User's Guide
ersonality
EDF
A
est
T
P
for HP 71450B/1B/2B
HP Part No. 70952-90001
Edition 1
Printed in USA June 1995
1400 Fountaingrove Parkway,
Santa Rosa, CA
95403-1799, USA
Notice.
The information contained in this document is subject to change
without notice. Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard
ackard
this
of
of
shall
material,
this
to
merchantability
be liable
not
damages
for
connection
in
including
tness
and
contained
errors
with
but
for
the
limited
not
particular
a
herein
furnishing,
the
,
to
purpose
incidental
for
or
performance
implied
Hewlett-P
.
warranties
consequential
or
use
or
,
material.
.
.S
U
the
Restricted
Rights
Government
Rights
the
of
252.227-7013
Commercial
agencies
other
Legend.
subject
is
echnical
T
in
DOD
for
Computer
.
Use
restrictions
to
Data
agencies
Software
duplication,
,
set
as
and Computer
subparagraphs
and
,
Restricted
or
forth
Software
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disclosure
in
clause
by
subparagraph
at
and
FAR
at
(c)
clause
(c) (1)
(1)
(c)
ARS
DF
the
of
(2)
52.227-19
(ii)
for
c
Copyright Hewlett-P
ackard Company 1995
All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior
written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.
CAUTION
N
I
N
R
A
W
Safety Notes
The following safety notes are used throughout this manual. Familiarize
yourself with each of the symbols and its meaning before operating this
software.
The
caution
note denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which,
if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or
destruction of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a
caution
sign until
the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.
procedure
attention
calls
and
It
adhered
or
warning
a
met.
to
,
sign
hazard.
denotes
not
.
are
Do
note
correctly
proceed
not
understood
fully
warning
G
The
which,
of
loss
if
life
conditions
a
performed
beyond
to a
could result
until the
in injury
indicated
or
iii
EDFA Analysis with the EDFA Test Per-
sonality
The EDFA test personality performs measurements on erbium-doped ber
ampliers. It uses the interpolation source-subtraction method and measures
the following parameters:
Source wavelength.
Gain versus wavelength.
Noise gure versus wavelength.
Input and output power versus wavelength.
Input,
Input,
Integrated
output,
output, and
and
EDFA
A
EDF
amplied spontaneous
signal-to-noise
noise versus
emission (ASE)
versus
ratios
wavelength.
wavelength.
over wavelength.
iv
The personality's Main Menu.
The personality is installed on HP 71452B and HP 71450B/1B Option 051
optical spectrum analyzers. It can also be loaded on HP 71450A/1A optical
spectrum analyzers. If not already installed, install the program as described
in Chapter 1. Once installed, you can start the program by pressing
and then the
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
EDFA
softkey.
4
USER
5
Swept measurement
results are displayed
graphically
If a tunable laser source is available, swept wavelength testing can be
performed. HP 8168B and 8168C tunable laser sources are recommended.
The modulation output of the tunable laser is used to trigger the sweeps
on the optical spectrum analyzer. As shown in the following gure,the
personality graphically displays swept measurement results.
Traces of Gain and Noise Figure versus wavelength.
v
On-line help is available
A help menu is always available by pressing the
this menu is displayed, pressing any other softkey displays information about
that softkey. The information includes an equivalent programming command
if available.To remove the help menu, simply press
NNNNNNNNNNN
Off
is underlined.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
HELP On Off
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
HELP On Off
softkey. Once
so that
vi
Help Menu
Ensuring the greatest
accuracy
To ensure the greatest possible accuracy, observe the following:
Maintain a resolution bandwidth0.5 nm for best amplitude accuracy.
Perform a user calibration of the optical spectrum analyzer as described in
Chapter 2.
Optical isolator reduces reections.
Inserting isolators at the input and output of the erbium-doped
ber amplier reduces the eect of external reections on amplier
performance. Many ampliers have built-in isolators.
Clean connections are required for best accuracy. When connecting
ber-optic
1. Clean
Optical
the
do
,
cables
the connectors
Spectrum
Analyzers User's
following
as described
steps:
in Chapter
Guide
.
Dry
HP
the
of
1
connections
71450B/1B/2B
are
recommended.
outside
the
touch
not
does
end
connectors so
Align
2.
mating
the
After
3.
to
hand
to
Refer
Overtightening
nonrepeatable
and
connector
ferrule
it
keep
manufacturer's
the
that the
not rub
Do
.
properly
is
straight
undertightening
or
connections
ber
the
seated
nger-tighten
and
data
.
end
ber
inside
for
sheet
connectors
against
connector
the
with
it
torque
other
any
use
,
other
the
recommendations
in
result
can
surfaces
one
hand.
misalignment
of
the
.
