. Impedance Calculation for Reflection Measurements 3-27. Impedance Calculation for Transmission Measurements

4-l. The

(jMARKER)

.....................

4-2. Connect the Filter to the Analyzer 4-3. Markers at Minimum and 4-4. Peak and Minimum Search Criteria 4-5. Peak and Minimum Search Criteria at Display Endpoints 4-6. -6 dB Bandwidth Marker Search 4-7. -6 dB Notch Marker Search

4-8. Peak and Minimum Search Criteria

4-9. Peak and Minimum Search Criteria at Display Endpoints 4-10. Multi-Peak Search Mode

11. Multi-Notch Search Mode

12. Marker Statistics Function 4-13. Marker Flatness Function 4-14. RF Filter Statistics Function 4-15. Delta Marker Mode 4-16. Limit Lines 4-17. Limit Lines Example 1 4-18. Limit Lines Example 2

19. Reference Positions 4-20. Split Display 4-2 1. Display Features

4-22. The Display Annotation 4-23. Normal Display 4-24. Expanded Display 4-25. Peripheral Connections 4-26. Hardcopy Components and Formats Available 4-27. Trace List Values

......................

..........

.....

...

Key

............

Maximum

Values

.........

............

...

.............

...............

............

...

.................

................

...............

...................

.......................

..................

...................

......................

....................

.................

.....................

....................

..................

.......

....................

5-l. Relationship Between Frequency Span, Sweep Time, and

Number of Points

5-2. Compensating for Test Fixture Delay

..................

...........

3-54 3-57 3-57

3-59 3-60

3-61

3-63

3-64

4-3

4-4

4-9

4-10

4-11 4-14 4-16

4-17

4-18

4-19 4-20 4-22 4-24

4-26 4-28 4-36 4-48 4-49

4-51

4-54

4-55

4-58 4-63 4-64

4-81

4-93 4-94

5-6

5-19

Contents- 11

Contents

6-l. Sources of Errors

6-2. Mismatch Errors

....................

......

6-3. The Calibration Reference Plane ’ 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6-4. Typical Directivity Error Term 6-5. Typical Source Match (Corrected) Error Term 6-6. Typical Source Match (Uncorrected) Error 6-7. Typical Load Match Error

Term

6-8. Typical Transmission Tracking Error 6-9. Typical Isolation Error

Term

6-10. Typical Reflection Tracking Error Term

1. Stand-Alone Network Analyzer

7-2. Stand-Alone Network Analyzer Running BASIC

..............

........

Term

......

..............

Term

.........

...............

..........

..............

......

7-3. Network Analyzer Without BASIC, Controlled by a Computer 7-4. Network Analyzer Running 7-5. Example

Test

System Setup

7-6. Connect a Switch to the USER TTL IN/OUT Connector

7-7. Connect a Switch to the USER TTL IN/OUT Connector 7-8. Measurement Control

7-9. Writing to the Parallel Port 7-10. Digital Latch Circuit

11. Customized Annotation

7-12. Paper Numbering

....................

8-l. Analyzer Connectors - Front Panel

8-2. Analyzer Connectors - Rear Panel 8-3.

HP-lB

Connector and Cable 8-4. Parallel Port Pm-outs 8-5.

RS-232

Connector Pin-out

8-6. VIDEO OUT Connector Pin-out

BASIC,

Controlled by a Computer

...............

... ...

...................

................

...................

.................

............

.............

..............’..

...................

................

..............

8-7. Probe Power Connector

8-8. The Analyzer Line Power Switch’ : : 1. : : : : : : : : : 8-9. Display Intensity Control

8-10. Disk Drive

.......................

8-l 1. Power Cable and Line (Mains) Plug Part Numbers

8-12. Location of Line Fuses

8-13. Voltage Selector Switch Location

10-l.

Receiver Dynamic Accuracy (narrowband)

10-2. Absolute Power Accuracy (broadband)

.................

......

..................

.............

.........

...........

6-3 6-4

6-6 6-30 6-31 6-32

6-33

6-34

6-35

6-36

7-6

7-8

7-10 7-11

7-19

7-28 7-43 7-44

7-57

7-58

7-62

7-78

8-3

8-4 8-7 8-9

8-10 8-11 8-12 8-17

8-19

8-20

8-22 8-23

8-24

10-9

10-10

Contents-12

lhbles

l-l. Maximum HP-IB Cable Lengths

3-l. Measurement Configurations from the

4-l.

Disk Access

4-2. Typical Print Times

5-l. Relationship Between System Bandwidth and Sweep Speed 6-l. Calibration Types

6-2. Calibration Check Error

7-l. Keyboard

7-2. Writeable Ports 7-3. Readable Ports 7-4. Writeable Ports 7-5. Readable Ports 7-6. Parallel Port Pins 8-1. General Bus Management Lines 8-2. VGA Compatible Monitor Characteristics

10-l.

Hewlett-Packard Safes and Service Offices

12-

1. Disk Capacities 12-2. Maximum Number of Files and Directories 12-3. Sizes of Instrument State Components

.......................

...................

....................

Terms

Template

Definition

.....................

....................

.....................

..............

(BEGIN)

..............

...............

..............

Key

......

..........

.........

...........

12-14 12-15

1-14

3-16 4-74 4-96

5-4

6-9 6-27 7-33 7-39

7-40 7-55 7-55

7-57

8-8 8-11

lo-24

12-18

Contents-13

Installing the Analyzer

This chapter will guide you through the four steps needed to correctly and safely install your network analyzer. The four steps are:

1. Check the Shipment

2. Meet Electrical and Environmental Requirements

3. Check the Analyzer Operation

4. Configure the Analyzer

l-2

Step 1. Check the Shipment

After you have unpacked your instrument, it is recommended that you keep the packaging materials so they may be used if your instrument should need to be returned for maintenance or repair.

Check the items received against the Product Checklist (included in your shipment) to make sure that you received everything.

Inspect the analyzer and all accessories for any signs of damage that may

have occurred during shipment. If your analyzer or any accessories appear

to be damaged or missing, call your nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales or Service

office. Refer to

‘fable 10-l

in Chapter 10 for the nearest office.

l-3

Step 2. Meet Electrical and Environmental

Requirements

1. Set the line voltage selector to the position that corresponds to the ac power source you will be using.

CAUTION

Before switching on this instrument, make sure that the line voltage selector switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse (T 5A 250 V) is installed. Assure the supply voltage is in the

NOTE

The working fuse and a spare are located in the power cable receptacle. See figure 8-12.

specsed

range.

POWER CAB:E

RECEPTACLE

Figure l-l. Voltage Selector Switch location

l-4

VOLTAGE

SELECTOR

SWITCH

PP~~C

Installing the Analyzer

Step 2. Meet Electrical and Environmental Requirements

2. Ensure the available ac power source meets the following requirements:

115

90 to 132 Vat

230

V1 198 to 254 Vat

147

to 66 Hzl

147

to 66 Hzl

If the ac line voltage does not fall within these ranges, an autotransformer that provides third wire continuity to ground should be used.

3. Ensure the operating environment meets the following requirements for safety:

indoor use

altitude up to 15,000 feet (4,572 meters)

temperature 0 “C to 55

CAUTION

maximum relative humidity 5 to 95 percent relative at +40

“C

(non-condensing)

this product is designed for use in INSTALLATION CATEGORY II and POLLUTION DEGREE 2

This product is designed for use in Installation Category II and Pollution Degree 2.

