Agilent 8703B Reference

Agilent 8703B Lightwave Component Analyzer Reference

Notices

proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from Agilent Technologies, Inc. as governed by United States and international copyright lays.

Manual Part Number

08703-90059

Edition

First edition, July 2004 Printed in Malaysia

Agilent Technologies, Inc. Digital Signal Analysis 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway Santa Rosa, CA 95403, USA

Warranty

The material contained in this document is provided “as is,” and is subject to being changed, without notice, in future editions. Further, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Agilent disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, with regard to this manual and any information contained herein, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Agilent shall not be liable for errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, use, or performance of this document or of any information contained herein. Should Agilent and the user have a separate written agreement with warranty terms covering the material in this document that conflict with these terms, the warranty terms in the separate agreement shall control.

WARNING

Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

Restricted Rights Legend.

Use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 for DOD agencies, and subparagraphs (c) (1) and (c) (2) of the Commercial Computer Software Restricted Rights clause at FAR 52.227-19 for other agencies.

Safety Notices

CAUTION

Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or destruction of the product. Do not

Certification

Agilent Technologies certifies that this product met its published specifications at the time of shipment from the factory. Agilent Technologies further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute's calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.

General Safety Considerations

This product has been designed and tested in accordance with the standards listed on the Manufacturer’s Declaration of Conformity, and has been supplied in a safe condition. The documentation contains information and warnings that must be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the product in a safe condition.

WARNING If this product is not used as specified, the protection provided by the equipment could be

impaired. This product must be used in a normal condition (in which all means for protection are intact) only.

WARNING No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualified personnel. To prevent electrical

shock, do not remove covers.

Safety and Regulatory Information

For safety and regulatory information, see “Laser Safety Considerations” on page 1-15 and “Regulatory Information” on page 1-18

Safety and Regulatory Information

Contents

1. Specifications and Regulatory Information

Specifications and Characteristics 1-2 Laser Safety Considerations 1-15 Declaration of Conformity 1-17 Regulatory Information 1-18

2. Front/Rear Panel

Front Panel Features 2-2 Analyzer Display 2-4 Rear Panel Features and Connectors 2-8

3. Menu Maps

Menu Maps 3-2

4. Hardkey and Softkey Reference

5. Operating Concepts

Operating Concepts 5-2 Lightwave Component Analyzer Operation 5-2 Output Power 5-4 Sweep Time 5-5 Channel Stimulus Coupling 5-6 Sweep Types 5-6 S-Parameters 5-11 Analyzer Display Formats 5-13 Electrical Delay 5-23 Noise Reduction Techniques 5-24 Measurement Calibration 5-27 Calibration Routines 5-42 Optical Calibration Kit Modifications 5-42 Electrical Calibration Kit Modifications 5-43 GPIB Operation 5-44 Limit Line Operation 5-47

6. Error Messages

Introduction 6-2 Error Messages in Alphabetical Order 6-2 Error Messages in Numerical Order 6-14

7. Options and Accessories

Options Available 7-2 Accessories Available 7-2

8. Preset State and Memory Allocation

Introduction 8-2 Preset State 8-2

Contents-1

Contents

Memory Allocation 8-11

9. Understanding the CITIfile Data Format

Introduction 9-2 The CITIfile Data Format 9-2 CITIfile Keywords 9-6 Useful Calculations 9-8

10. Returning the Agilent 8703B for Service

Returning the Instrument for Service 10-2 Agilent Technologies Service Offices 10-4

Contents-2

Specifications and Characteristics 1-2

8703B Performance Data 1-3 Optical-to-Optical Device Measurement Specifications 1-4 Optical-to-Electrical Device Measurement Specifications 1-4 Electrical-to-Optical Device Measurement Specifications 1-8

General Information 1-11 Laser Safety Considerations 1-15 Declaration of Conformity 1-17 Regulatory Information 1-18

Specifications and Regulatory Information

Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics

Specifications and Characteristics

Specifications apply to instruments in the following situation:

• temperature is in the range of +20°C to +30°C

• analyzer has had a warm-up time of two hours in a stable ambient temperature

• measurement calibration has been performed

Performance Definitions

Specifications: Warranted performance. Specifications include guardbands to account for the expected statistical performance distribution, measurement uncertainties, and changes in performance due to environmental conditions.

Characteristics: Useful, non warranted, information about the functions and performance of the system.

Calibration Cycle

Agilent Technologies warrants instrument specifications over the recommended calibration interval. To maintain specifications, periodic recalibrations are necessary. We recommend that the analyzer be calibrated at an Agilent Technologies service facility every 12 months.

User Calibration Cycle

A user calibration, also known as a measurement calibration, should be performed at least once every 8 hours. If the ambient temperature drifts, then you should perform a calibration more frequently.

1-2

Specifications and Regulatory Information

Specifications and Characteristics

8703B Performance Data

Description Specification Characteristic

Lightwave Source

Wavelength

Option 155 Option 131

Average Optical Output Power from Laser

Laser Beam Divergence 12%

Spectral Width

Modulation Bandwidth

Modulation Frequency Resolution

Maximum Optical Power Input to Modulator 10 dBm (10 mW)

Insertion Loss of Modulator 9 dB

Average Optical Output Power from Modulator –4 dBm (400

Modulated Signal Output Power from Modulator (p-p) –7 dBm (200 mW)

Modulation Index

Optical Output Return Loss (for all front panel optical ports)

Lightwave Receiver

Wavelength

Input Modulation Bandwidth

Maximum Average Input Power Operating Level

Input Port Return Loss

Microwave Source

Frequency Bandwidth 0.05 to 20.05 GHz

Frequency Resolution 1 Hz

Output Power Range –65 to +5 dBm

Microwave Receiver

Frequency Bandwidth 0.05 to 20.05 GHz

Maximum Input Power Operating Level +10 dBm

1555 nm, ±5 nm

1308 nm, ±9.5 nm

+5 dBm

< 20 MHz

0.05 to 20.05 GHz

1 Hz

40% to 100%

> 30dB

1000-1600 nm

0.05 to 20.05 GHz

+3 dBm

>30 dB

µW)

a. Modulation index is calculated as: maximum signal power/average power.

Measurement Conditions

The specifications in the following section apply for measurements made using these conditions:

• 30 Hz IF Bandwidth

• Stepped Sweep Mode

•Autobias ON

• 0.5% Smoothing

1-3

Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics

Optical-to-Optical Device Measurement Specifications

The following data applies after a response and isolation calibration has been performed. Connectors should be HMS-10 or equivalent.

O/O Noise Floor

Optical-to-Optical Measurement Performance Data

Description Frequency Range Noise Floor (dBo)

Maximum Noise Floor Amplitude

a. Noise Floor is measured with 30 Hz IF bandwidth and with an averaging factor of 6.

0.05 to 8 GHz –30

8 to 20 GHz –25

Optical-to-Electrical Device Measurement Specifications

Relative frequency response can be used to calculate the error in measuring the 3 dB bandwidth of an O/E device.

Relative Frequency Response Performance Data

Optical-to-Electrical Measurement Performance Data

Description Frequency Range

System Relative Frequency Response Accuracy 0.05 to 11 GHz ±0.65 dB

11 to 20.05 ±0.90 dB

a. Applies to a device with ρ = <0.25 and measurement settings of IF bandwidth = 30 Hz and smoothing = 0.5%.

Specification

1-4

Specifications and Regulatory Information

Specifications and Characteristics

Figure 1-1. O/E Port 1 Characteristic Relative Frequency Response Error

Figure 1-2. O/E Port 1 Characteristic Peak-to-Peak Repeatability

The above graph shows the worst case deviation across a 20 GHz span between any 2 units in a sample set of 12.

1-5

Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics

Figure 1-3. O/E Port 2 Characteristic Relative Frequency Response Error

Figure 1-4. O/E Port 2 Characteristic Peak-to-Peak Repeatability

The above graph shows the worst case deviation across a 20 GHz span between any 2 units in a sample set of 12.

1-6

Specifications and Regulatory Information

Specifications and Characteristics

O/E Frequency Response Error for Different Reflection Coefficients

A significant error term in this measurement is the electrical port match of the device under test (DUT). The following table lists the measurement uncertainty as a function of DUT electrical reflection coefficient. On PORT 1 measurements, you can perform response and match calibration to achieve values comparable to measurements of devices with

ρ = < 0.25, as shown in “Relative Frequency Response Performance Data” on

page 1-4.

Optical-to-Electrical Relative Frequency Response Versus ρ

Frequency Range r < 0.5 Specification ρ < 1.0 Specification

0.05 to 11 GHz ± 1.25 ± 2.35

11 to 20.05 GHz ± 1.70 ± 3.5

System Dynamic Range Characteristics and Responsivity Measurement Range

The following table shows the maximum and minimum values of the O/E device under test (DUT) frequency response.

Optical-to-Electrical Measurement Performance Data

Description Frequency Range Characteristic

System Dynamic Range 0.05 to 0.84 GHz 77 dB

0.84 to 20.05 GHz 100 dB

Responsivity Measurement Range

0.05 to 0.84 GHz Maximum Value

+43 dBe (A/W)

Minimum Value

–34 dBe (A/W)

0.84 to 20.05 GHz Maximum Value

+43 dBe (A/W)

Minimum Value

–57 dBe (A/W)

a. Pertains to a 10 Hz IF bandwidth.

1-7

Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics

Electrical-to-Optical Device Measurement Specifications

Relative frequency response can be used to calculate the error in measuring the 3 dB bandwidth of an E/O device.

Relative Frequency Response Performance Data

Electrical-to-Optical Measurement Performance Data

Description Frequency Range

System Relative Frequency Response Accuracy 0.05 to 0.5 GHz ±1.15 dB

0.05 to 11 GHz ±0.85 dB

11 to 20.05 GHz ±0.90 dB

a. Applies to a device with ρ = <0.25 and measurement settings of IF bandwidth = 30 Hz and smoothing = 0.5%.

Specification

Figure 1-5. E/O Characteristic Relative Frequency Response Error

1-8

Specifications and Regulatory Information

Specifications and Characteristics

Figure 1-6. E/O Characteristic Peak-to-Peak Repeatability

The above graph shows the worst case deviation across a 20 GHz span between any 2 units in a sample set of 12.

E/O Frequency Response Error for Different Reflection Coefficients

A significant error term in this measurement is the electrical port match of the device under test (DUT). The following table lists the measurement uncertainty as a function of DUT electrical reflection coefficient. If you perform a response and match calibration, you can achieve values comparable to measurements of

devices with

Electrical-to-Optical Relative Frequency Response Versus ρ

Frequency Range ρ < 0.5 Specification ρ < 1.0 Specification

0.05 to 0.5 GHz ± 1.75 ± 3.10

0.5 to 11 GHz ± 2.05 ± 3.35

11 to 20.05 GHz ± 2.40 ± 3.40

ρ = < 0.25, as shown in “Relative Frequency Response Performance Data” on page 1-8.

1-9

Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics

Electrical-to-Optical Measurement Dynamic Range Characteristics

Electrical-to-Optical Measurement Dynamic Range

Description Frequency Range Characteristic

System Dynamic Range 0.05 to 20.05 GHz 80 dB

a. Pertains to a 10 Hz IF bandwidth.

Electrical-to-Optical Measurement Responsivity Measurement Range

The following table shows the maximum and minimum values of the E/O device under test (DUT) frequency response, measured with microwave power applied from microwave port 1. The dynamic range stays constant irrespective of the microwave port power. That is, the maximum and the minimum dB W/A that can be measured increase with reduced microwave port power.

Electrical-to-Optical Measurement Responsivity Measurement Range

Power at Port 1 (dBm)

5 –30 –110 80

–65 40 –40 80

a. Pertains to a 10 Hz IF bandwidth.

Maximum Value (dB W/A) Characterisitc

Minimum Value (dB W/A) Characterisitc

Dynamic Range (dB) Characterisitc

E/O Responsivity (dB W/A)q

Maximum Valu e

Min imum Valu e

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10

Microwav e Port Power (dBm)

1-10

Specifications and Regulatory Information

Specifications and Characteristics

General Information

Table 1-1. General Information

8703B General Information

Description Characteristic

System Bandwidths

IF bandwidth settings 6000 Hz

3700 Hz 3000 Hz 1000 Hz 300 Hz 100 Hz 30 Hz 10 Hz

Rear Panel

External Auxiliary Input

Connector Female BNC

Range

External Trigger Triggers on a positive or negative TTL transition or contact closure to ground.

Damage Level <

Limit Test Output Female BNC.

Damage Level <

Test Sequence Output Outputs a TTL signal which can be set to a TTL high pulse (default) or low pulse at

Test Set Interconnect 25-pin-D-sub (DB-25) female; use to connect the lightwave test sets

Measure Restart Floating closure to restart measurement.

External AM Input

Frequency 10.0000 MHz

Frequency Stability (0

Daily aging rate (after 30 days)

Yearly aging rate

Ouput Output Impedance 50 Ω

°C to 55 °C) ±0.05 ppm

±10 V

−0.2 V; > +5.2 V

end of sweep; or a fixed TTL high or low. If limit test is on, the end of sweep pulse occurs after the limit test is valid. This is useful when used in conjunction with test sequencing.

±1 volt into a 5 kΩ resistor, 1 kHz maximum, resulting in approximately 2 dB/volt

amplitude modulation.

−9

< 3 x 10

±0.5 ppm/year ≥0 dBm

/day

1-11

Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics

Table 1-2. General Information

General Information

Description Specification Characteristic

Rear Panel

Test Port Bias Input

Maximum voltage

Maximum current

External Reference In

Input Frequency 1, 2, 5, and 10 MHz

Input Power

Input Impedance 50

VGA Video Output 15-pin mini D-Sub; female. Drives VGA

GPIB Type-57, 24-pin; Microribbon female

Parallel Port 25-pin D-Sub (DB-25); female; may be used

RS232 9-pin D-Sub (DB-9); male

Mini-DIN Keyboard/Barcode Reader 6-pin mini DIN (PS/2); female

Line Power A third-wire ground is required.

Frequency for Microwave Test Set

±40 Vdc ±500 mA

±200 Hz at 10 MHz

−10 dBm to +20 dBm Ω

compatible monitors.

as printer port or general purpose I.O. port

47 Hz to 63 Hz

Frequency for Lightwave Test Set

Voltage at 115 V setting 90 V to 132 V 115 V

Voltage at 230 V setting 198 V to 265 V 230 V

VA Maximum for Microwave Test Set

VA Maximum for Lightwave Test Set

Front Panel

RF Connector 3.5-mm precision (male)

50 Hz to 60 Hz

450 VA max

70W max

1-12

Specifications and Regulatory Information

Specifications and Characteristics

Table 1-3. General Information

General Information

Description Specification

Front Panel

Display Pixel Integrity

Red, Green, or Blue Pixels Red, green, or blue “stuck on” pixels may appear against a black background. In a

properly working display, the following will not occur:

• complete rows or columns of stuck pixels

• more than 5 stuck pixels (not to exceed a maximum of 2 red or blue, and 3 green)

• 2 or more consecutive stuck pixels

• stuck pixels less than 6.5 mm apart

Dark Pixels Dark “stuck on” pixels may appear against a white background. In a properly working

display, the following will not occur:

• more than 12 stuck pixels (not to exceed a maximum of 7 red, green, or blue)

• more than one occurrence of 2 consecutive stuck pixels

• stuck pixels less than 6.5 mm apart

1-13

Specifications and Regulatory Information Specifications and Characteristics

Table 1-4. General Information

General Information

Description Specification Characteristic

General Environmental

RFI/EMI Susceptibility Defined by CISPR Pub. 11 and FCC Class B

standards.

ESD Minimize using static-safe work procedures and

an antistatic bench mat (part number 9300-0797).

Dust Minimize for optimum reliability.

Operating Environment

Temperature +20 °C to +30 °C Instrument powers up, phase locks, and displays

no error messages within this temperature range.

Humidity 5% to 95% at +30

°C (non-condensing)

Altitude 0 to 4.5 km (15,000 ft)

Storage Conditions

Temperature

Humidity 5% to 95% RH at +40

−40 ×°C to +55 °C °C

(non-condensing)

Altitude 0 to 15.24 km (50,000 ft)

Cabinet Dimensions

Height x Width x Depth (323 x 430x 476 mm)

(12.71 x 16.93 x 18.74 inches) Cabinet dimensions exclude front and rear protrusions.

Weight

Shipping 151 lb

Net 76 lb

Internal Memory - Data Retention Time with 3 V, 1.2 Ah Battery

70 °C 250 days (0.68 year)

°C 1244 days (3.4 years)

°C 10 years

a. Analyzer power is switched off.

1-14

Specifications and Regulatory Information

Laser Safety Considerations

Laser radiation in the ultraviolet and far infrared parts of the spectrum can cause damage primarily to the cornea and lens of the eye. Laser radiation in the visible and near infrared regions of the spectrum can cause damage to the retina of the eye.

The CW laser sources use a laser from which the greatest dangers to exposure are:

1. To the eyes, where aqueous flare, cataract formation, and/or corneal burn are possible.

2. To the skin, where burning is possible.

WARNING Do NOT, under any circumstances, look into the optical output or any fiber/device attached to the

output while the laser is in operation.

WARNING Do not enable the laser unless fiber or an equivalent device is attached to the optical output

connector.

This system should be serviced only by authorized personnel.

CAUTION Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other than those specified herein can result in

hazardous radiation exposure.

Laser Classifications

United States-FDA Laser Class IIIb. The system is rated USFDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) Laser Class IIIb according to Part 1040, Performance Standards for Light Emitting Products, from the Center for Devices and Radiological Health.

International-IEC Laser Class 3B. The system is rated IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) Laser Class 3B laser products according to Publication 825.

International-IEC 825-1: 1993-11. The system helps satisfy the International (IEC825) safety requirements with the use of a REMOTE SHUTDOWN and a KEY SWITCH.

1-15

Specifications and Regulatory Information Laser Safety Considerations

Laser Warning Labels

The 8703B is shipped with the following warning labels. For systems used outside of the USA, both laser aperture and laser warning labels will be included with the shipment (The labels are located in the same box as this manual). Place these labels directly over the USA laser warning and aperture labels.

Figure 1-7. Laser safety label locations

CAUTION Exposure to temperatures above 55°C may cause the front panel fiber to retract. In this case a matching

compound can be used to temporarily improve return loss. However, the system should be returned to Agilent Technologies for repair.

CAUTION This product is designed for use in INSTALLATION CATEGORY II and POLLUTION DEGREE 2, per IEC 1010 and

664 respectively.

1-16

Declaration of Conformity

Specifications and Regulatory Information

Declaration of Conformity

1-17

Specifications and Regulatory Information Regulatory Information

Regulatory Information

• This product is classified as Class I according to 21 CFR 1040.10 and Class I according to IEC 60825-1.

• This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 21 CFR 1040.11.

• This is to declare that this system is in conformance with the German Regulation on Noise Declaration for Machines (Laermangabe nach der Maschinenlaermrerordnung -3.GSGV Deutschland).

Notice for Germany: Noise Declaration

Acoustic Noise Emission Geraeuschemission

LpA < 70 dB LpA < 70 dB

Operator position am Arbeitsplatz

Normal position normaler Betrieb

per ISO 7779 nach DIN 45635 t.19

COMPLIANCE WITH CANADIAN EMC REQUIREMENTS

This ISM device complies with Canadian ICES-001.

Cet appareil ISM est conforme a la norme NMB du Canada.

1-18

Front Panel Features 2-2 Analyzer Display 2-4 Rear Panel Features and Connectors 2-8

Front/Rear Panel

Front/Rear Panel Front Panel Features

Front Panel Features

CAUTION Do not mistake the line switch for the disk eject button. See the following illustrations. If

the line switch is mistakenly pushed, the instrument will be turned off, losing all settings and data that have not been saved.

Figure 2-1. 8703B Front Panel

The location of the following front panel features and key function blocks is shown in Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2. These features are described in more detail later in this chapter, and in Chapter 4, “Hardkey and Softkey Reference”

1. 1. LINE switch. The front panel LINE switch disconnects the mains circuits from the mains supply after the EMC filters and before other parts of the instrument. 1 is on, 0 is off.

2. Display. This shows the measurement data traces, measurement annotation, and softkey labels. The display is divided into specific information areas, illustrated in Figure 2-2 on page 2-4.

3. Disk drive. This 3.5 inch floppy-disk drive allows you to store and recall instrument states and measurement results for later analysis.

4. Disk eject button.

5. Softkeys. These keys provide access to menus that are shown on the display.

6. STIMULUS function block. The keys in this block allow you to control the analyzer source's frequency, power, and other stimulus functions.

7. RESPONSE function block. The keys in this block allow you to control the measurement and display

2-2

Front/Rear Panel

Front Panel Features

functions of the active display channel.

8. ACTIVE CHANNEL keys. The analyzer has two independent primary channels and two auxiliary channels. These keys allow you to select the active channel. Any function you enter applies to the selected channel.

9. The ENTRY block. This block includes the knob, the step up and down keys, the number pad, and the backspace key. These allow you to enter numerical data and control the markers.

You can use the numeric keypad to select digits, decimal points, and a minus sign for numerical entries. You must also select a units terminator to complete value inputs.

The backspace key has two independent functions: it modifies entries, and it turns off the softkey menu so that marker information can be moved off of the grids and into the softkey menu area. For more details, refer to the “Making Measurements” chapter in the user’s guide.

10. INSTRUMENT STATE function block. These keys allow you to control channel-independent system functions such as the following:

• copying, save/recall, and GPIB controller mode

• limit testing

• tuned receiver mode

• test sequence function

• GPIB STATUS indicators are also included in this block.

11. Preset key. This key returns the instrument to either a known factory preset state, or a user preset state that can be defined. Refer to Chapter 8, “Preset State and Memory Allocation” for a complete listing of the instrument preset condition.