.
Fusion
.
.
measurements
A
EDF
in
splices
reduce
Fusion
splices
largest
The
repeatability
is
reduce
source
of
measurement
measurement
of
ber-optic
uncertainty
uncertainty
connections
connector uncertainties of60.25 dB to a60.05 dB splice uncertainty.
typical
vii
Control program using
softkeys or
programming
commands
Conventions
ey
K
The EDFA test personality can be controlled either via softkey menus or
remote programming commands. Softkeys are the seven buttons located on
each side of the screen. The functions of softkeys change according to the
menus displayed on the screen. Generally, left-side softkeys access major
menus. Refer to Chapter 3 for a denition of the programming commands.
Use the following three front-panel keys on the HP 70004A display to select
the available softkey menus:
Press
4
5
to view EDFA test personality menus. The personality must
USER
rst be installed as described in Chapter 1.
Press
4
5
to view optical spectrum analyzer menus.
.
in
menus
this
guide:
view
to
5
Y
conventions
HP
70004A
used
are
display
Press
following key
The
MENU
4
DISPLA
4
ront-panel
F
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
NN
N
N
Softkey
Screen
N
N
N
key
N
N
N
N
Text
ext
T
5
the
ext
T
located
are
analyzer
ext
T
instrument's
shown
spectrum
shown
next
annotation
the
display
printed
this
like
analyzer
this
like
the
to
.)
this
in
screen.
represents
.
represents
softkey
the
on
typeface
labels
right
indicates
key
a
softkey
a
and
,
left
or
physically
(The
.
softkey
the
the
of
side
displayed
text
located on
softkeys
labels
spectrum
on
are
the
viii
Regulatory Information
The specications and characteristics chapter of the
Optical Spectrum Analyzers Reference
contains regulatory information.
HP 71450B/1B/2B
ix
Hewlett-Packard Software ProductLicense
Agreement
Important
Please carefully read this License Agreement before opening the media envelope or operating the
equipment. Rights in the software are oered only on the condition that the Customer agrees to
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Agreement, you may return the unopened package for a full refund.
Use
Copies
Adaptations
and
to
the
following:
the
.
the
or
F
for
a
archival
return
In
Customer
Customer
Customer
Customer may
When
payment
license
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copying
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assemble
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ackard
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Export
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xii
Limited Warranty
Software
Media
Notice of Warranty
Claims
Hewlett-Packard warrants for a period of 1 year from the date of purchase
that the software product will execute its programming instructions when
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ackard
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xiii
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xiv
Contents
1. Installing the Personality
To install from the memory card . . . . . . . . . . .
To install from a 3.5-inchdiskette drive . . . . . . . .
If a memory error is displayed . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Performing Measurements
Calibrating the Optical Spectrum Analyzer . . . . . . .
optical
calibrate
o
T
calibrate
o
T
Running
erform
p
o
T
erform
p
o
T
erform
p
o
T
Conguring
displa
o
T
hange the
c
o
T
redene
o
T
redene
o
T
hange
c
o
T
ter
en
o
T
hange
c
o
T
select
o
T
the
HP
an
.
est
T
a
single
a
sw
a
output
an
Program
the
y noise
amplitude
the calculations
the calculations
noise
the
resolution
a
ASE
the
trigger
the
.
ept
alues
v
ectrum
sp
71450A/1A
.
.
.
.
.
elength
v
a
w
elength
v
a
w
.
test
.
. .
.
.
.
scale
for
for
bandwidth
bandwidth
tegration
in
source
.
analyzer
.
.
.
.
.
test
test
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
elength
v
a
w
noise
.
.
correction
windo
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
at
.
w.
.
.
.
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p
.
. .
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. .
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.
eak
. .
. .
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.
a
w
. .
factor
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. .
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
elength
v
.
.
. .
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. .
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. .
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.
.
.
.
.
.
1-4
1-6
1-8
2-4
2-5
.
2-13
.
2-21
2-24
.
2-29
2-38
.
2-40
.
2-45
.
2-45
.
2-46
.
2-46
2-47
.
.
2-47
2-48
.
2-48
.
3. Programming
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commands byFunctional Group . . . . . . . . . . .
Softkeys versus Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commands in Alphab etical Order . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
esting
T
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. . . . . . . . .
Measuremen
Automating
Automating Sw
Examples
t
Single
eptTesting . . .
3-4
3-9
3-12
3-14
3-18
.
.
.
.
.
3-20
.
.
.