NOTE

The above requirements are for safety only Separate conditions that must be met for specified performance are noted in Chapter 10.

l-5

Installing the Analyzer

Step 2. Meet Electrical and Environmental Requirements

4. Verify that the power cable is not damaged, and that the power source outlet provides a protective earth ground contact. Note that the following illustration depicts only one type of power source outlet. Refer to Figure 8- 11 to see the different types of power cord plugs that can be used

with your analyzer.

PROTECTIVE

EARTH GROUND

WARNING

Figure

l-2.

Protective Earth Ground

This is a Safety Class I product (provided with a protective earthing ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any interruption of the protective conductor, inside or outside the instrument, is likely to make the product dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.

l-6

Installing the Analyzer

Step 2. Meet Electrical and Environmental Requirements

WARNING

If this instrument is to be energized via an external autotransformer for voltage reduction, make sure that its common terminal is connected to a neutral (earthed pole) of the power supply.

5. Install the analyzer so that the detachable power cord is readily

identifiable

and is easily reached by the operator. The detachable power cord is the instrument disconnecting device. It disconnects the mains circuits from the mains supply before other parts of the instrument. The front panel switch is only a standby switch and not a LINE switch. Alternatively, an externally installed switch or circuit breaker (which is readily identifiable and is easily reached by the operator) may be used as a disconnecting device.

6. Ensure there are at least two inches of clearance around the sides and back of either the stand-alone analyzer or the system cabinet.

TWO INCH CLEARANCE

SIDES AND

REAR

RACK

TWO INCH CLEARANCE

SIDES

AND

Rgp

po64b

EDGE OF BENCH

Figure 1.3. Ventilation Clearance Requirements

l-7

Installing the Analyzer

Step 2. Meet Electrical and Environmental Requirements

7. Set up a static-safe workstation. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can damage or destroy components.

t MegOhm

Resistor

l table mat with earth ground wire:

HP part number 9300-0797

l wrist-strap cord with 1 Meg Ohm resistor:

HP part number

wrist-strap:

HP part number 9300-1367

l heal straps:

HP part number 9300-1308

floor mat:

part number

9300-0960

1664R

l-8

qg653d

Step 3. Check the Analyzer Operation

1. Turn on the line switch of the analyzer. After approximately 30 seconds, a display box should appear on the screen with the following information:

The model number of your analyzer (either HP

The firmware revision

The serial number of your analyzer

Installed options

2. Verify that the serial number and options displayed on the screen match the information on the rear panel serial label.

3. The operator’s check should be performed on the analyzer to provide a high degree of confidence that the analyzer is working properly. Refer to Chapter 2 for instructions on how to perform the operator’s check.

8712C

or HP

8714C)

l-9

Step 4. Configure the Analyzer

You can begin making measurements by simply connecting your analyzer to an appropriate power source and turning it on. This section, however, will explain how to connect common peripherals and controllers, and how to install your analyzer into a rack system.

l-10

Step 4. Configure the Analyzer

Connecting Peripherals and Controllers

CONTROL PORTS

LAN

ETHERTWIST

SERIAL COLOR VGA

Installing the Analyzer

VIDEO OUT

EXiERNAL

DETECTORS

Figure

HP- I B

L I NE

l-4.

Analyzer Rear Panel line Module and Selected Connectors

VOLiAGE

PARALLEL

VOiTAGE

SELECTOR

SWITCH

KEYBOARD

PP~~C

Refer to Figure

The HP-IB port is for use with computers and peripherals (printers,

l-4:

plotters, etc.)

The parallel and

lC2

the parallel and serial ports can also be programmed via

RS-232

(serial) ports are

also

for peripherals. With Option

IBASIC

for

l-11

Installing the Analyzer

Step 4. Configure the Analyzer

general I/O control. See the BASIC User’s Handbook for information on using

BASIC.

The VIDEO OUT COLOR VGA port allows you to connect a color VGA monitor for enhanced viewing. See “Using an External VGA Monitor” in Chapter 4 for more information.

The LAN ETHERTWIST connector is for connecting your analyzer to a

LAN (local area network) for control and access. You must have Option

lF7 to utilize this port. See the Option

lF7

User’s Guide Supplement for

information on how to use your analyzer in a LAN.

1-12

Installing the Analyzer

Step 4. Configure the Analyzer

HP-IB Connections

An HP-IB system may be connected in any

conEguration

as long as the

following rules are observed:

The total number of devices is less than or equal to 15.

The total length of all the cables used is less than or equal to 2 meters times the number of devices connected together up to an absolute

maximum of 20 meters. For example, the maximum cable length is

4 meters if only 2 devices are involved. The length between adjacent

devices is not critical as long as the overall restriction is met.

See Figure l-5 for different connection configurations.

STAR LINEAR

NETWORK

ANALYZER

NETWORK

ANALYZER

Figure

l-5.

HP-IB Connection Configurations

1-13

Installing the Analyzer

Step 4. Configure the Analyzer

Table l-l. Maximum HP-IB Cable lengths

Parallel and Serial Connections

Other Connections

InstrumentslPeriphvrals

in Systam Batwrrn Each Pair

L,,.,

Maximum HP-IB

of Dwicas

“,“.

ltotall

Cable Length

Parallel and serial devices often require specific cables-check their manuals for details. Parallel cable length should not exceed 25 feet. The analyzer may experience problems talking to a printer if this length is exceeded. Connect the required control cables and secure them. (Tighten the knurled screws or comparable fasteners.)

If you plan to use a keyboard, external video monitor, or external detectors, connect them to the appropriate rear panel connectors. See Figure 1-4. Also see Chapter 8 for more information on front and rear panel connectors.

1-14

Installing the Analyzer

Step 4. Configure the Analyzer

To Set HP-IB Addresses

lb communicate via HP-& each external device must have a unique address and the network analyzer must recognize each address. ‘lb check or set each external device’s actual address, refer to the device’s manual (most addresses are set with switches).

The following are examples of how to check or set the device’s recognized address on the network analyzer:

l Printer: press

to highlight the line that reads HP Printer PCL HP-IB. Press

(j-1

S~t&$ ?Zupy

Port . Use the front panel knob

S&&t

. The second line of the screen displays settings: in this case the address. The default address is 5, however most printers are factory set to address

1 (one). ‘lb change the recognized address, press

[ptYiGJ Erlter

l Plotter: press

[HARDCOPYI) Seloc% CuPy

Port . Use the front panel knob

to highlight the line that reads HP Plotter HPGL HP-IB. Press

PrinWr

HP-SB Azldr

Select

The second line of the screen displays settings: in this case the address.

The default address is 5 and most plotters are factory set to address 5 (Eve), so changing the address is probably not necessary. ‘lb change the

recognized address, press

PMnt@r B&LB

A&lr (number)

Entsz:

NOTE

Only one hardcopy HP-IB address can be set at a time. Changing the printer address, for example, changes the plotter to the same address.

l HP

8712C

or HP

8714C:

XP 872X &d&&s& OT

press (SYSTEM OPTIONS)

S”ft$\C Addrsls&

HP-II3

. The network analyzer’s

address will appear (the default is 16). To change the address, press

(iGzq Enter.