12. PORT 1 and PORT 2. These ports output an RF signal from the source and receive electrical signals from a device under test. The ports provide the stimulus for E/O devices and the receiver O/E devices. PORT 1 allows you to measure S

and S11. PORT 2 allows you to measure S21 and S22.

13. OPTICAL OUTPUT and OPTICAL RECEIVER ports. The OPTICAL OUTPUT port emits a lightwave signal from the internal laser and allows you to measure devices that require an optical stimulus. The OPTICAL RECEIVER port receives lightwave input signals from an optical device under test and allows you to measure the device response.

14. LASER OUTPUT and LASER INPUT ports. The LASER OUTPUT port emits a lightwave signal from the internal laser and allows you to modulate a device under test. the LASER INPUT port allows you to use an external laser for 8703B measurements.

15. LASER ON/OFF. The LASER ON switch position allows analyzer internal laser to output a lightwave signal from the OPTICAL OUTPUT port. The LASER OFF switch position shuts down the analyzer internal laser.

2-3

Front/Rear Panel Analyzer Display

Analyzer Display

Figure 2-2. Analyzer Display (Single Channel, Cartesian Format)

The analyzer display shows various measurement information:

• The grid where the analyzer plots the measurement data.

• The currently selected measurement parameters.

• The measurement data traces.

Figure 2-2 illustrates the locations of the different information labels described below. In addition to the full-screen display shown in the illustration above, multi-graticule and multi-channel displays are available, as described in the “Making Measurements” chapter of the user’s guide. Several display formats are available for different measurements, as described under Format, in Chapter 4, “Hardkey and Softkey Reference”

1. Stimulus Start Value. This value could be any one of the following:

• The start frequency of the source in frequency domain measurements.

• The start time in CW mode (0 seconds) measurements.

• The lower power value in power sweep.

When the stimulus is in center/span mode, the center stimulus value is shown in this space. The color of the stimulus display reflects the current active channel.

2-4

Front/Rear Panel Analyzer Display

2. Stimulus Stop Value. This value could be any one of the following:

• The stop frequency of the source in frequency domain measurements.

• The upper limit of a power sweep.

When the stimulus is in center/span mode, the span is shown in this space. The stimulus values can be blanked, as described under the FREQUENCY BLANK, softkey in Chapter 4, “Hardkey and Softkey Reference”. (For CW time and power sweep measurements, the CW frequency is displayed centered between the start and stop times or power values.)

3. Status Notations. This area shows the current status of various functions for the active channel.

The following notations are used:

∆ Previous autobias value is used and autobias is switched on.

Aut Correct autobias value is used and autobias is switched on.

Avg Sweep-to-sweep averaging is on. The averaging count is shown

immediately below. (See the Avg, key in Chapter 4, “Hardkey and Softkey Reference”)

A/W Units of calibrated O/E measurements.

Cor Error correction is on. (For error-correction procedures, refer to the

“Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy” chapter in the user’s guide. For error correction theory, refer to Chapter 5, “Operating Concepts”.

∆ Stimulus parameters have changed from the error-corrected state, or

interpolated error correction is on. (For error-correction procedures, refer to the “Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy” chapter in the user’s guide. For error correction theory, refer to Chapter 5, “Operating Concepts”.

C2 Full two-port error-correction is on and the reverse sweep is not

updated each sweep.

Any one of the following causes the reverse sweep not to be updated each sweep:

• the instrument uses a mechanical switch.

• different channel power ranges (PORT POWER UNCOUPLED) which puts the test set switch in HOLD mode.

• the user manually puts the test set switch in HOLD mode (TESTSET SW 0 or >1).

dBe Dedicated measurement E/O, O/E, or E/E.

dBo Optical measurement only (O/O).

Del Electrical delay has been added or subtracted, or port extensions are

active. (See “Operating Concepts” on page 5-1 and the Scale Ref, key in Chapter 4, “Hardkey and Softkey Reference”)

ext Waiting for an external trigger.

Hld Hold sweep. (See HOLD, in Chapter 4, “Hardkey and Softkey

Reference”)

man Waiting for manual trigger.

2-5

Front/Rear Panel Analyzer Display

PC Power meter calibration is on. (For power meter calibration

procedures, refer to the “Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy” chapter of the user’s guide.)

PC? The analyzer's source could not be set to the desired level, following

a power meter calibration. (For power meter calibration procedures, refer to the “Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy” chapter in the user’s guide.)

P? Source power is unleveled at start or stop of sweep.

↓ Source power has been automatically set to minimum, due to

receiver overload. (See POWER, in Chapter 4, “Hardkey and Softkey Reference”)

PRm Power range is in manual mode.

Smo Trace smoothing is on. (See AVG and SMOOTHING in Chapter 4,

“Hardkey and Softkey Reference”)

tsH Indicates that the test set hold mode is engaged. That is, a mode of

operation is selected which would cause repeated switching of the step attenuator, or a mechanical switch. This hold mode may be overridden. See MEASURE RESTART, or NUMBER OF GROUPS, in Chapter 4, “Hardkey and Softkey Reference”

W/A Units of calibrated E/O measurements.

↑ Fast sweep indicator. This symbol is displayed in the status notation

block when sweep time is second, this symbol moves along the displayed trace.

* Source parameters changed: measured data in doubt until a

complete fresh sweep has been taken.

4. Active Entry Area. This displays the active function and its current value.

5. Message Area. This displays prompts or error messages.

6. Title. This is a descriptive alphanumeric string title that you define and enter through an attached keyboard or as described in the user’s guide.

7. Active Channel. This is the label for the number for the active channel, selected with the Chan 1, Chan 2, Chan 3, and Chan 4, keys.

If multiple channels are overlaid, the labels will appear in this area. The active channel is denoted by a rectangle around the channel number.

For multiple-graticule displays, the channel information labels will be in the same relative position for each graticule.

NOTE The label of the active channel is enclosed in a rectangle to differentiate it from inactive

channels.

8. Measured Input(s). This shows the parameter, input, or ratio of inputs currently measured, as selected using the Meas key. Also indicated in this area is the current display memory status.

9. Format. This is the display format that you selected using the Format key.

≤1.0 second. When sweep time is ≥ 1.0

10. Scale/Div. This is the scale that you selected using the Scale Ref key, in units appropriate to the current measurement.

11. Reference Level. This value is the reference line in Cartesian formats or the outer circle in polar

2-6

Front/Rear Panel Analyzer Display

formats, whichever you selected using the Scale Ref, key. The reference level is also indicated by a small triangle adjacent to the graticule, at the left for channel 1 and at the right for channel 2 in Cartesian formats.

12. Marker Values. These are the values of the active marker, in units appropriate to the current measurement.

13. Marker Stats, Bandwidth. These are statistical marker values that the analyzer calculates when you access the menus with the Marker Fctn, key.

This general area is also where information for additional markers is placed. Note that Stats and Bandwidth have priority.

14. Softkey Labels. These menu labels redefine the function of the softkeys that are located to the right of the analyzer display.

15. Pass Fail. During limit testing, the result will be annunciated as PASS if the limits are not exceeded, and FAIL if any points exceed the limits.

2-7

Front/Rear Panel Rear Panel Features and Connectors

Rear Panel Features and Connectors

Figure 2-3. 8703B Rear Panel

Figure 2-3 illustrates the features and connectors of the rear panel, described below. Requirements for input signals to the rear panel connectors are provided in the specifications and characteristics chapter.

1. EXTERNAL MONITOR: VGA. VGA output connector provides analog red, green, and blue video signals which can drive a VGA monitor.

2. GPIB connector. This allows you to connect the analyzer to an external controller, compatible peripherals, and other instruments for an automated system. Refer to Chapter 7, “Options and Accessories” for GPIB information, limitations, and configurations.

3. EXT ALC INPUT. This connector allows you to input an external signal for the automatic leveling control (ALC).

4. PARALLEL interface. This connector allows the analyzer to output to a peripheral with a parallel input. Also included, is a general purpose input/output (GPIO) bus that can control eight output bits and read five input bits through test sequencing. Refer to Chapter 7, “Options and Accessories” for information on configuring a peripheral. Also refer to “The GPIO Mode” in the “Operating Concepts” chapter of the user’s guide.

5. RS-232 interface. This connector allows the analyzer to output to a peripheral with an RS-232 (serial) input.

6. KEYBOARD input (mini-DIN). This connector allows you to connect an external keyboard. This provides a more convenient means to enter a title for storage files, as well as substitute for the analyzer's front panel keyboard.

2-8

Front/Rear Panel

Rear Panel Features and Connectors

7. Power cord receptacle, with fuse. For information on replacing the fuse, refer to the installation and quick start guide.

8. Line voltage selector switch. For more information, refer to the installation guide.

9. EXTERNAL REFERENCE INPUT connector. This allows for a frequency reference signal input that can phase lock the analyzer to an external frequency standard for increased frequency accuracy.

The analyzer automatically enables the external frequency reference feature when a signal is connected to this input. When the signal is removed, the analyzer automatically switches back to its internal frequency reference.

10. AUXILIARY INPUT connector. This allows for a dc or ac voltage input from an external signal source, such as a detector or function generator, which you can then measure, using the S-parameter menu. (You can also use this connector as an analog output in service routines, as described in the service guide.)

11. EXTERNAL AM connector. This allows for an external analog signal input that is applied to the ALC circuitry of the analyzer's source. This input analog signal amplitude modulates the RF output signal.

12. EXTERNAL TRIGGER connector. This allows connection of an external negative-going TTL-compatible signal that will trigger a measurement sweep. The trigger can be set to external through softkey functions.

13. TEST SEQUENCE. This outputs a TTL signal that can be programmed in a test sequence to be high or low, or pulse (10

µseconds) high or low at the end of a sweep for robotic part handler interface.

14. LIMIT TEST. This outputs a TTL signal of the limit test results as follows: Pass: TTL high, Fail: TTL low

15. MEASURE RESTART. This allows the connection of an optional foot switch. Using the foot switch will duplicate the key sequence Meas, MEASURE RESTART.

16. TEST SET INTERCONNECT. Connects the lightwave test set to the analyzer.

17. BIAS INPUTS AND FUSES. These connectors bias devices connected to port 1 and port 2. The fuses (1 A, 125 V) protect the port 1 and port 2 bias lines.

18. Serial number plate. The serial number of the instrument is located on this plate.

19. REMOTE SHUTDOWN. This allows you to remotely control whether the laser is on or off: OPEN=Laser ON, SHORT=Laser OFF.

2-9

Front/Rear Panel Rear Panel Features and Connectors

2-10

Avg Menu 3-2 Cal Menu (1 of 4) 3-3 Cal Menu (2 of 4): Electrical Parameter Measurement Setup 3-4 Cal Menu (3 of 4): Optical Measurement Setup 3-5 Cal Menu (4 of 4) 3-6 Copy Menu 3-7 Display Menu 3-8 Format Menu 3-9 Local Menu 3-9 Marker, Marker Fctn, and Marker Search Menus 3-10 Meas Menu 3-11 Power and Sweep Setup Menu 3-12 Preset Menu 3-13 Save/Recall Menu 3-14 Scale Ref Menu 3-15 Seq Menu 3-16 System Menu (1of 2) 3-17 System Menu (2of 2) 3-18

Menu Maps

Menu Maps Menu Maps

Menu Maps

This chapter provides menu maps of the Agilent 8703B hardkeys and softkeys. The maps show which softkeys are displayed after pressing a front-panel key, and subsequent menus or softkeys associated with each menu path.

Figure 3-1. Avg Menu

3-2

Figure 3-2. Cal Menu (1 of 4)

Menu Maps Menu Maps

3-3

Menu Maps Menu Maps

Figure 3-3. Cal Menu (2 of 4): Electrical Parameter Measurement Setup

3-4

Figure 3-4. Cal Menu (3 of 4): Optical Measurement Setup

Menu Maps Menu Maps

3-5

Menu Maps Menu Maps

Figure 3-5. Cal Menu (4 of 4)

3-6

Figure 3-6. Copy Menu

Menu Maps Menu Maps

3-7

Menu Maps Menu Maps

Figure 3-7. Display Menu

3-8

Figure 3-8. Format Menu

Figure 3-9. Local Menu

Menu Maps Menu Maps

3-9

Menu Maps Menu Maps

Figure 3-10. Marker, Marker Fctn, and Marker Search Menus

3-10

Figure 3-11. Meas Menu

Menu Maps Menu Maps

3-11

Menu Maps Menu Maps

Figure 3-12. Power and Sweep Setup Menu

3-12

Figure 3-13. Preset Menu

Menu Maps Menu Maps

3-13

Menu Maps Menu Maps

Figure 3-14. Save/Recall Menu

3-14

Figure 3-15. Scale Ref Menu

Menu Maps Menu Maps

3-15

Menu Maps Menu Maps

Figure 3-16. Seq Menu

3-16

Figure 3-17. System Menu (1of 2)

Menu Maps Menu Maps

3-17

Menu Maps Menu Maps

Figure 3-18. System Menu (2of 2)

3-18

Hardkey and Softkey Reference

This section contains an alphabetical listing of softkey and front-panel functions, and a brief description of each function. The SERVICE MENU keys are not included in this chapter.

. is used to add a decimal point to the number you are entering.

− . is used to add a minus sign to the number you are entering.

up. is used to step up the current value of the active function. The analyzer defines the step size for different functions. No units terminator is required. For editing a test sequence, this key can be used to scroll through and execute the displayed sequence one step at a time.

down. is used to step down the current value of the active function. The analyzer defines the step size for different functions. No units terminator is required. For editing a test sequence, this key can be used to scroll backwards through the displayed sequence without executing it.

back. has two independent functions: 1) modifies entries and test sequences and 2) moves marker information off of the graticules

backspace key. will delete the last entry, or the last digit entered from the numeric keypad. The backspace key can also be used in two ways for modifying a test sequence: 1) deleting a single-key command that you may have pressed by mistake, (for example A/R) and 2) deleting the last digit in a series of entered digits, as long as you haven't yet pressed a terminator, (for example if you pressed Start 1 2 but did not press G/n, etc.). The second function of this key is to move marker information off of the graticules so that the display traces are clearer. If there are two or more markers activated on a channel on the right side of the display, pressing back will turn off the softkey menu and move the marker information into the softkey display area. Pressing back, or any hardkey which brings up a menu, or a softkey, will restore the softkey menu and move the marker information back onto the graticules.

∆ MODE MENU. goes to the delta marker menu, which is used to read the difference in values between the active marker and a reference marker.

∆ MODE OFF. turns off the delta marker mode, so that the values displayed for the active marker are absolute values. ∆ REF = 1. establishes marker 1 as a reference. The active marker stimulus and response values are then shown

relative to this delta reference. Once marker 1 has been selected as the delta reference, the softkey label ∆ REF = 1 is underlined in this menu, and the marker menu is returned to the screen. In the marker menu, the first key is now labeled MARKER ∆ REF = 1. The notation “∆REF=1” appears at the top right corner of the graticule.

∆ REF = 2. makes marker 2 the delta reference. Active marker stimulus and response values are then shown relative to this reference.

∆ REF = 3. makes marker 3 the delta reference. ∆ REF = 4. makes marker 4 the delta reference. ∆ REF = 5. makes marker 5 the delta reference. ∆ REF = ∆ FIXED MKR. sets a user-specified fixed reference marker. The stimulus and response values of the

reference can be set arbitrarily, and can be anywhere in the display area. Unlike markers 1 to 5, the fixed marker need not be on the trace. The fixed marker is indicated by a small triangle ∆, and the active marker stimulus and response values are shown relative to this point. The notation "∆REF=∆" is displayed at the top right corner of the graticule. Pressing this softkey turns on the fixed marker. Its stimulus and response values can then be changed using the fixed marker menu, which is accessed with the FIXED MKR POSITION softkey described below. Alternatively, the fixed marker can be set to the current active marker position, using the MKR ZERO softkey in the marker menu.

1/S. expresses the data in inverse S-parameter values, for use in amplifier and oscillator design.

2X: [12]/[34]. sets up a two-graticule display with channel 1 and 2 on the top graticule and channels 3 and 4 in the

bottom graticule.

2X: [13]/[24]. sets up a two-graticule display with channel 1 and 3 in the top graticule and channels 2 and 4 in the bottom graticule.

2.4mm 85056. selects the 85056A or the 85056D cal kit.

2.92* 85056K. selects the 85056K cal kit.

4-2

Hardkey and Softkey Reference

2.92mm other kits. selects the 2.92 mm cal kit model.

3 DB Bandwidth. searches for the 3 dB bandwidth to the high side of marker 1, the reference marker. This search is

intended for low-pass devices.

3.5mm C 85033C. selects the 85033C cal kit.

3.5mm D 85052. selects the 85052B or the 85052D cal kit.

3.5mm E 85033D/E. selects the 85033D or the 85033E cal kit.

4X: [1] [2]/[3] [4]. sets up a four-graticule display with channel 2 in the upper right quadrant and channel 3 in the lower

left quadrant.

4X: [1] [3]/[2] [4]. sets up a four-graticule display with channel 3 in the upper right quadrant and channel 2 in the lower left quadrant.

4 PARAM DISPLAYS. provides single-keystroke options to quickly set up multiple-channel displays, and information on multiple-channel displays.

7-16 85038. selects the 85038A/F/M cal kit.

7mm 85050. selects the 85050B/D cal kit.

A. measures the absolute power amplitude at input A.

A/B. calculates and displays the complex ratio of input A to input B.

A/R. calculates and displays the complex ratio of the signal at input A to the reference signal at input R.

ACTIVE ENTRY. puts the name of the active entry in the display title.

ACTIVE MRK MAGNITUDE. puts the active marker magnitude in the display title.

ADAPTER: COAX. selects coaxial as the type of adapter used in adapter removal calibration.

ADAPTER: WAVEGUIDE. selects waveguide as the type of adapter used in adapter removal calibration.

ADAPTER DELAY. is used to enter the value of electrical delay of the adapter used in adapter removal calibration.

ADAPTER REMOVAL. provides access to the adapter removal menu.

ADD. 1) displays the edit segment menu and adds a new segment to the end of the list. The new segment is initially a

duplicate of the segment indicated by the pointer > and selected with the SEGMENT softkey.

2) adds a new frequency band to the Ripple Limit list which is indicated by the pointer >. The new frequency band is a

duplicate of the most recently selected frequency band.

ADDRESS: 8703. sets the GPIB address of the analyzer, using the entry controls. There is no physical address switch to set in the analyzer. The default GPIB address is 16.

ADDRESS: CONTROLLER. sets the GPIB address the analyzer will use to communicate with the external controller.

ADDRESS: DISK. sets the GPIB address the analyzer will use to communicate with an external GPIB disk drive.

ADDRESS: P MTR/GPIB. sets the GPIB address the analyzer will use to communicate with the power meter used in

service routines.

ADJUST DISPLAY. presents a menu for adjusting display intensity, colors, and accessing save and recall functions for modified LCD color sets.

ALL SEGS SWEEP. retrieves the full frequency list sweep.

ALC ON off. turns the source ALC off, sets the power to maximum. May cause a test port overload message.

ALTERNATE A and B. measures only one input, A or B, per frequency sweep, in order to reduce spurious signals. Thus,

this mode optimizes the dynamic range for all measurements.

AMPLITUDE OFFSET. adds or subtracts an offset in amplitude value. This allows limits already defined to be used for testing at a different response level. For example, if attenuation is added to or removed from a test setup, the limits can be offset an equal amount. Use the entry block controls to specify the offset.

ANALOG IN Aux Input. displays a dc or low frequency ac auxiliary voltage on the vertical axis, using the real format. An external signal source such as a detector or function generator can be connected to the rear panel AUXILIARY INPUT connector.

ARBITRARY IMPEDANCE. defines the standard type to be a load, but with an arbitrary impedance (different from system Z0).

4-3

Hardkey and Softkey Reference

ASSERT SRQ. sets the sequence bit in the Event Status Register, which can be used to generate an SRQ (service request) to the system controller.

AUTO FEED ON off. turns the plotter auto feed function on or off when in the define plot menu. It turns the printer auto feed on or off when in the define print menu.

AUTO SCALE. brings the trace data in view on the display with one keystroke. Stimulus values are not affected, only scale and reference values. The analyzer determines the smallest possible scale factor that will put all displayed data onto 80% of the vertical graticule. The reference value is chosen to put the trace in center screen, then rounded to an integer multiple of the scale factor.

AUX CHAN on OFF. enables and disables auxiliary channels 3 and 4.

AUX OUT on OFF. allows you to monitor the analog bus nodes (except nodes 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, and 12) with external

equipment. To do this, connect the equipment to the AUX INPUT BNC connector on the rear panel.

AVERAGING FACTOR. makes averaging factor the active function. Any value up to 999 can be used. The algorithm used for averaging is:

An() Sn() Sn 1–()... Sn F–1+()+++[]F⁄=

where A(n) = current average S(n) = current measurement F = average factor

AVERAGING on OFF. turns the averaging function on or off for the active channel. “Avg” is displayed in the status notations area at the left of the display, together with the sweep count for the averaging factor, when averaging is on. The sweep count for averaging is reset to 1 whenever an instrument state change affecting the measured data is made. At the start of the averaging or following AVERAGING RESTART, averaging starts at 1 and averages each new sweep into the trace until it reaches the specified averaging factor. The sweep count is displayed in the status notations area below “Avg” and updated every sweep as it increments. When the specified averaging factor is reached, the trace data continues to be updated, weighted by that averaging factor.

AVERAGING RESTART. averaging starts at 1 and averages each new sweep into the trace until it reaches the specified averaging factor. The sweep count is displayed in the status notations area below “Avg” and updated every sweep as it increments.

Avg. is used to access three different noise reduction techniques: sweep-to-sweep averaging, display smoothing, and variable IF bandwidth. Any or all of these can be used simultaneously. Averaging and smoothing can be set independently for each channel, and the IF bandwidth can be set independently if the stimulus is uncoupled.

B. measures the absolute power amplitude at input B.

B/R. calculates and displays the complex ratio of input B to input R.