.
.
3-30
Contents-1
Measurement Uncertainty
4. Reference
MenuMap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EDFA Gain
EDFA Noise
EDFA S/N
Input Noise
Input Pwr
Input S/N
Integrt ASE
Integrt BW
Interpolation
BW
BW
Fig
Noise
Pwr
S/N
.
Noise
Noise
Output
Output
Output
Res
Wavelength
Measuremen
...................... 4-5
...... ........ ...... . 4-6
...................... 4-7
.................... 4-8
...................... 4-8
...................... 4-9
.................... 4-10
...... ........ ...... . 4-10
. 4-11
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Offset
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Uncertain
t
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
..
..
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..
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..
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y
t
4-12
4-12
4-13
.
. 4-13
4-14
.
. 4-14
4-15
.
.
.
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-16
Index
Contents-2
1
Installing
the
ersonality
P
you
Do
70004A
have
display?
an
HP
Installing the Personality
If you have an HP 71452B optical spectrum analyzer, the EDFATest
personality has already been installed at the factory. Use the procedures in
this chapter to install the personality into HP 71450A/0B/1A/1B instruments
and to reinstall the program if it is erased from memory. Copies of the
program are included in the following forms:
Memory card.
3.5-inch diskette.
YES
Install
from
NO
Install
Refer
(HP-LIF format)
personality
the
memory
the
personality
the
o install
\T
to
card"
from
the
from
this
in
directly
3.5-inch
a
memory
chapter
from
dikette
the
.
an
card.
external
drive"
Refer
in
\T
to
HP-IB
this
install
o
disk
chapter
drive
.
.
Installing on HP
71450A/1A optical
spectrum
analyzers
installed,
program
the
ower
is
internal
the
erased
program
from
battery
is
memory
return
,
stored
battery powered
in
With normal
.
optical
the
use,
spectrum
memory.
internal
the
analyzer
to
the
If
battery
Hewlett
a
internal
lasts
ackard
P
battery
for
several
power
loses
years.
service center
,
o
T
.
Battery P
Once
the
replace
The EDFA test personality can be installed in HP 71450A/1A optical spectrum
analyzers.
optical
enough
programs, personalities
However there are some memory constraints to consider.The
ensures
This
spectrum
memory
analyzer
available
is
should
to
, and les
of memory
MB
1
have
simultaneously
store
. Optical spectrum analyzers with
.
additional downloadable
that
serial
number prex 3246A and earlier that were ordered without option 512 need
to increase the memory to 1 MB
upgrading these instruments
spectrum analyzer has
.T
, refer to \If a
. Contact Hewlett P
ackard for information
o determine how much memory your optical
memory error is displayed" in this
on
chapter.
1-2
Installing the Personality
Chapter Contents
To install from the memory card
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
To install from a 3.5-inch diskette drive
If a memory error is displayed
:::::: :::::::: ::::::: ::::::::: ::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::
1-4
1-6
1-8
1-3
To install from the memory card
1. Press
4
5
. If the softkey
USER
EDFA
appears, the personality is
already installed. Continue with Chapter 2 to learn how to perform
measurements.
2. Locate the memory card containing the program.
3. Locate the arrow printed on one end of the card.
4. Insert the card into the HP 70004A display's front-panel card slot. Match
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
the
card's
arrow
with
the
arrow
printed
above
the card
slot.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1-4
4
Press
DISPLA
N
N
N
Press
msi
Press
4
MENU
NNNNNNNNN
Press
MORE 1 of 3
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Press
HP-MSIB CARD
then
and
5
Y
N
N
N
N
NN
N
N
then
and
5
and then the left-side
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
N
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
left-side
the
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
NN
N
N
N
N
N
MEMORY
and then
Mass
N
CARD
.
N
NNNNNNNNNNNNN
N
N
N
NN
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
NN
N
Misc
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNN
catalog & MSI
Storage
softkey.
NNNNNNN
softkey
.
.
to display all les contained on the memory card.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Installing the Personality
To install from the memory card
If
2053 Storage device error
is displayed, either the card is missing
or the card's HP-MSIB address is listed incorrectly. The HP-MSIB
address for the card is the same address as the display's HP-IB address
and is normally set to 4. If the address is not correct, enter the correct
address using the numeric keypad.
10.
Press the
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
LOAD FILE
softkey.
11. Use the numeric keypad to enter the
means pressing
415
and then
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
N
ENTER
EDFA
.)
le number. (Normally, this
The front-panel LED next to the card slot lights indicating that the le
4
the
into
message shown
free memory
a memory
to \If
USER
in the
in the
menu.