1-15

Installing the Analyzer

Step 4. Configure the Analyzer

To Configure Peripheral Settings

If your system uses serial or parallel peripherals, follow the guidelines below to configure the system. Refer to the peripheral’s manual for correct cables and settings. The parallel and serial ports have standard Centronics and

RS232

pinouts respectively as explained in Chapter 8, “Front/Rear

DB-25

Panel.’

l Serial Devices: press

(m)

Select

Copy

Port

, use the entry

controls to highlight your type of printer or plotter and press Select . If

the baud rate or handshake at the top of the screen are incorrect, use the

softkeys

l Parallel Devices: press

to change them.

(m)

Sefect CuPy Port

, use the entry

controls to highlight your type of printer or plotter and press Select .

LAN Printer (Option use the entry controls to highlight HP LaserJet

lF7

only): press [HARDCOPY)

S@X%ct

Copy Port ,

PCL5/6 PCL5

LAN,

and press S&,o~t . If the printer IP address at the top of the screen is incorrect, press

NOTE

When

S+l+clt &yy

of the display screen show the current settings for your convenience.

X,AN PWrtsr IP addr

Port is selected, the first two lines in the box that appears at the top

to enter the correct IP address.

NOTE

Use a information.

1-16

PCL5

printer for fastest hardcopies. See “Configure the Hardcopy Port” in Chapter 4 for more

Installing the Analyzer In a Rack

Installing the Analyzer

Step 4. Configure the Analyzer

CAUTION

Use only the recommended rack mount kit (Option

1CM

when ordered with the analyzer or HP part number 08712-60036 when ordered separately) with this instrument; it needs side support rails. Do not attempt to mount it by the front panel (handles) only. This rack mount kit allows you to mount the analyzer with or without handles.

lb install the network analyzer in an HP

85043D

rack, follow the instructions

in the rack manual. lb install the network analyzer in other racks, note that they may promote

shock hazards, overheating, dust contamination, and inferior system performance. Consult your HP customer engineer about installation, warranty, and support details.

When installing the product in a cabinet, the convection into and out of

the instrument must not be restricted. The ambient temperature (outside the cabinet) must be less than the maximum operating temperature of the instrument by 4 OC for every 100 watts dissipated in the cabinet. If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800 watts, then forced convection must be used.

Place other system instruments (computer, printer, plotter) where convenient, within the HP-IB cable length limits (see

‘Ihble

l-l) or other interface cabling

limits.

1-17

Preventive Maintenance

Preventive maintenance consists of two tasks. It should be performed at least every six months-more often if the instrument is used daily on a production line or in a harsh environment.

Clean the CRT

Check the RF Front Panel Connectors

Use a soft cloth and, if necessary, a mild cleaning solution.

Visually inspect the front panel connectors. The most important connectors are those to which the DUT is connected, typically the RF cable end or the RF IN connector. All connectors should be clean and the center pins centered. The

tigers

of female connectors should be unbroken and uniform in appearance. If you are unsure whether the connectors are good, gauge the RF IN and RF OUT connectors to

W4 b-c

Figure 1-6. Maximum and Minimum Protrusion of Center Conductor From Mating Plane

confirm

that their dimensions are correct.

Mating plane Max = 0.207 in.

Min =

0.204

in.

l-18

Getting Started

The HP

8712C

and HP

8714C

are easy-to-use, fully integrated RF component test systems. Each instrument includes a synthesized source, a wide dynamic range receiver and a built-in test set. Controls are grouped by functional block, and settings are displayed on the instrument CRT. This section familiarizes new users with the layout of the front panel and the process of entering measurement parameters into the analyzer.

2-2

Dob48b

Figure 2-1. Network Analyzer Front Panel Features

Front Panel

The CRT Display The analyzer’s large

(m]

lbur

programming coda, softkay menus and measurement parameters quickly and clearly. Refer to

“Display’ in Chapter 8 for more information. The

(w)

selection of basic measurement parameters for a user-specified class of devices amplifiers, or Filter as Your device type puts the analyrer into narrowband detection mode, measurement dynamic range. In comparison, selecting Mixer as Your device type puts the analyzer into broadband detection mode, enabling frequency translation measurements. This capability allows new users to start making measurements with as few as four keystrokes.

key simpliiias measurement setups. The begin key allows quick and easy

mixarsl.

CRT

displays data, markers, limit lines, Instrument BASIC

For example, when making a transmission measurement, selecting

IIBASICI

[e.g.,

filters,

maximizin!

MEAS

SOURCE

CONFIGURE The configure keys control receiver and display parameters. These parameters include

B SYSTEM The system keys control system level functions. These include instrument preset, save/recall,

The Numeric Keypad Use the number keys to enter a specific numeric value for a chosen parameter. Use the

~I(JJARDKEYS)

Softkep;e

The measure keys select the measurements for each channel. The analyzer’s measurement capabilities include transmission, reflection, power, conversion loss, and AM delay

IDA and

The source keys select the desired source output signal to the device under test, for example, selecting source frequency range or output power. The source keys also control sweep time, number of points, and sweep triggering.

receiver bandwidth and averaging, display scaling and format, marker functions, and instrument calibration.

and hardcopy output. keys.

[ENTER)

You can also use the front panel knob for making continuous adjustments to parameter values, while the m and 0 keys allow You to change values in steps.

Hardkays are front panel keys physically located on the instrument front panel. In text,

these keys will be represented by the key name with a box around it such as:

Softkeys are keys whose labels are determined by the analyzer’s firmware. The labels are

displayed on the screen next to the 8 blank keys next to the display screen on the analyzer. In text, these keys will be represented by the key name with shading behind it such es:

Snsep

IDB onlyl.

HP-18

parameters end

key or the softkays to terminate the numeric entry with the appropriate units.

L-j.

IBASIC

are also controlled with these system

Tim.

IOptions

2-3

Entering Measurement Parameters

This section describes how to input measurement parameter information into

the network analyzer.

NOTE

When entering parameters, you can use the numeric key pad, as described in each example, or you

can use the m

NOTE

(IJ

keys or the front panel knob to enter data.

When you are instructed to enter numeric values in this manual, it often can get cluttered and confusing to depict each key stroke. So in this manual, numbers are depicted inside one keycap. For example, if you are instructed to enter the number -42.5, it will be depicted inside one keycap like this: pressed in succession: a @ @ fJ

(--42.5).

To enter this number, the following

(no

matter how many characters)

keys

need to

You can follow along with these examples by connecting the filter and cable that were supplied with your instrument as shown in Figure 2-2.

2-4

Getting Started

Entering Measurement Parameters

NETWORK

Figure 2-2. Connect the Filter to the Analyzer

ANALYZER

2-5

Getting Started

Entering Measurement Parameters

Presetting the Analyzer Press the

it reverts to a known operating condition. When this key is pressed, the following major default conditions apply:

(FEEEQ

key. When the analyzer is preset with the

Frequency Frequency range* 0.3 to 3000 MHz Power level3 0 Measurement Channel 1

measurement Measurement Channel 2

measurement Format Number of points Sweep time Scale Reference 0 System Bandwidth

1 HP 2 HP

3 Preset power level can be set to other then 0

rangel

87121:

only

8714C

only

Source Power Level,’ later in this chapter for more information.

0.3 to 1300 MHz

dBm

Transmission

Off

leg

Magnitude

201

Auto

10 dB/div

Medium Wide

dBm

if desired. See ‘Entering

@SiZi]

key,

NOTE

The measurement parameters that you enter will be retained in the analyzer’s memory when the

power is turned off, and will be restored when the power is turned back on.