B SAMPLER lw/RF. manually sets the RF switch in the lightwave test set, which feeds directly to the B sampler. The

switch toggles between the OPTICAL RECEIVER INPUT port of the lightwave test set and the electrical PORT 2 of the instrument. If COUPLED SW is set to ON, the B SAMPLER setting will revert back to the default position at the end of the sweep.

BACK SPACE. deletes the last character entered.

BACKGROUND INTENSITY. sets the background intensity of the LCD as a percent of white. The factory-set default value

is stored in non-volatile memory.

BANDWIDTH. in the Marker Search menu, this key turns on the search for the 3 dB bandwidth point on the high side of the reference marker. You must first place the reference marker (marker 1), and then press BANDWIDTH . This search is intended for lowpass devices. In the Marker Function menu, this key turns on the bandwidth search feature and calculates the center stimulus value, bandwidth, and Q of a bandpass or band-reject shape on the trace. This search is intended for bandpass devices.

BANDWIDTH LIMIT. selects the bandwidth limit line choice. This selection leads to the menu used to define and test bandwidth limits of a bandpass filter.

BANDWIDTH VALUE. sets the magnitude value that defines the passband or rejectband of BANDWIDTH.

BEEP DONE ON off. toggles an annunciator which sounds to indicate completion of certain operations such as

calibration or instrument state save.

4-4

Hardkey and Softkey Reference

BEEP FAIL on OFF. turns the limit fail beeper on or off. When limit testing is on and the fail beeper is on, a beep is sounded each time a limit test is performed and a failure detected. The limit fail beeper is independent of the warning beeper and the operation complete beeper.

BEEP WARN on OFF. toggles the warning annunciator. When the annunciator is on it sounds a warning when a cautionary message is displayed.

BIAS MODE on OFF. when this mode is ON, the analyzer automatically performs periodic biasing of the modulator in the optical test set.

BLANK DISPLAY. switches off the analyzer's display. This feature may be helpful in prolonging the life of the LCD in applications where the analyzer is left unattended (such as in an automated test system). Pressing any front panel key will restore the default display operation.

BRIGHTNESS. adjusts the brightness of the color being modified. Refer to the user’s guide for an explanation of using this softkey for color modification of display attributes.

BW DISPLAY on OFF. displays the measured bandwidth value to the right of the pass/fail message.

BW MARKER on OFF. displays the cutoff frequencies of the bandwidth using markers on the data trace.

BW TEST on OFF. turns bandpass filter bandwidth testing on or off. When bandwidth testing is on, the analyzer locates

the maximum point of the data trace and uses it as the reference from which to measure the filter’s bandwidth. Then, the analyzer determines the two cutoff frequencies of the bandpass filter. The cutoff frequencies are the two points on the data trace at a user-specified amplitude below the reference point. The cutoff frequencies are also referred to as the N dB Points where “N” is defined as the number of decibels below the peak of the bandpass that the filter is specified. (The amplitude is specified using the N DB POINTS softkey.) The bandwidth is the frequency difference between the two cutoff frequencies. The bandwidth is compared to the user-specified minimum and maximum bandwidth limits (entered using the MINIMUM BANDWIDTH and MAXIMUM BANDWIDTH softkeys.) If the test passed, a message is displayed in green text in the upper left portion of the LCD. An example of this message is: BW1: Pass, where the “1” indicates the channel where the bandwidth test is performed. If the bandwidth test does not pass, a fail message indicating whether the bandpass was too wide or too narrow is displayed in red text. An example of this message is BW1: Wide.

C0. is used to enter the C0 term in the definition of an OPEN standard in a calibration kit, which is the constant term of

the cubic polynomial and is scaled by 10

C1. is used to enter the C1 term, expressed in F/Hz (Farads/Hz) and scaled by 10

C2. is used to enter the C2 term, expressed in F/Hz

C3. is used to enter the C3 term, expressed in F/Hz

Cal. key leads to a series of menus to perform measurement calibrations for vector error correction (accuracy

enhancement), and for specifying the calibration standards used. The CAL key also leads to softkeys which activate interpolated error correction and power meter calibration.

CAL FACTOR. accepts a power sensor calibration factor % for the segment.

CAL FACTOR SENSOR A. brings up the segment modify menu and segment edit (calibration factor menu) which allows

you to enter a power sensor's calibration factors. The calibration factor data entered in this menu will be stored for power sensor A.

CAL INTERP ON off. sets the preset state of interpolated error-correction on or off.

CAL FACTOR SENSOR B. brings up the segment modify menu and segment edit (calibration factor menu) which allows

you to enter a power sensor's calibration factors. The calibration factor data entered in this menu will be stored for power sensor B.

CAL KIT. indicates the currently selected cal kit and leads to the select cal kit menu, which is used to select one of the default calibration kits available for different connector types. This, in turn, leads to additional menus used to define calibration standards other than those in the default kits “Electrical Calibration Kit Modifications” on page 5-43. When a calibration kit has been specified, its connector type is displayed in brackets in the softkey label. The cal kits available

−15

−27

and scaled by 10

−36

−45

4-5

Hardkey and Softkey Reference

are listed below.

2.4mm 85056

2.92 85056K

2.92mm other kits

3.5mm C 85033C

3.5mm E 85033D/E

3.5mm D 85052D 7-16 85038 7mm 85050

Ω 85032 F

N 50

Ω 85054

N 50

Ω 85036

N 75

TRL 3.5 mm 85052C

CAL ZO: LINE ZO. this default selection establishes the TRL/LRM LINE/MATCH standard as the characteristic impedance.

CAL ZO: SYSTEM ZO. allows you to modify the characteristic impedance of the system for TRL/LRM calibration.

CALIBRATE MENU. leads to the calibration menu, which provides several accuracy enhancement procedures ranging

from a simple frequency response calibration to a full two-port calibration. At the completion of a calibration procedure, this menu is returned to the screen, correction is automatically turned on, and the notation Cor or C2 is displayed at the left of the screen.

Center. is used, along with the Span key, to define the frequency range of the stimulus. When the Center key is pressed, its function becomes the active function. The value is displayed in the active entry area, and can be changed with the knob, step keys, or numeric keypad.

CENTER. sets the center frequency of a subsweep in a list frequency sweep.

CH1 DATA [ ]. brings up the printer color selection menu. The channel 1 data trace default color is magenta for color

prints.

CH1 DATA LIMIT LN. selects channel 1 data trace and limit line for display color modification.

CH1 MEM. selects channel 1 memory trace for display color modification.

CH1 MEM [ ]. brings up the printer color selection menu. The channel 1 memory trace default color is green for color

prints.

CH2 DATA [ ]. brings up the printer color selection menu. The channel 2 data trace default color is blue for color prints.

CH2 DATA LIMIT LN. selects channel 2 data trace and limit line for display color modification.

CH2 MEM. selects channel 2 memory trace for display color modification.

CH2 MEM [ ]. brings up the printer color selection menu. The channel 2 memory trace default color is red for color

prints.

CH3 DATA [ ]. brings up the printer color selection menu. The channel 3 data trace default color is magenta for color prints.

CH3 DATA LIMIT LN. selects channel 3 data trace and limit line for display color modification.

CH3 MEM. selects channel 3 memory trace for display color.

CH3 MEM [ ]. brings up the printer color selection menu. The channel 2 data trace default color is green for color prints.

CH4 DATA [ ]. brings up the printer color selection menu. The channel 4 data trace default color is blue for color prints.

CH4 DATA LIMIT LN. selects channel 4 data trace and limit line for display color modification.

CH4 MEM. selects channel 4 memory trace for display color modification.

CH4 MEM [ ]. brings up the printer color selection menu. The channel 2 memory trace default color is red for color

prints.

Chan 1 . allows you to select channel 1 as the active channel. The active channel is indicated by an amber LED adjacent to the corresponding channel key. All of the channel-specific functions you select, such as format or scale, apply to the active channel. By default, Chan 1 measures S11 in log mag format.

4-6

Hardkey and Softkey Reference

Chan 2 . allows you to select channel 2 as the active channel. The active channel is indicated by an amber LED adjacent to the corresponding channel key. All of the channel-specific functions you select, such as format or scale, apply to the active channel. By default, Chan 2 measures S21 in log mag format.

Chan 3 . allows you to select channel 3 as the active channel. The active channel is indicated by an amber LED adjacent to the corresponding channel key. All of the channel-specific functions you select, such as format or scale, apply to the active channel. Chan 3 is the auxiliary channel of Chan 1.

Chan 4 . allows you to select channel 4 as the active channel. The active channel is indicated by an amber LED adjacent to the corresponding channel key. All of the channel-specific functions you select, such as format or scale, apply to the active channel. Chan 4 is the auxiliary channel of Chan 2.

CHAN POWER [COUPLED]. is used to apply the same power levels to Chan 1/3 & 2/4.

CHAN POWER [UNCOUPLED]. is used to apply different power levels to Chan 1/3 & 2/4.

CHANNEL POSITION. configures multiple-channel displays so that the auxiliary channels are adjacent to or beneath the

primary channels.

CHOP A and B. measures A and B inputs simultaneously for faster measurements.

CLEAR BIT. when the parallel port is configured for GPIO, 8 output bits can be controlled with this key. When this key is

pressed, “TTL OUT BIT NUMBER” becomes the active function. This active function must be entered through the keypad number keys, followed by the x1 key. The bit is cleared when the x1 key is pressed. Entering numbers larger than 7 will result in bit 7 being cleared, and entering numbers lower than 0 will result in bit 0 being cleared.

CLEAR LIST. deletes all segments or bands in the list.

CLEAR SEQUENCE. clears a sequence from memory. The titles of cleared sequences will remain in load, store, and purge

menus. This is done as a convenience for those who often reuse the same titles.

COAX. defines the standard (and the offset) as coaxial. This causes the analyzer to assume linear phase response in any offsets.

COAXIAL DELAY. applies a linear phase compensation to the trace for use with electrical delay. That is, the effect is the same as if a corresponding length of perfect vacuum dielectric coaxial transmission line was added to the reference signal path.

COEFFIC’T MODEL MENU. leads to menus used to enter coefficients for a polynomial equation model. The coefficient model menus make it possible to enter coeffiecients for a polynomial equation of the fourth order, describing response versus frequency.

COLOR. adjusts the degree of whiteness of the color being modified. Refer to the user’s guide for an explanation of using this softkey for color modification of display attributes.

CONFIGURE EXT DISK. provides access to the configure ext disk menu. This menu contains softkeys used to the disk address, unit number, and volume number.

CONFIGURE MENU. provides access to the configure menu. This menu contains softkeys to control raw offsets, spur avoidance, the test set transfer switch, and user preset settings.

CONTINUE SEQUENCE. resumes a paused sequence.

CONTINUOUS. located under the Menu key, is the standard sweep mode of the analyzer, in which the sweep is

triggered automatically and continuously and the trace is updated with each sweep.

CONVERSION [ ]. brings up the conversion menu which converts the measured data to impedance (Z) or admittance (Y). When a conversion parameter has been defined, it is shown in brackets under the softkey label. If no conversion has been defined, the softkey label reads CONVERSION [OFF].

Copy. provides access to the menus used for controlling external plotters and printers and defining the plot parameters.

CORRECTION on OFF. turns error correction on or off. The analyzer uses the most recent calibration data for the displayed parameter. If the stimulus state has been changed since calibration, the original state is recalled, and the message "SOURCE PARAMETERS CHANGED" is displayed.

COUNTER: ANALOG BUS. switches the counter to count the analog bus.

COUNTER: DIV FRAC N. switches the counter to count the A14 fractional-N VCO frequency after it has been divided

down to 100 kHz for phase-locking the VCO.

COUNTER: FRAC N. switches the counter to count the A14 fractional-N VCO frequency at the node shown on the overall

4-7

Hardkey and Softkey Reference

block diagram.

COUNTER: OFF. switches the internal counter off and removes the counter display from the LCD.

COUPLED CH ON off. toggles the channel coupling of stimulus values. With COUPLED CH ON (the preset condition),

both channels have the same stimulus values of FREQUENCY, NUMBER of POINTS, SOURCE PWR, NUMBER of GROUPS, SWEEP TIME, IF BW, TRIGGER TYPE, and SWEEP TYPE (the inactive channel takes on the stimulus values of the active channel).

COUPLED SW ON/OFF. couples the RF switch settings to the measurement setup. If the switch is set to OFF, you can set the RF switches manually. The switch will remain in that state until you change it. If the switch is set to ON, the RF switches will revert back to the setup-required state at the end of the sweep.

CW FREQ. is used to set the frequency for power sweep and CW time sweep modes. If the instrument is not in either of these two modes, it is automatically switched into CW time mode.

CW TIME. turns on a sweep mode similar to an oscilloscope. The analyzer is set to a single frequency, and the data is displayed versus time. The frequency of the CW time sweep is set with CW FREQ in the stimulus menu.

D2/D1 to D2 on OFF. this math function ratios channels 1 and 2, and puts the results in the channel 2 data array. Both channels must be on and have the same number of points.

DAC NUM HIGH BAND. sets the source tune DAC for frequencies above 20.05 GHz.

DAC NUM LOW BAND. sets the source tune DAC for frequencies below 2.55 GHz.

DAC NUM MID BAND. sets the source tune DAC for frequencies above 2.55 GHz and below 20.05 GHz.

DATA ARRAY on OFF. specifies whether or not to store the error-corrected data on disk with the instrument state. DATA → MEMORY. stores the current active measurement data in the memory of the active channel. It then becomes

the memory trace, for use in subsequent math manipulations or display. If a parameter has just been changed and the * status notation is displayed at the left of the display, the data is not stored in memory until a clean sweep has been executed. The smoothing status of the trace are stored with the measurement data.

DATA ONLY on OFF. stores only the measurement data of the device under test to a disk file. The instrument state and calibration are not stored. This is faster than storing with the instrument state, and uses less disk space. It is intended for use in archiving data that will later be used with an external controller, and data cannot be read back by the analyzer.

DECISION MAKING. presents the sequencing decision making menu under the Seq menu.

DECR LOOP COUNTER. decrements the value of the loop counter by 1.

DEFAULT COLORS. returns all the display color settings back to the factory-set default values that are stored in

non-volatile memory.

DEFAULT PLOT SETUP. resets the plotting parameters to their default values.

DEFAULT PRNT SETUP. resets the printing parameters to their default values.

DEFINE DISK-SAVE. leads to the define save menu. Use this menu to specify the data to be stored on disk in addition to

the instrument state.

DEFINE PLOT. leads to a sequence of three menus. The first defines which elements are to be plotted and the auto feed state. The second defines which pen number is to be used with each of the elements (these are channel dependent.) The third defines the line types (these are channel dependent), plot scale, and plot speed.

DEFINE PRINT. leads to the define print menu. This menu defines the printer mode (monochrome or color) and the auto-feed state.

DEFINE STANDARD. makes the standard number the active function, and brings up the define standard menus. The standard number (1 to 8) is an arbitrary reference number used to reference standards while specifying a class.

DELAY. selects the group delay format, with marker values given in seconds.

DELAY/THRU. defines the standard type as a transmission line of specified length, for calibrating transmission

measurements.

DELETE. deletes the segment or the frequency band indicated by the > pointer.

DELETE ALL FILES. deletes all files.

DELETE FILE. deletes a selected file.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

DELTA LIMITS. sets the limits an equal amount above and below a specified middle value, instead of setting upper and lower limits separately. This is used in conjunction with MIDDLE VALUE or MARKER → MIDDLE, to set limits for testing a device that is specified at a particular value plus or minus an equal tolerance. For example, a device may be specified at 0 dB ±3 dB. Enter the delta limits as 3 dB and the middle value as 0 dB.

DENOMIN: B1. the first order coefficient in the denominator of the response versus frequency polynomial equation.

DENOMIN: B2. the second order coefficient in the denominator of the response versus frequency polynomial equation.

DENOMIN: B3. the third order coefficient in the denominator of the response versus frequency polynomial equation.

DENOMIN: B4. the fourth order coefficient in the denominator of the response versus frequency polynomial equation.

DIRECTORY SIZE. lets you specify the number of directory files to be initialized on a disk. This is particularly useful with

a hard disk, where you may want a directory larger than the default 256 files, or with a floppy disk you may want to reduce the directory to allow extra space for data files. The number of directory files must be a multiple of 8. The minimum number is 8, and there is no practical maximum limit. Set the directory size before initializing a disk.

DISK UNIT NUMBER. specifies the number of the disk unit in the disk drive that is to be accessed in an external disk store or load routine. This is used in conjunction with the GPIB address of the disk drive, and the volume number, to gain access to a specific area on a disk. The access hierarchy is GPIB address, disk unit number, disk volume number.

DISP MKRS ON off. displays response and stimulus values for all markers that are turned on. Available only if no marker functions are on, for example MKR STATS.

Display. provides access to a series of menus for instrument and active channel display functions. The first menu defines the displayed active channel trace in terms of the mathematical relationship between data and trace memory. Other functions include auxiliary channel enabling, dual channel display (overlaid or split), display intensity, color selection, active channel display title, and frequency blanking.

DISPLAY: DATA. displays the current measurement data for the active channel.

DISPLAY: DATA and MEMORY. displays both the current data and memory traces.

DISPLAY: MEMORY. displays the trace memory for the active channel. This is the only memory display mode where the

smoothing of the memory trace can be changed. If no data has been stored in the active memory, a warning message is displayed.

DISPLAY TESTS. leads to a series of service tests for the display.

DO BOTH FWD + REV. activates both forward and reverse measurements of selected calibration standards.

DO BOTH FWD THRUS. activates both forward measurements (reflection and transmission) of the thru standard from

the selective enhanced response calibration menus.

DO BOTH REV THRUS. activates both reverse measurements of the thru standard S22/S12 from the S11/S21 selective enhanced response calibration menus.

DO SEQUENCE. has two functions: 1) It shows the current sequences in memory. To run a sequence, press the softkey next to the desired sequence title. 2) When entered into a sequence, this command performs a one-way jump to the sequence residing in the specified sequence position (SEQUENCE 1 through 6). DO SEQUENCE jumps to a softkey position, not to a specific sequence title. Whatever sequence is in the selected softkey position will run when the DO SEQUENCE command is executed. This command prompts the operator to select a destination sequence position.

DONE 1-PORT CAL. finishes one-port calibration (after all standards are measured) and turns error correction on.

DONE 2-PORT CAL. finishes two-port calibration (after all standards are measured) and turns error correction on.

DONE FWD ENH. RESP. finishes the transmission portion of the enhanced response calibration.

DONE LOADS. finishes all the load standards when the cal kit defines more than one load standard.

DONE OPENS. finishes all the open standards when the cal kit defines more than one open standard.

DONE SHORTS. finishes all the short standards when the cal kit defines more than one short standard.

DONE RESP ISOL'N CAL. finishes response and isolation calibration (after all standards are measured) and turns error

correction on.

DONE REV ENH. RESP. finishes the transmission portion of the enhanced response calibration.

DONE SEQ MODIFY. terminates the sequencing edit mode.

DONE TRL/LRM. finishes TRL/LRM two-port calibration (after all standards are measured) and turns error correction

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

on.

DRIVEPORT LW / RF. allows you to manually set the RF drive port. If COUPLED SW is set to ON, the driveport will automatically change back to the setup-defined setting at the end of the sweep. It is not recommended to change this setting.

DUAL CH on OFF. toggles between the display of both measurement channels or the active channel only. This is used in conjunction with SPLIT DISP 1X 2X 4X in the display DUAL|QUAD SETUP menu to display multiple channels. With SPLIT DISP 1X the two traces are overlaid on a single graticule.

DUAL|QUAD SETUP. activates a sub-menu of Display, which allows you to enable the auxiliary channels and configure multiple-channel displays.

DUPLICATE SEQUENCE. duplicates a sequence currently in memory into a different softkey position. Duplicating a sequence is straightforward. Follow the prompts on the analyzer screen. This command does not affect the original sequence.

EACH SWEEP. Power meter calibration occurs on each sweep. Each measurement point is measured by the power meter, which provides the analyzer with the actual power reading. The analyzer corrects the power level at that point. The number of measurement/correction iterations performed on each point is determined by the NUMBER OF READINGS softkey. This measurement mode sweeps slowly, especially when the measured power is low. Low power levels require more time for the power meter to settle. The power meter correction table in memory is updated after each sweep. This table can be read or changed via GPIB.

EDIT LIMIT LINE. displays a table of limit segments on the LCD, superimposed on the trace. The edit limits menu is presented so that limits can be defined or changed. It is not necessary for limit lines or limit testing to be on while limits are defined.

EDIT LIST. presents the edit list menu. This is used in conjunction with the edit subsweep menu to define or modify the frequency sweep list. The list frequency sweep mode is selected with the LIST FREQ softkey described below.

EDIT RIPL LIMIT. selects the menu used to edit the ripple limits. The edit ripple limits menu allows you to add, change, or delete ripple limits for the ripple test.

ELECTRICAL DELAY. adjusts the electrical delay to balance the phase of the DUT. It simulates a variable length loss-less transmission line, which can be added to or removed from a receiver input to compensate for interconnecting cables, etc. This function is similar to the mechanical or analog “line stretchers” of other analyzers. Delay is annotated in units of time with secondary labeling in distance for the current velocity factor.

ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS. presents a menu that allows you to select an electrical measurement: S11, S21, S12, S22, or direct sampler inputs.

EMIT BEEP. causes the instrument to beep once.

END OF LABEL. terminates the HPGL "LB" command.

END SWEEP HIGH PULSE. sets the TTL output on TEST SEQ BNC or the test set interconnect to normally high with a

10 microseconds pulse high at the end of each sweep.

END SWEEP LOW PULSE. sets the TTL output on TEST SEQ BNC or the test set interconnect to normally low with a 10 µs pulse low at the end of each sweep.

ENHANCED RESPONSE. provides access to the series of menus used to perform an enhanced response calibration.