5
following
gure
optical spectrum
displayed"
is
error
displayed,
is
analyzer
this
in
12. If
not enough
program.
being
is
the error
copied
Refer
load
to
chapter
there
the
.
is
Error message displayed.
1-5
To install from a 3.5-inch diskette drive
When copying programs directly from an external diskette drive, the drive
must be a 3.5 inch, CS80-compatible drive, such as an HP 9122. The diskette
containing the EDFA advanced-measurement program uses the LIF format.
1.
Press
4
5
. If the softkey
USER
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
EDFA
appears, the EDFA test personality
is already installed. Continue with Chapter 2 to learn how to perform
measurements.
2. Connect a 3.5-inch diskette drive to the MMS mainframe that contains
the
optical
spectrum
analyzer module
.Use
an HP-IB
cable.
N
N
N
N
N
NN
NN
N
N
N
message
.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
.
to
form:
diskette drive
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
softkey
such
the
enter
A.UV
the
Insert
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Press
Press
read
to
Press
Press
Press
4
DISPLA
N
N
N
msi
4
MENU
N
N
N
MORE 1
N
N
N
HPIB
drive's address
New addresses
diskette containing
and then
5
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
and
N
then
device.
then
and
5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
NN
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
NN
NN
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
of
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
DISK
3
N
N
N
N
N
and
,
.
are entered
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
HPIB
the
and
use
the
N
N
N
NN
NN
N
N
DISK
left-side
then
the
left-side
N
N
N
N
in the
the program
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Mass
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Ignore
.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Misc
NN
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
catalog &
numeric
following
into the
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Storage
any
N
N
softkey
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
MSI
keypad
where:
A
is a digit from 0 to 7, representing the drive's HP-IB address.
U
is a digit from 0 to 9, representing the unit number. The unit
number is typically 0 or 1 and refers to an individual disk drive slot.
0.
is
digit
value
from
volume
representing
9,
to
0
the
, for reading diskettes
.So
number
The default
a
V
is
numbers are used for hard disk drives
volume number should be 0. The default value is 0.
3.00
For example
, entering
indicates an address of 3, a unit number of
0 and a volume number of 0. This accesses a diskette in the left drive
of an external diskette drive at HP-IB address 3.
.
.
Unable
as
diskette
Volume
.
, the
1-6
Installing the Personality
To install from a 3.5-inch diskette drive
9. Press the
10.
Press the
11. Use the numeric keypad to enter the
means pressing
12. If the error message
not enough free memory in the optical spectrum analyzer to load the
program. Refer to \If a memory error is displayed" in this chapter.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
ENTER
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
LOAD FILE
softkey.
415
and then
softkey.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
ENTER
2011 Memory overflow
EDFA
.)
le number. (Normally, this
is displayed, there is
1-7
If a memory error is displayed
1. Press
2.
3.
4
5
MENU
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Press
MORE 1 of 3
and then the left-side
and then
Misc
softkey.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
catalog & MSI
.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Press
INTRNL MEMORY
Notice the
MEM
TOTAL MEM
(available memory) by deleting existing les to free additional
. The following gure shows a typical display.
and
AVAIL MEM
listings.You must increase
AVAIL
memory.Or, if you have an HP 71450A/1A optical spectrum analyer,and
ackard.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
TOTAL
MEM
approximately
is
131000
bytes
contact
,
Hewlett
P
1-8
Optical
Spectrum
Analyzer
Memory
Conguration
2
erforming
P
Measurements
Performing Measurements
In this chapter, you'll learn how to characterize erbium-doped ber ampliers.
The EDFA test personality provides three separate testing modes:
SingleTest measures EDFA noise gure and gain at a single wavelength.
SweptTest measures EDFA noise gure and gain over a wavelength
range using a tunable laser source.
the
at
Output
T
est
measures
output of
signal,
an EDF
situations when
and
,
noise
system.
in a
Aor
total system
signal-to-noise
Use
performance is
ratio
Output
in
est
T
required.
2-2
Select the tests from the Main Menu.
Performing Measurements
To get the most from your measurements, be sure to read \Conguring the
Program" in this chapter; it describes customizing the measurements via the
Setup menu.