Equipment List

‘Ib

perform the operator’s check you will need the following:

A known good cable such as the one that was supplied with your analyzer. The cable you use should have and 50.75 dB of insertion loss from 1.3 to 3.0

A known good load (> 40 dB return loss) that matches the test port impedance of your analyzer such as one from calibration kit HP

85032BE

(50 Q) or HP

SO.5 dB

85036B/E

of insertion loss up to 1.3

GHz.

(75 0).

GHz

2-14

Getting Started

Performing the Operator’s Check

Make a Transmission Measurement

1. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-6. Use a known good cable such as the one that was supplied with your analyzer.

NETWORK ANALYZER

RF OUT

paSl,b

2.6. Equipment Setup for Transmission Measurement

Figure

Press

3. Press

4. Verify that the data trace falls within

(j-1

m(TiJ

typical result.

[ZKF) .i Eiter

@iYET].

3~0.5 dB

of 0

RF IN

dB.

See Figure 2-7 for a

2-15

Getting Started

Performing the Operator’s Check

h: Transmission b2: Off

0.5

Start 0.300 MHz

Figure 2-7. Verify Transmission Measurement

Log Mag

0.i dB/ Aef

stop 3 000.0~

0.00

00 MH

po653b-c

NOTE

The quality of the cable will affect this measurement; make sure you use a cable with the

characteristics described in “Equipment List.”

2-16

Make a Reflection Measurement

Leave the cable connected to the analyzer.

Press

@EXi1)

Reflection

(?Ei@ Ilo]

Enter .

Getting Started

Performing the Operator’s Check

Verify that the data trace falls completely below -16

3. a typical result.

Fl:

Dz:

Reflection Off

Log Mag

Results

must fall

below

this line

-16

Chl

-30

-40

Abs

Start 0.300 MHz

Figure 2-8. Verify Reflection Measurement

dB.

See Figure 2-8 for

10.0

dB/

Ref 0.00

Stop 3 000.000 MHz

po654bhc

4. Disconnect the cable and connect a known good load to the RF OUT port as shown in Figure 2-9.

2-17

Getting Started

Performing the Operator’s Check

NETWORK ANALYZER

LOAD

Figure 2-9. Connect the load

5. Verify that the data trace falls below -30 screen, press

[EiKF]

R~~Yxw~

L%xr&

moves up onto the screen.

2-18

dB.

If the data trace is off the

and the

(IJ

key until the trace

Getting Started

If the Analyzer F’ails the Operator’s Check

First, repeat the operator’s check using a different cable and load to eliminate these as a possible cause of failure.

If your analyzer does not meet the criteria in the operator’s check, your analyzer may need adjustment or servicing. Have a qualified service technician check the instrument or contact any Hewlett-Packard Sales or

Service Office for assistance. Refer to %ble

office.

10-l

in Chapter 10 for the nearest

2-19

Making Measurements

This chapter provides an overview of basic network analyzer measurement theory, a section explaining the typical measurement sequence, a segment describing the use of the measurements:

Measuring Transmission Response

Measuring Reflection Response

Making a Power Measurement using Broadband Detection

Measuring Conversion Loss

Measuring AM Delay (Option

Making Measurements with the Auxiliary Input

Measuring Group Delay

Measuring Impedance Using the Smith Chart

Measuring Impedance Magnitude

[BEGIN]

key, and detailed examples of the following

1DA

1DB)

3-2

Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer

This section provides a basic overview of how the network analyzer measures

devices. The analyzer has an RF signal source that produces an incident

signal that is used as a stimulus to the device under test. Your device responds by reflecting a portion of the incident signal and transmitting (or perhaps altering and transmitting) the remaining signal. Figure 3-l shows how a device under test (DUT) responds to an RF source stimulus.

Source

INCIDENT

TRANSMITTED

Figure 3.1. DUT Response to an RF Signal

3-3

Making Measurements

Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer

Refer to Figure 3-2 for the following discussion regarding detection schemes and modes. The transmitted signal (routed to input B) and the reflected signal (input A) are measured by comparison to the incident signal. The network analyzer couples off a

small

portion of the incident signal to use as a reference signal (routed to input R). The network analyzer sweeps the source frequencies, resulting in a measured and displayed response of your test device. Figure 3-2 shows the transmitted, reflected, and reference signal inputs.

3-4

R-

A------

Making Measurements

Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer

Figure 3-2. Simplified Block Diagram

i on

pp615c

Making Measurements

Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer

Refer to Figure 3-3 for the following discussion. The network analyzer receiver has two signal detection modes:

broadband detection mode

narrowband detection mode

There are two internal broadband detector inputs: B* and

R*.

External broadband detectors can also be used when connected to the X and Y ports on the rear panel of the analyzer. When the network analyzer is in the broadband detection mode, it measures the total power of all signals present at these measurement ports, independent of signal frequency. This enables the characterization of frequency translation devices such as mixers, receivers, and tuners, where the RF input and output frequencies are not the same. Figure 3-3 labels the transmitted signal for broadband detection input as

B*,

and the reference signal as R*.

When the network analyzer is in the narrowband detection mode, the

receiver is tuned to the source frequency. This technique provides greater dynamic range by decreasing the receiver’s bandwidth. Figure 3-3 shows the transmitted signal for narrowband detection input as B, and the reference signal as R.

3-6

REAR PANEL

External Detectors

AUX Input

Y-‘

Input A

Reflected;

Making Measurements

Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer

SOUrCe

FRONT PANEL

Reflection

Figure 3-3. Block Diagram

ion

3-7

Making Measurements

Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer

The following table shows the correlation between different types of measurements, input channels and signals.

Measurement

Transmission Reflection Power Conversion loss

Detection Mode

Narrowband Narrowband

Broadband Broadband

Input Channels

B/R WR

8’

B”/R”

Input Signals

transmitted/incident reflected/incident transmitted

transmitted/incident

3-8

When to Attenuation

Us8

Making Measurements

Measuring

D8ViC8S

with Your Network Analyzer

When to Use Attenuation and Amplification in a Measurement Setup

For accurate measurements, use external attenuation to limit the power at the RF IN port to + 10 (for broadband measurements).

dBm

(for narrowband measurements) or + 16

dBm

CAUTION

When to Use Amplification

Always

device’s output power exceeds the receiver damage limit of +23

f25

use attenuation on the TRANSMISSION RF IN port if your test

dBm

Vdc.

Use attenuation on the RF IN port to reduce mismatch errors. See

“Reducing Mismatch Errors” in Chapter 5 for more information.

In an AM delay measurement (Options directly the - 10

before

the DUT if the device’s input power must be less than

dBm

minimum

specihed

1DA

and

1DB

only), use attenuation

detector level. (If you reduce the input power to the DUT by lowering the analyzer’s source power, the reference detector, X, will be below its specified range.)

Use attenuation directly after the DUT if the device’s output power is greater than the + 13

For accurate measurements, ampltication may be needed on the analyzer’s

dBm

maximum

speciiied

detector level.

RF OUT port. Use amplification when your test device requires input power that exceeds the analyzer’s maximum specified output power.

The maximum specified output power is highly dependent upon the model and option configuration of your analyzer as well as the frequency range of your test setup. It ranges from +4 to + 16

dBm.

See “Source Specifications” in Chapter 10 to determine the maximum spectied output power of your analyzer.

In an AM delay measurement (Options

amplification

directly before the DUT if the device’s input power must be

1DA

and

1DB

only), use

greater than the maximum power available at the power splitter output. Use

ampliiication

than the -10

directly after the DUT it the device’s output power is less

dBm

minimum

speciiied

level needed by the test detector

(Y).