ENH. REFL. on OFF. selects the enhanced reflection calibration. This calibration improves the response of an enhanced

response calibration. Use enhanced reflection only on a bilateral device. A bilateral device has similar forward and reverse transmission characteristics. Examples of bilateral devices are passive devices (filters, attenuators, and switches). Most active devices (amplifiers) and some passive devices (isolators and circulators) are not bilateral. If this calibration is used for a non-bilateral device, errors may occur in the resulting measurement.

ENTRY Off. turns the active entry off. This also removes error and warning messages.

EO CAL Parameter. shows the internal path used during E/O mode calibration.

ERASE TITLE. deletes the entire title.

EXT TRIG ON POINT. is similar to the trigger on sweep, but triggers each data point in a sweep.

EXT TRIG ON SWEEP. is used when the sweep is triggered on an externally generated signal connected to the rear panel

EXT TRIGGER input. The sweep is started with a high to low transition of a TTL signal. If this key is pressed when no external trigger signal is connected, the notation “Ext” is displayed at the left side of the display to indicate that the

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

analyzer is waiting for a trigger. When a trigger signal is connected, the “Ext” notation is replaced by the sweep speed indicator either in the status notation area or on the trace. External trigger mode is allowed in every sweep mode.

EXTENSION INPUT A. Use this feature to add electrical delay (in seconds) to extend the reference plane at input A to the end of the cable. This is used for any input measurements including S-parameters.

EXTENSION INPUT B. adds electrical delay to the input B reference plane for any B input measurements including S-parameters.

EXTENSION PORT 1. extends the reference plane for measurements of S

EXTENSION PORT 2. extends the reference plane for measurements of S

EXTENSIONS on OFF. toggles the reference plane extension mode. When this function is on, all extensions defined

above are enabled; when off, none of the extensions are enabled.

EXTENSION OPTICAL OUTPUT. extends the reference plane for measurements of O/O and E/O devices.

EXTERNAL DISK. selects an (optional) external disk drive for SAVE/RECALL.

EXTERNAL TESTS. leads to a series of service tests.

FILETITLE FILE0. appears during sequence modification, when external disk is selected. FILE0 is the default name. A

new name can be entered when you save the state to disk.

FILETYPE: GRAPHIC. saves the display to the disk drive as a graphic file when SAVE FILE is pressed. The format of the graphic file is determined by the GRAPH FMT [ ] selection.

FILETYPE: TEXT. saves the display to the disk drive as a text file whenSAVE FILE is pressed. The form of the text file is determined by the TEXT FMT [ ] selection.

FILE NAME FILE0. supplies a name for the saved state and or data file. Brings up the TITLE FILE MENU.

FILE UTILITIES. provides access to the file utilities menu.

FIXED. defines the load in a calibration kit as a fixed (not sliding) load.

FIXED MKR AUX VALUE. is used only with a polar or Smith format. It changes the auxiliary response value of the fixed

marker. This is the second part of a complex data pair, and applies to a magnitude/phase marker, a real/imaginary marker, an R+jX marker, or a G+jB marker. Fixed marker auxiliary response values are always uncoupled in the two channels. To read absolute active marker auxiliary values following a MKR ZERO operation, the auxiliary value can be reset to zero.

FIXED MKR POSITION. leads to the fixed marker menu, where the stimulus and response values for a fixed reference marker can be set arbitrarily.

FIXED MKR STIMULUS. changes the stimulus value of the fixed marker. Fixed marker stimulus values can be different for the two channels if the channel markers are uncoupled using the marker mode menu. To read absolute active marker stimulus values following a MKR ZERO operation, the stimulus value can be reset to zero.

FIXED MKR VALUE. changes the response value of the fixed marker. In a Cartesian format this is the y-axis value. In a polar or Smith chart format with a magnitude/phase marker, a real/imaginary marker, an R+jX marker, or a G+jB marker, this applies to the first part of the complex data pair. Fixed marker response values are always uncoupled in the two channels. To read absolute active marker response values following a MKR ZERO operation, the response value can be reset to zero.

FLAT LINE. defines a flat limit line segment whose value is constant with frequency or other stimulus value. This line is continuous to the next stimulus value, but is not joined to a segment with a different limit value. If a flat line segment is the final segment it terminates at the stop stimulus. A flat line segment is indicated as FL on the table of limits.

FORM FEED. puts a form feed command into the display title.

Format. presents a menu used to select the display format for the data. Various rectangular and polar formats are

available for display of magnitude, phase, impedance, group delay, real data, and SWR.

FORMAT ARY on OFF. specifies whether or not to store the formatted data on disk with the instrument state.

FORMAT DISK. brings up a menu for formatting a LIF or DOS disk.

FORMAT: DOS. causes subsequent disk initialization to use the DOS disk format.

FORMAT: LIF. causes subsequent disk initialization to use the LIF disk format. FORMAT: DOS is the default setting.

FORMAT EXT DISK. initializes media in external drive, and formats the disk using the selected (DOS or LIF) format.

, S21, and S12.

, S12, and S21.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

FORMAT INT DISK. initializes media in internal drive, and formats the disk using the selected (DOS or LIF) format.

FORMAT INT MEMORY. clears all internal save registers and associated cal data and memory traces.

FORWARD: OPENS. provides access to the menu for selecting an open calibration type when the cal kit defines more

than one open standard.

FRESNEL. in the Optical Kit, Modify Standards menu, this key is used to modify the Fresnel reflection model coefficient.

in the optical reflection and transmission Response Calibration menus, this key is used to measure a Fresnel reference standard (14.5 dB return loss, or 3.5% reflection).

FREQUENCY. specifies the frequency of a calibration factor or loss value in the power meter cal loss/sensor lists.

FREQUENCY BAND. selects an existing frequency band to be reviewed, edited, or deleted. The maximum number of

frequency bands is 12 (numbered 1 to 12).

FREQUENCY BLANK. blanks the displayed frequency notation for security purposes. Frequency labels cannot be restored except by instrument preset or turning the power off and then on.

FULL 2-PORT. provides access to the series of menus used to perform a complete calibration for measurement of all four S-parameters of a two-port device. This is the most accurate calibration for measurements of two-port devices.

FULL PAGE. draws a full-size plot according to the scale defined with SCALE PLOT in the define plot menu.

FWD ISOL'N. measures the forward isolation of the calibration standard.

FWD MATCH (Label Class). lets you enter a label for the forward match class. The label appears during a calibration that uses this class.

FWD MATCH (Specify Class). specifies which standards are in the forward match class in the calibration kit.

FWD MATCH THRU. measures the forward match using a thru standard.

FWD TRANS (Label Class) lets you enter a label for the forward transmission class. The label appears during a calibration that uses this class.

FWD TRANS (Specify Class) specifies which standards are in the forward transmission class in the calibration kit.

FWD TRANS THRU. measures the forward transmission frequency response in a two-port calibration.

G+jB MKR. displays the complex admittance values of the active marker in rectangular form. The active marker values

are displayed in terms of conductance (in Siemens), susceptance, and equivalent capacitance or inductance. Siemens are the international units of admittance, and are equivalent to mhos (the inverse of Ωs). The Smith chart graticule is changed to admittance form.

G/n. giga/nano (10

GET SEQ TITLES. copies the sequence titles currently in memory into the six softkey positions.

GOSUB SEQUENCE. calls sub-routines in sequencing.

GPIB DIAG on off. toggles the GPIB diagnostic feature (debug mode). This mode should only be used the first time a

program is written: if a program has already been debugged, it is unnecessary. When diagnostics are on, the analyzer scrolls a history of incoming GPIB commands across the display in the title line. Nonprintable characters are represented as pi. If a syntax error is received, the commands halt and a pointer wedge indicates the misunderstood character. For information on clearing a syntax error, refer to the programmer's guide.

GRAPH FMT [ ]. sets the format of the graphic file when FILETYPE: GRAPHIC is selected. The only graphic selection currently available is the JPEG format.

GRAPHICS on OFF. specifies whether or not to store display graphics on disk with the instrument state.

GRATICULE [ ]. brings up the graticule print color definition menu. The graticule default print color is cyan.

GRATICULE. selects the display graticule for color modification.

HELP ADAPT REMOVAL. provides an on-line quick reference guide to using the adapter removal technique.

HOLD. freezes the data trace on the display, and the analyzer stops sweeping and taking data. The notation “Hld” is

displayed at the left of the graticule. If the * indicator is on at the left side of the display, trigger a new sweep with SINGLE.

IF BW [ ]. is used to select the bandwidth value for IF bandwidth reduction. Allowed values (in Hz) are 6000, 3700, 3000, 1000, 300, 100, 30, and 10. Any other value will default to the closest allowed value. A narrow bandwidth slows

/ 10−9). Used to terminate numeric entries.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

the sweep speed but provides better signal-to-noise ratio. The selected bandwidth value is shown in brackets in the softkey label.

IF LIMIT TEST FAIL. jumps to one of the six sequence positions (SEQUENCE 1 through 6) if the limit test fails. This command executes any sequence residing in the selected position. Sequences may jump to themselves as well as to any of the other sequences in memory. When this softkey is pressed, the analyzer presents a softkey menu showing the six sequence positions and the titles of the sequences located in them. Choose the destination sequence to be called if the limit test fails.

IF LIMIT TEST PASS. jumps to one of the six sequence positions (SEQUENCE 1 through 6) if the limit test passes. This command executes any sequence residing in the selected position. Sequences may jump to themselves as well as to any of the other sequences in memory. When this softkey is pressed, the analyzer presents a softkey menu showing the six sequence positions, and the titles of the sequences located in them. Choose the sequence to be called if the limit test passes (destination sequence).

IF LOOP COUNTER = 0. prompts the user to select a destination sequence position (SEQUENCE 1 through 6). When the value of the loop counter reaches zero, the sequence in the specified position will run.

IF LOOP COUNTER < > 0. prompts the user to select a destination sequence position (SEQUENCE 1 through 6). When the value of the loop counter is no longer zero, the sequence in the specified position will run.

IMAGINARY. displays only the imaginary (reactive) portion of the measured data on a Cartesian format. This format is similar to the real format except that reactance data is displayed on the trace instead of impedance data.

INCR LOOP COUNTER. increments the value of the loop counter by 1.

INPUT PORTS. accesses a menu that allows you to measure the R, A, and B channels and their ratios.

INSTRUMENT MODE. presents the instrument mode menu. This provides access to the primary modes of operation

(analyzer modes).

INTENSITY. sets the LCD intensity as a percent of the brightest setting. The factory-set default value is stored in non-volatile memory.

INTERNAL TESTS. leads to a series of service tests.

INTERNAL DISK. selects the analyzer internal disk for the storage device.

INTERNAL MEMORY. selects internal non-volatile memory as the storage medium for subsequent save and recall

activity.

INTERPOL on OFF. turns interpolated error correction on or off. The interpolated error correction feature allows the operator to calibrate the system, then select a subset of the frequency range or a different number of points. Interpolated error correction functions in linear frequency, power sweep and CW time modes. When using the analyzer in linear sweep, it is recommended that the original calibration be performed with at least 67 points per 1 GHz of frequency span.

ISOLATION. leads to the isolation menu.

ISOLATION DONE. returns to the two-port cal menu.

ISOL'N STD. measures the isolation of the device connected to the test port.

k/m. kilo/milli (10

KIT DONE (MODIFIED). terminates the cal kit modification process, after all standards are defined and all classes are

specified. Be sure to save the kit with the SAVE USER KIT softkey, if it is to be used later.

LABEL CLASS. leads to the label class menu, to give the class a meaningful label for future reference during calibration.

LABEL CLASS DONE. finishes the label class function and returns to the modify cal kit menu.

LABEL KIT. leads to a menu for constructing a label for the user-modified cal kit. If a label is supplied, it will appear as

one of the five softkey choices in the select cal kit menu. The approach is similar to defining a display title, except that the kit label is limited to ten characters.

LABEL STD. The function is similar to defining a display title, except that the label is limited to ten characters.

LASER INT / EXT. switches the analyzer between the internal and external laser. When the external laser is selected, the

internal laser is automatically switched off.

LASER ON/OFF. allows you to turn the internal laser ON or OFF through the software. The laser key must be in the ON position, and the safety interlock at the rear of the lightwave test set must be in place for this software setting to

/ 10−3)

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

control the laser.

LEFT LOWER. draws a quarter-page plot in the lower left quadrant of the page.

LEFT UPPER. draws a quarter-page plot in the upper left quadrant of the page.

LIGHTWAVE PARAMETERS. presents a menu that allows you to select a lightwave measurement: optical reflection,

optical transmission, electrical-to-optical transmission, and optical-to-electrical transmission.

LIGHTWAVE TESTS. leads to the internal service test for the lightwave portion of the hardware.

LIMIT LINE. selects the standard limit line choice. This selection leads to a series of menus used to define limits or

specifications with which to compare a test device. Refer to “Limit Line Operation” in the “Operating Concepts” chapter of the user’s guide and the limit line testing section of the “Making Measurements” chapter of the user’s guide.

LIMIT LINE OFFSETS. leads to the offset limits menu, which is used to offset the complete limit set in either stimulus or amplitude value.

LIMIT LINE on OFF. turns limit lines on or off. To define limits, use the EDIT LIMIT LINE softkey described below. If limits have been defined and limit lines are turned on, the limit lines are displayed on the LCD for visual comparison of the measured data in all Cartesian formats. If limit lines are on, they are plotted with the data on a plot, and saved in memory with an instrument state. In a listing of values from the copy menu with limit lines on, the upper limit and lower limit are listed together with the pass or fail margin, as long as other listed data allows sufficient space.

LIMIT MENU. accesses the menu that allows you to set up the three limit line types: standard limit lines, ripple limit lines, and bandwidth limit lines.

LIMIT TEST on OFF. turns limit testing on or off. When limit testing is on, the data is compared with the defined limits at each measured point. Limit tests occur at the end of each sweep, whenever the data is updated, when formatted data is changed, and when limit testing is first turned on. Limit testing is available for both magnitude and phase values in Cartesian formats. In polar and Smith chart formats, the value tested depends on the marker mode and is the magnitude or the first value in a complex pair. The message "NO LIMIT LINES DISPLAYED" is displayed in polar and Smith chart formats if limit lines are turned on. Five indications of pass or fail status are provided when limit testing is on. A PASS or FAIL message is displayed at the right of the LCD. The trace vector leading to any measured point that is out of limits is set to red at the end of every limit test, both on a displayed plot and a hard copy plot. The limit fail beeper sounds if it is turned on. In a listing of values using the copy menu, an asterisk * is shown next to any measured point that is out of limits. A bit is set in the GPIB status byte.

LIMIT TEST RESULT. puts the result of a limit test into the display title.

LIMIT TYPE. leads to the limit type menu, where one of three segment types can be selected: sloping line, flat line, or

single point.

LIN FREQ. activates a linear frequency sweep displayed on a standard graticule with ten equal horizontal divisions. This is the default preset sweep type.

LIN MAG. displays the linear magnitude format. This is a Cartesian format used for unitless measurements such as reflection coefficient magnitude ρ or transmission coefficient magnitude τ, and for linear measurement units. It is used for display of conversion parameters and time domain transform data.

LIN MKR. displays a readout of the linear magnitude and the phase of the active marker. Marker magnitude values are expressed in units and phase is expressed in degrees.

LINE/MATCH. provides access to the Line/Match Menu for TRL/LRM calibration.

LINE TYPE DATA. selects the line type for the data trace plot. The default line type is 7, which is a solid unbroken line.

LINE TYPE MEMORY. selects the line type for the memory trace plot. The default line type is 7.

LIST. provides a tabular listing of all the measured data points and their current values, together with limit information

if it is turned on. At the same time, the screen menu is presented, to enable hard copy listings and access new pages of the table. 30 lines of data are listed on each page, and the number of pages is determined by the number of measurement points specified in the stimulus menu.

LIST FREQ [STEPPED] or [SWEPT]. provides two user-definable arbitrary frequency list modes. This list is defined and modified using the edit list menu and the edit subsweep menu. Up to 30 frequency subsweeps (called “segments”) of several different types can be specified, for a maximum total of 1601 points. One list is common to both channels. Once a frequency list has been defined and a measurement calibration performed on the full frequency list, one or all of the frequency segments can be measured and displayed without loss of calibration. For more information on the different list frequency sweep modes, refer to “Sweep Types” on page 5-6“.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

LIST IF BW on OFF. enables or disables the ability to set independent IF bandwidths for each segment in a swept list measurement.

LIST POWER on OFF. enables or disables the ability to set independent power levels for each segment in a swept list measurement. When on, sets power range mode to manual to set a range for the power values. (The range can be chosen using the PWR RANGE key.) The power values can be entered using the SEGMENT POWER key. If ports are uncoupled, the power can be set independently for each port. When off, the SEGMENT POWER key will not function and the power column in the swept list table will display asterisks. In this case, the power is set by the normal test port power value.

LIST TYPE [STEPPED]. selects either stepped or swept list mode. For in-depth information on stepped list mode, refer to “Stepped List Frequency Sweep (Hz)” on page 5-7“.

LIST VALUES. provides a tabular listing of all the measured data points and their current values, together with limit information if it is turned on. At the same time, the screen menu is presented, to enable hard copy listings and access new pages of the table. 30 lines of data are listed on each page, and the number of pages is determined by the number of measurement points specified in the stimulus menu.

LN/MATCH 1. measures the TRL/LRM line or match standard for PORT 1.

LN/MATCH 2. measures the TRL/LRM line or match standard for PORT 2.

LOAD. defines the standard type as a load (termination). Loads are assigned a terminal impedance equal to the system

characteristic impedance Z0, but delay and loss offsets may still be added. If the load impedance is not Z0, use the arbitrary impedance standard definition.

LOAD NO OFFSET. initiates measurement of a calibration standard load without offset.

LOAD OFFSET. initiates measurement of a calibration standard load with offset.

LOAD SEQ FROM DISK. presents the load sequence from disk menu. Select the desired sequence and the analyzer will

load it from disk.

Local. This key is used to return the analyzer to local (front panel) operation from remote (computer controlled) operation. This key will also abort a test sequence or hardcopy print/plot. In this local mode, with a controller still connected on GPIB, the analyzer can be operated manually (locally) from the front panel. This is the only front panel key that is not disabled when the analyzer is remotely controlled over GPIB by a computer. The exception to this is when local lockout is in effect: this is a remote command that disables the Local key, making it difficult to interfere with the analyzer while it is under computer control.

LOG FREQ. activates a logarithmic frequency sweep mode. The source is stepped in logarithmic increments and the data is displayed on a logarithmic graticule. This is slower than a continuous sweep with the same number of points, and the entered sweep time may therefore be changed automatically. For frequency spans of less than two octaves, the sweep type automatically reverts to linear sweep.

LOG MAG. displays the log magnitude format. This is the standard Cartesian format used to display magnitude-only measurements of insertion loss, return loss, or absolute power in dB versus frequency.

LOG MKR. displays the logarithmic magnitude value and the phase of the active marker in Polar or Smith chart format. Magnitude values are expressed in dB and phase in degrees. This is useful as a fast method of obtaining a reading of the log magnitude value without changing to log magnitude format.

LOOP COUNTER. displays the current value of the loop counter and allows you to change the value of the loop counter. Enter any number from 0 to 32767 and terminate with the x1 key. The default value of the counter is zero. This command should be placed in a sequence that is separate from the measurement sequence. For this reason: the measurement sequence containing a loop decision command must call itself in order to function. The LOOP

COUNTER command must be in a separate sequence or the counter value would always be reset to the initial value.

LOOP COUNTER (Sequence Filenaming). inserts the string “[LOOP]” into the file name.

LOSS. accepts a power loss value for a segment in the power meter cal power loss list. This value, for example, could be the difference (in dB) between the coupled arm and through arm of a directional coupler.

LOSS/SENSR LISTS. presents the power loss/sensor lists menu. This menu performs two functions: 1) Corrects coupled-arm power loss when a directional coupler is used to sample the RF output. 2) Allows calibration factor data to be entered for one or two power sensors. Each function provides up to 12 separate frequency points, called segments, at which the user may enter a different power loss or calibration factor. The instrument interpolates between the selected points. Two power sensor lists are provided because no single power sensor can cover the frequency range of the analyzer.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

LOWER LIMIT. sets the lower limit value for the start of the segment in a limit line list. If an upper limit is specified, a lower limit must also be defined. If no lower limit is required for a particular measurement, force the lower limit value out of range (for example −500 dB).

MANUAL TRG ON POINT. waits for a manual trigger for each point. Subsequent pressing of this softkey triggers each measurement. The annotation “man” will appear at the left side of the display when the instrument is waiting for the trigger to occur. This feature is useful in a test sequence when an external device or instrument requires changes at each point.

Marker. displays an active marker on the screen and provides access to a series of menus to control from one to five display markers for each channel. Markers provide numerical readout of measured values at any point of the trace. The menus accessed from the Marker key provide several basic marker operations. These include special marker modes for different display formats, and a marker delta mode that displays marker values relative to a specified value or another marker.

MARKER → AMP. OFS. uses the active marker to set the amplitude offset for the limit lines. Move the marker to the desired middle value of the limits and press this softkey. The limits are then moved so that they are centered an equal amount above and below the marker at that stimulus value.

MARKER → CENTER. changes the stimulus center value to the stimulus value of the active marker, and centers the new span about that value.

MARKER → CW. sets the CW frequency of the analyzer to the frequency of the active marker. This feature is useful in automated compression measurements. Test sequences allow the instrument to automatically find a maximum or minimum point on a response trace. The MARKER → CW command sets the instrument to the CW frequency of the active marker. When power sweep in engaged, the CW frequency will already be selected.

MARKER → DELAY. adjusts the electrical delay to balance the phase of the DUT. This is performed automatically, regardless of the format and the measurement being made. Enough line length is added to or subtracted from the receiver input to compensate for the phase slope at the active marker position. This effectively flattens the phase trace around the active marker, and can be used to measure electrical length or deviation from linear phase. Additional electrical delay adjustments are required on DUTs without constant group delay over the measured frequency span. Since this feature adds phase to a variation in phase versus frequency, it is applicable only for ratioed inputs.

