Agilent 8560E User’s Guide

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User’s Guide

HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Spectrum Analyzers

Manufacturing Part Number: 08560-90158

Printed in USA December 1999

Notice

Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and ﬁtness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Certiﬁcation

Hewlett-Packard Company certiﬁes that this product met its published speciﬁcations at the time of shipment from the factory. Hewlett-Packard further certiﬁes that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute's calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.

General Safety Considerations

The following safety notes are used throughout this manual. Familiarize yourself with these notes before operating this instrument.

WARNING Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure

which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

CAUTION Always use the three-prong AC power cord supplied with this product.

Failure to ensure adequate grounding may cause product damage.

CAUTION Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not

correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or destruction of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

WARNING This is a Safety Class 1 Product (provided with a protective

earth ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall be inserted only in a socket outlet provided with a protected earth contact. Any interruption of the protective conductor inside or outside of the product is likely to make the product dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.

WARNING No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to

qualiﬁed personnel. To prevent electrical shock do not remove covers.

WARNING Before this instrument is switched on, make sure it has been

properly grounded through the protective conductor of the ac power cable to a socket outlet provided with protective earth contact.

WARNING There are many points in the instrument which can, if

contacted, cause personal injury. Be extremely careful. Any adjustments or service procedures that require operation of the instrument with protective covers removed should be performed only by trained service personnel

WARNING Any interruption of the protective (grounding) conductor,

inside or outside the instrument, or disconnection of the protective earth terminal can result in personal injury.

WARNING If this instrument is used in a manner not speciﬁed by

Hewlett-Packard Co., the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired.

CAUTION Before this instrument is turned on, make sure its primary power

circuitry has been adapted to the voltage of the ac power source. Failure to set the ac power input to the correct voltage could cause damage to the instrument when the ac power cable is plugged in.

This product conforms to Enclosure Protection IP 2 0 according to IEC-529. The enclosure protects against ﬁnger access to hazardous parts within the enclosure; the enclosure does not protect against the entrance of water.

Warranty

This Hewlett-Packard instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of three years from date of shipment. During the warranty period, Hewlett-PackardCompanywill, at its option, either repair or replace products that prove to be defective.

For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by Hewlett-Packard. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Hewlett-Packard and Hewlett-Packard shall pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to Hewlett-Packard from another country.

Hewlett-Packard warrants that its software and ﬁrmware designated by Hewlett-Packard for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument. Hewlett-Packard does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or software, or ﬁrmware will be uninterrupted or error-free.

LIMITATION OF WARRANTY

The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modiﬁcation or misuse, operation outside of the environmental speciﬁcations for the product, or improper site preparation or maintenance.

NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. HEWLETT-PACKARD SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES

THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. HEWLETT-PACKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL,INCIDENTAL,OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.

1. Quick Start Guide

What You'll Find in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Initial Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Turning the Spectrum Analyzer On for the First Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Making a Basic Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Reference Level Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Front Panel Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Rear Panel Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

General Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Spectrum Analyzer Documentation Description. . . . . . . . 45

Manuals Available Separately. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2. Making Measurements

Making Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Example 3: Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Example 6: AM and FM Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Example 9: Adjacent Channel Power Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Example 10: Power Measurement Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Example 11: Time-Gated Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Example 12: Making Time-Domain Measurements with Sweep Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Example 13: Making Pulsed RF Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

3. Softkey Menus

Menu Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

4. Key Function Descriptions

Key Function Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Key Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

5. Programming

Programming Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Setup Procedure for Remote Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Communication with the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Initial Program Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Program Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Data Transfer to Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Input and Output Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Math Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Creating Screen Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Generating Plots and Prints Remotely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Monitoring System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Contents

6. Programming Command Cross Reference

Programming Command Cross Reference Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336

Front Panel Key Versus Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337

Programming Command Versus Front Panel Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348

7. Language Reference

Language Reference Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366

Syntax Diagram Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367

Programming Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373

ACPACCL Accelerate Adjacent Channel Power Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374

ACPALPHA Adjacent Channel Power Alpha Weighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376

ACPALTCH Adjacent Channel Power Alternate Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

ACPBRPER Adjacent Channel Power Burst Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378

ACPBRWID Adjacent Channel Power Burst Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379

ACPBW Adjacent Channel Power Channel Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380

ACPCOMPUTE Adjacent Channel Power Compute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381

ACPFRQWT Adjacent Channel Power Frequency Weighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383

ACPGRAPH Adjacent Channel Power Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385

ACPLOWER Lower Adjacent Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387

ACPMAX Maximum Adjacent Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388

ACPMEAS Measure Adjacent Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389

ACPMETHOD Adjacent Channel Power Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391

ACPMSTATE Adjacent Channel Power Measurement State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394

ACPPWRTX Total Power Transmitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396

ACPRSLTS Adjacent Channel Power Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397

ACPSP Adjacent Channel Power Channel Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

ACPT Adjacent Channel Power T Weighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402

ACPUPPER Upper Adjacent Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403

ADJALL LO and IF Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404

ADJCRT Adjust CRT Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405

ADJIF Adjust IF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407

AMB Trace A Minus Trace B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409

AMBPL Trace A Minus Trace B Plus Display Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411

AMPCOR Amplitude Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413

AMPCORDATA Amplitude Correction Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414

AMPCORSIZE Amplitude Correction Data Array Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416

AMPCORRCL Amplitude Correction Recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417

AMPCORSAVE Amplitude Correction Save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418

ANNOT Annotation On/Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419

APB Trace A Plus Trace B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420

AT Input Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421

AUNITS Absolute Amplitude Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423

AUTOCPL Auto Coupled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425

AXB Trace A Exchange Trace B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426

BLANK Blank Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427

BML Trace B Minus Display Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428

CARROFF Carrier Off Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429

CARRON Carrier On Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430

CF Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431

Contents

CHANPWR Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

CHANNEL Channel Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

CHPWRBW Channel Power Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

CLRW Clear Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

CNVLOSS Conversion Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

CONTS Continuous Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

COUPLE Input Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

DELMKBW Occupied Power Bandwidth Within Delta Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

DEMOD Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

DEMODAGC Demodulation Automatic Gain Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

DEMODT Demodulation Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

DET Detection Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

DL Display Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

DLYSWP Delay Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

DONE Done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

ERR Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

ET Elapsed Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

EXTMXR External Mixer Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

FA Start Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

FB Stop Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

FDIAG Frequency Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

FDSP Frequency Display Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

FFT Fast Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

FOFFSET Frequency Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

FREF Frequency Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

FS Full Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

FULBAND Full Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

GATE Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

GATECTL Gate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

GD Gate Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

GL Gate Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

GP Gate Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

GRAT Graticule On/Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

HD Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

HNLOCK Harmonic Number Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

HNUNLK Unlock Harmonic Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

ID Output Identiﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

IDCF Signal Identiﬁcation to Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

IDFREQ Signal Identiﬁed Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

IP Instrument Preset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

LG Logarithmic Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

LN Linear Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

MBIAS Mixer Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

MEANPWR Mean Power Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

MEAS Measurement Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

MINH Minimum Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

MKA Marker Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

MKBW Marker Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

MKCF Marker to Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Contents

MKCHEDGE Marker to Channel Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508

MKD Marker Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509

MKDELCHBW Delta Markers to Channel Power Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511

MKDR Reciprocal of Marker Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512

MKF Marker Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514

MKFC Frequency Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516

MKFCR Frequency Counter Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517

MKMCF Marker Mean to the Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519

MKMIN Marker to Minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .520

MKN Marker Normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521

MKNOISE Marker Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523

MKOFF Marker Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525

MKPK Peak Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526

MKPT Marker Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528

MKPX Peak Excursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530

MKRL Marker to Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533

MKSP Marker Delta to Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534

MKSS Marker to Center Frequency Step-Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535

MKT Marker Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536

MKTRACK Signal Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537

ML Mixer Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539

MXMH Maximum Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541

MXRMODE Mixer Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542

NORMLIZE Normalize Trace Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543

NRL Normalized Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545

NRPOS Normalized Reference Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547

OCCUP Percent Occupied Power Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549

OP Output Display Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550

PLOT Plot Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551

PLOTORG Display Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553

PLOTSRC Plot Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555

PP Preselector Peak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557

PRINT Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558

PSDAC Preselector DAC Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560

PSTATE Protect State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562

PWRBW Power Bandwidth (Full Trace) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .564

RB Resolution Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566

RBR Resolution Bandwidth to Span Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568

RCLOSCAL Recall Open/Short Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570

RCLS Recall State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572

RCLT Recall Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573

RCLTHRU Recall Thru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574

REV Revision Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576

RL Reference/Range Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577

RLCAL Reference Level Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580

ROFFSET Amplitude Reference Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582

RQS Request Service Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584

SAVES Save State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586

SAVET Save Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587

Contents

SER Serial Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

SIGID Signal Identiﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

SNGLS Single Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

SP Frequency Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

SQUELCH Squelch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

SRCALC Source Leveling Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

SRCCRSTK Coarse Tracking Adjust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

SRCFINTK Fine Tracking Adjust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

SRCPOFS Source Power Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

SRCPSTP Source Power Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

SRCPSWP Source Power Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

SRCPWR Source Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

SRCTKPK Source Tracking Peak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

SRQ Service Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

SS Center Frequency Step-Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

ST Sweep Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

STB Status Byte Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

STOREOPEN Store Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

STORESHORT Store Short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

STORETHRU Store Thru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621

SWPCPL Sweep Couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

SWPOUT Sweep Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

TDF Trace Data Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

TH Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

TITLE Title Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

TM Trigger Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

TRA/TRB Trace Data Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

TRIGPOL Trigger Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

TS Take Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

TWNDOW Trace Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

VAVG Video Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

VB Video Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

VBR Video Bandwidth to Resolution Bandwidth Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

VIEW View Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648

VTL Video Trigger Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

8. Options and Accessories

Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652

Accessories Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

9. If You Have a Problem

What You'll Find in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662

Spectrum Analyzer Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

HP 85629B Test and Adjustment Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

HP 85620A Mass Memory Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666

Replacing the Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

Power Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Contents

Servicing the Spectrum Analyzer Yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674

Calling Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Ofﬁces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675

Returning Your Spectrum Analyzer for Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .676

Serial Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .680

Electrostatic Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .681

Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683

Figures

Figure 1-1 . Accessories Supplied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 1-2 . Selecting the Correct Line Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 1-3 . 300 MHz Calibration Signal Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 1-4 . Softkey Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 1-5 . 300 MHz Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 1-6 . 20 MHz Frequency Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Figure 1-7 . Activated Normal Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 1-8 . −10 dBm Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 1-9 . Peaked Signal to Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 1-10 . Front Panel of an HP 8560 E-Series or EC- Series Spectrum Analyzer . . . . . . . 35

Figure 1-11 . Display Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Figure 1-12 . Rear Panel Functions - 8560 E-series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Figure 1-13 . Rear Panel Functions - 8560 EC-series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Figure 2-1 . 1 kHz Signal Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Figure 2-2 . 2 kHz Signal Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Figure 2-3 . Bandwidth Shape Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Figure 2-4 . 100 kHz Bandwidth Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Figure 2-5 . 300 kHz Bandwidth Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Figure 2-6 . Ampcor Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Figure 2-7 . An Amplitude-Modulated Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Figure 2-8 . Percentage of Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Figure 2-9 . FM Deviation Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Figure 2-10 . Bessel Functions for Determining Modulation Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Figure 2-11 . Markers Show Modulating Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Figure 2-12 . A Frequency-Modulated Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Figure 2-13 . FM Signal with Carrier at a Null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Figure 2-14 . FM Signal with First Sidebands at a Null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Figure 2-15 . Input Signal and Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Figure 2-16 . Peak of Signal is Positioned at Reference Level for Maximum Accuracy . . . . . 67

Figure 2-17 . Harmonic Distortion in dBc (marker threshold set to −70 dB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Figure 2-18 . Percentage of Distortion versus Harmonic Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Figure 2-19 . Input Signal Displayed in a 1 MHz Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Figure 2-20 . Second Harmonic Displayed in dBc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Figure 2-21 . Third-Order Intermodulation Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Figure 2-22 . Signals Centered on Spectrum Analyzer Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Figure 2-23 . Signal Peak Set to Reference Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Figure 2-24 . Intermodulation Distortion Measured in dBc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Figure 2-25 . Display with Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Figure 2-26 . AM and FM Demodulation Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Figure 2-27 . FM Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Figure 2-28 . Place a marker on the signal of interest, then demodulate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Figure 2-29 . Block Diagram of a Spectrum Analyzer and Tracking Generator System . . . . . 82

Figure 2-30 . Transmission Measurement Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Figure 2-31 . Tracking-Generator Output Power Activated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Figure 2-32 . Adjust analyzer settings according to the measurement requirement. . . . . . . . . 85

Figures

Figure 2-33 . Decrease the resolution bandwidth to improve sensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Figure 2-34 . Manual tracking adjustment compensates for tracking error. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Figure 2-35 . Guided calibration routines prompt the user. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Figure 2-36 . The thru trace is displayed in trace B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Figure 2-37 . Normalized Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Figure 2-38 . Measure the rejection range with delta markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Figure 2-39 . NORM REF LVL adjusts the trace without changing analyzer settings. . . . . . 91

Figure 2-40 . Increase the dynamic measurement range by using RANGE LVL. . . . . . . . . . 92

Figure 2-41 . Normalized Frequency Response Trace of a Preamplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Figure 2-42 . NORM REF LVL is a trace function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Figure 2-43 . RANGE LVL adjusts analyzer for compression-free measurements. . . . . . . . . 94