3-9

Making Measurements

Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer

When to Change the System Impedance

Analyzers with a system characteristic impedance of 50 or 75 ohms, may be switched to the alternate impedance. If using minimum loss pads for impedance conversions, the alternate impedance should be selected so that the measurement results are displayed relative to the conversion impedance.

For example, if you have a 50 ohm instrument and are making 75 ohm measurements, you may be using a 50 to 75 ohm minimum loss pad. Measurement results can be reported relative to 75 ohms, not 50 ohms, if the alternate system impedance is selected. This may include marker readouts, Smith chart results, or SRL impedance computations (Option 100).

change the system impedance, press the following keys on the analyzer:

(CAL)

The built-in cal kit selections will be converted to the selected system impedance.

3-10

Making Measurements

Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer

The Typical Measurement Sequence

A typical measurement consists of performing four major steps:

Step 1. Enter the Measurement Parameters

Step 2. Calibrate the Analyzer

Step 3. Connect the Equipment

Step 4. View and Interpret the Measurement

The easiest way to set up the analyzer’s parameters for a simple measurement is to use the (BEGIN) key. (See “Using the BEGIN Key to Make Measurements,” next, in this chapter.)

For some measurements you may wish to enter your own specific measurement parameters. Use the instrument’s keys to input your parameters.

This step may be omitted under certain conditions. Your analyzer can provide highly accurate measurements without performing any additional user-calibrations if certain conditions are met. Chapter 6 explains when additional calibration is necessary.

Connect the DUT and any other required test equipment. See the measurement examples later in this chapter for typical equipment setup conhgurations.

Use the (SCALE), [DISPLAY), and

[FORMAT)

functions to optimize viewing of the

measurement results. Markers, limit lines, and hard copies of the display are common means of

interpreting measurement results. See Chapter 4 for detailed information on using instrument functions to view

and interpret your measurements.

3-11

Using the BEGIN Key to Make Measurements

BEGIN

NETWORK ANALYZER

W~lOb

Figure 3-4. The

The

@EEi@

the

@Zi?ZF] 0 ampliGers 0

filters

broadband passive devices

mixers

cables (Option 100 only)

Conf@uring

correct instrument set up. The analyzer guides you through the initial steps and

conf@res

3-12

key allows you to quickly and easily configure the analyzer (from

condition) to measure the following devices:

basic measurements from the

itself for the device type you select.

(EiZiK) Key

(El

key helps you ensure

Making Measurements

Using the BEGIN Kay to Make Measurements

(BEGIN) Key Overview

The

@E%i]

types of devices. The (BEGIN) key has two different behaviors, depending on whether you are

selecting a new device type, or a new meusurement type.

key sets up a generic instrument state for the testing of various

Selecting a New Device

Selecting a New Measurement

When you use the

[WI

key to select a new device type and measurement,

the analyzer does the following:

presets the analyzer (except for external reference parameters, and trigger

mode)

takes a sweep

l autos&es the measurement

places a marker on the maximum or minimum point (depending on the

type of measurement)

makes the marker active

displays the AM delay connection diagram (when AM delay measurement is chosen; Option

modifles

See

the sweep time (Option 100 only)

Table

3-l for a table of parameters for each measurement type.

Once you have selected your device, you can use the

1DA

1DB

only)

softkeys

to select the measurement you wish to make. When you select a new measurement, a preset is not done. It is assumed that you are simply changing measurement types and that you may have changed some of the analyzer’s parameters (such as frequency, power, etc.) for your DUT, and that you would not want these parameters changed for subsequent measurements.

3-13

Making Measurements

Using the BEGIN Key to Make Measurements

NOTE

If the new measurement selected is a broadband measurement such as power, conversion loss, or AM

delay, the start frequency is limited to at least 10 MHz. Therefore, if your customized setup contains

a start frequency below 10 MHz and you choose power, conversion loss, or AM delay, the start

frequency will be changed to 10 MHz. The stop frequency will remain unchanged, unless it was sat to

below 10 MHz.

The (BEGIN) Kay and Measurement Channels

The (BEGIN) key is designed to work when measurement channel 1 is active.

However, it does change the measurement mode of measurement channel 2

as well.

If measurement channel 2 is active when the

[BEGIN)

key is used to select a

new device type, measurement channel 2 is turned off, and measurement channel 1 is made active.

If measurement channel 2 is active when the

(EiZi@

key is used to select a

new measurement type, measurement channel 2 will be left on and active. However, the analyzer then proceeds to setup channel 1 for the requested

measurement type, even though channel 2 is the active channel.

3-14

Making Measurements

Using the BEGIN Key to Make Measurements

Using the (k%) Key To Configure Measurements

This procedure shows you how to configure the network analyzer for measurements.

Press

(j-1.

predehned parameters.

Press

(jBEGlNJ

will be measuring (amplifier, cable).

Connect your test device to the network analyzer.

Presetting the instruments puts it into a known state with

and then use a

softkey

to select the type of device that you

hlter,

broadband passive device, mixer, or

Use the

l Press

softkeys

T~xn~r&%sn

to select the type of measurement you want to make:

if you want to measure the transmission

characteristics of an

Press

Rsflectian

if you want to measure the reflection characteristics

amplifier,

filter, or broadband passive device.

of your device.

Press

PQWW

if you want to measure the RF power of a device. (The

Power

selection is under the

l Press

Canvsrsian Lass

a device. (The

I$M

Delay (Option

Conversion

delay of a device. (The AM Delay selection is under the

Press

SRf,

(Option 100 only) if you want to measure the structural

return loss of a cable. (The SRL selection is under the

l Press Fault Location (Option 100 only) if you want to measure the

&Gif%&r

menu.)

if you want to measure the conversion loss of

Loss selection is under the

1DA

1DB

only) if you want to measure the

Mfi&

Mix~

Cablo

menu.)

cable fault location. (The Fault Location selection is under the menu.

)

menu.)

CabXs

3-15

Making Measurements

Using the BEGIN Kay to Make Measurements

Depending on your selection, the analyzer is set to one of the following configurations. (The SRL and Fault Location

confIgurations

are discussed in

the Option 100 User’s Guide Supplement.)

Table 3-1. Measurement Configurations from the

Transmission

Frequrncy

Frequency

Powor Levrl

Measurement Channel 1

Maasurmaont Channel

Format Number of Points Swoop Time Mode Sweep Triggering

Dotaction Mode

Measurement Paths

Avoraaina

System Bandwidth

1 Options

2 HP 3 HP

4 Preset power level is user-defined by using the 5 Maximum power is dependent upon the option configuration of your analyzer. See Chapter 10 to determine the maximum specified power for your analyzer.

Rango 0.300 Rango’

1OA

and

871X 8714C

MHz-1300

0.300

MHz-3000

preset power

Transmission

Log Mag

Continuous

Narrowbend

Medium Wide

10B

only

MHz 0.300

level4

off

201 201

Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto

B/R

Off

Prmt

Pwr Level

Reflection

MHz-1300 MHz-3000

preset power

Reflection Power Conversion

Continuous

Narrowbend

Medium Wide

softkqc

MHz 10 MHz 10

level4

preset power level4

Broadband Internal

Off

I I

The factory default is 0

MHz-1300 MHz-3000

Medium Wide Medium Wide Narrow

Power

Off

log Mag

201

Continuous

Off

darn.