MARKER → MIDDLE. sets the midpoint for DELTA LIMITS using the active marker to set the middle amplitude value of a limit segment. Move the marker to the desired value or device specification, and press this key to make that value the midpoint of the delta limits. The limits are automatically set an equal amount above and below the marker.

MARKER → REFERENCE. makes the reference value equal to the active marker's response value, without changing the reference position. In a polar or Smith chart format, the full scale value at the outer circle is changed to the active marker response value. This softkey also appears in the scale reference menu.

MARKER → SPAN. changes the start and stop values of the stimulus span to the values of the active marker and the delta reference marker. If there is no reference marker, the message "NO MARKER DELTA − SPAN NOT SET" is displayed.

MARKER → START. changes the stimulus start value to the stimulus value of the active marker. MARKER → STIMULUS. sets the starting stimulus value of a limit line segment using the active marker. Move the

marker to the desired starting stimulus value before pressing this key, and the marker stimulus value is entered as the segment start value.

MARKER → STOP. changes the stimulus stop value to the stimulus value of the active marker. MARKER 1. turns on marker 1 and makes it the active marker. The active marker appears on the display as ∇. The

active marker stimulus value is displayed in the active entry area, together with the marker number. If there is a marker turned on, and no other function is active, the stimulus value of the active marker can be controlled with the knob, the step keys, or the numeric keypad. The marker response and stimulus values are displayed in the upper right-hand corner of the screen.

MARKER 2. turns on marker 2 and makes it the active marker. If another marker is present, that marker becomes inactive and is represented on the display as ∆.

MARKER 3. turns on marker 3 and makes it the active marker.

MARKER 4. turns on marker 4 and makes it the active marker.

MARKER 5. turns on marker 5 and makes it the active marker.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

MARKER all OFF. turns off all the markers and the delta reference marker, as well as the tracking and bandwidth functions that are accessed with the MKR FCTN key.

Marker Fctn. key activates a marker if one is not already active, and provides access to additional marker functions. These can be used to quickly change the measurement parameters, to search the trace for specified information, and to analyze the trace statistically.

MARKER MODE MENU. provides access to the marker mode menu, where several marker modes can be selected including special markers for polar and Smith chart formats.

MARKERS: CONTINUOUS. located under the Marker key, interpolates between measured points to allow the markers to be placed at any point on the trace. Displayed marker values are also interpolated. This is the default marker mode.

MARKERS: COUPLED. couples the marker stimulus values for the two display channels. Even if the stimulus is uncoupled and two sets of stimulus values are shown, the markers track the same stimulus values on each channel as long as they are within the displayed stimulus range.

MARKERS: DISCRETE. places markers only on measured trace points determined by the stimulus settings.

MARKERS: UNCOUPLED. allows the marker stimulus values to be controlled independently on each channel.

MATH: DATA/MEM. divides the data by the memory, normalizing the data to the memory, and displays the result. This is

useful for ratio comparison of two traces, for instance in measurements of gain or attenuation.

MATH: DATA - MEM. subtracts the memory from the data. The vector subtraction is performed on the complex data. This is appropriate for storing a measured vector error, for example directivity, and later subtracting it from the device measurement.

MATH: DATA * MEM. multiplies memory and data.

MATH: DATA + MEM. adds memory and data.

MATH: MEM / DATA . divides memory by data. This operation normalizes the memory to the data. This is useful for ratio

comparison of two traces, for instance in measurements of gain or attenuation.

MATH: MEM - DATA . subtracts memory from data.

MATH: MEM1 / MEM2 . divides memory 1 by memory 2.

MATH: MEM1 - MEM2 . subtracts memory 2 from memory 1.

MATH: MEM1 * MEM2 . multiplies memory 1 and memory 2.

MATH: MEM1 + MEM2 . adds memory 1 and memory 2.

MATH: MEM2 / MEM1 . divides memory 2 by memory 1.

MATH: MEM2 - MEM1 . subtracts memory 1 from memory 2.

MAX. moves the active marker to the maximum point on the trace.

MAXIMUM BANDWIDTH. sets the maximum bandwidth value of the bandwidth test limits.

MAXIMUM FREQUENCY. is used to: 1) define the highest frequency at which a calibration kit standard can be used

during measurement calibration. In waveguide, this is normally the upper cutoff frequency of the standard. or 2) set the maximum frequency of the selected frequency band when setting up ripple test parameters.

MAXIMUM RIPPLE. sets the maximum ripple allowed of the selected frequency band. The maximum allowable ripple is 100 dB.

Marker Search. allows user to turn tracking on, off and search for the maximum, minimum, bandwidth, and target points on the trace.

Meas. key provides access to a series of lightwave measurements and a softkey menus for selecting the electrical parameters or inputs to be measured.

MEASURE RESTART. aborts the sweep in progress, then restarts the measurement. This can be used to update a measurement following an adjustment of the device under test. When a full two-port calibration is in use, the MEASURE RESTART key will initiate another update of both forward and reverse data. This softkey will also override the test set hold mode, which inhibits continuous switching of either the test port transfer switch or step attenuator. This softkey will override the test set hold mode for one measurement. If the analyzer is taking a number of groups, the sweep counter is reset at 1. If averaging is on, MEASURE RESTART resets the sweep-to-sweep averaging and is effectively the same as AVERAGING RESTART. If the sweep trigger is in HOLD mode, MEASURE RESTART executes a single sweep.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

MEMORY. displays the trace memory for the active channel. This is the only memory display mode where the smoothing of the memory trace can be changed. If no data has been stored in memory for this channel, a warning message is displayed.

MEMORY1. causes memory 1 to be the active memory.

MEMORY2. causes memory 2 to be the active memory. MEMORY1 → 2. copies the contents of memory 1 into memory 2. MEMORY2 → 1. copies the contents of memory 2 into memory 1.

MIDDLE VALUE. sets the midpoint for DELTA LIMITS. It uses the entry controls to set a specified amplitude value

vertically centered between the limits.

MIN. moves the active marker to the minimum point on the trace.

MINIMUM BANDWIDTH. sets the minimum bandwidth value of the bandwidth test limits.

MINIMUM FREQUENCY . is used to: 1) define the lowest frequency at which a calibration kit standard can be used

during measurement calibration. In waveguide, this must be the lower cutoff frequency of the standard, so that the analyzer can calculate dispersive effects correctly (see OFFSET DELAY). or 2) set the minimum frequency of the selected frequency band when setting up ripple test parameters.

MKR SEARCH [ ]. leads to the marker search menu, which is used to search the trace for a particular value or bandwidth.

MKR ZERO. puts a fixed reference marker at the present active marker position, and makes the fixed marker stimulus and response values at that position equal to zero. All subsequent stimulus and response values of the active marker are then read out relative to the fixed marker. The fixed marker is shown on the display as a small triangle ∆ (delta), smaller than the inactive marker triangles. The softkey label changes from MKR ZERO to MKR ZERO ∆REF = ∆ and the notation “∆REF = ∆” is displayed at the top right corner of the graticule. Marker zero is canceled by turning delta mode off in the delta marker menu or turning all the markers off with the ALL OFF softkey.

MODIFY [ ]. leads to the modify cal kit menu, where a default cal kit can be user-modified.

MODIFY COLORS. present a menu for color modification of display elements. Refer to the user’s guide for information

on modifying display elements.

MODIFY: FRESNEL. leads to a menu used to modify the Fresnel reflection model coefficient.

MODIFY: REFLECTOR. leads to a menu used to modify the reflector model coefficient.

MODIFY: THRU. leads to a menu used to modify the optical thru model coefficient.

MORE RANGES. provides access to more power ranges.

N 50Ω 85054. selects the 85054 cal kit. N 50Ω 85032F. selects the 85032F cal kit. N 75Ω 85036. selects the 85036B/E cal kit.

N DB POINTS. sets the N dB point which is used to determine the bandwidth test cutoff frequencies. Enter the number of decibels below the peak of the bandpass that the filter is specified.

NETWORK ANALYZER. sets the analyzer to network analyzer mode.

NEW SEQ/MODIFY SEQ. activates the sequence edit mode and presents the new/modify sequence menu with a list of

sequences that can be created or modified.

NEWLINE. puts a new line command into the display title.

NEXT PAGE. steps forward through a tabular list of data page-by-page.

NUMBER OF GROUPS. triggers a user-specified number of sweeps, and returns to the hold mode. This function can be

used to override the test set hold mode (indicated by the notation “tsH” at the left of the screen). In this mode, the electro-mechanical transfer switch and attenuator are not protected against unwanted continuous switching. This occurs in a full two-port calibration, in a measurement of two different parameters that require power out from both ports, or when the channels are uncoupled and a different power level is set for each channel. If averaging is on, the number of groups should be at least equal to the averaging factor selected to allow measurement of a fully averaged trace. Entering a number of groups resets the averaging counter to 1.

NUMBER of POINTS. is used to select the number of data points per sweep to be measured and displayed. Using fewer

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

points allows a faster sweep time but the displayed trace shows less horizontal detail. Using more points gives greater data density and improved trace resolution, but slows the sweep and requires more memory for error correction or saving instrument states. The possible values that can be entered for number of points are 3, 11, 26, 51, 101, 201, 401,801, and 1601. The number of points can be different for the two channels if the stimulus values are uncoupled. In list frequency sweep, the number of points displayed is the total number of frequency points for the defined list (see “Sweep Types” on page 5-6“).

NUMBER OF READINGS. determines the number of measurement/correction iterations performed on each point in a power meter calibration. This feature helps eliminate residual power errors after the initial correction. The amount of residual error is directly proportional to the magnitude of the initial correction. The user should initially set the source power so that it is approximately correct at the device under test. If power uncertainty at the device under test is expected to be greater than a few dB, it is recommended that the number of readings be greater than 1.

NUMERATOR: k. is the multiplication constant in the numerator of the response versus frequency coefficient model.

NUMERATOR: DELAY. is a phase or delay factor of the response versus frequency coefficient model. The delay is a

function of frequency.

NUMERATOR: A1. is the first order coefficient in the numerator.

NUMERATOR: A2. is the second order coefficient in the numerator.

NUMERATOR: A3. is the third order coefficient in the numerator.

NUMERATOR: A4. is the fourth order coefficient in the numerator.

OFFSET. selects the calibration standard load as being offset.

OFFSET DELAY. is used to specify the one-way electrical delay from the measurement (reference) plane to the standard,

in seconds (s). (In a transmission standard, offset delay is the delay from plane to plane.) Delay can be calculated from the precise physical length of the offset, the permittivity constant of the medium, and the speed of light.

OFFSET LENGTH. is used to enter an offset length to adjust the position of the standards to the desired reference plane.

OFFSET LOADS DONE. completes the selection in the Offset Load Menu.

OFFSET LOSS. is used to specify energy loss, due to skin effect, along a one-way length of coax offset. The value of loss

is entered as Ωs/nanosecond (or Giga Ωs/second) at 1 GHz. (Such losses are negligible in waveguide, so enter 0 as the loss offset.)

OFFSET Z0. is used to specify the characteristic impedance of the coax offset. (Note: This is not the impedance of the standard itself.) (For waveguide, the offset impedance should always be assigned a value equal to the system Z0.)

OMIT ISOLATION. is used to omit the isolation portion of the calibration.

ONE SWEEP. This mode does not measure each sweep, but corrects each point with the data currently in the power

meter correction table.

OP PARMS (MKRS etc). provides a tabular listing on the analyzer display of the key parameters for both channels. The screen menu is presented to allow hard copy listings and access new pages of the table. Four pages of information are supplied. These pages list operating parameters, marker parameters, and system parameters that relate to control of peripheral devices rather than selection of measurement parameters.

OPEN. defines the standard type as an open, used for calibrating reflection measurements. Opens are assigned a terminal impedance of infinite Ωs, but delay and loss offsets may still be added.

OPEN (F). for cal kits with different models for male and female test port standards, this selects the open model for a female test port. Note that the sex of a calibration standard always refers to the test port.

OPEN (M). for cal kits with different models for male and female test port standards, this selects the open model for a male test port. Note that the sex of a calibration standard always refers to the test port.

OPT. KIT. leads to the optical cal kit menu, which is used to select the default optical cal kit or to modify the cal kit.

P MTR/GPIB TO TITLE. gets data from an GPIB device set to the address at which the analyzer expects to find a power

meter. The data is stored in a title string. The analyzer must be in system controller or pass control mode.

PARALL IN BIT NUMBER. while creating a sequence, this softkey will insert a command that selects the single bit (0 to

4) that a sequence will be looking for from the GPIO bus.

PARALL IN IF BIT H. while creating a sequence, this softkey inserts a command to jump to another sequence if the single input selected is in a high state.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

PARALL IN IF BIT L. while creating a sequence, this softkey inserts a command to jump to another sequence if the single input selected is in a low state.

PARALLEL. sets the printer or plotter port to parallel.

PARALLEL [COPY/GPIO]. toggles the parallel output port between the copy and GPIO output modes.

PARALLEL OUT ALL. allows you to input a number (0 to 255) in base 10, and outputs it to the bus as binary, when the

parallel port is in GPIO mode.

PAUSE . pauses the sequence so the operator can perform a needed task, such as changing the DUT, changing the calibration standard, or other similar task. Press CONTINUE SEQUENCE when ready.

PAUSE TO SELECT. when editing a sequence, PAUSE TO SELECT appears when you press DO SEQUENCE. When placed in a sequence, it presents the menu of up to 6 available sequences (softkeys containing non-empty sequences). If the operator selects one of the sequences, that sequence is executed. Any other key can be used to exit this mode. This function is not executed if used during modify mode and does nothing when operated manually. This softkey is not visible on the display, and the function is not available, unless programmed into analyzer memory.

PEN NUM DATA. selects the number of the pen to plot the data trace. The default pen for channel 1 is pen number 2, and for channel 2 is pen number 3.

PEN NUM GRATICULE. selects the number of the pen to plot the graticule. The default pen for channel 1 is pen number 1, and for channel 2 is pen number 1.

PEN NUM MARKER. selects the number of the pen to plot both the markers and the marker values. The default pen for channel 1 is pen number 7, and for channel 2 is pen number 7.

PEN NUM MEMORY. selects the number of the pen to plot the memory trace. The default pen for channel 1 is pen number 5, and for channel 2 is pen number 6.

PEN NUM TEXT. selects the number of the pen to plot the text. The default pen for channel 1 is pen number 7, and for channel 2 is pen number 7.

PHASE OFFSET. adds or subtracts a phase offset that is constant with frequency (rather than linear). This is independent of MARKER → DELAY and ELECTRICAL DELAY.

PHASE. displays a Cartesian format of the phase portion of the data, measured in degrees. This format displays the phase shift versus frequency.

PLOT. makes a hard copy plot of one page of the tabular listing on the display, using a compatible plotter connected to the analyzer through GPIB. This method is appropriate when speed of output is not a critical factor.

PLOT DATA ON off. specifies whether the data trace is to be drawn (on) or not drawn (off) on the plot.

PLOT GRAT ON off. specifies whether the graticule and the reference line are to be drawn (on) or not drawn (off) on the

plot. Turning PLOT GRAT ON and all other elements off is a convenient way to make preplotted grid forms. However, when data is to be plotted on a preplotted form, PLOT GRAT OFF should be selected.

PLOT MEM ON off. specifies whether the memory trace is to be drawn (on) or not drawn (off) on the plot. Memory can only be plotted if it is displayed (refer to the “Making Measurements” chapter in the user’s guide).

PLOT MKR ON off. specifies whether the markers and marker values are to be drawn (on) or not drawn (off) on the plot.

PLOT NAME PLOTFILE. supplies a name for the plot file generated by a PLOT to disk. Brings up the TITLE FILE MENU.

PLOT SPEED [ ]. toggles between fast and slow speeds.

PLOT TEXT ON off. selects plotting of all displayed text except the marker values, softkey labels, and display listings

such as the frequency list table or limit table. (Softkey labels can be plotted under the control of an external controller. Refer to the programmer’s guide.)

PLOTTER BAUD RATE. sets the serial port data transmission speed for plots.

PLOTTER FORM FEED. sends a page eject command to the plotter.

PLOTTER PORT. configures the port analyzer will use to communicate with the plotter.

PLTR PORT: DISK. directs plots to the selected disk (internal or external).

PLTR PORT GPIB. directs plots to the GPIB port and sets the GPIB address the analyzer will use to communicate with

the plotter.

PLTR PORT PARALLEL. configures the analyzer for a plotter that has a parallel (centronics) interface.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

PLTR PORT SERIAL. configures the analyzer for a plotter that has a serial (RS-232) interface.

PLTR TYPE [PLOTTER]. selects a pen plotter such as the HP 7440A, HP 7470A, HP 7475A, or HP 7550B as the plotter

type.

PLTR TYPE [HPGL PRT]. selects a PCL5 compatible printer, which supports HP-GL/2, such as the LaserJet III or LaserJet 4 for a monochrome plotter type, or the DeskJet 1200C for a color plotter type.

POLAR. displays a polar format. Each point on the polar format corresponds to a particular value of both magnitude and phase. Quantities are read vectorally: the magnitude at any point is determined by its displacement from the center (which has zero value), and the phase by the angle counterclockwise from the positive x-axis. Magnitude is scaled in a linear fashion, with the value of the outer circle usually set to a ratio value of 1. Since there is no frequency axis, frequency information is read from the markers.

POLAR MKR MENU. leads to a menu of special markers for use with a polar format.

PORT EXTENSIONS. goes to the reference plane menu, which is used to extend the apparent location of the

measurement reference plane or input.

PORT POWER [COUPLED]. is used to set the same power levels at each port.

PORT POWER [UNCOUPLED]. allows you to set different power levels at each port.

Power. makes power level the active function and sets the RF output power level of the analyzer's internal source. The

analyzer will detect an input power overload at any of the three receiver inputs. This is indicated with the message “OVERLOAD ON INPUT (R, A, B).” If power meter cal is on, cal power is the active entry.

POWER RANGES. leads to the power ranges menu which allows the user to select among 12 power ranges from −75 to

−5 dBm.

POWER LOSS. brings up the segment modify menu and segment edit (power loss) menu explained in the following pages. This softkey is intended for use when the power output is being sampled by a directional coupler or power splitter. In the case of the directional coupler, enter the power loss caused by the coupled arm. This feature may be used to compensate for attenuation non-linearities in either a directional coupler or a power splitter. Up to 12 segments may be entered, each with a different frequency and power loss value.

POWER MTR. toggles between 436A or 438A/437. These power meters are GPIB compatible with the analyzer. The model number in the softkey label must match the power meter to be used.

POWER SWEEP. turns on a power sweep mode that is used to characterize power-sensitive circuits. In this mode, power is swept at a single frequency, from a start power value to a stop power value, selected using the Start and Stop keys and the entry block. This feature is convenient for such measurements as gain compression or AGC (automatic gain control) slope. To set the frequency of the power sweep, use CW FREQ in the stimulus menu. Note that power range switching is not allowed in power sweep mode.

In power sweep, the entered sweep time may be automatically changed if it is less than the minimum required for the current configuration (number of points, IF bandwidth, averaging, etc.).

Preset. presents a menu to select a factory or user defined preset state.

PRESET: FACTORY. is used to select the preset conditions defined by the factory.

PRESET: USER. is used to select a preset condition defined by the user. This is done by saving a state in a register under

Save/Recall and naming the register UPRESET. When PRESET: USER is underlined, the Preset key will bring up the state of the UPRESET register.

PRESET SETTINGS. selects a menu to set the preset states of some items, such as calibration interpolation and step sweep mode.

PREVIOUS PAGE. steps backward through a tabular list of data page-by-page.

PREVIOUS RANGES. steps back to the previous range menus.

PRINT ALL COLOR. when displaying list values, prints the entire list in color. When displaying operating parameters,

prints all but the last page in color. The data is sent to the printer as ASCII text rather than as raster graphics, which causes the printout to be faster.

PRINT ALL MONOCHROME. when displaying list values or operating parameters, prints the entire list in monochrome. The data is sent to the printer as ASCII text rather than as raster graphics, which causes the printout to be faster.

PRINT: COLOR. sets the print command to default to a color printer. The printer output is always in the analyzer default color values. This command does not work with a black and white printer.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

PRINT COLOR. prints the displayed measurement results in color.

PRINT COLORS. is used to select the print colors menu.

PRINT: MONOCHROME. sets the print command to default to a black and white printer.

PRINT MONOCHROME. prints the displayed measurement results in black and white.

PRINT SEQUENCE. prints any sequence currently in memory to a compatible printer.

PRINTER BAUD RATE. sets the serial port data transmission speed for prints.

PRINTER FORM FEED. sends a conditional form feed to the printer.

PRINTER PORT. configures the port the analyzer will use to communicate with the printer.

PRNTR PORT GPIB. directs prints to the GPIB port and sets the GPIB address the analyzer will use to communicate with

the printer.

PRNTR PORT PARALLEL. configures the analyzer for a printer that has a parallel (centronics) interface.

PRNTR PORT SERIAL. configures the analyzer for a printer that has a serial (RS-232) interface.

PRNTR TYPE [DESKJET]. sets the printer type to the DeskJet series.

PRNTR TYPE [EPSON-P2]. sets the printer type to Epson compatible printers, which support the Epson ESC/P2 printer

control language.

PRNTR TYPE [LASERJET]. sets the printer type to the LaserJet series.

PRNTR TYPE [PAINTJET]. sets the printer type to the PaintJet.

PRNTR TYPE [THINKJET]. sets the printer type to the ThinkJet or QuietJet.

PULSE VALUE. sets the two response points at which the pulse width is calculated. Pulse value is the percentage of

pulse height where the width is to be measured.

PULSE WIDTH. calculates the width of a pulse.

PWR DAC on OFF. sets the power level directly from the power DAC.

PWR LOSS on OFF. turns on or off power loss correction. Power loss correction should be used when the power output

is measured by a directional coupler. Enter the power loss caused by the coupled arm with the LOSS/SENSR LISTS softkey submenus described below.