Figure 2-44 . External Mixer Setup (a) without Bias; (b) with Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Figure 2-45 . Select the band of interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Figure 2-46 . Store and correct for conversion loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Figure 2-47 . Signal Responses Produced by a 50 GHz Signal in U Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Figure 2-48 . Response for Invalid Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Figure 2-49 . Response for Valid Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Figure 2-50 . SIG ID AT MKR Performed on an Image Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Figure 2-51 . SIG ID AT MKR Performed on a True Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Figure 2-52 . Adjacent Channel Power Measurement Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Figure 2-53 . Adjacent Channel Power Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Figure 2-54 . Adjacent Channel Power Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Figure 2-55 . ACP Graph Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Figure 2-56 . Trigger Configuration for Gated Method, Non-Option 001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Figure 2-57 . Trigger Configuration for Gated Method, Option 001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Figure 2-58 . Simplified Digital Mobile-Radio Signal in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Figure 2-59 . Frequency of the Combined Signals of the Radios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Figure 2-60 . Time-Gated Spectrum of Signal Number 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Figure 2-61 . Time-Gated Spectrum of Signal Number 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Figure 2-62 . Block Diagram of the Spectrum Analyzer with Time Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Figure 2-63 . Timing Relationship of Signals During Gating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Figure 2-64 . Spectrum within pulse #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Figure 2-65 . Using Time-Gating to View Signal 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Figure 2-66 . Spectrum within pulse #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Figure 2-67 . Using Time-Gating to View Signal 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Figure 2-68 . Connection Diagram for Time-Gated Spectrum Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Figure 2-69 . Connection Diagram for Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Figure 2-70 . Frequency Spectrum of Signal without Gating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Figure 2-71 . Oscilloscope Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Figure 2-72 . Spectrum Analyzer Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Figure 2-73 . Using Positive or Negative Triggering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Figure 2-74 . Time-domain Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Figure 2-75 . Positioning the Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Figure 2-76 . Best Position for Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Figure 2-77 . Setup Time for Interpulse Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Figures

Figure 2-78 . Resolution Bandwidth Filter Charge-Up Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Figure 2-79 . Gate Positioning Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Figure 2-80 . Pulsed-RF Signal in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Figure 2-81 . Display of Zero-Span without Sweep Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Figure 2-82 . Display of Zero-Span with Sweep Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Figure 2-83 . Main Lobe and Side Lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Figure 2-84 . Trace Displayed as a Solid Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Figure 2-85 . Center Frequency at Center of Main Lobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Figure 2-86 . Markers Show Sidelobe Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Figure 2-87 . Markers Show Pulse Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Figure 2-88 . Measuring Pulse Repetition Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Figure 3-1 . AMPLITUDE Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Figure 3-2 . AUTO COUPLE Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Figure 3-3 . AUX CTRL (1 of 3) Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Figure 3-4 . AUX CTRL (2 of 3) Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Figure 3-5 . AUX CTRL (3 of 3) Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Figure 3-6 . BW Key Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Figure 3-7 . CAL Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Figure 3-8 . CONFIG Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Figure 3-9 . COPY Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Figure 3-10 . DISPLAY Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Figure 3-11 . FREQ COUNT Key Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Figure 3-12 . FREQUENCY Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Figure 3-13 . HOLD Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Figure 3-14 . MEAS/USER Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Figure 3-15 . ACP MENU Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Figure 3-16 . MKR Key Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Figure 3-17 . MKR-> Key Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Figure 3-18 . MODULE Key Menus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Figure 3-19 . PEAK SEARCH Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Figure 3-20 . PRESET Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Figure 3-21 . RECALL Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Figure 3-22 . SAVE Key Menu Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Figure 3-23 . SGL SWP Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Figure 3-24 . SPAN Key Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Figure 3-25 . SWEEP Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Figure 3-26 . TRACE Key Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Figure 3-27 . TRIG Key Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Figure 4-1 . Channel Bandwidth Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Figure 4-2 . ACP Graph Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Figure 4-3 . CRT Alignment Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Figure 4-4 . Tracking Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Figure 4-5 . PEAK EXCURSN defines the peaks on a trace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Figure 5-1 . HP 8560E connected to an HP 9000 Series 300 computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Figure 5-2 . Output Statement Example (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Figures

Figure 5-3 . Output Statement Example (II). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Figure 5-4 . Output Statement Example (III) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Figure 5-5 . Invalid Trace Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Figure 5-6 . Updated Trace Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Figure 5-7 . Update trace with TS before executing marker commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Figure 5-8 . Data Transferred in TDF M Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Figure 5-9 . Buffer Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Figure 5-10 . Display Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Figure 5-11 . Screen Titles Appear in the Upper-Right Corner of the Graticule . . . . . . . . . . 320

Figure 5-12 . P1 and P2 Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Figure 7-1 . Command Syntax Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

Figure 7-2 . Numeric Value Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Figure 7-3 . Binary State Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Figure 7-4 . ACPACCL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

Figure 7-5 . ACPACCL Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Figure 7-6 . ACPALPHA Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Figure 7-7 . ACPALPHA Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Figure 7-8 . ACPALTCH Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Figure 7-9 . ACPALTCH Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Figure 7-10 . ACPBRPER Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Figure 7-11 . ACPBRPER Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Figure 7-12 . ACPBRWID Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Figure 7-13 . ACPBRWID Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Figure 7-14 . ACPBW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

Figure 7-15 . ACPBW Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

Figure 7-16 . ACPCOMPUTE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Figure 7-17 . ACPFRQWT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Figure 7-18 . ACPFRQWT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Figure 7-19 . ACPGRAPH Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

Figure 7-20 . ACPGRAPH Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Figure 7-21 . ACPLOWER Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Figure 7-22 . ACPLOWER Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Figure 7-23 . ACPMAX Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Figure 7-24 . ACPMAX Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Figure 7-25 . ACPMEAS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Figure 7-26 . ACPMETHOD Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Figure 7-27 . ACPMETHOD Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

Figure 7-28 . ACPMSTATE Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

Figure 7-29 . ACPMSTATE Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Figure 7-30 . ACPPWRTX Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Figure 7-31 . ACPPWRTX Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Figure 7-32 . ACPRSLTS Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Figure 7-33 . ACPRSLTS Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

Figure 7-34 . ACPSP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

Figure 7-35 . ACPSP Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Figures

Figure 7-36 . ACPT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Figure 7-37 . ACPT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Figure 7-38 . ACPUPPER Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Figure 7-39 . ACPUPPER Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Figure 7-40 . ADJALL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Figure 7-41 . ADJCRT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Figure 7-42 . CRT Alignment Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Figure 7-43 . ADJIF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

Figure 7-44 . ADJIF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Figure 7-45 . AMB Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Figure 7-46 . AMB Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Figure 7-47 . AMBPL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Figure 7-48 . AMBPL Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Figure 7-49 . AMPCOR Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Figure 7-50 . AMPCOR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Figure 7-51 . AMPCORDATA Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Figure 7-52 . AMPCORDATA Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Figure 7-53 . AMPCORSIZE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Figure 7-54 . AMPCORSIZE Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Figure 7-55 . AMPCORRCL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Figure 7-56 . AMPCORSAVE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Figure 7-57 . ANNOT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Figure 7-58 . ANNOT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Figure 7-59 . APB Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Figure 7-60 . AT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Figure 7-61 . AT Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Figure 7-62 . AUNITS Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Figure 7-63 . AUNITS Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Figure 7-64 . AUTOCPL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Figure 7-65 . AXB Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Figure 7-66 . BLANK Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Figure 7-67 . BML Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Figure 7-68 . CARROFF Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Figure 7-69 . CARROFF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Figure 7-70 . CARRON Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Figure 7-71 . CARRON Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Figure 7-72 . CF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Figure 7-73 . CF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Figure 7-74 . CHANPWR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Figure 7-75 . CHANPWR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

Figure 7-76 . CHANNEL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Figure 7-77 . CHPWRBW Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Figure 7-78 . CHPWRBW Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Figure 7-79 . CLRW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Figure 7-80 . CNVLOSS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Figures

Figure 7-81 . CNVLOSS Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Figure 7-82 . CONTS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Figure 7-83 . COUPLE Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Figure 7-84 . COUPLE Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Figure 7-85 . DELMKBW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

Figure 7-86 . DELMKBW Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Figure 7-87 . DEMOD Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Figure 7-88 . DEMOD Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Figure 7-89 . DEMODAGC Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Figure 7-90 . DEMODAGC Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Figure 7-91 . DEMODT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

Figure 7-92 . DEMODT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Figure 7-93 . DET Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

Figure 7-94 . DET Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Figure 7-95 . DL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Figure 7-96 . DT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Figure 7-97 . DLYSWP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Figure 7-98 . DLYSWP Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Figure 7-99 . DONE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Figure 7-100 . DONE Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Figure 7-101 . ERR Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Figure 7-102 . ERR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Figure 7-103 . ET Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Figure 7-104 . ET Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Figure 7-105 . EXTMXR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Figure 7-106 . EXTMXR Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Figure 7-107 . FA Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Figure 7-108 . FA Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

Figure 7-109 . FB Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Figure 7-110 . FB Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Figure 7-111 . FDIAG Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

Figure 7-112 . FDIAG Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Figure 7-113 . FDSP Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Figure 7-114 . FDSP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Figure 7-115 . FFT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Figure 7-116 . FOFFSET Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Figure 7-117 . FOFFSET Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

Figure 7-118 . FREF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Figure 7-119 . FREF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Figure 7-120 . FS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Figure 7-121 . FULBAND Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Figure 7-122 . GATE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Figure 7-123 . GATE Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Figure 7-124 . GATECTL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Figure 7-125 . GATECTL Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Figures

Figure 7-126 . GD Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Figure 7-127 . GD Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Figure 7-128 . GL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Figure 7-129 . GL Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Figure 7-130 . GP Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Figure 7-131 . GP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Figure 7-132 . GRAT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Figure 7-133 . GRAT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Figure 7-134 . HD Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

Figure 7-135 . HNLOCK Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Figure 7-136 . HNLOCK Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Figure 7-137 . HNUNLK Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Figure 7-138 . ID Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Figure 7-139 . ID Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Figure 7-140 . IDCF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

Figure 7-141 . IDFREQ Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Figure 7-142 . IDFREQ Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Figure 7-143 . IP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Figure 7-144 . LG Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Figure 7-145 . LG Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Figure 7-146 . LN Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Figure 7-147 . MBIAS Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

Figure 7-148 . MBIAS Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Figure 7-149 . MEANPWR Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

Figure 7-150 . MEANPWR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Figure 7-151 . MEAS Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Figure 7-152 . MEAS Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Figure 7-153 . MINH Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

Figure 7-154 . MKA Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Figure 7-155 . MKA Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Figure 7-156 . MKBW Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Figure 7-157 . MKCF Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Figure 7-158 . MKCHEDGE Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

Figure 7-159 . MKD Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Figure 7-160 . MKD Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Figure 7-161 . MKDELCHBW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Figure 7-162 . MKDR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

Figure 7-163 . MKDR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

Figure 7-164 . MKF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Figure 7-165 . MKF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Figure 7-166 . MKFC Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Figure 7-167 . MKFCR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Figure 7-168 . MKFCR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Figure 7-169 . MKMCF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Figure 7-170 . MKMIN Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

Figures

Figure 7-171 . MKN Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

Figure 7-172 . MKN Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Figure 7-173 . MKNOISE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Figure 7-174 . MKNOISE Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Figure 7-175 . MKOFF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Figure 7-176 . MKPK Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

Figure 7-177 . MKPT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

Figure 7-178 . MKPT Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

Figure 7-179 . MKPX Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

Figure 7-180 . MKPX Determines Which Signals are Considered Peaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

Figure 7-181 . MKPX Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

Figure 7-182 . MKRL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Figure 7-183 . MKSP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Figure 7-184 . MKSS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Figure 7-185 . MKT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

Figure 7-186 . MKT Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

Figure 7-187 . MKTRACK Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Figure 7-188 . MKTRACK Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

Figure 7-189 . ML Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Figure 7-190 . ML Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Figure 7-191 . MXMH Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Figure 7-192 . MXRMODE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

Figure 7-193 . MXRMODE Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

Figure 7-194 . NORMALIZE Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Figure 7-195 . NORMALIZE Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Figure 7-196 . NRL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Figure 7-197 . NRL Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546

Figure 7-198 . NRPOS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

Figure 7-199 . NRPOS Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

Figure 7-200 . OCCUP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Figure 7-201 . OCCUP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Figure 7-202 . OP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

Figure 7-203 . OP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

Figure 7-204 . PLOT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Figure 7-205 . PLOTORG Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Figure 7-206 . PLOTORG Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Figure 7-207 . PLOTSRC Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

Figure 7-208 . PLOT SRC Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

Figure 7-209 . PP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

Figure 7-210 . PRINT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

Figure 7-211 . PSDAC Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

Figure 7-212 . PSDAC Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

Figure 7-213 . PSTATE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Figure 7-214 . PSTATE Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Figure 7-215 . PWRBW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

Figures

Figure 7-216 . PWRBW Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

Figure 7-217 . RB Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566

Figure 7-218 . RB Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

Figure 7-219 . RBR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568

Figure 7-220 . RBR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568

Figure 7-221 . RCLOSCAL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

Figure 7-222 . RCLS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

Figure 7-223 . RCLT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Figure 7-224 . RCLTHRU Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

Figure 7-225 . REV Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

Figure 7-226 . REV Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

Figure 7-227 . RL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Figure 7-228 . RL Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Figure 7-229 . RLCAL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