@iZiQ

Kay

Conversion Loss

MHj

MHz-1300

MHI

MHz-3000

oreset

Dower

MHz

10 MHz 10

level4 maximum loss

off

h Mag

Continuous

Broadband Internal Broadband External

AM Delay’

MHz-1300

MHz-3000

soeciiied5

AM Delay

N/A

MHz MHz

3-16

Making Measurements

Using the BEGIN Key to Make Measurements

The User BEGIN Function (Option lC2 only)

The

User

BEGIN softkey gives you the capability to

menu and

install

user-defined macro functions. The

available if your analyzer has

define macros such as:

Softkeys

to implement

fast

save/recall

to implement most used functions or features

to implement often-used features that involve a number of steps

BASIC

(Option

lC2)

redefine

the

USW REGIN

installed. Use this key to

C-1

key

key is only

Macros must be program is currently installed (either by AUTOST or

deiined

within an

IBASIC

program. If no

VWW

BEGIN

RwxXI, Program)

the

analyzer will automatically create a default program.

USB~

BEGIN

oft

OFF selects the

[BEGIN]

key menu to

%ser”

mode when

ON, and to normal operation when OFF. Once you have changed the

be displayed for subsequent key presses of the true if your

User BEGJN

BASIC

program has changed. If the program has changed, the

mode is reset to OFF.)

U%W RRGI#

mode to ON, the same menu will

(-1

hardkey.

(This is not

Use of the User BEGIN function does not restrict access to any normally available instrument feature such as marker functions, etc., nor does this key affect sweep update rates.

Refer to example programs provided on the

IBASIC

programs disk for

implementation requirements. Keystroke recording may be used to modify or update

UWW REGIN

programs.

See Chapter 7, “Automating Measurements,” for more information.

3-17

Measuring Transmission Response

This section uses an example measurement to describe how to calibrate for and make a basic transmission response measurement. In this example, a

bandpass

used.

Enter the Measurement Parameters

Press includes measuring transmission on measurement channel 1.

c-1

titer

like the one that was supplied with your network analyzer is

on the analyzer to set the analyzer to the default mode which

NOTE

This example measurement uses the default instrument parameters far a transmission measurement. If your particular transmission measurement requires specific parameters (such as frequency range, source power level, number of data points, and

sweeptime)

enter them now

3-18

Making Measurements

Measuring Transmission Response

Calibrate For a Transmission Response Measurement

Your analyzer can provide highly accurate measurements without performing

any additional user-calibrations if certain conditions are met. This example describes how to perform an enhanced transmission response calibration. When you perform an enhanced transmission response calibration, the

analyzer performs correction at the selected number of data points across the selected frequency band. Interpolation recalculates the error correction

array for reduced frequency spans. If the frequency span is increased the calibration is invalidated, and the default response calibration is automatically restored.

Chapter 6 provides detail about when additional calibration is necessary, and information about other calibrations available for transmission measurements. If you wish to calibrate your instrument for a transmission response measurement, perform the following steps:

Press

@ l&hated

Rasponso .

2. The instrument prompts you to connect four standards-open, short, load, and through cable-as shown below.

NETWORK ANALYZER

RF OUT

.-.--.---------i---------------,

OPEN

Open, Short, load Connections

3. Press

SHORT

pbsata~~~ Standard

LOAD

after connecting each standard.

NETWORK ANALYZER

RF OUT

po611b

Through

Cable,Connection

RF IN

3-19

Making Measurements

Measuring Transmission Response

4. The analyzer will measure each standard and then calculate the new calibration coefficients. The message “Calibration complete. ’ will appear for a few seconds when the analyzer is done calculating the new error correction array.

5. The calibration may be saved in memory or on a disk for later use if you wish. However, the current calibration for each measurement channel is always saved in nonvolatile (battery-backed) memory and will be used the next time the analyzer is preset (see note below) or turned on. See Chapter 6 for information on saving calibrations to the analyzer’s internal

memory, the analyzer’s random access memory (RAM), or to a floppy disk.

NOTE

Changing sweep frequencies land other source parameters) may affect your calibration. See Chapter 6,

“Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy,” for more information.

3-20

Connect the DUT

NETWORK ANALYZER

Making Measurements

Measuring Transmission Response

TEST

Figure 3-5. Equipment Setup For e Transmission Response Measurement

3-21

Making Measurements

Measuring Transmission Response

View and Interpret the Transmission Measurement Results

1. RI view the entire measurement trace on the display, press

@Xii--

2. ‘lb interpret the transmission measurement, refer to Figure 3-6 or your analyzer’s display if you are making this measurement on your

instrument.

a. The values shown on the horizontal axis are the frequencies in MHz.

Awmiw~~s .

The values shown on the vertical axis are the power ratios in decibels

(dES)

of the transmitted signal through the device divided by the incident power. ‘lb display the result in logarithmic magnitude format (designated by “Log Mag” at the top of the measurement screen), the

analyzer computes the measurement trace using the following formula:

Transmission

where where

Ptrans

Pin=

(&I)

= 10 log

the power transmitted through the device and

= the incident power.

(

znc

b. A level of 0 dB would indicate a perfect through cable or device (no

loss or gain). Values greater than 0 dB indicate that the DUT has gain. Values less than 0 dB indicate loss.

3. lb quickly determine the filter’s minimum insertion loss, press

Mwk~r

Search Max

Search Mlm -> Max.

@iEKK)

4. Note the marker readout in Figure 3-6 provides the frequency and amplitude of the minimum insertion loss point.

3-22

)I: Transmlsslon

D2:

Off

Log Mag

Making Measurements

Measuring Transmission Response

n dR/

RPf

-60 00 rlfl

-140

Abs

Start 0.300 MHz

Stop 3 000.000 MHz

Figure 3-6. Example of a Transmission Measurement Display

5. See “Using Markers” in Chapter 4 for more detailed information on using markers to interpret measurements.

NOTE

For the measurement to be valid, input signals must fall within the dynamic range of the analyzer. See Chapter 5 for techniques to increase the dynamic range of the analyzer.

3-23

Measuring Reflection Response

This section uses an example measurement to describe how to calibrate for and make a basic reflection response measurement. In this example, a

bandpass

used.

Enter the Measurement Parameters

Press the following keys on the analyzer:

pEFY] (jKiiG--

titer

like the one that was supplied with your network analyzer is

NOTE

This example measurement uses the default instrument parameters for a reflection response measurement. If your particular reflection measurement requires specific parameters (such as frequency range, source power level, number of data points, and sweep time), enter them now

3-24

Making Measurements

Measuring Reflection Response

Calibrate For a Reflection Response Measurement

Your analyzer can provide highly accurate measurements without performing any additional user-calibrations if certain conditions are met. This example describes how to perform a reflection one-port calibration. A one port calibration uses known standards to correct for directivity, source match, and frequency response errors in narrowband measurements.

To perform a reflection one-port calibration you will need one of the following calibration kits depending on the nominal impedance of your analyzer:

HP 850323 HP

85032B

HP 850363 HP

85036B

85033D

for 50 !I type-N female connector calibrations for type-N female or type-N male 50 Q connector calibrations for 75 0 type-N female connector calibrations for type-N female or type-N male 75 6) connector calibrations for 3.5 mm female or 3.5 mm male 50 tI connector

calibrations

85039B

NOTE

If you are going to be using calibration standards other than the default (female select the type of connector type by pressing

type.

for Type-F 75 61 connector calibrations

ICALl Ca3, Kf%

and then selecting the appropriate

type-N),

you must

3-25

Making Measurements

Measuring Reflection Response

Chapter 6 provides detail about when this calibration is necessary. If you wish to calibrate your instrument for a reflection one-port measurement, perform the following steps:

Press (CAL)

Dria POW

2. The instrument will prompt you to connect three standards (open, short and load) and measure them. See Figure 3-7.

NETWORK ANALYZER

LOAD

3. Press

Figure

Ffeas~~

OPEN SHORT

3.7.