PWR RANGE AUTO man. toggles the power range mode between auto and manual. Auto mode selects the power range based on the power selected. Manual mode limits power entry to within the ±6to −12 dB selected range.

PWRMTR CAL [ ]. leads to the power meter calibration menu which provides two types of power meter calibration, continuous (each sweep) and single-sample (one sweep).

PWRMTR CAL [OFF]. turns off power meter calibration, terminate a power meter calibration sweep.

R. measures the absolute power amplitude at input R.

R+jX MKR. converts the active marker values into rectangular form. The complex impedance values of the active

marker are displayed in terms of resistance, reactance, and equivalent capacitance or inductance. This is the default Smith chart marker. Each of the range softkeys will have different ranges dependent on the analyzer model and options installed.

RANGE 0 -15 TO +10. selects power range 0 when in manual power range.

RANGE 1 -25 TO 0. selects power range 1 when in manual power range.

RANGE 2 -35 TO -10. selects power range 2 when in manual power range.

RANGE 3 -45 TO -20. selects power range 3 when in manual power range.

RANGE 4 -55 TO -30. selects power range 4 when in manual power range.

RANGE 5 -65 TO -40. selects power range 5 when in manual power range.

RANGE 6 -75 TO -50. selects power range 6 when in manual power range.

RANGE 7 -85 TO -60. selects power range 7 when in manual power range.

RANGE 4 -55 TO -30. selects power range 8 when in manual power range.

RANGE 5 -65 TO -40. selects power range 9 when in manual power range.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

RANGE 6 -75 TO -50. selects power range 10 when in manual power range.

RANGE 7 -85 TO -60. selects power range 11 when in manual power range.

RAW ARRAY on OFF. specifies whether or not to store the raw data (ratioed and averaged) on disk with the instrument

state.

RAW OFFSET On Off. selects whether sampler and attenuator offsets are ON or OFF. By selecting raw offsets OFF, a full two port error correction can be performed without including the effects of the offsets. It also saves substantial time at recalls and during frequency changes. Raw offsets follow the channel coupling. This softkey is used with "Take4" mode. Refer to the examples in the programmer’s guide.

Re/Im MKR. when in the smith marker menu, Re/Im MKR displays the values of the active marker on a Smith chart as a real and imaginary pair. The complex data is separated into its real part and imaginary part. The first marker value given is the real part M cos θ, and the second value is the imaginary part M sin θ, where M =magnitude. When in the polar marker menu, Re/Im MKR displays the values of the active marker as a real and imaginary pair. The complex data is separated into its real part and imaginary part. The first marker value given is the real part M cos θ, and the second value is the imaginary part M sin θ, where M = magnitude.

READ FILE TITLES. searches the directory of the disk for file names recognized as belonging to an instrument state, and displays them in the softkey labels. No more than five titles are displayed at one time. If there are more than five, repeatedly pressing this key causes the next five to be displayed. If there are fewer than five, the remaining softkey labels are blanked.

READ SEQ FILE TITLS. is a disk file directory command. Pressing this softkey will read the first six sequence titles and display them in the softkey labels. These sequences can then be loaded into internal memory. If READ SEQ FILE TITLS is pressed again, the next six sequence titles on the disk will be displayed. To read the contents of the disk starting again with the first sequence: remove the disk, reinsert it into the drive, and press READ SEQ FILE TITLS.

REAL. displays only the real (resistive) portion of the measured data on a Cartesian format. This is similar to the linear magnitude format, but can show both positive and negative values.

RECALL CAL PORT 1. Press this key after selecting the file associated with port 1 error correction for adapter removal calibration.

RECALL CAL PORT 2. Press this key after selecting the file associated with port 2 error correction for adapter removal calibration.

RECALL COLORS. recalls the previously saved modified version of the color set. This key appears only when a color set has been saved.

RECALL KEYS. accesses two recall keys which allows you to set the recall keys menu as the initial menu displayed when Save/Recall is pressed or select specific registers to recall.

RECALL KEYS MENU. provides access to the recall keys menu where specific registers can be recalled.

RECALL KEYS on OFF. presents the recall keys menu as the initial menu when Save/Recall has been pressed.

RECALL REGX. recalls the instrument state saved in register 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7.

RECALL STATE. when the internal disk is selected in the Save/Recall menus this key recalls the instrument state that is

highlighted in the directory.

RECEIVER CAL. provides access to the Receiver Cal Menu.

RECEIV OUT CAL/OPT. manually selects the switch position for the lightwave test set, which is either in the external

optical path position or the internal calibration path position. If the COUPLED SW is set to ON, the lightwave test set switch position will revert back to the default position at the end of the sweep.

REF LINE. selects the display reference line for color modification.

REF LINE [ ]. selects the reference line for printer color modification.

REFERENCE POSITION. sets the position of the reference line on the graticule of a Cartesian display, with 0 the bottom

line of the graticule and 10 the top line. It has no effect on a polar or Smith display. The reference position is indicated with a small triangle just outside the graticule, on the left side for channel 1 and the right side for channel 2.

REFERENCE VALUE. changes the value of the reference line, moving the measurement trace correspondingly. In polar and Smith chart formats, the reference value is the same as the scale, and is the value of the outer circle.

REFL: FWD S11 (A/R). defines the measurement as S

test device input.

, the complex reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

REFL: O. configures the instrument for a measurement of the optical complex reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the device under test.

REFL: REV S22 (B/R). defines the measurement as S

test device output.

REFLECT AND LINE. measures the reflection and thru paths of the current calibration standard.

REFLECTED POWER. is used to enter the percent of reflected power for either the Fresnel reflection or the reflector. If

this value is set to zero, reflected power is calculated as a Fresnel reflection using the offset index of refraction and air.

REFLECTION. leads to the reflection calibration menu.

REFLECTOR. in the Optical Kit, Modify Standards menu this key is used to modify the reflector model coefficient. in the

optical reflection and transmission Response Calibration menus, this key is used to measure the reflector reference standard.

REFL SENS. initiates the response calibration for an E/O reflection sensitivity measurement.

REMOVE ADAPTER. completes the adapter removal procedure, removing the effects of the adapter being used.

RENAME FILE. allows you to change the name of a file that has already been saved.

RE-SAVE STATE. re-saves file data to an existing file or register. (The analyzer overwrites the existing file or register

contents.)

RESET COLOR. resets the color being modified to the default color.

RESET MODEL. resets “k” to one and all other model coefficients to zero.

RESPONSE. When in the specify class more menu, RESPONSE is used to enter the standard numbers for a response

calibration. This calibration corrects for frequency response in either reflection or transmission measurements, depending on the parameter being measured when a calibration is performed. (For default kits, the standard is either the open or short for reflection measurements, or the thru for transmission measurements.) When in the response cal menu, RESPONSE leads to the frequency response calibration. This is the simplest and fastest accuracy enhancement procedure, but should be used when extreme accuracy is not required. It effectively removes the frequency response errors of the test setup for reflection or transmission measurements. For electrical reflection measurements, the standard is either an open or a short. For optical reflection measurements, the standard is either a Fresnel reflection or a user-defined reflecting device.

RESPONSE ISOL'N. When in the specify class more menu, RESPONSE ISOL'N is used to enter the standard numbers for a response and isolation calibration. This calibration corrects for frequency response and directivity in reflection measurements, or frequency response and isolation in transmission measurements. When in the response and isolation menu, RESPONSE ISOL'N leads to the menus used to perform a response and isolation measurement calibration, for measurement of devices with wide dynamic range. This procedure effectively removes the same frequency response errors as the response calibration. In addition, it effectively removes the isolation (crosstalk) error in transmission measurements or the directivity error in reflection measurements. As well as the devices required for a simple response calibration, an isolation standard is required. For electrical measurements, the standard normally used is a broadband termination (load). For optical measurements, remove optical power from the optical input either by turning the laser off or by disconnecting the cable from the optical input.

RESPONSE & MATCH. removes frequency response errors and electrical port match errors due to reflections between:

1) The electrical output port of the analyzer and the input port of an E/O device. 2) The output port of an O/E device and the electrical input port of the analyzer.

RESTORE DISPLAY. turns off the tabular listing and returns the measurement display to the screen.

RESUME CAL SEQUENCE. eliminates the need to restart a calibration sequence that was interrupted to access some

other menu. This softkey goes back to the point where the calibration sequence was interrupted. If you change any of the following settings, the calibration will become invalid: IF bandwidth, frequency range, number of points, power.

RETRACE PWR on STD. when on, causes the analyzer to retrace the sweep only over the current frequency range, and does not turn off the power during retrace, unless crossing a 20.05 GHz source band. When in STD mode, the analyzer may turn off the source power, or sweep to a lower frequency if it provides a faster retrace.

REV ISOL'N. measures the reverse isolation of the calibration standard during an enhanced response cal.

REV ISOL'N ISOL'N STD. measures the reverse isolation of the calibration standard during a full 2-port cal.

REV MATCH (Label Class). lets you enter a label for the reverse match class. The label appears during a calibration

, the complex reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

that uses this class.

REV MATCH (Specify Class). specifies which standards are in the reverse match class in the calibration kit.

REV MATCH THRU. is used to enter the standard numbers for the reverse match (thru) calibration. (For default kits,

this is the thru.)

REV TRANS (Label Class). lets you enter a label for the reverse transmission class. The label appears during a calibration that uses this class.

REV TRANS (Specify Class). specifies which standards are in the reverse transmission class in the calibration kit.

REV TRANS THRU. is used to enter the standard numbers for the reverse transmission (thru) calibration. (For default

kits, this is the thru.)

REVERSE: OPENS. provides access to the menu for selecting an open calibration type when the cal kit defines more than one open standard.

RIGHT LOWER. draws a quarter-page plot in the lower right quadrant of the page.

RIGHT UPPER. draws a quarter-page plot in the upper right quadrant of the page.

RIPL LIMIT on OFF. displays lines that represent the ripple limits when the ripple test is set to ON.

RIPL TEST on OFF. turns ripple testing on or off. When ripple testing is on, the analyzer sets the lower ripple limit line at

the lowest amplitude point within the frequency band and sets the upper limit line at the user-specified amplitude above. If the trace data remains at or below the upper limit line, that portion of the ripple test passes. If the trace data rises above the upper limit line within the frequency band, the test fails. Data within each frequency band is compared with the defined ripple limit of the band. The ripple test checks each frequency band using this method. A maximum of 12 frequency bands can be tested on each channel. These bands may overlap in frequency. If all of the channel’s frequency bands pass the ripple test, the analyzer displays a pass message. If the test passed, a message is displayed in orange text in the upper right portion of the LCD. An example of this message is: RIPL1 PASS, where the “1” indicates the channel where the ripple test is performed. If the ripple test does not pass, a fail message is displayed in red text. An example of this message is RIPL1 FAIL.

RIPL VALUE [ ]. displays the ripple value of the selected frequency band. The ripple value can be displayed in two ways or turned off. Selecting OFF removes the displayed ripple value from the display. Selecting ABSOLUTE or MARGIN displays the ripple value. The ripple value is preceded on the display by an indicator of the selected band. For example, when the ripple value is preceded by “B2”, this indicates that the ripple value shown is for Band 2. The frequency band indicator and ripple value are displayed in the same color as the pass/fail message for the overall ripple test. When ABSOLUTE is selected, the display shows the absolute ripple of the data trace within the frequency band. When MARGIN is selected, the display shows the difference between the maximum allowable ripple and the absolute ripple value within the frequency band. When the margin value is preceded by a plus sign (+), this indicates that the ripple within the selected frequency band is passing by the value shown. When the margin value is preceded by a negative sign (−), this indicates that the ripple within the selected band is failing by the value shown.

RIPL VALUE BAND. selects a frequency band to display the ripple value. When RIPL VALUE [ ] is set to the absolute or margin choices, this softkey selects the ripple measurement for the selected frequency band.

RIPPLE LIM LINES. selects ripple limit line trace on the display color modification.

RIPPLE LIMIT. selects the ripple limit line choice. This selection leads to menus used to define ripple limits or

specifications with which to compare a test device. Refer to the “Using Ripple Limits to Test a Device” section in the “Making Measurements” chapter of the user’s guide.

ROUND SECONDS. resets the seconds counter to zero in real-time clock.

S PARAMETERS. presents the S-parameter menu, which is used to define the input ports and test set direction for

S-parameter measurements.

S11 1-PORT. provides a measurement calibration for reflection-only. Measurements of one-port devices or properly terminated two-port devices, at port 1 of an S-parameter test set.

S11A. is used to enter the standard numbers for the first class required for an S

kits, this is the open.)

S11B. is used to enter the standard numbers for the second class required for an S11 1-port calibration. (For default cal

kits, this is the short.)

S11C. is used to enter the standard numbers for the third class required for an S

1-port calibration. (For default cal

1-port calibration. (For default kits,

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

this is the load.)

S11 REFL SHORT. measures the short circuit TRL/LRM calibration data for PORT 1.

S11/21 ENH. RESP. provides an S11 and S21 enhanced response calibration (forward direction). Enhanced response

generates a 1-port cal for S11 and an improved calibration over the response cal for S21 .

S22 1-PORT. provides a measurement calibration for reflection-only. Measurements of one-port devices or properly terminated two-port devices, at port 2 of an S-parameter test set.

S22/12 ENH. RESP. provides an S22 and S12 enhanced response calibration (reverse direction). Enhanced response generates a 1-port cal for S22 and an improved calibration over the response cal for S12 .

S22A. is used to enter the standard numbers for the first class required for an S

kits, this is the open.)

S22B. is used to enter the standard numbers for the second class required for an S

kits, this is the short.)

S22C. is used to enter the standard numbers for the third class required for an S

this is the load.)

S22 REFL SHORT. measures the short circuit TRL/LRM calibration data for PORT 2.

SAMPLR COR on OFF. selects whether sampler correction is on or off.

SAVE COLORS. saves the modified version of the color set.

SAVE FILE. saves the display information to the disk drive. The type of information saved is dependent on the

FILETYPE selection. The FILETYPE selection can either be graphic or text.

SAVE FILE FORMATS. accesses the save file menu which allows you to save the display information to the disk drive as either graphic or textual information.

SAVE STATE. saves file data in the next available register if you are saving to internal memory, or saves the data to a disk.

SAVE USER KIT. stores the user-modified or user-defined kit into memory, after it has been modified.

SAVE USING ASCII. selects ASCII format for data storage to disk.

SAVE USING BINARY. selects binary format for data storage.

Save/Recall. provides access to all the menus used for saving and recalling instrument states in internal memory and

for storing to, or loading from the internal or external disk. This includes the menus used to define titles for internal registers and external disk files, to define the content of disk files, to initialize disks for storage, and to clear data from the registers or purge files from disk.

SCALE/DIV. changes the response value scale per division of the displayed trace. In polar and Smith chart formats, this refers to the full scale value at the outer circumference, and is identical to reference value.

SCALE PLOT [ ]. toggles between two selections for plot scale, FULL and GRAT.

SCALE PLOT [FULL]. is the normal scale selection for plotting on blank paper. It includes space for all display annotations

such as marker values, stimulus values, etc. The entire display fits within the user-defined boundaries of P1 and P2 on the plotter, while maintaining the exact same aspect ratio as the display.

SCALE PLOT [GRAT]. expands or reduces the horizontal and vertical scale so that the lower left and upper right graticule corners exactly correspond to the user-defined P1 and P2 scaling points on the plotter. This is convenient for plotting on preprinted rectangular or polar forms (for example, on a Smith Chart).

Scale Ref. makes scale per division the active function. A menu is displayed that is used to modify the vertical axis scale and the reference line value and position. In addition this menu provides electrical delay offset capabilities for adding or subtracting linear phase to maintain phase linearity.

SEARCH LEFT. searches the trace for the next occurrence of the target value to the left.

SEARCH RIGHT. searches the trace for the next occurrence of the target value to the right.

SEARCH: MAX. moves the active marker to the maximum point on the trace.

SEARCH: MIN. moves the active marker to the minimum point on the trace.

SEARCH: OFF. turns off the marker search function.

1-port calibration. (For default cal

1-port calibration. (For default kits,

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

SEARCH: TARGET. searches for the user-specified target point on the trace.

SEGMENT. specifies which limit segment in the table is to be modified. A maximum of three sets of segment values are

displayed at one time, and the list can be scrolled up or down to show other segment entries. Use the entry block controls to move the pointer > to the required segment number. The indicated segment can then be edited or deleted. If the table of limits is designated “EMPTY,” new segments can be added using the ADD or EDIT softkey.

SEGMENT: CENTER. sets the center frequency of a subsweep in a list frequency sweep.

SEGMENT IF BW. enters the IF bandwidth for the active segment in a swept list table. This key is disabled if is set to

OFF.

SEGMENT POWER. enters absolute power values in the swept list table. The power values are restricted to the current power range setting. If port power is uncoupled, power applies to the currently selected port, otherwise it applies to both ports. (The list table only displays one port's power values at time due to limited display area.) To set the alternate port's power level, you must exit the edit list menus, select a measurement that activates the alternate port, and then re-enter the edit list menus. This key is disabled if LIST POWER is set to OFF.

SEGMENT: SPAN. sets the frequency or power span of a subsweep about a specified center frequency.

SEGMENT: START. sets the start frequency of a subsweep.

SEGMENT: STOP. sets the stop frequency of a subsweep.

SEL QUAD. leads to the select quadrant menu, which provides the capability of drawing quarter-page plots.

SELECT DEFAULTS. leads to the default menu.

SELECT DISK. provides access to the select disk menu.

SELECT LETTER. The active entry area displays the letters of the alphabet, digits 0 through 9, and mathematical

symbols. To define a title, rotate the knob until the arrow ↑ points at the first letter, then press SELECT LETTER. Repeat this until the complete title is defined, for a maximum of 50 characters. As each character is selected, it is appended to the title at the top of the graticule.

Seq. accesses a series of sequencing menus. These allow you to create, modify, and store up to 6 sequences which can be run automatically.

SEQUENCE 1 SEQ1. activates editing mode for the segment titled "SEQ1" (default title).

SEQUENCE 2 SEQ2. activates editing mode for the segment titled "SEQ2" (default title).

SEQUENCE 3 SEQ3. activates editing mode for the segment titled "SEQ3" (default title).

SEQUENCE 4 SEQ4. activates editing mode for the segment titled "SEQ4" (default title).

SEQUENCE 5 SEQ5. activates editing mode for the segment titled "SEQ5" (default title).

SEQUENCE 6 SEQ6. activates editing mode for the segment titled "SEQ6" (default title).

SEQUENCE FILENAMING. accesses a file naming menu which is used to automatically increment or decrement the name

of a file that is generated by the network analyzer during a SEQUENCE.

SERVICE MENU. leads to a series of service and test menus.

SERVICE MODES. a collection of common modes used for troubleshooting.

SET ADDRESSES. goes to the address menu, which is used to set the GPIB address of the analyzer, and to display and

modify the addresses of peripheral devices in the system, such as the printer, plotter, disk drive, and power meter.

SET CLOCK. allows you to set the analyzer's internal clock.

SET DAY. allows you to set the day in the analyzer's internal clock.

SET HOUR. allows you to set the hour in the analyzer's internal clock.

SET MINUTES. allows you to set the minutes in the analyzer's internal clock.

SET MONTH. allows you to set the month in the analyzer's internal clock.

SET REF: REFLECT. sets the measurement reference plane to the TRL/LRM REFLECT standard.

SET REF: THRU. sets the measurement reference plane to the TRL/LRM THRU standard.

SET YEAR. allows you to set the year in the analyzer's internal clock.

SET Z0. sets the characteristic impedance used by the analyzer in calculating measured impedance with Smith chart

markers and conversion parameters. Characteristic impedance must be set correctly before calibration procedures are

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

performed.

SETUP A. sets up four-graticule, four-channel display as described in the 4 PARAM HELP KEYS menu. All four graticules are in log format.

SETUP B. sets up two-graticule, four-channel display as described in the 4 PARAM HELP KEYS menu.

SETUP C. sets up single-graticule, four-channel display as described in the 4 PARAM HELP KEYS menu.

SETUP D. sets up four-graticule, four-channel display as described in the 4 PARAM HELP KEYS menu. Two of the

graticules are in Smith chart format with the other two in log format.

SETUP E. sets up two-graticule, four-channel display as described in the 4 PARAM HELP KEYS menu.

SETUP F. sets up three-graticule, three-channel display as described in the 4 PARAM HELP KEYS menu.

OPEN (F). for cal kits with different models for male and female test port standards, this selects the short model for a

female test port. Note that the sex of a calibration standard always refers to the test port.

OPEN (M). for cal kits with different models for male and female test port standards, this selects the short model for a male test port. Note that the sex of a calibration standard always refers to the test port.

SHORT. short calibration standard.

SHOW MENUS. used to display a specific menu prior to a pause statement in a sequence.

SINGLE. takes one sweep of data and returns to the hold mode.

SINGLE POINT. sets the limits at a single stimulus point. If limit lines are on, the upper limit value of a single point limit

is displayed as ∨ and the lower limit is displayed as ∧. A limit test at a single point not terminating a flat or sloped line tests the nearest actual measured data point. A single point limit can be used as a termination for a flat line or sloping line limit segment. When a single point terminates a sloping line or when it terminates a flat line and has the same limit values as the flat line, the single point is not displayed as ∨ and ∧. The indication for a single point segment in the displayed table of limits is SP.

SINGLE SEG SWEEP. enables a measurement of a single segment of the frequency list, without loss of calibration. The segment to be measured is selected using the entry block. In single segment mode, selecting a measurement calibration will force the full list sweep before prompting for calibration standards. The calibration will then be valid for any single segment. If an instrument state is saved in memory with a single-segment trace, a recall will re-display that segment while also recalling the entire list.

SLIDING. defines the load as a sliding load. When such a load is measured during calibration, the analyzer will prompt for several load positions, and calculate the ideal load value from it.