Figure 7-230 . ROFFSET Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582

Figure 7-231 . ROFFSET Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Figure 7-232 . RQS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

Figure 7-233 . RQS Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

Figure 7-234 . SAVES Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

Figure 7-235 . SAVET Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

Figure 7-236 . SER Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Figure 7-237 . SER Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Figure 7-238 . SIGID Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

Figure 7-239 . SIGID Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590

Figure 7-240 . SNGLS Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

Figure 7-241 . SP Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Figure 7-242 . SP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

Figure 7-243 . SQUELCH Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

Figure 7-244 . SQUELCH Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

Figure 7-245 . SRCALC Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

Figure 7-246 . SRCALC Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

Figure 7-247 . SRCCRSTK Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

Figure 7-248 . SRCCRSTK Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

Figure 7-249 . SRCFINTK Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Figure 7-250 . SRCFINTK Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

Figure 7-251 . SRCPOFS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

Figure 7-252 . SRCPOFS Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

Figure 7-253 . SRCPSTP Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Figure 7-254 . SRCPSTP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Figure 7-255 . SRCPSWP Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

Figure 7-256 . SRCPSWP Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

Figure 7-257 . SRCPWR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

Figure 7-258 . SRCPWR Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

Figure 7-259 . SRCTKPK Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

Figure 7-260 . SRQ Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

Figures

Figure 7-261 . SS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

Figure 7-262 . SS Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Figure 7-263 . ST Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

Figure 7-264 . ST Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

Figure 7-265 . STB Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

Figure 7-266 . STB Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

Figure 7-267 . STOREOPEN Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Figure 7-268 . STORESHORT Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

Figure 7-269 . STORETHRU Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621

Figure 7-270 . SWPCPL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Figure 7-271 . SWPCPL Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Figure 7-272 . SWPOUT Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

Figure 7-273 . SWPOUT Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

Figure 7-274 . TDF Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

Figure 7-275 . TDF Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

Figure 7-276 . TH Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

Figure 7-277 . TH Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

Figure 7-278 . TITLE Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Figure 7-279 . TM Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Figure 7-280 . TM Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

Figure 7-281 . TRA/TRB Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

Figure 7-282 . TRA/TRB Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

Figure 7-283 . TRIGPOL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

Figure 7-284 . TRIGPOL Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

Figure 7-285 . TS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

Figure 7-286 . TWNDOW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

Figure 7-287 . VAVG Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

Figure 7-288 . VAVG Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Figure 7-289 . VB Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

Figure 7-290 . VB Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

Figure 7-291 . VBR Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

Figure 7-292 . VBR Query Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647

Figure 7-293 . VIEW Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648

Figure 7-294 . VTL Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

Figure 7-295 . VTL Query Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Figure 9-1 . Voltage Selection Switch and Line Fuse Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

Figure 9-2 . AC Power Cables Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

Figure 9-3 . CRT Adjustment Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Figure 9-4 . Shipping Container and Cushioning Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

Figure 9-5 . Serial Number Label Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680

Figure 9-6 . Example of a Static-Safe Workstation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

1 Quick Start Guide

Quick Start Guide

What You'll Find in This Chapter

• How to Use This Guide

• Differences between 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Instruments

• Initial Inspection

• Turning the Spectrum Analyzer On for the First Time

• Making a Basic Measurement

• Setting Reference Level Calibration

• Front Panel Overview

• Rear Panel Overview

• Cleaning the Instrument

• Safety Considerations

• Documentation Description

How to Use This Guide

Where to Start

If you are familiar with spectrum analyzers:

• Brieﬂy review the front and rear panel overview sections in Chapter 1 for a short introduction to the HP 8560E/EC, HP 8561E/EC, HP 8563E/EC, HP 8564E/EC, and HP 8565E/EC spectrum analyzers.

• If you want more information about a particular spectrum analyzer function, refer to Chapter 4.

If you are not familiar with spectrum analyzers:

• Read Chapter 1, "Quick Start Guide," which introduces you to the spectrum analyzer.

• Continue on to Chapter 2, "Making Measurements," to gain experience with spectrum analyzer measurements.

This manual uses the following conventions:

Front-Panel Key

Screen Text This font indicates text displayed on the instrument's

22 Chapter1

This font represents either a hard key, which is physically located on the instrument, or a softkey, whose label is determined by the instrument’s ﬁrmware.

screen.

Quick Start Guide

What You'll Find in This Chapter

Differences between HP 8560 EC-Series and HP E-Series Spectrum Analyzers

Features HP 8560 EC-Series HP 8560 E-Series Display — LCD display

— color — display not adjustable — backlight bulbs are

replacable (replace both bulbs when display is dim)

— requires A17 LCD driver

board

Fast ADC sweep times

(FADC) enables sweep times of 30 ms to 50 µs

VGA port — located on rear panel

— FADC is standard — FADC circuitry integrated

into A2 controller board

— always active — does not require user

interface

— CRT display — monochrome — display adjustable for

focus, intensity, and quadrature

— requires high voltage

module (HVM), which is located in the A6 power supply

— requires A17 CRT driver

board

— FADC is available as an

option (Option 007)

— separate A16 FADC board

required

Not available

In all other operational respects the EC-series and E-series are identical. Unless otherwise noted, the information in this manual applies to all EC-series and E-series instruments.

Chapter 1 23

Quick Start Guide

What You'll Find in This Chapter

Introducing Your New Spectrum Analyzer

Table 1-1 Spectrum Analyzer Operating Range

Spectrum Analyzer

HP 8560E/EC −145 dBm to +30 dBm 30 Hz to 2.9 GHz HP 8561E/EC −145 dBm to +30 dBm 30 Hz to 6.5 GHz HP 8562E/EC −148 dBm to +30 dBm 30 Hz to 13.2 GHz HP 8563E/EC −148 dBm to +30 dBm 9 kHz to 26.5 GHz

HP 8564E/EC −147 dBm to +30 dBm 9 kHz to 40 GHz

HP 8565E/EC −147 dBm to +30 dBm 9 kHz to 50 GHz

Amplitude Range Frequency Range

30 Hz to 26.5 GHz (with Option 006)

30 Hz to 40 GHz (with Option 006)

30 Hz to 50 GHz (with Option 006)

24 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Initial Inspection

Inspect the shipping container upon receipt. Retain it and the cushioning materials. If the container or cushioning material is damaged, verify that the contents are complete and that the analyzer functions correctly mechanically and electrically.

If the contents are incomplete or the analyzer fails the veriﬁcation tests in the calibration guide, notify one of the Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Ofﬁces listed in Table 9-2 on page 670. Show any container or cushioning materials damages to the carrier. The Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Ofﬁce will arrange for repair or replacement without waiting for a claim settlement.

The shipping container and cushioning materials are shown in the "If You Have A Problem" chapter, Figure 9-4 on page 677. Instructions for repackaging the analyzer are included in that chapter.

Part Numbers of Accessories Supplied

Item HP Part Number

Front cover 5063-0274 Mass memory module HP 85620A

(not included with Option 104) BNC cable, 23 cm (9 in.) HP 10502A 4 mm hex (Allen) wrench 8710-1755 Power cord see Figure 9-2 on page 670 Fuse: 5 A, 250 V (supplied in fuse holder) 2110-0709 Adapter, Type-N (m) to SMA (f) (HP 8563E/EC

only) Adapter, Type-N (m) to BNC (f) 1250-0780

(not included with Option 026)

(2 per Option 002) Adapter, SMA (m) to BNC (f) 1250-1200

(Option 026, HP 8564E/EC or HP 8565E/EC only)

1250-1250

Adapter, APC 3.5 (f) to APC 3.5 (f) 5061-5311

(Option 026 only) Adapter, K (f) to 2.4 mm (f) 1250-2187

(HP 8564E/EC or HP 8565E/EC only)

Chapter 1 25

Quick Start Guide

Initial Inspection

Item HP Part Number

Adapter, 2.4 mm (f) to 2.4 mm (f) 1250-2188

(HP 8564E/EC or HP 8565E/EC only) Termination, 50 Ω SMA (m) 1810-0118 Power holes will occur when using adapters and cables beyond their speciﬁed range.

26 Chapter1

Figure 1-1 Accessories Supplied

Quick Start Guide

Initial Inspection

* See Figure 9-2 on page 670 for HP part numbers.

Chapter 1 27

Quick Start Guide

Turning the Spectrum Analyzer On for the First Time

The spectrum analyzer requires no installation other than connection to an ac power source. If you want to install your spectrum analyzer into an HP System II cabinet or a standard 19 inch (486.2 mm) equipment rack, complete instructions are provided with the Option 908 and Option 909 Rack mounting Kits.

CAUTION Do not connect the analyzer to an ac power source before verifying that

the line voltage is correct, the line-voltage selector switch located on the analyzer rear panel is set to the correct voltage, and the proper fuse is installed. Failure to verify that these items are correct could result in equipment damage.

Figure 1-2 Selecting the Correct Line Voltage

CAUTION When installing the instrument in a cabinet, the convection into and

out of the instrument must not be restricted. The ambient temperature (outside the cabinet) must be less than the maximum operating temperature of the instrument by 4 degrees C for every 100 watts of power dissipated in the cabinet. If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800 watts, then forced convection must be used.

28 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Turning the Spectrum Analyzer On for the First Time

1. Press LINE to turn the analyzer on.

2. The analyzer takes about half a minute to perform a series of self-diagnostic and adjustment routines. At completion, the screen displays the analyzer model number and the ﬁrmware date (for example, 890802 indicates August 2, 1989). If you should ever need to call Hewlett-Packard for service or have any questions regarding your analyzer, it is helpful to know the ﬁrmware date to get the most accurate information.

3. Allow the analyzer a 5-minute warmup. Refer to the warmup speciﬁcation in the calibration guide.

4. The reference level calibration adjustment procedure in this chapter should be performed before checking the speciﬁcations.

5. The trace alignment procedure can be performed to optimize the display location.

6. The HP-IB address may need to be changed for remote operation.

Chapter 1 29

Quick Start Guide

Making a Basic Measurement

A basic measurement involves tuning the spectrum analyzer to place a signal on the screen, then measuring the frequency and amplitude of the signal with a marker. We can measure an input signal in four simple steps.

1. Set the center frequency.

2. Set the frequency span.

3. Activate the marker.

4. Set the amplitude. As an example, we will measure the front panel 300 MHz calibration

signal. First, switch on the spectrum analyzer. (Formaximum accuracy, if the analyzer has just been powered up, allow for a 5-minute warmup.)

Figure 1-3 300 MHz Calibration Signal Connection

Connect a short cable from the analyzer CAL OUTPUT connector to the INPUT 50 Ω connector (both connectors are on the front panel of the spectrum analyzer). Then perform the following steps:

1. Set the center frequency. a. Press

FREQUENCY. This activates the center frequency function,

indicated by CENTER appearing in the active function block on the left side of the display (see Figure 1-5 on page 31). It also brings up a menu of other frequency functions. See Figure 1-4 on page

31. These functions are called softkeys and are designated in the

manual by shading. (e.g.

CENTER FREQ) Most front panel keys

access menus of softkey functions.

30 Chapter1

Figure 1-4 Softkey Menu

b. Toset the center frequency to 300 MHz, use the keys in the DATA

section of the front panel and enter 300 MHz. These data keys allow you to select the exact numeric value of the active function, which, in this case, is the center frequency. The step keys and knob also allow you to select values for the function.

Quick Start Guide

Making a Basic Measurement

NOTE When entering some data values, such as unitless entries, ENTER must

be used to terminate the data entry.

ENTER is located in the lower right

corner of the spectrum analyzer front panel. It is also labeled Hz/µV/µs.

Figure 1-5 300 MHz Center Frequency

2. Set the frequency span. a. Press

SPAN. Note that SPAN is now displayed in the active

function block, identifying it as the current active function.

b. To reduce the frequency span—for example, to 20 MHz—either

press 20 MHz on the data keypad, or use the

Chapter 1 31

⇓ key to "step down"

Quick Start Guide

Making a Basic Measurement

to this value. (Like data keys, step keys can also be used to change the numeric value of the active function.)

The resulting display is shown in Figure 1-6. Note that the resolution and video bandwidths are coupled to the frequency span; they are automatically adjusted to appropriate values for a given span. Sweeptime is also a coupled function.

c. Press

SWEEP and notice the SWP TIME AUTO MAN softkey. The

softkey can be used to make the sweeptime be auto-coupled or manually controlled; the underline indicates which part of the function is enabled. For example, the function is auto-coupled when AUTO is underlined.

Figure 1-6 20 MHz Frequency Span

3. Activate the marker. a. Press

MKR, which is located in the MARKER section of the front

panel. This activates the normal marker and places it at the center of the trace (in this case, at or near the peak of the signal).

SWP TIME AUTO MAN

The marker reads both the frequency and the amplitude, and displays these values in the active function block. In this case, the marker reads 300.00 MHz and −10.00 dBm, as shown in Figure 1-7 on page 33.

b. If the marker is not on the peak of the signal, it can be placed on

the highest point by pressing

PEAK SEARCH, or by using the knob

to move the marker manually.

32 Chapter1

Figure 1-7 Activated Normal Marker

4. Set the amplitude. a. Generally, placing the signal peak at the reference level provides

the best measurement accuracy. To adjust the signal peak to the reference level ( Figure 1-8), press dBm, or use either the step keys or the knob.