Equipment Setup For a Reflection Response Calibration

Standard after connecting each standard.

4. The analyzer will measure each standard and then calculate new

calibration coefficients. The message “Calibration complete. n will appear for a few seconds when the analyzer is done calculating the new error correction array.

5. The calibration may be saved in memory for later use if you wish. See

Chapter 6 for information on saving calibrations.

3-26

Connect the DUT

Making Measurements

Measuring Reflection Response

NETWORK ANALYZER

P II

Figure 3-8. Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of a Two-Port Device

NETWORK ANALYZER

Q ’

LOAD

RF OUT

PD*1w

Figure 3-8. Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of e One-Port Device

DEVICE UNDER TEST

III

3-27

Making Measurements

Measuring Reflection Response

h:Reflectlon

D2:

off

-30

-35

Start 0.300 MHz

Log Mag

5.0

Ref -15.00 dB C

dB/

stol3

3 000.000 MHZ

Figure 3.10. Example of a Reflection Measurement Display

3. To quickly determine the

titer’s

return loss, press

[““ARKER)

and then use the front panel knob, the m a keys, or the numeric keypad to read the value of return loss at the desired frequency.

4. See “Using Markers” in Chapter 4 for detailed information on using markers to interpret measurements.

3-29

Making a Power Measurement using Broadband

Detection

Power measurements can be made using either narrowband or broadband detection. The example in this section is of a broadband power measurement,

you are only interested in the output power of your device at the

same frequency as the analyzer’s source, you can select

D#to~tion Options #mawband Internal B

for a narrowband power

measurement. A narrowband power measurement only measures the power

within the tuned receiver’s bandwidth centered at the source frequency.

When you measure a device for absolute output power, the network analyzer uses the broadband detection mode and measures the total power of

frequencies present in the transmitted signal (B*). This signal may contain frequencies other than the source frequency such as when the DUT is a

mixer.

This section uses an example measurement to describe how to normalize the

data and measure the total output power of an ampltier.

@EEi)

NOTE Broadband power measurements are only specified for measurements with a start frequency

210

MHz.

3-30

Making Measurements

Making a Power Measurement using Broadband Detection

Enter the Measurement Parameters

Press the following keys on the analyzer:

c-1 (jMEAs-

POW%@

NOTE

This example measurement uses the default instrument parameters for a power measurement. If your particular power measurement requires specific parameters (such as frequency range, source power level, number of data points, and sweep time1 enter them now

CAUTION

Damage to your analyzer will occur if the receiver input power exceeds

+23

dBm

or 25 Vdc. The analyzer’s source cannot

signilicantly

exceed this level, however if your DUT has gain, then attenuation on the RF IN port may be necessary. See “When to Use Attenuation and

Amplilication

in a

Measurement Setup” earlier in this chapter for more information.

3-31

Making Measurements

Making a Power Measurement using Broadband Detection

Connect the DUT

NETWORK ANALYZER

TEST

3-32

Figure

3-l

1. Equipment Setup For a Power Measurement

Making Measurements

Making a Power Measurement using Broadband Detection

View and Interpret the Power Measurement Results

To view the measurement trace, press

2. Figure 3-12 shows the results of an example power measurement.

3. lb interpret the power measurement, refer to Figure 3-12 or your analyzer’s display if you are making this measurement on your

instrument.

a. When making a power measurement, the display shows the output

power measured at the analyzer’s RF IN connector. This power is

absolute power, as opposed to a power ratio.

b. Note that when making a power measurement, the values associated

with the vertical axis are in units of in reference to 1

mW.

CsCALEJ M~~%cale

dBm,

which is the power measured

OdBm=

-10

dBm

= 100

+lOdBm =

1mW

1OmW

3-33

Making Measurements

Making a Power Measurement using Broadband Detection

)I:

Power

)I:

Power

D2:

Off

D2:

Off

Log MagLog Mag

0.5

dB/

Ref0.5

Ref

5.00

dBm

CAUTION

AbsAbs

Stop 1 300.000 MHz

Start 10.000 MHz

Figure

3-l

2. Example of a Power Measurement

3-l

2. Example of a Power Measurement

Stop 1 300.000 MHz

If the analyzer’s RF output power level is set to higher than the specified output power for your analyzer, the source could go unleveled. See Chapter 10 for source and receiver specifications. If your device requires input power greater than your analyzer’s specified output power, you may need to use a preamplifier in your measurement setup. However, remember to not exceed the receiver damage limit of +23

dRm.

3-34

Measuring Conversion Loss

Conversion loss is the ratio of IF output power to RF input power expressed in

dB.

This section uses an example measurement to describe how to measure

the conversion loss of a broadband mixer. When characterizing a device’s conversion loss, the analyzer uses broadband

detection to compare the transmitted signal (B*) to the reference signal (R*). This is because the input and output signals of a frequency-translating device may be different. Since broadband detection measures signals at all frequencies, you may want to use a hlter to remove unwanted signals such as LO feedthrough when performing this measurement.

For example, an RF signal at 900 MHz mixed with an LO signal at 200 MHz, results in mixing product signals at 700 MHz and 1100 MHz, as well as the original 900 MHz and 200 MHz RF and LO signals.

3-35

Making Measurements

Measuring Conversion loss

a;-

200

E,;

200

MHz

700 MHz

Bandpass Filter

700 900

MHz MHz MHz

(RF-LO) (RF) (RF+LO)

1100

po650b-c

Figure 3-13. Filtering Out the Unwanted Mixing Product

Inserting a 700 MHz bandpass filter in the measurement setup removes the unwanted signals at 200 MHz, 900 MHz and 1100 MHz, providing an accurate measurement of the desired IF signal at 700 MHz.

In the following example, the conversion loss of a mixer will be measured with RF input frequencies over a 15 MHz span centered at 900 MHz. With an LO frequency of 200 MHz, the mixer IF frequency will sweep over a 15 MHz span centered at 700 MHz.

3-36

Making Measurements

Measuring Conversion loss

Enter the Measurement Parameters

Press the following keys on the analyzer:

(PRESET)

(MEAS)

NOTE

This example measurement uses the default instrument parameters for a conversion loss measurement. If your particular conversion loss measurement requires specific parameters source power level, number of data points, and sweeptimel enter them now

isuch

as frequency range,

3-37

Making Measurements

Measuring Conversion Loss

Perform a Normalization Calibration

Normalization is the simplest type of calibration. The analyzer stores normalized data into memory and divides subsequent measurements by the stored data to remove unwanted frequency response errors. This calibration is used for this measurement to remove the insertion loss error of the IF

flter. Changing the frequency span or number of measurement points will

invalidate a normalization calibration. Perform the following steps to perform a normalization calibration:

1. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3-14, except replace the mixer with a through cable.

2. Set the following frequency parameters:

(FREQ)

This sets the analyzer frequency range to sweep over the passband of the

IF hlter

Press

(700 MHz).

(EiKEj

lkwmalize

This stores the filter response passband into memory, and sets up a normalized trace so that the filter response magnitude is removed from the

measurement.