Chapter Contents
Calibrating the Optical Spectrum Analyzer . . . ............... 2-4
To calibrate the optical spectrum analyzer . . . . . . .......... 2-5
To calibrate an HP 71450A/1A . ......................... 2-13
Running a Test
To perform a single wavelength test
To perform a swept wavelength test
To perform an output test
Conguring
display
o
T
change
o
T
redene
o
T
redene
o
T
change
o
T
enter
o
T
change
o
T
select
o
T
::::: ::::::::: ::::::: ::::::::: ::::::: :::::::: :::
::::::: :::::::: ::::::: ::
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:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Program
the
noise
amplitude
the
the
the
noise
the
resolution
a
ASE
the
trigger
the
calculations
calculations
:
values
bandwidth
bandwidth
integration
source
:
:
:
scale
::
::
:
:
:
:
wavelength
for
noise
for
:
window
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
::
::
::
::
::
::
:
:
peak
at
::
::
:
:
:
:
:
correction
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
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:
:
:
:
:
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:
wavelength
:
:
:
:
:
:
factor
:
:
:
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:
:
::
:
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::
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2-21
2-24
2-29
2-38
2-40
:
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2-45
::
::
::
:
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2-45
:
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2-46
:
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::
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2-46
:
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2-47
:
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2-47
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2-48
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2-48
:
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2-3
Guard
due
against
polarization
to
changes
Calibrating the Optical Spectrum Analyzer
Performing a user calibration on the optical spectrum analyzer
ensures maximum wavelength and amplitude accuracy for your EDFA
measurements. User calibrations require a stable (amplitude and wavelength)
single-frequency laser within the 600 to 1700 nm range.You can access the
Calibration menu from the optical spectrum analyzer's
4
5
MENU
and then
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Amptd
.)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Amptd
menu. (Press
The optical spectrum analyzer's maximum calibration adjustment is about 2
Illegal
2023,
in wavelength.
nm
signal
Cal
Because
the
calibration
polarization
source's
light
ber-optic
optical
the
polarization,
If a
displayed.
is
optical spectrum
performed
optical
on
output
the
is
measured
be
power
power
disconnected
analyzer
should
cable
spectrum
larger adjustment
analyzer is
persons
by
measurements
measured
rst
is
the
from
Because
.
the
of
value
is attempted,
slightly
knowledgeable
During
.
with
power
moving
output
meter
ber-optic
power
error
polarization
calibration,
the
power
a
and
cables
vary
may
sensitive
eects
the
on
Then, the
.
meter
connected
changes
.
,
the
to
this
of
wavelength
a
Use
or optimum
F
within
results, perform
amplier's
the
the
calibration
range
a
at
wavelength
that
is
within
the
range
the
of
you are testing.
During a calibration, the optical spectrum analyzer defaults expect a signal within the following limits:
Power .........................................05dBm65dB
Wavelength ........................................130062nm
calibration
your
amplitude
enter the
must
ou
Y
wavelength
and
of
source
from these
dierent
is
it
if
values.
2-4
amplier
Performing Measurements
Calibrating the Optical Spectrum Analyzer
To calibrate the optical spectrum analyzer
Ensuring amplitude accuracy
During this procedure, avoid moving the ber-optic cables whenever possible. Moving ber-optic cables
changes the polarization of the light which aects power measurements.
source
Measure
the
wavelength
Measure the average
power
following
The
11896A
HP
The
optical
spectrum
71450A/1A"
Measure
1.
wavelength
The
the
the
procedure
the
is
analyzers
chapter
this
in
wavelength
the
meter
must
laser
optical
spectrum
wavelength
requires
suggested
perform
.
Enter
.
a
have
analyzer's
air
in
as
power
a
polarization
the
precision
a
of
wavelength
the
wavelength
monochromator
.
meter
controller
listed
steps
single-mode
in
between
and
in
the
600
polarization
a
or
F
.
calibrate
o
\T
laser
provided
space
1700
to
air
is
HP
lled,
controller
71450A/1A
an
a
using
nm.
measure
HP
below
Because
wavelength: nm
2. Connect the laser, polarization controller, and power meter as shown in
the following gure.
.
.
2-5
Performing Measurements
Calibrating the Optical Spectrum Analyzer
accurate
For
not
Do
procedure
Adjust
3.
on
measurements
disconnect
.
cable
Maintaining
the polarization
the power
or
1
connection
this
meter.
from
2
cable
ensures
controller to
Record the
the laser
the
power
polarization
or
greatest
achieve
level
controller
measurement
maximum
the
the
on
during
.
accuracy
following
calibration
the
power
line:
reading
maximum power: dBm
4. Adjust the polarization controller to achieve a minimum power reading on
the power meter. Record the power level on the following line:
minimum power: dBm
and
3
steps
Calculate
5.
the
using
4
averag e power
average
the
following
minimum power
=
the two
of
equation.
power
Record
+
readings
the result
maximum power
2
average
recorded
below:
power:
in
dBm
2-6
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