Using the knob is the easiest way to ﬁne-tune the signal peak to the reference level, which is located at the top of the graticule.

Quick Start Guide

Making a Basic Measurement

AMPLITUDE. Then key in −10

b. Because the marker is active, a faster method to ﬁne-tune the

signal peak to the reference level is to press which is located under the reference level equal to the marker amplitude value.

Figure 1-8 −10 dBm Reference Level

MARKER → REF LVL,

MKR → key. This function sets the

Chapter 1 33

Quick Start Guide

Reference Level Calibration

Recalibrating the reference level is usually necessary only when the ambient temperature changes more than 10 degrees Celsius. Because the spectrum analyzer continually monitors and reduces any IF errors, executing the reference-level calibration is seldom necessary.

The reference-level calibration function

REF LVL ADJ allows the

analyzer internal gain to be adjusted. When the calibrator signal is connected to the input, selecting a reference level equal to the calibrator amplitude will display the signal at top-screen.

1. Turn the markers off by pressing

2. Press

CAL. This accesses a menu of calibration routines. The ﬁfth

function on this new list, labeled

MKR, then MARKERS OFF.

REF LVL ADJ, allows you to

calibrate the amplitude of the instrument.

3. Press REF LVL ADJ to activate the function.

4. To calibrate the spectrum analyzer, use the knob on the front panel and adjust the peak of the signal to the reference level as shown in Figure 1-9. Note the number that appears in the active function block (number 0 in this example). This number ranges from −528 to +528 (−33 to +33 in earlier instruments). It is a relative value indicating how much amplitude correction was required to calibrate the spectrum analyzer. The number is usually around 0.

If the amplitude is at either end of the range, or if it cannot be adjusted to a value within this range, consult the calibration guide.

5. To store the value, press the

STORE REF LVL softkey. When entering

or storing a value using the data keys, the entry must be terminated with the

ENTER key, located in the lower-right corner of the analyzer.

Figure 1-9 Peaked Signal to Reference Level

34 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Front Panel Overview

Figure 1-10 Front Panel of an HP 8560 E-Series or EC- Series Spectrum

Analyzer

1. FREQUENCY, SPAN, and AMPLITUDE are the fundamental functions for most measurements. The HOLD key freezes the active function and holds it at the current value until a function key is pressed.

2. INSTRUMENT STATE functions affect the state of the entire spectrum analyzer, not just the state of a single function.

3. MARKER functions read out frequencies and amplitudes on the spectrum analyzer trace, let you make relative measurements, automatically locate the signal of highest amplitude on a trace, and tune the spectrum analyzer to track a signal automatically.

4. CONTROL functions allow you to adjust the resolution and video bandwidths, the sweep time, the display, and other functions that control spectrum analyzer measurement capabilities.

5. DATA keys, STEP keys, and the knob allow you to change the numeric value of the active function. Use the data keys to enter an exact value or to move quickly from one value to another. The step keys vary a value in predeﬁned increments or, for some functions, in increments that you choose. The knob allows you to ﬁne-tune most numeric values.

Chapter 1 35

Quick Start Guide

Front Panel Overview

6. The front-panel connectors include an RF input, an active-probe power, a 300 MHz calibrator signal, a 310.7 MHz IF input, and a ﬁrst LO output. Table 1-2 has a short speciﬁcation summary of these connectors. The IF input is not available with the HP 8560E/EC, Option 002. A volume knob is provided for making adjustments to the volume of the built-in speaker. The LINE button turns the spectrum analyzer on and off.

CAUTION The maximum input level to the INPUT 50 Ω is +30 dBm with a

minimum of 10 dB input attenuation. For the HP 8560E/EC, HP 8561E/EC, or HP 8562E/EC only: When ac

coupled, the maximum dc voltage to the RF input is ±50 V. When dc coupled, the maximum dc voltage is ±0.2 V. Default power-up mode is ac coupled. It is best to leave the analyzer in ac coupled mode for maximum protection. Exceeding the maximum safe input levels can damage the input attenuator and the input mixer.

For the HP 8563E/EC, HP 8564E/EC, or HP 8565E/EC only: The maximum dc voltage to the RF input is ±0.2 V. Exceeding this voltage can damage the input attenuator and the input mixer. Option 006 extends the frequency range down to 30 Hz and is more susceptible to damage from dc voltages.

36 Chapter1

Table 1-2

Quick Start Guide

Front Panel Overview

Connector Frequency Range Amplitude/ Voltage

Limits

INPUT 50 Ω HP 8560E/EC:

30 Hz–2.9 GHz (dc coupled) 100 kHz–2.9 GHz (ac coupled) HP 8561E/EC: 30 Hz–6.5 GHz (dc coupled) 100 kHz–6.5 GHz (ac coupled) HP 8562E/EC: 30 Hz–13.2 GHz (dc coupled) 100 kHz–13.2 GHz (ac coupled) HP 8563E/EC: 9 kHz–26.5 GHz (dc coupled) 30 Hz–26.5 GHz (Option 006) HP 8564E/EC: 9 kHz–40 GHz (dc coupled) 30 Hz–40 GHz (Option 006) HP 8565E/EC: 9 kHz–50 GHz (dc coupled)

30 Hz–50 GHz (Option 006) PROBE POWER —— +15 V, −12.6 V (150 mA max) CAL OUTPUT 300 MHz −10 dBm IF INPUT*

(foruse with external mixers)

310.7 MHz 0 V dc Max

+30 dBm Max

±0.2 V dc Max (dc coupled) ±50 V dc Max (ac coupled)

+30 dBm Max

±0.2 V dc Max (dc coupled) ±50 V dc Max (ac coupled)

+30 dBm Max

±0.2 V dc Max (dc coupled) ±50 V dc Max (ac coupled)

+30 dBm Max ±0.2 V dc Max (dc coupled)

1ST LO OUTPUT

RF OUT 50 Ω† (tracking generator output)

* Not available with an HP 8560E/EC Option 002 or Option 327. † Available only with an HP 8560E/EC Option 002. ‡ LO output of an HP 8560E/EC Option 002.

Chapter 1 37

3.00 GHz–6.81 GHz +16.5 dBm ±2.0 dB +14.5 dBm ± 3.0 dB‡

300 kHz–2.9 GHz −10 dBm to +1 dBm

Quick Start Guide

Front Panel Overview

Display Annotation

Figure 1-11 Display Annotation

1. Number of video averages.

2. Logarithmic or linear amplitude scale per division.

3. Marker amplitude and frequency.

4. Title area.

5. Data invalid indicator, displayed when analyzer settings are changed before completion of a full sweep.

6. Menu title and softkey menu.

7. Error message area.

8. Frequency span or stop frequency.

9. Sweep time.

10.Indicator of uncoupled function for sweep time, resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, or input attenuation.

11.Video bandwidth.

12.Resolution bandwidth.

13.Center or start frequency.

38 Chapter1

Table 1-3

Quick Start Guide

Front Panel Overview

14.Active special functions: the following characters appear in a vertical line alongside the graticule. This information is also available by pressing

A = IF adjust turned OFF C = DC coupling selected (The HP 8563E/EC, HP 8564E/EC, and HP

8565E/EC are always dc coupled. AC coupling is available only for an HP 8560E/EC, HP 8561E/EC or HP 8562E/EC spectrum analyzers. The default setting for an HP 8560E/EC, HP 8561E/EC

or HP 8562E/EC is ac coupling.) D = Detector mode set to sample, negative peak, or positive peak E = Special sweep-time equations in use (refer to tracking generator

menus) F = Frequency offset is less than or greater than 0 Hz G = Internal tracking generator is ON

DISPLAY, then ANNOT HELP.

K = Signal track is ON M = Trace math is ON N = Normalization is ON R = Reference level offset is less than or greater than 0 dB S = Single-sweep mode T = Trigger mode set to line, video, or external W = Amplitude correction (ampcor) is on X = 10 MHz reference is external + = External mixer bias is greater than 0 mA

− = External mixer bias is less than 0 mA

15.Active function area

16.Message area (for example, messages such as MEAS UNCAL, PEAKING, and Sampling are displayed in the message area)

17.Marker indicator

18.Indicator of reference-level position when in normalized mode

19.Reference level

20.Input attenuator value (internal mixing) or conversion loss (external mixing)

Chapter 1 39

Quick Start Guide

Rear Panel Overview

The rear panels of the E-series and EC-series are identical except the earjack on the E-series instruments is located at J1 (see 2, Figure 1-12) while on EC-series instruments, the earjack is located at J7 (see 15, Figure 1-13). EC-series instruments have a VGA port at J1, while E-series instruments do not have a VGA port. Three CRT display adjustment pots are accessed through the rear of E-series instruments (see 7, Figure 1-12), which are not present on EC-series instruments.

Figure 1-12 Rear Panel Functions - 8560 E-series

Figure 1-13 Rear Panel Functions - 8560 EC-series

40 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Rear Panel Overview

CAUTION Toprevent damage to the instrument, be sure to set the voltage selector

to the appropriate value for your local line-voltage output. For more information, refer to the "If You Have A Problem" chapter.

1. J4 VIDEO OUTPUT provides a detected video signal that is proportional to the vertical deﬂection of the trace on the display. The output range is 0 V to 1 V when terminated in 50 Ω. It can be used when the display is in 10 dB/div or LINEAR mode. For resolution bandwidth settings less than 300 Hz, a 4.8 kHz IF signal with a dc offset is present at J4. The VIDEO OUTPUT connector is not available with Option 327.

2. J1 on 8560 E-series instruments (see 14 for information on J1 in EC-series instruments) EARPHONE provides a 4 Ω impedance earphone jack .

3. J5 EXT/GATE TRIG INPUT accepts a TTL signal as an external trigger, or as a trigger for gated video. The input signal range is 0 V to 5 V (TTL). For external triggering, the instrument sweep triggers on the rising or falling edge (as determined by

TRIG POL POS NEG)of

the signal (about +1.5 V).

For gated video triggering, the instrument sweep trigger depends upon

the setting of

GATE CTL EDGE LVL. If GATE CTL EDGE LVL is set to

EDGE, either the positive or negative edge of the trigger input signal initiates the gate delay. (Set

GATE CTL EDGE LVL is set to level (LVL),either the TTL high level or

TTL low level opens the gate. (Set control functions can be accessed by pressing

EDGE POL POS NEG.) If

LVL POL POS NEG.) The gate

SWEEP.

4. J6 BLKG/GATE OUTPUT provides either a blanking output or a gate output.

The blanking output is a 0 V to 5 V (TTL) signal that is low (0 V) during spectrum analyzer sweeps. The output is high (5 V) during retrace and when the instrument is between bands in multiband sweeps. Use this output for pen lift when plotting with nondigital plotters. It is also useful for synchronizing instruments.

The gate output provides a TTL signal that indicates the status of the gate when the gate is in edge trigger mode. A high TTL signal indicates the gate is on; a low TTL signal indicates the gate is off. The gate output is not active in level mode.

5. J2 HP-IB is the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus connector.

6. J3 OPTION MODULE allows connection of option modules such as the HP 85620A mass memory module or the HP 85629B test and adjustment module.

7. X POSN, Y POSN, and TRACE ALIGN on 8560 E-series instruments allow you to align the spectrum analyzer display of

Chapter 1 41

Quick Start Guide

Rear Panel Overview

using a special CRT pattern. Refer to the softkey CRT ADJ PATTERN under the CAL menu, or consult the service guide for your model of spectrum analyzer. 8560 EC-Series instruments are not adjustable.

8. J11 ALC EXT INPUT provides either an external leveling input or an alternate sweep output that corresponds to the sweep ramp that tunes the local oscillator.

For an HP 8560E/EC, Option 002 (which has a built-in tracking generator), J11 provides an external leveling input. For an Option 005, J11 provides a 0 V to 10 V ramp that corresponds to the sweep ramp that tunes the local oscillator (the same local oscillator sweep ramp that J8 provides).

9. VOLTAGE SELECTOR switchadapts the spectrum analyzer to the power source: either 115 V or 230 V.

10.J10 2ND IF OUT is the Option 001, 310.7 MHz IF output.

11. J9 10 MHz REF IN/OUT provides a 10 MHz, 0 dBm minimum, time-base reference signal. This connector can be switched to an input, to use an external reference. An external reference must be 10 MHz at a minimum of −2 dBm. To select the external reference mode, press

AUX CTRL, REAR PANEL, 10 MHZ EXT INT.

12. J8 LO SWP|FAV OUTPUT provides different signals at connector J8: a 0 V to 10 V ramp corresponding to the local oscillator tune ramp, or a sweeping dc output of 0.5 V per GHz of tuned frequency (and 0.25 V for the HP 8564E/EC and HP 8565E/EC). The voltage range of the sweeping dc output depends on the spectrum analyzer frequency range. Select the output with the softkeys that are accessed when you press

AUX CTRL, REAR PANEL.