4. Replace the through cable with the mixer as shown in Figure 3-14.

Press

IFREQl Cen%er 1900)

MHz to change the center frequency so that the

mixing product of the mixer is in the passband of the IF filter.

3-38

Connect the DUT

NETWORK ANALYZER

Making Measurements

Measuring Conversion Loss

OSCILLATOR

Figure 3-14. Equipment Setup For a Conversion Loss Measurement

3-39

Making Measurements

Measuring Conversion Loss

View and Interpret the Conversion Loss Results

If necessary to view the measurement trace, press

2. To interpret the conversion loss measurement, refer to Figure 3-15 or

your analyzer’s display if you are making this measurement on your instrument.

a. The values shown on the horizontal axis represent the source RF

output. The values shown on the vertical axis are the power ratio in

decibels

(dB)

of the transmitted signal through the device divided by the incident power. ‘lb display the result in logarithmic magnitude format (designated by Log Mag at the top of the measurement screen), the analyzer computes the measurement trace using the following formula:

Conversion Loss

where where

Ptrans

= the incident power at the RF input.

Pine

(dB)

= 10 log

the power measured at the IF output of the mixer and

(

*nc

c-1

Au7xjscale

b. A level of 0 dR would indicate a perfect device (no loss or gain). Values

greater than 0 dB indicate that the mixer has gain. Values less than

0 dR indicate mixer conversion loss.

3. If you wish, you can quickly determine the mixer’s minimum conversion loss by pressing [MARKER) Marker Ssaxxh

3-40

Nax: SCWX~ Hkx” --) Max.

Making Measurements

Measuring Conversion Loss

W.: Conv Loss

data

? D2:

off

-7.6

Center 900.000 MHz

Figure 3-15. Example of a Conversion Loss Measurement

Log Mag

I I I

0.2

dB/

Ref

-6.80 d8 I

Span 15.000 MHz

NOTE

For the measurement to be valid, input signals must fall within the dynamic range and frequency range of the analyzer. See Chapter 5 for techniques to increase the dynamic range of the analyzer.

3-41

Measuring AM Delay (Option

An AM delay measurement characterizes the group delay (or envelope delay)

of a device. lb perform this measurement you must have ordered either Option options include internal instrument hardware and firmware, two external scalar detectors and a power splitter.

Group delay flatness can be a key specification for many components and systems. Distortionless transmission of a signal requires constant amplitude

and group delay response over the frequency bandwidth. Group delay is the measurement of signal transmission time through a device. It is derivative of the phase characteristic with respect to frequency.

If the device under test is a frequency translator, the device input and output frequencies will by deiinition be different. This generally makes the measurement of the device phase response (and therefore group delay) very

difhcult.

1DA

(AM Delay, 50 ohm) or Option

1DB

IDA

1DB)

(AM Delay, 75 ohm). These

defined

as the

The AM Delay option overcomes this modulation technique to measure group delay. In this technique, a small amount of amplitude modulation is applied to the RF output of the analyzer. Scalar detectors are used to detect this modulation both before and after the device under test. The group delay can then be calculated from the phase difference between these two signals (modulation envelopes). Since

broadband detection is used, the Option

through nearly any device, including frequency translators. There are several important considerations in an AM delay

the device is a limiter or has AGC (automatic gain control), this will tend to distort or remove the amplitude modulation used for the measurement. Any

limiting or AGC in the device should be disabled before making an AM delay measurement. The broadband detection used for AM delay is susceptible to

spurious signals and noise. High-level spurious signals should be removed

with altering. The signal levels at both the reference and test detectors

should be kept as high as possible. The

both detectors in an AM delay measurement is - 10 to + 13 device input power must be outside this range, amplification or attenuation must be used directly before the device. If the device output power is outside the - 10 to + 13 after the device.

3-42

dBm

range, attenuation or amplihcation must be used directly

dilhculty

lDA/lDB

speciiied

by using an amplitude

analyzer can measure delay

measurementIf

incident power range for

dBm.

If the

Making Measurements

Measuring AM Delay (Option

1DA

or 1

DB)

Enter the Measurement Parameters

Connect the detectors and power splitter to the analyzer as shown in

Figure 3-16 and then press the following keys on the analyzer:

[W)

@EXE-)

Dolay

You may also press the following keys to access AM delay. Pressing these keys will result in a connection diagram being displayed on the screen of the analyzer.

fpizm-) @zig

MiPW

AM Dolay

NOTE

This example measurement uses the default instrument parameters for an AM delay measurement. If your particular AM delay measurement requires specific parameters power level, number of data points, and sweeptimel enter them now

[such

as frequency range, source

3-43

Making Measurements

Measuring AM Delay (Option 1 DA or

1DBI

Calibrate For an AM Delay Measurement

1. Connect the equipment as shown:

NETWORK

ANALYZER

Press

Figure

Response

3-l

6. Equipment Setup For an AM Delay Response Calibration

Maamm

Standard .

3-44

Connect the DUT

Making Measurements

Measuring AM Delay (Option

1DA

1DBl

Figure

3.17.

Equipment Setup For an AM Delay Measurement

3-45

Making Measurements

Measuring AM Delay (Option

1DA

1DBI

View and Interpret the AM Delay Results

This example is an AM delay measurement of a frequency converter.

1. To

view the measurement trace, press

2. lb interpret the AM delay measurement, refer to Figure 3-18.

a. Note that the vertical axis is displaying time rather than power as

in previous example measurements. The AM delay measurement measures the time required for power to travel through the DUT at various frequencies. The measurement trace will be noisier as the power level is attenuated by the DUT.

b. Since delay is proportional to the derivative of phase, flat (constant)

delay indicates linear phase. Delay measurements are typically performed to measure the deviation from linear phase. Deviation from linear phase (flat delay) would indicate that the DUT is distorting the signal.

@?XZj An%orrcale

3-46

)I:

AM Delay

D2:

off

55.6

Measuring AM Delay (Option

kHz

ns/

Fief

Making Measurements

1DA

or 1

DBI

1.46

/JS

1.381.38

AbsAbs

Center 233.800 MHz Span 8.000 MHz

Figure 3-16. Example of an AM Delay Measurement

3. Use the marker flatness function to determine the maximum deviation. See Chapter 4 for how to use the marker functions.

3-47

Agilent 8712C User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

How to Use This Guide

Installing the Analyzer

Installing the Analyzer

Step 1. Check the Shipment

Step 3. Check the Analyzer Operation

Step 4. Configure the Analyzer

Connecting Peripherals and Controllers

Installing the Analyzer In a Rack

Preventive Maintenance

Getting Started

Getting Started

Entering Measurement Parameters

Equipment List

Making Measurements

Making Measurements

Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer

Figure 3-2. Simplified Block Diagram

When to Use Attenuation and Amplification in a Measurement Setup

When to Change the System Impedance

The Typical Measurement Sequence

Using the BEGIN Key to Make Measurements

Measuring Transmission Response

Enter the Measurement Parameters

Calibrate For a Transmission Response Measurement

Connect the DUT

View and Interpret the Transmission Measurement Results

Measuring Reflection Response

Enter the Measurement Parameters

Calibrate For a Reflection Response Measurement

Connect the DUT

Connect the DUT

View and Interpret the Power Measurement Results

Measuring Conversion Loss

Enter the Measurement Parameters

Perform a Normalization Calibration

Connect the DUT

View and Interpret the Conversion Loss Results

Enter the Measurement Parameters

Calibrate For an AM Delay Measurement

Connect the DUT

View and Interpret the AM Delay Results