SLOPING LINE. defines a sloping limit line segment that is linear with frequency or other stimulus value, and is continuous to the next stimulus value and limit. If a sloping line is the final segment, it becomes a flat line terminated at the stop stimulus. A sloping line segment is indicated as SL on the displayed table of limits.

SMITH CHART. displays a Smith chart format. This is used in reflection measurements to provide a readout of the data in terms of impedance. It provides information such as the reflection coefficient and input/output impedance of the DUT.

SMITH MKR MENU. leads to a menu of special markers for use with a Smith chart format.

SMOOTHING APERTURE. lets you change the value of the smoothing aperture as a percent of the span. When smoothing

aperture is the active function, its value in stimulus units is displayed below its percent value in the active entry area. Smoothing aperture is also used to set the aperture for group delay measurements. Note that the displayed smoothing aperture is not the group delay aperture unless smoothing is on.

SMOOTHING on OFF. turns the smoothing function on or off for the active channel. When smoothing is on, the annotation “Smo” is displayed in the status notations area. Use this key to restore power after a power interruption. ON returns the source power to its original setting, while OFF sets the source to the minimum power level of the analyzer.

SOURCE TUNE OFF. provides service access to pretune the source, without using the phase-locked loop.

SPACE. inserts a space in the title.

Span. is used, along with the Center key, to define the frequency range of the stimulus. When the Span key is pressed,

it becomes the active function. The value is displayed in the active entry area, and can be changed with the knob, step keys, or numeric keypad.

SPAN. sets the frequency or power span of a subsweep about a specified center frequency.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS. presents the special function menu.

SPECIFY CLASS. leads to the specify class menu. After the standards are modified, use this key to specify a class to

consist of certain standards.

SPECIFY CLASS DONE. finishes the specify class function and returns to the modify cal kit menu.

SPECIFY OFFSET. allows additional specifications for a user-defined standard. Features specified in this menu are

common to all five types of standards.

SPLIT DISP 1X 2X 4X. toggles between a full-screen single graticule display or two-, three-, or four-graticule, multiple-channel display. Works with DUAL CHAN on OFF to determine the number of channels displayed.

STANDARD DONE. returns to the define standard menu.

Start. is used to define the start frequency of a frequency range. When the Start key is pressed it becomes the active

function. The value is displayed in the active entry area, and can be changed with the knob, step keys, or numeric keypad.

STATS. calculates and displays the mean, standard deviation, and peak-to-peak values of the section of the displayed trace between the active marker and the delta reference marker. If there is no delta reference, the statistics are calculated for the entire trace. A convenient use of this feature is to find the peak-to-peak value of passband ripple without searching separately for the maximum and minimum values. The statistics are absolute values: the delta marker here serves to define the span. For polar and Smith chart formats, the statistics are calculated using the first value of the complex pair (magnitude, real part, resistance, or conductance).

STD OFFSET DONE. is used to end the specify offset sequence.

STD TYPE: is used to specify the type of calibration device being measured.

STD TYPE: ARBITRARY\IMPEDANCE. defines the standard type to be a load, but with an arbitrary impedance (different

from system Z0).

STD TYPE: DELAY/THRU. defines the standard type as a transmission line of specified length, for calibrating transmission measurements.

STD TYPE: LOAD. defines the standard type as a load (termination). Loads are assigned a terminal impedance equal to the system characteristic impedance ZO, but delay and loss offsets may still be added. If the load impedance is not ZO, use the arbitrary impedance standard definition.

STD TYPE: OPEN. defines the standard type as an open used for calibrating reflection measurements. Opens are assigned a terminal impedance of infinite Ωs, but delay and loss offsets may still be added. Pressing this key also brings up a menu for defining the open, including its capacitance.

STD TYPE: SHORT. defines the standard type as a short used for calibrating reflection measurements. Shorts are assigned a terminal impedance of 0 Ωs, but delay and loss offsets may still be added.

STEP SIZE. is used to specify the subsweep in frequency steps instead of number of points. Changing the start frequency, stop frequency, span, or number of points may change the step size. Changing the step size may change the number of points and stop frequency in start/stop/step mode or the frequency span in center/span/step mode. In each case, the frequency span becomes a multiple of the step size.

STIMULUS VALUE. sets the starting stimulus value of a segment, using entry block controls. The ending stimulus value of the segment is defined by the start of the next line segment. No more than one segment can be defined over the same stimulus range.

STIMULUS OFFSET. adds or subtracts an offset in stimulus value. This allows limits already defined to be used for testing in a different stimulus range. Use the entry block controls to specify the offset required.

Stop. is used to define the stop frequency of a frequency range. When the Stop key is pressed, it becomes the active function. The value is displayed in the active entry area, and can be changed with the knob, step keys, or numeric keypad.

STOP. sets the stop frequency of a subsweep.

STORE SEQ TO DISK. presents the store sequence to disk menu with a list of sequences that can be stored.

Menu. provides access to a series of menus which are used to define and control all stimulus functions other than start,

stop, center, and span. Operating parameters such as power, sweeptime, trigger condition, and number of points are accessible through this hardkey.

SWEEP TIME [ ]. toggles between automatic and manual sweep time.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

SWEEP TYPE MENU. presents the sweep type menu, where one of the available types of stimulus sweep can be selected.

SWR. reformats a reflection measurement into its equivalent SWR (standing wave ratio) value. SWR is equivalent to (1+ρ)/(1−ρ), where ρ is the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. Note that the results are valid only for reflection measurements. If the SWR format is used for measurements of S

System. presents the system menu. It allows to set the instrument mode and to access the configure, limit and service menus.

SYSTEM CONTROLLER. is the mode used when peripheral devices are to be used and there is no external controller. In this mode, the analyzer can directly control peripherals (plotter, printer, disk drive, or power meter). System controller mode must be set in order for the analyzer to access peripherals from the front panel to plot, print, store on disk, or perform power meter functions, if there is no other controller on the bus. The system controller mode can be used without knowledge of GPIB programming. However, the GPIB address must be entered for each peripheral device. This mode can only be selected manually from the analyzer's front panel, and can be used only if no active computer controller is connected to the system through GPIB. If you try to set system controller mode when another controller is present, the message ANOTHER SYSTEM CONTROLLER ON GPIB is displayed. Do not attempt to use this mode for programming.

TAKE CAL SWEEP. Each data point is measured during the initial sweep and the correction data is placed in the power meter correction table. This provides data usable in the ONE SWEEP mode.

TAKE RCVR CAL SWEEP. executes a receiver calibration.

TAL KER /L IST ENE R. is the mode normally used for remote programming of the analyzer. In this mode, the analyzer and

all peripheral devices are controlled from the external controller. The controller can command the analyzer to talk, and the plotter or other device to listen. The analyzer and peripheral devices cannot talk directly to each other unless the computer sets up a data path between them. This mode allows the analyzer to be either a talker or a listener, as required by the controlling computer for the particular operation in progress. A talker is a device capable of sending out data when it is addressed to talk. There can be only one talker at any given time. The analyzer is a talker when it sends information over the bus. A listener is a device capable of receiving data when it is addressed to listen. There can be any number of listeners at any given time. The analyzer is a listener when it is controlled over the bus by a computer.

TAR GET. makes target value the active function, and places the active marker at a specified target point on the trace. The default target value is −3 dB. The target menu is presented, providing search right and search left options to resolve multiple solutions. For relative measurements, a search reference must be defined with a delta marker or a fixed marker before the search is activated.

TARGET VALUE. sets the value for target searches, without activating a search. TERMINAL IMPEDANCE. is used to specify the (arbitrary) impedance of the standard, in Ωs.

TEST OPTIONS. is used to set configurations before running the service tests.

TESTPORT 1 2. is used to direct the RF power to port 1 or port 2. (For non-S parameter inputs only.)

TESTSET I/O FWD. is used to support specialized test sets, such as a test set that measures duplexers. It allows you to

set three bits (D1, D2, and D3) to a value of 0 to 7, and outputs it as binary from the rear panel test set connector. It tracks the coupling flag, so if coupling is on, and FWD channel 1 is the active channel, FWD channel 2 will be set to the same value.

TESTSET I/O REV. is used to support specialized test sets, such as a test set that measures duplexers. It allows you to set three bits (D1, D2, and D3) to a value of 0 to 7, and outputs it as binary from the rear panel test set connector. It tracks the coupling flag, so if coupling is on, and REV channel 1 is the active channel, REV channel 2 will be set to the same value.

TESTSET SW CONTINUOUS. toggles the internal solid state switch from a hold mode, to a continuously switching mode, or to a number of sweeps mode when full 2-port correction is enabled. Use for fast 2-port calibration.

TESTS. presents the service test menu.

TEXT. selects all the non-data display text for color modification. For example: operating parameters.

TEXT [ ]. brings up the print color definition menu. The default color for text is black.

TEXT FMT [ ]. sets the format of the text file when FILETYPE: TEXT is selected. The only text selection currently

available is the comma separated values (CSV) format.

THRU. starts the measurement of a calibration standard used for transmission measurements. This standard directly

or S12, the results are not valid.

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Hardkey and Softkey Reference

connects between the analyzer output and input ports.

THRUS. starts the measurement of calibration standards used for transmission measurements. There is one cable that directly connects between the analyzer electrical output and input ports (PORT 1 and PORT 2). There is also one cable that directly connects between the analyzer optical output and input ports (OPTICAL OUTPUT and OPTICAL RECEIVER).

THRU/RCVR. starts the frequency response calibration of the instrument when in the E/O mode. RCVR stands for receiver, and implies that the instrument will use the internally stored calibration data for the internal optical receiver. Use this type of calibration when the DUT can be connected directly to the optical receiver input port, or when the loss and delay of an optical cable are of no concern. For more information, refer to chapter 4 of the user’s guide.

THRU/SRC. starts the frequency response calibration of the instrument when in the O/E (port 2) mode. SRC stands for source, and implies that the internally stored calibration data for the optical source and modulator will be used to compute the calibration coefficients. Use this type of calibration when the DUT can be connected directly to the OPTICAL OUTPUT, or when the loss and delay of an optical cable are of no concern. For more information, refer to chapter 4 of the user’s guide.

THRU THRU. measures all four S-parameters in a TRL/LRM calibration.

TIME STAMP on OFF. turns the time stamp function on or off.

TINT. adjusts the continuum of hues on the color wheel of the chosen attribute. Refer to the section on adjusting the

display color in the “Making Measurements” chapter of the user’s guide for an explanation of using this softkey for color modification of display attributes.

TITLE. presents the title menu in the softkey labels area and the character set in the active entry area. These are used to label the active channel display. A title more menu allows up to four values to be included in the printed title active entry, active marker amplitude, limit test results, and loop counter value.

TITLE SEQUENCE. allows the operator to rename any sequence with an eight character title. All titles entered from the front panel must begin with a letter, and may only contain letters and numbers. A procedure for changing the title of a sequence is provided at the beginning of this chapter.

TITLE TO MEMORY. moves the title string data obtained with the P MTR/GPIB TO TITLE command into a data array. TITLE TO MEMORY strips off leading characters that are not numeric, reads the numeric value, and then discards

everything else. The number is converted into analyzer internal format, and is placed into the real portion of the memory trace at: Display point = total points − 1 − loop counter. If the value of the loop counter is zero, then the title number goes in the last point of memory. If the loop counter is greater than or equal to the current number of measurement points, the number is placed in the first point of memory. A data to memory command must be executed before using the title to memory command.

TITLE TO P MTR/GPIB. outputs a title string to any device with an GPIB address that matches the address set with the analyzer Local, SET ADDRESSES, ADDRESS: P MTR/GPIB commands. This softkey is generally used for two purposes: sending a title to a printer when a CR-LF is not desired and sending commands to an GPIB device.

TITLE TO PERIPHERAL. outputs a title string to any device with an GPIB address that matches the address set with the analyzer Seq, SPECIAL FUNCTIONS, PERIPHERAL GPIB ADDR commands. This softkey is generally used for two purposes: sending a title to a printer when a CR-LF is not desired and sending commands to an GPIB device.

TITLE TO PRNTR/GPIB. outputs a title string to any device with an GPIB address that matches the address set with the analyzer Local, SET ADDRESSES, ADDRESS: PRINTER commands. This softkey is generally used for two purposes: sending a title to a printer for data logging or documentation purposes and sending commands to a printer or other GPIB device.

TRACKING on OFF. is used in conjunction with other search features to track the search with each new sweep. Turning tracking on makes the analyzer search every new trace for the specified target value and put the active marker on that point. If bandwidth search is on, tracking searches every new trace for the specified bandwidth, and repositions the dedicated bandwidth markers.

When tracking is off, the target is found on the current sweep and remains at the same stimulus value regardless of changes in trace response value with subsequent sweeps. A maximum and a minimum point can be tracked simultaneously using two channels and uncoupled markers.

TRANS: O/O. configures the instrument for a measurement of the optical complex forward transmission coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the device under test.

TRANS: E/O. configures the instrument for a measurement of the electrical-to-optical complex forward transmission

4-31

Hardkey and Softkey Reference

coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the device under test. This is also referred to as the modulation transfer or response function of the device under test.

TRANS: O/E PORT 1. configures the instrument for a measurement of the electrical-to-optical complex forward transmission coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the device under test through port 1. This is also referred to as the demodulation transfer or response function of the device under test.

TRANS: O/E PORT 2. configures the instrument for a measurement of the electrical-to-optical complex forward transmission coefficient (magnitude and phase) of the device under test through port 2. This is also referred to as the demodulation transfer or response function of the device under test.

TRANS: FWD S21 (B/R). defines the measurement as S

phase) of the test device.

TRANS: REV S12 (A/R). defines the measurement as S12, the complex reverse transmission coefficient (magnitude and

phase) of the test device.

TRANSMISSION. leads to the transmission menu.

TRIGGER MENU. presents the trigger menu, which is used to select the type and number of the sweep trigger.

TRIGGER: TRIG OFF. turns off external trigger mode.

TRL 3.5 mm 85052C. selects the 85052C cal kit.

TRL*/LRM* 2-PORT. leads to the TRL*/LRM* 2-port calibration menu.

TRL/LRM OPTION. selects the TRL/LRM Option Menu, under the modify cal kit menu.

TRL LINE OR MATCH. is used to enter the standard numbers for the TRL LINE or MATCH class.

TRL THRU. is used to enter the standard numbers for the TRL THRU class.

TRL REFLECT. is used to enter the standard numbers for the TRL REFLECT class.

TTL OUT HIGH. sets the TTL output (TEST SEQ BNC) on the back of the analyzer high.

TTL OUT LOW. sets the TTL output (TEST SEQ BNC) on the back of the analyzer low.

TUNED RECEIVER. sets the analyzer to function as a tuned receiver only, disabling the source.

UNCOUPLED. allows the marker stimulus values to be controlled independently on each channel.

UPPER LIMIT. sets the upper limit value for the start of the segment. If a lower limit is specified, an upper limit must

also be defined. If no upper limit is required for a particular measurement, force the upper limit value out of range (for example +500 dB). When UPPER LIMIT or LOWER LIMIT is pressed, all the segments in the table are displayed in terms of upper and lower limits, even if they were defined as delta limits and middle value. If you attempt to set an upper limit that is lower than the lower limit, or vice versa, both limits will be automatically set to the same value.

USE PASS CONTROL. lets you control the analyzer with the computer over GPIB as with the talker/listener mode, and also allows the analyzer to become a controller in order to plot, print, or directly access an external disk. During this peripheral operation, the host computer is free to perform other internal tasks that do not require use of the bus (the bus is tied up by the analyzer during this time). The pass control mode requires that the external controller is programmed to respond to a request for control and to issue a take control command. When the peripheral operation is complete, the analyzer passes control back to the computer. Refer to the GPIB programming chapters in the programmer's guide for more information. In general, use the talker/listener mode for programming the analyzer unless direct peripheral access is required.

USE SENSOR A/B. selects the A or B power sensor calibration factor list for use in power meter calibration measurements.

USER. is used to select the preset condition defined by the user.

USER KIT. is used to define kits other than those offered by Agilent Technologies.

USER SETTINGS. selects a menu of user settings, including preset settings that can be changed by the user.

VELOCITY FACTOR. enters the velocity factor used by the analyzer to calculate equivalent electrical length in

distance-to-fault measurements using the time domain option. Values entered should be less than 1. Velocity factor is the ratio of the velocity of wave propagation in a coaxial cable to the velocity of wave propagation in free space. Most cables have a relative velocity of about 0.66 the speed in free space. This velocity depends on the relative permittivity

, the complex forward transmission coefficient (magnitude and

4-32

Hardkey and Softkey Reference

of the cable dielectric (εr) as:

VERIFY INSTRUMENT. allows you to run a routine that verifies the analyzer by measuring a device from the N1011A verification kit and comparing the measured data to data provided in the kit.

VOLUME NUMBER. specifies the number of the disk volume to be accessed. In general, all 3.5 inch floppy disks are considered one volume (volume 0). For hard disk drives, a switch in the disk drive must be set to define the number of volumes on the disk. (This function only applies to external GPIB disks.)

WAIT x. pauses the execution of subsequent sequence commands for x number of seconds. Terminate this command with x1. Entering a 0 in wait x causes the instrument to wait for prior sequence command activities to finish before allowing the next command to begin. The wait 0 command only affects the command immediately following it, and does not affect commands later in the sequence.

WARNING. selects the display warning annotation for color modification.

WARNING [ ]. brings up the color definition menu. The warning annotation default color is black.

WAVEGUIDE. defines the standard (and the offset) as rectangular waveguide. This causes the analyzer to assume a

dispersive delay. See OFFSET DELAY.

WAVEGUIDE DELAY. applies a non-linear phase shift for use with electrical delay which follows the standard dispersive phase equation for rectangular waveguide. When WAVEGUIDE DELAY is pressed, the active function becomes the WAVEGUIDE CUTOFF frequency, which is used in the phase equation. Choosing a Start frequency less than the Cutoff frequency results in phase errors.

WIDTH VALUE. is used to set the amplitude parameter (for example 3 dB) that defines the start and stop points for a bandwidth search. The bandwidth search feature analyzes a bandpass or band reject trace and calculates the center point, bandwidth, and Q (quality factor) for the specified bandwidth. Bandwidth units are the units of the current format.

WIDTHS on OFF. turns on the bandwidth search feature and calculates the center stimulus value, bandwidth, and Q of a bandpass or band reject shape on the trace. The amplitude value that defines the pass band or reject band is set using the WIDTH VALUE softkey. Four markers are turned on, and each has a dedicated use. Marker 1 is a starting point from which the search is begun. Marker 2 goes to the bandwidth center point. Marker 3 goes to the bandwidth cutoff point on the left, and Marker 4 to the cutoff point on the right. If a delta marker or fixed marker is on, it is used as the reference point from which the bandwidth amplitude is measured. For example, if marker 1 is the delta marker and is set at the passband maximum, and the width value is set to −3 dB, the bandwidth search finds the bandwidth cutoff points 3 dB below the maximum and calculates the 3 dB bandwidth and Q. If marker 2 (the dedicated bandwidth center point marker) is the delta reference marker, the search finds the points 3 dB down from the center. If no delta reference marker is set, the bandwidth values are absolute values.

x1. is used to terminate basic units: dB, dBm, Hz, dB/GHz, degrees, or seconds. It may also be used to terminate unitless entries such as averaging factor.

XMIT CNTRL [ ]. toggles the PLOTTER/PRINTER serial port data transmit control mode between the Xon-Xoff protocol handshake and the DTR-DSR (data terminal ready-data set ready) hardwire handshake.

Y: REFL. converts reflection data to its equivalent admittance values.

Y: TRANS. converts transmission data to its equivalent admittance values.

Z: REFL. converts reflection data to its equivalent impedance values.

Z: TRANS. converts transmission data to its equivalent impedance values.

Velocity Factor

--------=

4-33

Hardkey and Softkey Reference

4-34

Types of Devices You Can Measure 5-2 Lightwave Component Analyzer Operation 5-2 Output Power 5-4 Sweep Time 5-5 Channel Stimulus Coupling 5-6 Sweep Types 5-6 S-Parameters 5-11 Analyzer Display Formats 5-13 Electrical Delay 5-23 Noise Reduction Techniques 5-24 Measurement Calibration 5-27 Calibration Routines 5-42 Optical Calibration Kit Modifications 5-42 Electrical Calibration Kit Modifications 5-43 GPIB Operation 5-44 Limit Line Operation 5-47

Operating Concepts

Operating Concepts Operating Concepts

Operating Concepts

In this chapter, you can find basic information about instrument operation and measurement techniques you can use with your Lightwave Component Analyzer.

The first two sections of this chapter cover different types of devices you can measure, and basic analyzer operation and functions. Following these discussions are sections explaining important details of specific analyzer functions.

The remaining sections explain measurement enhancement techniques, calibration, and GPIB operation.

Types of Devices You Can Measure

The lightwave component analyzer can measure four types of devices as a function of frequency. These devices are categorized according to their input and output signals: electrical or optical. The lightwave component analyzer can be thought of as both an optical and an electrical measuring instrument. The types of devices the analyzer can measure are defined as follows:

• Optical-to-Optical (O/O) device: This is any device with an optical input and optical output signal. This includes fiber cables, fiber cable connectors, couplers, splitters, tees, and so on.

• Electrical-to-Optical (E/O) device: This is any device with an electrical input signal and an optical output signal. This includes E/O modulators or sources (often called E/O converters), directly modulatable laser sources, transmitters, and optical modulators.

• Optical-to-Electrical (O/E) device: This is any device with an optical input signal and an electrical output signal. This includes O/E demodulators or receivers (often call O/E converters), lightwave receivers, and photo-diodes.

• Electrical-to-Electrical (E/E) device: This is any device with an electrical input signal and an electrical output signal. This includes any type of device that is typically measured on an RF or microwave network analyzer.