The 0.25 V/GHz output is needed for frequency ranges above 26 GHz. External tracking generators, such as the HP 85640A, HP 85644A, or HP 85645A use the 0.5 V/GHz output. When you have selected preselected external mixers, the 0.5 V/GHz output provides approximately 1.5 V per GHz of LO frequency, to control the preselected mixer.

13.The LINE input operates at nominally 115 V (47 to 440 Hz) or at nominally 230 V (47 to 66 Hz).

14.J1 VGA OUT port on 8560 EC-series instruments provides a VGA port. The VGA port is always active and does not require user interface.

15. J7 EARPHONE provides a 4 Ω impedance earphone jack on 8560 EC-series instruments.

42 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

Assistance

Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance agreements are available for Hewlett-Packard products.

For any assistance, contact your nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Ofﬁce.

Cleaning

The instrument front and rear panels should be cleaned using a soft cloth with water or a mild soap and water mixture.

Safety Symbols

The following safety symbols are used throughout this manual. Familiarize yourself with each of the symbols and its meaning before operating this instrument.

CAUTION The caution sign denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure

which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or destruction of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

WARNING The warning sign denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a

procedure which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

Instruction Documentation

The product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for you to refer to the instructions in the documentation.

Chapter 1 43

Quick Start Guide

General Safety Considerations

WARNING Before this instrument is switched on, make sure it has been

properly grounded through the protective conductor of the ac power cable to a socket outlet provided with protective earth contact.

Any interruption of the protective (grounding) conductor, inside or outside the instrument, or disconnection of the protective earth terminal can result in personal injury.

If this instrument is used in a manner not speciﬁed by Hewlett-Packard Co., the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired.

There are many points in the instrument which can, if contacted, cause personal injury. Be extremely careful. Any adjustments or service procedures that require operation of the instrument with protective covers removed should be performed only by trained service personnel.

CAUTION Before this instrument is switched on, make sure its primary power

circuitry has been adapted to the voltage of the ac power source. Failure to set the ac power input to the correct voltage could cause

damage to the instrument when the ac power cable is plugged in. This product conforms to Enclosure Protection IP 2 0 according to

IEC-529. The enclosure protects against ﬁnger access to hazardous parts within the enclosure; the enclosure does not protect against the entrance of water.

44 Chapter1

Quick Start Guide

HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Spectrum Analyzer Documentation Description

User's Guide

The HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series User's Guide applies to the HP 8560E/EC, HP 8561E/EC, HP 8562E/EC, HP 8563E/EC, HP 8564E/EC, and HP 8565E/EC spectrum analyzers. The HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series User's Guide includes information about preparing the spectrum analyzer for use, spectrum analyzer functions, common spectrum analyzer measurements, programming fundamentals, and deﬁnitions for remote programming commands.

In addition to the user's guide, the following manuals are shipped with your spectrum analyzer:

Calibration Guide

The HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Calibration Guide includes the speciﬁcations and characteristics, and information about how to test your spectrum analyzer to determine if the spectrum analyzer meets its speciﬁcations.

Quick Reference Guide

The HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Quick Reference Guide applies to the HP 8560E/EC, HP 8561E/EC, HP 8562E/EC, HP 8563E/EC, HP 8564E/EC, and HP 8565E/EC spectrum analyzers. The HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Quick Reference Guide includes information about how to make a simple measurement with your spectrum analyzer, brieﬂy describes the spectrum analyzer functions,and lists all the programming commands.

Chapter 1 45

Quick Start Guide

Manuals Available Separately

Service Guide

The service guide provides information for servicing an instrument to the assembly level. The manual includes instrument adjustments, troubleshooting, major assembly replaceable parts lists, and replacement procedures. For ordering information, contact a Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Ofﬁce. This manual is not always immediately available for new products.

Component-Level Information

The component-level information manual provides component level information for the assemblies used in the instrument. Schematic drawings, component locators and assembly parts list are provided for the current vintage of assemblies. Component-level information is not always immediately available for new assemblies.

How to Order Manuals

Each of the manuals listed above can be ordered individually. To order, contact your local HP Sales and Service Ofﬁce. See Table 9-3 on page 679 for a listing of HP sales and service ofﬁces.

46 Chapter1

2 Making Measurements

Making Measurements

This chapter demonstrates spectrum analyzer measurement techniques with examples of typical applications. Each application focuses on different features of the HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series spectrum analyzers. The measurement application and procedures covered in this chapter are:

• Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

• Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

• Modulation

• Harmonic Distortion

• Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

• AM and FM Demodulation

• Stimulus-Response Measurements

• External Millimeter Mixers

• Adjacent Channel Power Measurement

• Power Measurements Functions

• Time-gated Measurement

• Making Time-Domain Measurements Using Sweep Delay

• Making Pulsed RF Measurements

48 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

What Is Resolution Bandwidth?

Signal resolution is determined by the intermediate frequency (IF) ﬁlter bandwidth. The spectrum analyzer traces the shape of its IF ﬁlter as it tunes past a signal. Thus, if two equal-amplitude signals are close enough in frequency, the ﬁlter shapes for the two signals can fall on top of one another and appear as a single response. If two signals are not equal in amplitude but are still close together,the smaller signal can be hidden under the response of the larger one.

Spectrum Analyzer Function Used

The resolution bandwidth function (RESBW)selects the appropriate IF bandwidth for a measurement. (Hewlett-Packard speciﬁes resolution bandwidth as the 3 dB bandwidth of a ﬁlter.) The following guidelines can help you determine the appropriate resolution bandwidth to choose.

Stepping Through a Measurement of Two Equal Amplitude Signals

Generally, to resolve two signals of equal amplitude, the resolution bandwidth must be less than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals. For example, to resolve two signals of equal amplitude with a frequency separation of 1 kHz, a resolution bandwidth of 1 kHz or less should be used.

1. Connect two signal sources to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 50 Ω. Set the frequency of one source to 499.5 kHz and the other source to

500.5 kHz. Set both sources to the same amplitude.

2. Press a preset state,and set the spectrum analyzer center frequency to 500 kHz.

3. Set the span to 10 kHz.

4. Set the resolution bandwidth to 1 kHz. See Figure 2-1.

5. Change the resolution bandwidth to a wider value and notice that you can no longer see that there are two signals present.

6. Change the two source frequencies to 499 kHz and 501 kHz.

PRESET on the spectrum analyzer to start the procedure from

Chapter 2 49

Making Measurements

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

To resolve two signals with a frequency separation of 2 kHz, a 1 kHz resolution bandwidth again must be used (see Figure 2-2). Since the spectrum analyzer uses bandwidths in a 1, 3, 10 sequence, the next larger ﬁlter, 3 kHz, would exceed the 2 kHz separation and thus would not resolve the signals.

Keep in mind that noise sidebands (phase noise) can also affect resolution.

Figure 2-1 1 kHz Signal Separation

Figure 2-2 2 kHz Signal Separation

50 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

Stepping Through a Measurement of Two Signals of Unequal Amplitude

This example resolves a third-order intermodulation distortion product with a frequency separation of 700 kHz and an amplitude separation of about 60 dB.

1. Connect two signal sources to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 50 Ω. Set the frequency of one source to 10 MHz and the other source to

10.7 MHz. Set both sources to an amplitude of about −10 dBm.

2. Press a preset state and set the spectrum analyzer center frequency to

10.35 MHz.

3. Set the span to 5 MHz.

4. Set the resolution bandwidth to 100 kHz and the video bandwidth to 1 kHz. See Figure 2-4 on page 53.

To resolve two signals of unequal amplitude, the resolution bandwidth must be less than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals (the same as resolving two equal amplitude signals). However, in this case the largest resolution bandwidth that will resolve the two unequal signals is determined primarily by the shape factor of the IF ﬁlter, rather than by the 3 dB bandwidth. Shape factor is deﬁned as the ratio of the 60 dB bandwidth to the 3 dB bandwidth of the IF ﬁlter,as in Figure 2-3.

The wider IF ﬁlters in this spectrum analyzer have shape factors of 15:1 or better. The IF ﬁlters less than or equal to 100 Hz have a better shape factor of 5:1 or better. Therefore, to resolve two signals of unequal amplitude, the half-bandwidth of a ﬁlter at the point equal to the amplitude separation of the two signals must be lessthanthe frequency separation of the two signals.

PRESET on the spectrum analyzer to start the procedure from

Chapter 2 51

Making Measurements

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

Figure 2-3 Bandwidth Shape Factor

Use a 100 kHz resolution bandwidth ﬁlter to resolve this third-order intermodulation distortion product. The 100 kHz ﬁlter has a typical shape factor of 12:1, a 60 dB bandwidth of 1.2 MHz, and a half-bandwidth value of 600 kHz. This half-bandwidth isnarrower than the frequency separation, so the two input signals will be resolved. See Figure 2-4.

However, using a 300 kHz ﬁlter, the 60 dB bandwidth is 3.6 MHz and the half-bandwidth value is 1.8 MHz. Since this half-bandwidth is wider than the frequency separation, the signals most likely would not be resolved

• Change the resolution bandwidth to 300 kHz and notice that you can no longer see that the distortion product is present. See Figure 2-5 on page 53.

52 Chapter2

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

Figure 2-4 100 kHz Bandwidth Resolution

Figure 2-5 300 kHz Bandwidth Resolution

Making Measurements

NOTE Spectrum analyzer sweep time is inversely proportional to the square of

the resolution bandwidth, for bandwidths greater than or equal 300 Hz. So, if the resolution bandwidth is reduced by a factor of ten, the sweep time is increased by a factor of 100. Forfastest measurement times, use the widest resolution bandwidth that still permits resolution of all desired signals.

Chapter 2 53

Making Measurements

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

What Is Ampcor?

The amplitude correction function is used to improve the amplitude accuracy of your measurement system. System ﬂatness is often degraded by many things includingcable and adapter losses. Additional systematic amplitude errors such as IF gain uncertainty, resolution bandwidth switching uncertainty, and attenuator switching uncertainty can also be corrected. These system effects can be normalized out of the displayed measurement results using the ampcor function. Pairs of frequency/amplitude correction points are entered into the spectrum analyzer. Turning on the ampcor function causes real-time correction of the measurement data using these points. This real-time correction is updated as the frequency and amplitude parameters of the spectrum analyzer are changed.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

This example uses the amplitude correction function, ampcor. It illustrates the use of some of the ampcor data entry and editing functions that help with the entry of the frequency-amplitude correction pairs. Once you have entered a set of correction values, they can be saved and recalled for later use.

Stepping Through an Ampcor Measurement

The ampcor function will be used to correct for variations in the ﬂatness of a measurement system. Suppose we want to make measurements on a personal digital cellular system (PDC). The PDC frequency range is 1 GHz to 1.6 GHz, and in this frequency range the spectrum analyzer frequency response has a small amount of ripple. The ampcor function will be used to correct for this and for some cable losses.

Substitute a source and power meter for the PDC signal and set up the measurement with the system cable. The ﬂatness correction values are identiﬁed, and then entered and saved.

54 Chapter2

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

Figure 2-6 Ampcor Measurement Setup

Making Measurements

Set up the measurement.

1. Zero and calibrate the power meter and power sensor.

2. Connect the source output to the power splitter input. Connect the system cable from the spectrum analyzer input to one of the power splitter outputs. Connect the power sensor to the other power splitter output. See Figure 2-6.

3. Set the source output to:

CW ............................................................................1.0 GHz

Amplitude................................................................... 0 dBm

4. On the power meter, enter the 1 GHz power sensor calibration factor.

5. The correction values should be determined using the same measurement setup as the intended measurement will use. For the purpose of this example, we will use the following spectrum analyzer setup:

Center frequency......................................................1.0 GHz

Frequency span .........................................................5 MHz

Resolution bandwidth ............................................ 300 kHz

Log scale .......................................................... 1 dB/division

Chapter 2 55

Making Measurements

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

6. On the spectrum analyzer, press CAL, MORE 1 OF 2, AMPCOR MENU, and

EDIT AMPCOR. If there is a correction already loaded, purge it by

pressing

MORE 1 OF 2, DONE EDIT, PURGE CORR, PURGE DATA. (Or

you can save the correction ﬁrst and then purge it. Refer to the procedures that follow.) If data was purged, press

EDIT AMPCOR

again before continuing.

Enter the correction points.

1. On the spectrum analyzer, press

2 OF 2.

MORE 1 OF 2, PEAK SEARCH, MORE

2. Enter the marker frequency.

3. Use the knob to adjust AMPL until the marker amplitude reads the same as the power meter.The ampcor function will be automatically turned on after the ﬁrst point is entered. Note the "W" along the left edge of the display.

4. Set the source CW frequency to the next frequency to be corrected.

5. Enter the power sensor calibration factor for this frequency into the power meter.

6. On the spectrum analyzer, press

FREQUENCY and enter the next

frequency to be corrected.

7. Press CAL, MORE 1 OF 2, AMPCOR MENU, EDIT AMPCOR, MORE 1 OF

2, PEAK SEARCH, MORE 2 OF 2, NEW CORR PT.

8. Use the knob to adjust AMPL until the marker amplitude reads the same as the power meter.

9. Repeat steps 4 through 8 for each additional correction point.

Storing the ampcor data.

1. Press

MORE 1 OF 2, DONE EDIT, SAVE AMPCOR. Select a convenient

2. If you would like to create a softkey label under which the correction data will be saved, press the ampcor menu, press

DISPLAY and enter a screen title. Return to

SAVE AMPCOR and select a correction

You have now completed the process for entering amplitude correction points. At this point you can disconnect the source from the spectrum analyzer input and connect the test signal, using the same system cable. You can recall the correction points and begin to make measurements.

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Making Measurements

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

Using the ampcor data.

1. With ampcor on, the amplitude measured by the analyzer at the correction-point frequencies should agree with the power meter reading ±0.2 dB. This error is due primarily to the spectrum analyzer marker amplitude resolution, which ranges from 0.017 dB to 0.17 dB, depending upon the log scale selected.

2. If you want to turn off ampcor,press

AMPCOR ON OFF so that OFF is

selected. The correction to the trace is now turned off, but the correction values remain in memory.

3. If you want to purge the ampcor correction data, press

PURGE CORR

and purge the correction data. The correction values are now gone from active memory.

Ampcor Limitations

When using the ampcor function consider the following:

Trace data above or below the graticule

If any of the uncorrected trace data is above or below the graticule, the ampcor function will not properly correct it. The spectrum analyzer amplitude accuracy is not speciﬁed above or below the graticule. Anytime ampcor applies a correction such that data outside the graticule is moved to within the graticule, an error (error number 921 or 922) is generated. In order to avoid these errors, make sure that the trace data which is being corrected is within the graticule before the correction is applied.

Measurements near the bottom of the graticule

If you are using 10 dB/division and the measurements occur in the bottom division of the display, imperfect log ﬁdelity will cause errors in the correction.

Flatness correction and temperature drift

If the factors that contribute to poor ﬂatness are temperature dependent, the corrections will not be as effective.

Chapter 2 57

Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

What Is Modulation?

Modulation is the act of translating some low frequency or baseband signal (voice, music, data) to a higher frequency. In the modulation process, some characteristic of a carrier signal (usually amplitude or frequency) is changed in direct proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the baseband signal.

More information about amplitude and frequency modulation can be found in Hewlett-Packard Application Note 150-1, literature number 5954-9130.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

The following procedure describes how to measure signals with AM and FM types of modulation on them. It shows how to tune the signal onto the spectrum analyzer display. It demonstrates using the frequency count function and several marker functions to make measurements.

Stepping Through Modulation Measurements

Amplitude Modulation

1. Connect the signal source to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 50Ω.

2. Set the source to a carrier frequency of 100 MHz with amplitude modulation of about 34 kHz.

3. Set the spectrum analyzer center frequency to 100 MHz. Set the span to 500 kHz.

4. Figure 2-7 on page 59 illustrates the amplitude-modulated signal as seen on the spectrum analyzer display. Note the carrier signal. To determine its frequency, simply press

5. Additional modulation information can be easily determined from the carrier signal and a sideband. For example, the difference between the carrier frequency and the sideband frequency can be found by pressing The markers read the frequency difference between the two signals, which is equal to the modulating frequency. The marker also reads the difference in amplitude. This difference in amplitude between the two signals can be used to determine percentage of modulation (refer to Figure 2-8 on page 59).

PEAK SEARCH, MARKER DELTA, and NEXT PEAK.

PEAK SEARCH.

58 Chapter2

Figure 2-7 An Amplitude-Modulated Signal

Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

NOTE Unequal amplitudes of the lower and upper sidebands indicate

incidental FM on the input signal. Incidental FM can reduce the accuracy of percentage-of-modulation measurements.

Figure 2-8 Percentage of Modulation

Chapter 2 59

Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

The following equation also determines percentage of modulation using amplitude units in volts:

100×

------------------------=

where A A

= sideband amplitude, in volts

= carrier amplitude, in volts

Frequency Modulation

This section contains general information about frequency modulation, as well as a procedure for calculating FM deviation using a spectrum analyzer.

For sinusoidal modulation where either the modulation frequency or the FM deviation can be varied, the spectrum analyzer can be used to accurately set up a modulation index corresponding to a Bessel null. The following example illustrates how to verify the FM deviation accuracy of a signal generator with FM capability. We will use a carrier frequency of 100 MHz and test for FM deviation accuracy at a 25 kHz rate using the modulation index for the ﬁrst carrier null (2.401). Figure 2-9 illustrates how to set up the equipment for this measurement.

Figure 2-9 FM Deviation Test Setup

1. Connect the signal source to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 50Ω. Set the source to 100 MHz.

2. Press

PRESET to begin with the spectrum analyzer in a preset state

and change the settings as follows: a. Set center frequency to 100 MHz.

b. Set span to 100 kHz. c. Set resolution bandwidth to 1 kHz. d. Set video bandwidth to 1 kHz.

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Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

3. Figure 2-10 contains Bessel functions for determining modulation. (Table 2-1 and Table 2-2 on page 61 also contain modulation index numbers for carrier nulls and ﬁrst sideband nulls.)

Figure 2-10 Bessel Functions for Determining Modulation Index

Table 2-1 Carrier Nulls and Modulation Indexes

Order of Carrier Null Modulation Index

1 2.401 2 5.520 3 8.653 4 11.791 5 14.931 6 18.071 n (n > 6) 18.071 + π(n − 6)

Table 2-2 Sideband Nulls and Modulation Indexes

Order of First Sideband Null Modulation Index

1 3.83 2 7.02 3 10.17 4 13.32 5 16.47 6 19.62

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Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

4. Knowing that the desired deviation is 25 kHz, and choosing the modulation index of the ﬁrst carrier null, calculate the modulating frequency as follows:

Modulating Frequency

Modulating Frequency 10.412kHz=

5. Set the modulation rate on the signal generator to 10.412 kHz. If the signal source doesn't have an accurate internal modulation source, use an external source. You can use the delta count mode of the analyzer to accurately set the audio source frequency as follows:

Table 2-3

a. Press FREQ COUNT to activate the counter function, then press

COUNTER RES and set the counter resolution.

b. Press COUNTER ON OFF so that ON is underlined, and use the delta

count mode to read the difference between two sideband peaks (see Figure 2-11).

25kHz

--------------- -=

2.401

c. Now adjust the frequency deviation for a maximum null of the carrier. d. Calculate the FM deviation by multiplying the modulation index

(from Table 2-10) by the modulation rate: e. FM Deviation = 10.39 kHz × 2.401 f. FM Deviation = 24.95 kHz

Figure 2-11 Markers Show Modulating Frequency

62 Chapter2

• Gradually change the modulation frequency (or change the amplitude of the modulation signal) and observe the changes in the displayed nulls. Figure 2-12 illustrates a frequency-modulated signal with a small modulation index (modulation index of about 0.2) as it appears on a spectrum analyzer. Figure 2-13 on page 64 and Figure 2-14 on page 64 illustrate larger modulation index values. In the ﬁrst ﬁgure the null is at the carrier.In the second ﬁgure the null is at the ﬁrst sideband.

Figure 2-12 A Frequency-Modulated Signal

Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

Chapter 2 63

Making Measurements

Example 3: Modulation

Figure 2-13 FM Signal with Carrier at a Null

Figure 2-14 FM Signal with First Sidebands at a Null

NOTE Incidental AM from a source signal can cause the frequency null to shift, resulting in

errors to the procedure above. Incidental AM is very low for most RF signal generators, but can be signiﬁcant in microwave signal generators. Nonsymmetrical side lobes indicate the presence of incidental AM. In such cases, the best technique for measuring

FM is to down-convert and use a modulation analyzer such as the HP 8901A/B.

64 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

What Is Harmonic Distortion?

Most transmitting devices and signal sources contain harmonics. Measuring the harmonic content of such sources is frequently required. In fact, measuring harmonic distortion is one of the most common uses of a spectrum analyzer. Harmonic distortion can be checked very quickly by using the measurement routine described below. This measurement routine measures harmonic amplitudes relative to the source frequency.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

The following harmonic distortion measurement applies an important group of spectrum analyzer operating skills: setting the frequency span using start and stop frequencies; setting the video bandwidth; and making relative measurements using two markers. It also demonstrates setting a signal to center frequency using a marker, and setting the frequency step size to the value of the center frequency.

There are two common ways to measure harmonic distortion using a spectrum analyzer. Procedure A illustrates the faster method, which permits a simultaneous display of the fundamental and its harmonics. Procedure B takes longer to perform but provides a better measurement of harmonics closer to the noise ﬂoor.

Stepping through the Fast Harmonic Measurements: Procedure A

This example measures the harmonic content of a 1 MHz signal provided by a signal generator. You may use the 300 MHz calibrator signal of the spectrum analyzer, but be sure to adjust the spectrum analyzer start and stop frequencies to accommodate the source frequency and its harmonics.

1. Connect the signal source to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 50 Ω. Press

Measure the 1 MHz fundamental and its ﬁrst two harmonics

1. Set the start frequency to 450 kHz.

2. Set the stop frequency to 3.5 MHz.

PRESET to start the procedure from a preset state.

This displays the fundamental frequency and the second and third harmonics as shown in Figure 2-15 on page 66.

Chapter 2 65

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Figure 2-15 Input Signal and Harmonics

1. Set the video bandwidth to improve visibility by smoothing the noise:

a. Press b. Press c. Use the step down

BW. VIDEO BW AUTO MAN until MAN is selected.

⇓ key to select the video bandwidth.

2. Formeasurement accuracy, raise the peak of the fundamental to the reference level:

a. Press

PEAK SEARCH, MKR →, MARKER → REF LVL. The result is

shown in Figure 2-16.

66 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Figure 2-16 Peak of Signal is Positioned at Reference Level for Maximum

Accuracy

Place a second marker on the second harmonic

1. Set the peak threshold above the noise: a. Press PEAK SEARCH, MORE 1 OF 2, PEAK THRESHLD.

b. Adjust the dashed line to a level above the noise using either the

step keys or the knob.

2. Activate the second marker: a. Press

PEAK SEARCH, MARKER DELTA, NEXT PK RIGHT.

This places the anchor marker on the fundamental, and a second marker on the peak of the second harmonic, as shown in Figure 2-17 on page 68.

Chapter 2 67

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Figure 2-17 Harmonic Distortion in dBc (marker threshold set to −70 dB)

Find the harmonic distortion (method 1)

The difference in amplitude between the fundamental and second harmonic shown in the ﬁgure is about −50 dB, or 0.33 percent harmonic distortion (see Figure 2-18).

1. To measure the third harmonic, press

NEXT PK RIGHT again.

Measure additional harmonics

1. Continue reading amplitudes and comparing them to Figure 2-18 for each additional harmonic you want to measure.

PEAK EXCURSN

deﬁnes what is and what is not a peak; the next-peak routines ﬁnd the corresponding peak.

68 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Figure 2-18 Percentage of Distortion versus Harmonic Amplitude

Find the harmonic distortion (method 2)

1. Another easy way of determining the percent of distortion is to change the units to volts:

a. Press

AMPLITUDE, MORE 1 OF 3, AMPTD UNITS, VOLTS. The

marker readout automatically changes to voltage units.

b. To determine the percentage of distortion, use the ratio given by

the marker and move the decimal point of this value two places to the right. However, the displayed ratio is limited to a minimum of

0.01, or 1 percent, before reaching zero.

Plot the display

1. You may want to plot the display for hard-copy documentation: a. Connect a graphics plotter (such as an HP 7440A ColorPro) to the

analyzer via HP-IB. b. Set the plotter address to 5. c. On the spectrum analyzer, press

PLT until PLT is selected.

d. Press e. Press

PLOTTER CONFIG to view available plot functions. COPY to transfer the entire display to the plotter.

CONFIG, then COPY DEV PRNT

Other plotter functions let you select certain traces or parts of the display for plotting. The PLOT ORG DSP GRAT function lets you choose the plotter reference points to correlate to the display (DSP) or to the display graticule (GRAT).

Chapter 2 69

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

An Alternative Harmonic Measurement Method: Procedure B

This method is somewhat longer, but because each signal is measured in a narrower span and resolution bandwidth, the signal-to-noise ratio is improved, making the results more accurate.

1. Using the present setup, clear the markers from the screen by pressing

HOLD is pressed, the display expands to the full size of the screen, for

easier viewing.

Measure the 1 MHz fundamental

1. Reduce the frequency span:

MKR, MARKERS OFF. Notice that when MARKERS OFF or

a. Press

PEAK SEARCH, which activates a marker on the

highest-level signal on-screen.

b. Reduce the frequency span to 1 MHz by pressing SPAN, SPAN

ZOOM.

c. Enter 1 MHz. The span zoom function lets you quickly "zoom" to a

narrower frequency span without losing the signal from the screen (because signal track is activated).

d. After the frequency span is reduced, turn off the signal-track

function by pressing

MKR, and setting SIG TRK ON OFF to OFF.

2. Set the center-frequency step-size to the frequency of the fundamental:

a. Press

MKR →, MARKER → CF STEP

3. For better amplitude accuracy, move the signal to the top of the graticule:

a. Press

MARKER → REF LVL. The resulting display should resemble

Figure 2-19 on page 71.

70 Chapter2

Figure 2-19 Input Signal Displayed in a 1 MHz Span

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Measure the second harmonic

1. Press

MKR, MARKER DELTA, FREQUENCY, and the step up › key. This

step retunes the spectrum analyzer center frequency to the second harmonic.

2. Adjust the harmonic to the reference level. (Note that the

REF LVL function is not available in marker-delta mode.) This

MARKER →

displays the amplitude of the second harmonic as shown in Figure 2-20 on page 72.

Find the harmonic distortion

1. Use Figure 2-18 on page 69 to convert the difference between the second harmonic and the fundamental to a percentage of distortion. Again, units can be changed to volts in order to read the voltage ratio of the two signals.

Measure additional harmonics

1. Foreach additional harmonic you wish to measure, press the step up

› key and adjust the reference level. Note the arrow in the upper-left

corner of the graticule indicates that the anchor markerisoff-screen. However, the results are still valid.

Chapter 2 71

Making Measurements

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Figure 2-20 Second Harmonic Displayed in dBc

Percent of Harmonic Distortion

The total percent of harmonic distortion of a signal is also measured frequently. For this measurement, the amplitude of each harmonic must be measured in linear units (for example, volts) instead of dBc. To display amplitude units in volts, press

AMPTD UNITS, and VOLTS. The amplitude values of these signals are

used in the equation below to compute total harmonic distortion:

A2()2A3()2A4()2.... An()

+ + + 100×

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Where: = the amplitude of the fundamental frequency, in volts

= the amplitude of the second harmonic, in volts

= the amplitude of the third harmonic, in volts

= the amplitude of the fourth harmonic, in volts

= the amplitude of the nth harmonic, in volts

If the signal amplitudes are measured carefully, as in the previous example, this procedure measures percent-of-harmonic distortion very accurately.

AMPLITUDE, MORE 1 OF 3,

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Making Measurements

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

What Is Intermodulation Distortion?

In crowded communication systems, signal interference of one device with another is a common problem. For example, two-tone, third-order intermodulation often is a problem in narrow-band systems. When two signals (F

second-order harmonics that are generated (2F third-order intermodulation distortion products,which are located close

to the original signals at 2F intermodulation distortion can also occur. These distortion products are

generated by such system components as ampliﬁers and mixers.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

and F2) are present in a system, they can mix with the

and 2F2), creating

and 2F1−F2. Higher order

2−F1

The following procedure describes how to measure third-order intermodulation distortion. It shows how to tune two signals onto the spectrum analyzer display and demonstrates setting the resolution bandwidth, mixer level, and reference level. It also incorporates several marker functions.

Stepping through the Measurement

Set up the test

1. To test a device for third-order intermodulation, connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-21 on page 74. This example uses a 6 dB directional coupler, and two sources set to 20 MHz and 21 MHz. You may substitute other source frequencies, but for this example, maintain a frequency separation of about 1 MHz. The device under test is a 26 dB preampliﬁer. The low-pass ﬁlters are required to stop the signal from the two sources from causing distortion due to reﬂecting the signal. If you are performing this procedure only for practice using the instrument, you don't need the low-pass ﬁlters.

Chapter 2 73

Making Measurements

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

Figure 2-21 Third-Order Intermodulation Test Setup

2. Set one source to 20 MHz and the other source to 21 MHz, for a frequency separation of 1 MHz.

3. Set the sources equal in amplitude (for this example, we have set the sources to −30 dBm).

Reduce the frequency span

4. Tune both signals onto the display by setting the center frequency to

20.5 MHz.

5. Reduce the frequency span to 5 MHz for a span wide enough to include the distortion products on the display. For frequency separations other than those used in this example, choose a span greater than three times the separation of the source signals.

NOTE A quick way to get to a smaller frequency span is to use SPAN ZOOM.

SPAN ZOOM activates a highest-peak marker, turns signal track on, and

zooms down to the span selected by the user. To activate the span zoom function, press SPAN, SPAN ZOOM, and enter

5 MHz. Be sure to turn signal track off before changing other spectrum analyzer settings.

Center and adjust the signals on the display

6. Press

FREQUENCY.

7. Using the knob, center the two signals on the display, as shown in Figure 2-22 on page 75.

8. To resolve the distortion products, reduce the resolution bandwidth until the distortion products are visible:

74 Chapter2

a. Press BW.

Making Measurements

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

b. Use the step down

⇓ key to reduce the resolution bandwidth.

9. Reduce the video bandwidth, if necessary.

10.To make sure the input signals are equal in amplitude: a. Press

PEAK SEARCH, MARKER DELTA, and NEXT PEAK.

b. Adjust the signal source with the corresponding marker on it

until the difference in amplitude reads zero.

NOTE If you need to choose a speciﬁc resolution bandwidth to verify that the

distortion products are at a certain level below the source signal, refer to Example 1 in this chapter.

Figure 2-22 Signals Centered on Spectrum Analyzer Display

Set the reference level

11.Forgreatest measurement accuracy, position the peaks of the source signals at the reference level. The spectrum analyzer function

MARKER → REF LVL lets you set the reference level using a marker:

a. Place a marker on the source signal of highest amplitude by

pressing

b. Set the reference level to this value by pressing

MARKER → REF LVL. Figure 2-23 on page 76 illustrates the

PEAK SEARCH, MARKER NORMAL.

MKR →,

resulting display.

Chapter 2 75

Making Measurements

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

Figure 2-23 Signal Peak Set to Reference Level

Maximize dynamic range

12.Distortion-free dynamic range is important for this type of measurement. To maximize such dynamic range:

a. Set the mixer input level to −30 dBm by pressing

MORE 1 OF 3, MAX MXR LEVEL.

AMPLITUDE,

b. Enter −30 dBm.

The spectrum analyzer automatically sets the attenuation so the maximum signal level is −30 dBm at the input mixer when the signal is at or below the reference level (see Example 1). You will hear the input attenuator click; notice that the value of the attenuator is now 20 dB (see Figure 2-24 on page 77).

This change to the maximum mixer level can affect the noise, so you may need to adjustment the resolution and video bandwidths.

Set a second marker and measure the distortion product

Once a marker is activated, the marker delta function activates a second marker and displays the difference between the two markers. Relative measurements can then be performed easily.

13.To measure a distortion product: a. Press

b. To activate a second marker, press

76 Chapter2

PEAK SEARCH to place a marker on a source signal.

MARKER DELTA.

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

c. Press NEXT PK LEFT or NEXT PK RIGHT to set the second marker

on the peak of the distortion product that is beside the signal source (see Figure 2-24).

The difference in frequency and amplitude between the two markers is displayed in the active function block.

Figure 2-24 Intermodulation Distortion Measured in dBc

Making Measurements

Create a title for the measurement

The screen title function lets you create a title on the screen, and a label for the recall menu.

14.To create a title: a. Press

DISPLAY, SCREEN TITLE.

b. Use the softkeys from the screen-title menu and the knob (to

choose the letters) to create a title. The title appears in the upper-right corner of the graticule; it can be up to two rows of 16 characters each (see Figure 2-25).

c. Press

TITLE DONE when the title is complete.

Chapter 2 77

Making Measurements

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

Figure 2-25 Display with Title

Save the measurement information

The save and recall functions allow you to store data for later viewing.

15.To save the instrument state: a. Press

SAVE, SAVE STATE.

b. Press a softkey to enter the instrument state data into the

16.To view this menu, press RECALL, RECALL STATE. If a stored state has not been titled, the menu reads STATE followed by the register number chosen.

78 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 6: AM and FM Demodulation

What is AM and FM Demodulation?

Amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) are common modulation techniques used to broadcast information. In the United States and Canada, the AM broadcast band is 535 kHz to 1605 kHz, while the FM broadcast band covers 88 MHz to 108 MHz.

Demodulation of AM and FM signals can be done with any spectrum analyzer with zero span capability and with a wide enough bandwidth to fully encompass the modulated signal. An easier method of examining a demodulated signal is to use the built-in AM and FM demodulator and speaker in the HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series spectrum analyzers.

Forsimplicity, in our example we will demodulate only an FM signal. To demodulate and listen to an AM signal, repeat the same steps, but activate

AM DEMOD ON OFF instead of FM DEMOD ON OFF.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

The following procedure illustrates the use of the built-in AM and FM demodulator and speaker. The example includes tuning the spectrum analyzer to a band of interest, activating and moving a marker to the signal that is to be demodulated, and demodulating and listening to the signal with the built-in demodulator and speaker.

Stepping through the Measurement

Set up the test

1. Provide a signal to the spectrum analyzer by connecting an antenna to the input port of the spectrum analyzer.

Chapter 2 79

Making Measurements

Example 6: AM and FM Demodulation

Figure 2-26 AM and FM Demodulation Test Setup

Set the start and stop frequencies

2. Tune to the FM band by setting the start frequency of the spectrum analyzer to 88 MHz, and the stop frequency to 108 MHz:

a. Press b. Press c. Press

Figure 2-27 FM Band

FREQUENCY. START FREQ; enter 88 MHz. STOP FREQ; enter 108 MHz (see Figure 2-27).

Set a marker

3. Todemodulate an FM signal, you must activate a marker before you turn on the demodulator. For your convenience, the AM and FM demodulation menu contains the marker functions.

80 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 6: AM and FM Demodulation

a. Press AUX CTRL AM/FM DEMOD to access the demodulation menu. b. Activate a marker by pressing

MARKER NORMAL.

c. Position the marker on the signal of interest. If the signal of

interest is the highest in amplitude, press PEAK SEARCH directly, as in Figure 2-28 on page 81.

Figure 2-28 Place a marker on the signal of interest, then demodulate.

Set the time

4. For this example, before demodulating the signal, set the demodulation time to 30 seconds:

a. pressing

MORE 1 OF 2, DEMOD TIME.

b. Enter 30 seconds. This sets the actual time that the built-in

demodulator will demodulate the signals so you may listen to it.

Demodulate the signal

5. Press

MORE 2 OF 2, then set FM DEMOD ON OFF to ON.Youmay have

to adjust the volume of the speaker using the volume knob located on the front panel, under the display.

NOTE You also can use AM or FM demodulation when the frequency span of

the spectrum analyzer is zero. To obtain continuous demodulation in zero span, set the trigger mode to external by pressing

EXTERNAL. Setting the spectrum analyzer to the external trigger mode

TRIG,

(without actually supplying a trigger) gives you an uninterrupted signal. Otherwise, demodulation will occur only during the spectrum analyzer sweep.

Chapter 2 81

Making Measurements

Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

What Are Stimulus-Response Measurements?

Stimulus-response measurements require a source to stimulate a device under test (DUT), and a receiver to analyze the frequency-response characteristics of the DUT. Characterization of a DUT can be made in terms of its transmission or reﬂection parameters. Ripple, ﬂatness, and rejection are examples of transmission measurements. A typical reﬂection measurement is return loss.

A spectrum analyzer combined with a tracking generator forms a stimulus-response measurement system. With the tracking generator as the swept source and the spectrum analyzer as the receiver, operation is analogous to a single-channel scalar network analyzer. Because the tracking generator is a narrow-band system, its output frequency must be made to track the spectrum analyzer input frequency precisely, resulting in a wide dynamic range. This wide dynamic range will be illustrated in the following example.

Figure 2-29 Block Diagram of a Spectrum Analyzer and Tracking Generator

System

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

The following procedure describes how to use the HP 8560E/EC Option 002 spectrum analyzer with built-in tracking generator system to measure the rejection range of a bandpass ﬁlter, which is a type of transmission measurement. The same measurement can be made using an HP 8560E/EC (without Option 002), HP 8561E/EC, HP 8562E/EC, HP 8563E/EC, HP 8564E/EC or HP 8565E/EC spectrum analyzer with an HP 85640A, HP 85644A, or HP 85645A tracking generator. This

82 Chapter2

Making Measurements

Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

example illustrates several functions in the HP 8560E/EC Option 002 tracking-generator menu: adjusting the tracking-generator output power, source calibration, and normalization.

Because the procedure for conducting a reﬂection measurement is similar, use this example as your guide. You may also refer to the

HP Spectrum Analyzer Seminar, Application Note 150-7, or Applicaton Note 1212 for more information about reﬂection

measurements.

Stepping through the Measurement

There are four basic steps for performing any stimulus-response measurement (either transmission or reﬂection):

1. Set up the spectrum analyzer settings

2. Calibrate

3. Normalize

4. Measure

Set up the test

1. To measure the rejection of a bandpass ﬁlter, connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-30. This example uses a bandpass ﬁlter with a center frequency of 321.4 MHz and a speciﬁed rejection of −85 dB, as the device under test (DUT).

Figure 2-30 Transmission Measurement Test Setup

Set the spectrum analyzer

2. To activate the tracking generator menu, press

TRACKING GENRATOR. The tracking-generator output power is

AUX CTRL,

displayed in the active function block. Because the ﬁlter (DUT) is not particularly sensitive, an output power of −10 dBm should not damage it.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

3. Activate the tracking-generator power level by pressingSRC PWR ON

OFF until ON is selected.

If ERR 901 TGFrqLmt appears in the error message area, set the start frequency to 300 kHz.(Stimulus-response measurements using an HP 8560E/EC Option 002 are speciﬁed from 300 kHz to 2.9 Ghz.) Due to the current resolution of the annotation, changing the start frequency to 300 kHz will be denoted only in smaller spans.

4. Put the sweep time of the analyzer into stimulus-response auto-coupled mode by pressing

MORE 1 OF 3, then SWP CPL SR SA

until SR is selected. In stimulus-response mode, the auto-coupled sweep times usually are much faster for swept-response measurements (see Figure 2-31).

Figure 2-31 Tracking-Generator Output Power Activated

5. Because we are interested only in bandpass-ﬁlter rejection, tune the center frequency so the ﬁlter roll off takes up most of the trace on the display (see Figure 2-32).

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-32 Adjust analyzer settings according to the measurement

requirement.

6. Decrease the resolution bandwidth to increase sensitivity, and narrow the video bandwidth to smooth the noise. In Figure 2-33, the resolution bandwidth has been decreased to 3 kHz.

NOTE The minimum resolution bandwidth supported in stimulus-response

measurements is 300 Hz.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-33 Decrease the resolution bandwidth to improve sensitivity.

NOTE Tracking Error

Adjusting the resolution bandwidth may result in a decrease in amplitude of the signal. This is known as a tracking error. Tracking errors occur when the tracking generator output frequency does not exactly match the input frequency of the spectrum analyzer. The resulting product from the spectrum analyzer input mixer is not at the center of the IF bandwidth. Tracking errors are most notable when using narrow resolution bandwidths.

Compensate for the tracking error, by using either the manual or the automatic tracking adjustment. These keys are on the second softkey menu page of

TRACKING GENRATOR under the AUX CTRL key.

Automatic Tracking

Once the automatic tracking routine is activated in a wide resolution bandwidth, it is not necessary to use the tracking adjust again when decreasing the resolution bandwidth. The automatic tracking routine uses the 300 Hz resolution bandwidth to perform the tracking adjustment.

Toactivate the automatic tracking routine, press press

MAN TRK ADJ to display the DAC values of the coarse- and

ﬁne-tracking adjustments. In this example, the automatic tracking routine was performed, and the resolution bandwidth was decreased to 300 Hz, without encountering any tracking error (see Figure 2-34).

TRACKING PEAK, then

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-34 Manual tracking adjustment compensates for tracking error.

Calibrate

Calibration in a transmission measurement is done using a through (thru). A thru essentially is a conductor that is connected in place of the device under test.

7. To calibrate using a thru: a. Press

THRU.

AUX CTRL, TRACKING GENRATOR, SOURCE CAL MENU, CAL

b. The guided calibration routine prompts you to connect the thru,

as illustrated in Figure 2-35. Connect the thru, then press STORE

THRU to store the thru trace in trace B and in an internal memory

location in the analyzer. The state information of the thru-calibration trace is stored in

state register number 9. This trace can be recalled for future use. Figure 2-36 shows what appears on-screen after the thru trace is stored.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-35 Guided calibration routines prompt the user.

Figure 2-36 The thru trace is displayed in trace B.

Normalize

Normalization eliminates the frequency response error in the test setup. When normalization is on, trace math is performed on the active trace:

A − B + NRP → A

1. where: A is the active trace.

B is the stored thru calibration trace. NRP is the normalized reference position.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

The units of the reference level, dB, reﬂect this relative measurement (see Figure 2-37).

• To normalize, press softkey is located on the ﬁrst page of the tracking-generator menu.)

An arrow appears on each side of the graticule when normalization is activated. These two arrows mark the normalized reference position, or the position where 0 dB insertion loss (transmission measurements) or 0 dB return loss (reﬂection measurements) will normally reside.

You can set the dB value of the normalized reference position using the

NORM REF LVL adjustment under the AMPLITUDE key. Changing NORM REF POSN changes the position of the normalized trace, within

the range of the graticule.

Figure 2-37 Normalized Trace

NORMLIZE ON OFF until ON is selected. (This

Measure

Measure the range using the delta markers:

1. Press

PEAK SEARCH, MARKER DELTA.

2. Use the knob to position the second marker in the rejection area of the bandpass ﬁlter as shown in Figure 2-38.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-38 Measure the rejection range with delta markers.

Activating normalization changes the softkeys that appear in the amplitude menu:

REF LVL. Although both these functions reposition the trace on the

display,

RANGE LVL adjusts attenuation and gain, while NORM REF LVL

RANGE LVL appears, and REF LVL is replaced by NORM

does not change the spectrum analyzer settings.

NORM REF LVL, like NORM REF POSN, is a trace math function that lets

you change the position of the normalized trace within the range of the graticule, without changing spectrum analyzer settings. See Figure 2-39. As a result, your measurement remains calibrated. However, using these two trace math functions may mean that the top of the screen does not represent the gain-compression limit.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-39 NORM REF LVL adjusts the trace without changing analyzer

settings.

RANGE LVL increases the dynamic range of the measurement by

changing the input attenuator and IF gain. It is equivalent to

REF LVL

used in signal analysis measurements. Both RANGE LVL and REF LVL ensure that the input signal is not in gain compression.

To increase the dynamic range of the measurement, press

RANGE LVL.

Note that while increasing the dynamic range, more errors are introduced into the measurement, such as attenuator switching. However, as Figure 2-40 shows, the dynamic range level has increased by 18 dB, when using

RANGE LVL.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-40 Increase the dynamic measurement range by using RANGE LVL.

If the actual measured signal is beyond the gain-compression limit, or below the bottom graticule of the display, an error message will appear in the lower right corner of the display. In the case shown here, the passband information is adjusted off-screen in order to view the rejection range with better resolution. Changing the analyzer settings to raise the passband information above the top of the screen results in an ERR 903

A>DLMT.

In normalized mode, ERR 904 B>DLMT also may appear if:

• The calibration trace is off-screen, or

• No calibration has been performed after a preset, or

• Trace B is blank. To clear this error and ensure a calibrated measurement, recalibrate

and perform a store-thru operation.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Using Range Level versus Using Normalized Reference Level

The following example illustrates the difference between

RANGE LVL

and NORM REF LVL. The normalized frequency response of a preampliﬁer is shown in Figure 2-41. The normalized trace is cut off at the top of the graticule. This is conﬁrmed by the step up

⇓ key when a

marker is activated, and the ERR 903 A>DLMT error message appears in the error message block.

Figure 2-41 Normalized Frequency Response Trace of a Preampliﬁer

By increasing

NORM REF LVL to 30 dB, as shown in Figure 2-42, the

trace moves down on the screen. Note that (1) the input attenuator value remains at 10 dB, (2) the marker-amplitude readout displays 13.2 dB, and (3) the ERR 903 A>DLMT error message is still displayed, even though the signal appears to be fully within the graticule.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-42 NORM REF LVL is a trace function.

Figure 2-43

After returning

NORM REF LVL to 0 dB, increase RANGE LVL to 30 dB. As

shown in Figure 2-43, the trace moves fully within the graticule. Compare the settings: (1) input attenuator value has changed to 40 dB, (2) the marker-amplitudereadout displays −6.3 dB,and (3) the ERR 903 A>DLMT error message no longer appears.

RANGE LVLadjusts analyzer for compression-free measurements.

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Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Figure 2-42 shows that NORM REF LVL is a trace function that can position the active trace without changing analyzer settings. The ERR 903 A>DLMT error message is an indicator that the actual measured trace may fall outside of the analyzer measurement range with the current settings. Compression-free measurements are assured by adjusting

RANGE LVL and changing the input attenuator and IF gain.

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Making Measurements

Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected)

External millimeter mixers can be used to extend the frequency coverage of the HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series spectrum analyzers. (The HP 8560E/EC Option 002 and Option 327 do not have external mixing capability.) Hewlett-Packardmanufactures external mixers that do not require biasing and cover frequency ranges from 18 GHz to 110 GHz. Other manufacturers sell mixers that extend the range to 325 GHz, but may require biasing. The HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series spectrum analyzers support both types of mixers.

Spectrum Analyzer Functions Used

The HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series spectrum analyzers contain an extensive menu of functions that help with millimeter measurements. This example explains how to connect external mixers to the spectrum analyzer, how to choose the band of interest, how to store conversion-loss factors, and how to use the optional automatic signal-identiﬁcation functions.

Stepping through the Measurement

Set up the equipment

1. Figure 2-44 illustrates how to connect an external harmonic mixer to the spectrum analyzer.

CAUTION The spectrum analyzer local-oscillator output power is +16.5 dBm. Be

sure that your external harmonic mixer can accommodate this power level before connecting it to the analyzer.

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Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected)

Figure 2-44 External Mixer Setup (a) without Bias; (b) with Bias

NOTE Good-quality shielded SMA-type cables should be used to connect the

mixer to the spectrum analyzer to ensure that no signal attenuation occurs. HP 5061-5458 SMA-type cables may be used. Do not over-tighten the cables; the maximum torque should not exceed 112 N-cm (10 in-lb).

Select the Frequency Band

2. Specify unpreselected external mixing by pressing

MXR PRE UNPR until UNPR is selected.

CONFIG, then EXT

3. To select a frequency above 18 GHz: a. Press

AUX CTRL, EXTERNAL MIXER to set the analyzer to external

mixer mode.

b. Enter the desired frequency directly using the center-frequency

function.

c. Notice in Table that some frequencies overlap and fall into two

bands. Tobe sure that the desired band is selected, refer to Table and select the desired frequency band, then use the full band function to enter this band.

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Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected)

d. In the external mixer menu, press FULL BAND, then press the

step up

› key until the letter preceding BAND in the active function

area corresponds to the desired frequency band.

In this example, we'll look at U-band, which ranges from 40 GHz to 60 GHz, as shown in Figure 2-45. The

LOCK HARMONIC function "locks"

the spectrum analyzer in that band, ensuring that the spectrum analyzer sweeps only the chosen band. set to ON when

FULL BAND is pressed.

LOCK ON OFF is automatically

Table 2-4 External Mixer Frequency Ranges

Frequency Band

K 18.0 to 26.5 6− 30 dB A 26.5 to 40.0 8− 30 dB Q 33.0 to 50.0 10− 30 dB U 40.0 to 60.0 10− 30 dB V 50.0 to 75.0 14− 30 dB E 60.0 to 90.0 16− 30 dB W 75.0 to 110.0 18− 30 dB F 90.0 to 140.0 24− 30 dB D 110.0 to 170.0 30− 30 dB G 140.0 to 220.0 36− 30 dB Y 170.0 to 260.0 44− 30 dB J 220.0 to 325.0 54− 30 dB

Frequency Range (GHz)

Mixing Harmonic

Conversion Loss

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Figure 2-45 Select the band of interest.

Making Measurements

Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected)

Save the average conversion-loss value

4. Table lists default conversion-loss values that are stored in the analyzer for each frequency band. These values approximate the values for the HP 11970 series mixers. Other conversion-loss values may be entered into the spectrum analyzer in two ways. The ﬁrst method lets you to save the average conversion-loss value for the entire band using

a. Press

CNV LOSS.

AUX CTRL, EXTERNAL MIXER, AMPTD CORRECT, AVERAGE

AVERAGE CNV LOSS. To activate this function:

b. Enter the appropriate average conversion-loss value. On HP

11970 Series harmonic mixers, these values are charted on the mixer. The U-band mixer used for this example had an average conversion loss of 23.5 dB, as shown in Figure 2-46.

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Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected)

Figure 2-46 Store and correct for conversion loss.

The second method for storing conversion-loss information lets you save individual conversion-loss data points at speciﬁc intervals across the harmonic band, using

CNV LOSS VS FREQ.

To view or enter a conversion-loss data point: a. Press

CNV LOSS VS FREQ.

b. Enter the conversion-loss data at the frequency shown. c. Use the step up

› key to step through the band, entering the

conversion loss at each step.

Signal Identiﬁcation (unpreselected mixers only)

5. The IF output of a harmonic mixer contains many mixer products (frequencies of LO ± source, 2LO ± source, 3LO ± source…nLO ± source). As a result, within a single harmonic band, a single input signal can produce many responses, only one of which is valid.

These responses come in pairs, where the members of the valid pair are spaced 621.4 MHz apart (see Figure 2-47) and the right-most member for the pair is the correct response (for this analyzer,the left member of a pair is not valid).

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Agilent 8560E User’s Guide

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Contents

Figures

1 Quick Start Guide

What You'll Find in This Chapter

Initial Inspection

Turning the Spectrum Analyzer On for the First Time

Making a Basic Measurement

Reference Level Calibration

Front Panel Overview

Rear Panel Overview

Assistance

General Safety Considerations

HP 8560 E-Series and EC-Series Spectrum Analyzer Documentation Description

Manuals Available Separately

2 Making Measurements

Making Measurements

Example 1: Resolving Closely Spaced Signals (with Resolution Bandwidth)

Example 2: Improving Amplitude Measurements with Ampcor

Example 3: Modulation

Example 4: Harmonic Distortion

Example 5: Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

Example 6: AM and FM Demodulation

Example 7: Stimulus-Response Measurements

Example 8: External Millimeter Mixers (Unpreselected)