Lightwave Component Analyzer Operation

For either optical or electrical measurements, the operation of the lightwave component analyzer is similar to an RF or microwave network analyzer. For electrical measurements the signal is split. The reference signal goes directly into the analyzer and the test signal is applied to the device. The signal transmitted through the device or the signal reflected back from the device’s input is measured. The ratio of the transmitted or reflected signal to the reference signal is taken. The result is displayed on the analyzer display as a trace value, where the X-axis is frequency and the Y-axis is magnitude.

For optical measurements, the same sequence is followed except that the electrical signal is used to modulate a lightwave carrier. After being applied to the test device, the optical response signal is demodulated. The response signal is the demodulated electrical signal.

In order to make these ratio measurements, an electrical source, a lightwave source, a lightwave receiver, and an electrical receiver are required.

5-2

Operating Concepts

Lightwave Component Analyzer Operation

Front Panel System Operation

Using the front panel, you can choose a specific measurement, control the source, control how the data is taken and displayed. The front panel keys are divided into functional groups as shown in the figure below.

Figure 5-1. Front Panel Controls

Softkeys

The function of this group of keys is not fixed but is determined prior to their use by keys in the STIMULUS, RESPONSE, and INSTRUMENT STATE function blocks. The key labels appear on the analyzer display.

Stimulus

This group of keys controls all functions related to the analyzer’s internal microwave source, including output power levels and power sweep, frequency range, sweep time, and number of measurement data points measured by the receiver. The stimulus signal modulates the lightwave source in the test set or an E/O or E/E device.

Response

This group of keys controls all receiver functions. This includes the measurement parameters, display format (log magnitude, phase, delay, polar), type of scale, averaging, marker functions, and measurement calibration.

Instrument State

These keys control channel-independent system functions including instrument preset, plotter and printer control, memory save and recall (internal or external disk), and limit testing.

5-3

Operating Concepts Output Power

Output Power

Understanding the Power Ranges

The built-in synthesized source contains a programmable step attenuator that allows you to directly and accurately set power levels in twelve different power ranges. Each range has a total span of 20 dB. The twelve ranges cover the instrument's full operating range. In addition, some amount of overrange and underrange is permitted beyond the stated limits. Performance outside of the range limits varies from one analyzer to another and is not specified. A power range can be selected either manually or automatically.

Automatic mode

If you select PWR RANGE AUTO, you can enter any power level within the total operating range of the instrument and the source attenuator will automatically switch to the corresponding range.

Each range overlaps its adjacent ranges by 15 dB, therefore, certain power levels are designated to cause the attenuator to switch to the next range so that optimum (leveled) performance is maintained. These transition points exist at leaves 10 dB of operating range. By turning the analyzer front panel knob with PORT POWER, being the active function, you can hear the attenuator switch as these transitions occur. See Chapter 1, “Specifications and Regulatory Information” for the analyzer’s power limits.

−10 dB from the top of a range and at +5 dB from the bottom of a range. This

Manual mode

If you select PWR RANGE MAN, you must first enter the power ranges menu and manually select the power range that corresponds to the power level you want to use. This is accomplished by pressing the POWER RANGES, softkey and then selecting one of the 12 available ranges. The active power will always be reset to be within this range. In this mode, you will be able to select power levels above or below the range limits. The factory limits on setting power level are +6 dB above the maximum range power and dB below the minimum range power. Typical performance for power overrange is 2 dB above the maximum (more at lower frequencies and less at higher frequencies) and typical under range is 12 dB. An under-range condition may cause a phase lock lost message to be displayed.

When a calibration is active, the power range selection is switched from auto to manual mode, and PRm appears on the display. This feature is necessary to maintain accuracy once a measurement calibration is activated.

NOTE After measurement calibration, you can change the power within a range and still maintain

nearly full accuracy. In some cases better accuracy can be achieved by changing the power within a range. It can be useful to set different power levels for calibration and measurement to minimize the effects of sampler compression or noise floor. If you decide to switch power ranges, the calibration accuracy is degraded and accuracy is no longer specified. However, the analyzer leaves the correction on. The annotation C displayed whenever you change the power after calibration.

∆ will be

−12

Power Coupling Options

There are two methods you can use to couple and uncouple power levels with the analyzer:

• channel coupling

5-4

Operating Concepts

Sweep Time

• port coupling

By uncoupling the channel powers, you effectively have two separate sources. Uncoupling the test ports allows you to have different power levels on each port.

Channel coupling

CH PWR [COUPLED], toggles between coupled and uncoupled channel power. With the channel power coupled, the power levels are the same on each channel. With the channel power uncoupled, you can set different power levels for each channel. For the channel power to be uncoupled, the other channel stimulus functions must also be uncoupled (COUPLED CH OFF,).

Test port coupling

PORT PWR [COUPLED], toggles between coupled and uncoupled test ports. With the test ports coupled, the power level is the same at each port. With the ports uncoupled, you can set a different power level at each port. This can be useful, for example, if you want to simultaneously perform a gain and reverse isolation measurement on a high-gain amplifier using the dual channel mode to display the results. In this case, you would want the power in the forward direction (S

direction (S

) much lower than the power in the reverse

Sweep Time

The SWEEP TIME [ ], softkey selects sweep time as the active entry and shows whether the automatic or manual mode is active. The following explains the difference between automatic and manual sweep time:

• Manual sweep time. As long as the selected sweep speed is within the capability of the instrument, it will remain fixed, regardless of changes to other measurement parameters. If you change measurement parameters such that the instrument can no longer maintain the selected sweep time, the analyzer will change to the fastest sweep time possible.

• Auto sweep time. Auto sweep time continuously maintains the fastest sweep speed possible with the selected measurement parameters.

Sweep time refers only to the time that the instrument is sweeping and taking data, and does not include the time required for internal processing of the data, retrace time, or band switching time. A sweep speed indicator faster than 1.0 second, the display.

Manual Sweep Time Mode

When this mode is active, the softkey label reads SWEEP TIME [MANUAL]. This mode is engaged whenever you enter a sweep time greater than zero. This mode allows you to select a fixed sweep time. If you change the measurement parameters such that the current sweep time is no longer possible, the analyzer will automatically increase to the next fastest sweep time possible. If the measurement parameters are changed such that a faster sweep time is possible, the analyzer will not alter the sweep time while in this mode.

↑ is displayed on the trace for sweep times longer than 1.0 second. For sweep times equal to or

↑ indicator appears in the status notations area at the left of the analyzer's

Auto Sweep Time Mode

When this mode is active, the softkey label reads SWEEP TIME [AUTO]. This mode is engaged whenever you enter 0, x1, as a sweep time. Auto sweep time continuously maintains the fastest sweep time possible with the selected measurement parameters.

5-5

Operating Concepts Channel Stimulus Coupling

Minimum Sweep Time

The minimum sweep time is dependent on the following measurement parameters:

• the number of points selected

•IF bandwidth

• sweep-to-sweep averaging in dual channel display mode

• error-correction

• type of sweep In addition to the these parameters, the actual cycle time of the analyzer is also dependent on the following measurement parameters:

• smoothing

• limit test

•trace math

• marker statistics Refer to Chapter 1, “Specifications and Regulatory Information” to see the minimum cycle time values for specific measurement parameters.

Channel Stimulus Coupling

COUPLED CH on OFF, toggles the channel coupling of stimulus values. With COUPLED CH ON, (the preset condition), both channels have the same stimulus values. (The inactive channel takes on the stimulus values of the active channel.)

In the stimulus coupled mode, the following parameters are coupled:

•frequency

• number of points

•source power

• number of groups

•IF bandwidth

• sweep time

• trigger type

• sweep type

• power meter calibration Coupling of stimulus values for the two channels is independent of DUAL CHAN on OFF, in the display menu and MARKERS: UNCOUPLED, in the marker mode menu. COUPLED CH OFF, activates an alternate sweep function when dual channel display is on. In this mode, the analyzer alternates between the two sets of stimulus values and displays the measurement data of both channels.

Sweep Types

The following sweep types will function with the interpolated error-correction feature:

• linear frequency

• power sweep

•CW time The following sweep types will not function with the interpolated error correction feature:

5-6

Operating Concepts

Sweep Types

• logarithmic frequency sweep

• list frequency sweep

Linear Frequency Sweep (Hz)

The LIN FREQ softkey activates a linear frequency sweep that is displayed on a standard graticule with ten equal horizontal divisions. This is the preset default sweep type.

For a linear sweep, sweep time is combined with the channel's frequency span to compute a source sweep rate:

sweep rate = (frequency span) / (sweep time)

Since the sweep time may be affected by various factors, the equation provided here is merely an indication of the ideal (fastest) sweep rate. If the user-specified sweep time is greater than 15 ms times the number of points, the sweep changes from a continuous ramp sweep to a stepped CW sweep. Also, for 10 Hz or 30 Hz IF bandwidths, the sweep is automatically converted to a stepped CW sweep.

Logarithmic Frequency Sweep (Hz)

The LOG FREQ softkey activates a logarithmic frequency sweep mode. The source is stepped in logarithmic increments and the data is displayed on a logarithmic graticule. This is slower than a continuous sweep with the same number of points, and the entered sweep time may therefore be changed automatically. For frequency spans of less than two octaves, the sweep type automatically reverts to linear sweep.

Stepped List Frequency Sweep (Hz)

The LIST FREQ [STEPPED] softkey activates a stepped list frequency sweep, one of two list frequency sweep modes. The stepped list mode allows the analyzer to sweep a list of arbitrary frequency points. This list is defined and modified using the edit list menu and the edit subsweep menu. Up to 30 frequency subsweeps (called "segments") of several different types can be specified, for a maximum total of 1601 points.

One list is common to both channels. Once a frequency list has been defined and a measurement calibration performed on the full frequency list, one or all of the frequency segments can be measured and displayed without loss of calibration.

When the LIST FREQ [STEPPED], key is pressed, the analyzer sorts all the defined frequency segments into CW points in order of increasing frequency. It then measures each point and displays a single trace that is a composite of all data taken. If duplicate frequencies exist, the analyzer makes multiple measurements on identical points to maintain the specified number of points for each subsweep. Since the frequency points may not be distributed evenly across the display, the display resolution may be uneven, and more compressed in some parts of the trace than in others. However, the stimulus and response readings of the markers are always accurate. Because the list frequency sweep is a stepped CW sweep, the sweep time is slower than for a continuous sweep with the same number of points.

Segment Menu

The LIST FREQ [STEPPED], softkey provides access to the segment menu, which allows you to select any single segment (SINGLE SEG SWEEP,) in the frequency list or all of the segments (ALL SEGS SWEEP,) in the frequency list. See the following information on how to enter or modify the list

5-7

Operating Concepts Sweep Types

frequencies. If no list has been entered, the message CAUTION: LIST TABLE EMPTY is displayed. A tabular printout of the frequency list data can be obtained using the LIST VALUES, function in the copy menu.

Stepped Edit List Menu

The EDIT LIST, softkey within the sweep type menu provides access to the edit list menu.

This menu is used to edit the list of frequency segments (subsweeps) defined with the edit subsweep menu, described next. Up to 30 frequency subsweeps can be specified, for a maximum of 1601 points. The segments do not have to be entered in any particular order: the analyzer automatically sorts them and shows them on the display in increasing order of start frequency. This menu determines which entry on the list is to be modified, while the edit subsweep menu is used to make changes in the frequency or number of points of the selected entry.

Stepped Edit Subsweep Menu

Using the EDIT, or ADD, softkey within the edit list menu will display the edit subsweep menu. This menu lets you select measurement frequencies arbitrarily. Using this menu it is possible to define the exact frequencies to be measured on a point-by-point basis. For example, the sweep could include 100 points in a narrow passband, 100 points across a broad stop band, and 50 points across the third harmonic response. The total sweep is defined with a list of subsweeps.

The frequency subsweeps, or segments, can be defined in any of the following terms:

• start/stop/number of points

•start/stop/step

• center/span/number of points

• center/span/step

• CW frequency The subsweeps can overlap, and do not have to be entered in any particular order. The analyzer sorts the segments automatically and lists them on the display in order of increasing start frequency, even if they are entered in center/span format. If duplicate frequencies exist, the analyzer makes multiple measurements on identical points to maintain the specified number of points for each subsweep. The data is shown on the display as a single trace that is a composite of all data taken. The trace may appear uneven because of the distribution of the data points, but the frequency scale is linear across the total range. Once the list frequencies have been defined or modified, the list frequency sweep mode can be selected with the LIST FREQ [STEPPED], softkey in the sweep type menu. The frequency list parameters can also be saved with an instrument state.

Swept List Frequency Sweep (Hz)

The LIST FREQ [SWEPT] softkey activates a swept list frequency sweep, one of two list frequency sweep modes. The swept list mode allows the analyzer to sweep a list of arbitrary frequency points which are defined and modified in a way similar to the stepped list mode. However, this mode takes data while sweeping through the defined frequency points, increasing throughput by up to 6 times over a stepped sweep. In addition, this mode allows the test port power and IF bandwidth to be set independently for each segment that is defined. The only restriction is that you cannot specify overlapping frequency segments.

Similar to stepped list mode, the LIST FREQ [SWEPT] softkey also provides access to the segment menu. However, swept list mode expands the way segments can be defined. Refer to the following information on how to enter or modify the list segments.

Swept Edit List Menu

The EDIT LIST, softkey within the sweep type menu provides access to the edit list menu. The function of this menu is the same as in the stepped list mode.

5-8

Operating Concepts

Sweep Types

Swept Edit Subsweep Menu

Using the EDIT, or ADD, softkey within the edit list menu will display the edit subsweep menu. This menu lets you select measurement frequencies arbitrarily. Using this menu it is possible to define the exact frequencies to be measured on a point-by-point basis at specific power levels and IF bandwidth settings. The total sweep is defined with a list of subsweeps.

The frequency subsweeps, or segments, can be defined in any of the following terms:

• start/stop/number of points/power/IFBW

• start/stop/step/power/IFBW

• center/span/number of points/power/IFBW

• center/span/step/power/IFBW

See “Setting Segment Power” and “Setting Segment IF Bandwidth” on page 5-9 for information on how to set the segment power and IF bandwidth.

The subsweeps may be entered in any particular order but they cannot overlap. The analyzer sorts the segments automatically and lists them on the display in order of increasing start frequency, even if they are entered in center/span format. The data is shown on the display as a single trace that is a composite of all data taken. The trace may appear uneven because of the distribution of the data points, but the frequency scale is linear across the total range.

Once the list frequencies have been defined or modified, the list frequency sweep mode can be selected with the LIST FREQ [SWEPT], softkey in the sweep type menu. The frequency list parameters can also be saved with an instrument state.

Setting Segment Power

To enable the SEGMENT POWER, function, you must first select LIST POWER ON off, in the edit subsweep menu. List power is off by default and the asterisks that appear in the "power" column of the list table indicate that power for the sweep is being set by the normal analyzer power controls.

The power settings for all segments are restricted to a single power range. This prevents the attenuator from switching to different settings mid-sweep. Select the power range and then edit the list table to specify the segment powers. If the power range is selected after the list has been defined, the list settings may be affected.

When analyzer port power is uncoupled, the segment power level can be set independently for each port. To do this, you must first select a measurement parameter to activate the port whose power you want to set. For example, select S11 to set port 1 power, or S22 to set port 2 power. (Notice that the list mode table will only display the currently selected port in the table. This is due to restricted display space.)

When analyzer port power is uncoupled, the LIST POWER ON off, softkey can also be set independently for each port. For example, you may choose to set LIST POWER ON off, for forward measurements and LIST POWER on OFF, for reverse measurements. In this case, the power would be set according to values in the list when measuring the forward parameters. When measuring the reverse parameters, the power would be set according to the normal analyzer power controls.

Setting Segment IF Bandwidth

To enable the SEGMENT IF BW, function, you must first select LIST IF BW ON off, in the edit subsweep menu. List IF bandwidth is off by default and the asterisks that appear in the "IFBW" column of the list table indicate that the IF bandwidth for the sweep is being set by the normal analyzer controls.

Narrow IF bandwidths require more data samples per point and thus slow down the measurement time. Selectable IF bandwidths can increase the throughput of the measurement by allowing you to specify narrow bandwidths only where needed.

5-9

Operating Concepts Sweep Types

Power Sweep (dBm)

The POWER SWEEP, softkey turns on a power sweep mode that is used to characterize power-sensitive circuits. In this mode, power is swept at a single frequency, from a start power value to a stop power value, selected using the Start, and Stop, keys and the entry block. This feature is convenient for such measurements as gain compression or AGC (automatic gain control) slope. To set the frequency of the power sweep, use CW FREQ, in the stimulus menu.

The span of the swept power is limited to being equal to or within one of the eight pre-defined power ranges. The attenuator will not switch to a different power range while in the power sweep mode. Therefore, when performing a power sweep, power range selection will automatically switch to the manual mode.

In power sweep, the entered sweep time may be automatically changed if it is less than the minimum required for the current configuration (number of points, IF bandwidth, averaging, etc.).

CW Time Sweep (Seconds)

The CW TIME, softkey turns on a sweep mode similar to an oscilloscope. The analyzer is set to a single frequency, and the data is displayed versus time. The frequency of the CW time sweep is set with CW FREQ, in the stimulus menu. In this sweep mode, the data is continuously sampled at precise, uniform time intervals determined by the sweep time and the number of points minus 1. The entered sweep time may be automatically changed if it is less than the minimum required for the current instrument configuration.

5-10

Operating Concepts

S-Parameters

The Meas, key accesses the S-parameter (Electrical Parameters) menu which contains softkeys that can be used to select the parameters or inputs that define the type of measurement being performed.

Understanding S-Parameters

S-parameters (scattering parameters) are a convention used to characterize the way a device modifies signal flow. A brief explanation of the S-parameters of a two-port device is provided, however, for additional details, refer to Application Notes 95-1 and 154.

S-parameters are always a ratio of two complex (magnitude and phase) quantities. S-parameter notation identifies these quantities using the numbering convention:

S out in

where the first number (out) refers to the test-device port where the signal is emerging and the second number (in) is the test-device port where the signal is incident. For example, the S-parameter S

identifies the measurement as the complex ratio of the signal emerging at the test device's port 2 to the signal incident at the test device's port 1.

Figure 5-2 on page 5-11 is a representation of the S-parameters of a two-port device, together with an equivalent flowgraph. In the illustration, "a" represents the signal entering the device and "b" represents the signal emerging. Note that a and b are not related to the A and B input ports on the analyzer.

Figure 5-2. S-Parameters of a Two-Port Device

S-parameters are exactly equivalent to these more common description terms, requiring only that the

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Operating Concepts S-Parameters

measurements be taken with all test device ports properly terminated.

S-Parameter Definition Test Set Description Direction

b1/a

b2/a

b1/a

b2/a

a2 = 0 Input reflection coefficient FWD

a2 = 0 Forward gain FWD

a1 = 0 Reverse Gain REV

a1 = 0 Output reflection coefficient REV

The Electrical Parameters Menu

The Electrical Parameters menu allows you to define the input ports and test set direction for S-parameter measurements. The analyzer automatically switches the direction of the measurement according to the selections you made in this menu. Therefore, the analyzer can measure all four S-parameters with a single connection. The S-parameter being measured is labeled at the top left corner of the display.

The Electrical Parameters menu contains the following softkeys:

• Refl: FWD S11 (A/R),

• Trans: FWD S21 (B/R),

• Trans: REV S12 (A/R),

• Refl: REV S22 (B/R),

• ANALOG IN Aux Input,

• CONVERSION [ ], accesses the conversion menu.

• INPUT PORTS, accesses the input ports menu.

Analog In Menu

This menu allows you to monitor voltage and frequency nodes, using the analog bus and internal counter.

Conversion Menu

This menu converts the measured reflection or transmission data to the equivalent complex impedance (Z) or admittance (Y) values. This is not the same as a two-port Y or Z parameter conversion, as only the measured parameter is used in the equations. Two simple one-port conversions are available, depending on the measurement configuration.

or S22 trace measured as reflection can be converted to equivalent parallel impedance or

An S

admittance using the model and equations shown in Figure 5-3.

Figure 5-3. Reflection Impedance and Admittance Conversions

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Operating Concepts

Analyzer Display Formats

In a transmission measurement, the data can be converted to its equivalent series impedance or admittance using the model and equations shown in Figure 5-4 on page 5-13.

Figure 5-4. Transmission Impedance and Admittance Conversions

NOTE Avoid the use of Smith chart, SWR, and delay formats for display of Z and Y conversions, as

these formats are not easily interpreted.

Input Ports Menu

This menu allows you to define the input ports for power ratio measurements, or a single input for magnitude only measurements of absolute power. You cannot use single inputs for phase or group delay measurements, or any measurements with averaging activated.

Analyzer Display Formats

The Format, key accesses the format menu. This menu allows you to select the appropriate display format for the measured data. The analyzer automatically changes the units of measurement to correspond with the displayed format. Special marker menus are available for the polar and Smith formats, each providing several different marker types for readout of values. The selected display format of a particular S-parameter or input is assigned to that parameter. Thus if different S-parameters are measured, even if only one channel is used, each parameter is shown in its selected format each time it is displayed. The following illustrations show a reflection measurement of a bandpass filter displayed in each of the available formats.

Log Magnitude Format

The LOG MAG, softkey displays the log magnitude format. This is the standard Cartesian format used to display magnitude-only measurements of insertion loss, return loss, or absolute power in dB versus frequency. The bandpass filter reflection data in a log magnitude format is illustrated in Figure 5-5.

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Operating Concepts Analyzer Display Formats

Figure 5-5. Log Magnitude Format

Phase Format

The PHASE, softkey displays a Cartesian format of the phase portion of the data, measured in degrees. This format displays the phase shift versus frequency. The phase response of the same filter in a phase-only format is illustrated in Figure 5-6 on page 5-14.

Figure 5-6. Phase Format

Group Delay Format

The DELAY, softkey selects the group delay format, with marker values given in seconds. The bandpass filter response formatted as group delay is shown in Figure 5-7. Group delay principles are described in the next few pages.

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Agilent 8703B Reference

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual