USER’S GUIDE FOR HP MODELS
HP 6010A Serials US37110171 and above
HP 6011A Serials US35460156 and above
HP 6012B Serials US35430336 and above
HP 6015A Serials US37050146 and above
HP 6023A Serials US36490101 and above
HP 6028A Serials US36520101 and above
* For instruments with higher serial numbers, a change page may be included
HP Part Number 5964-8120Printed in USA
Microfiche Part No. 5964-8121January, 1999
CERTIFICATION
Hewlett-Packard Company certifies that this product met its published specifications at time of shipment from the
factory. Hewlett-Packard further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States
National Bureau of Standards, to the extent allowed by the Bureau’s calibration facility, and to the calibration
facilities of other International Standards Organization members.
WARRANTY
The 601xA/B and 602xA Hewlett-Packard hardware products are warranted against defects in material and
workmanship for a period of one year from date of delivery. HP software and firmware products, that are
designated by HP for use with a hardware product and when properly installed on that product, are warranted not
to fail to execute their programming instructions due to defects in material and workmanship for a period of 90
days from date of delivery. During the warranty period Hewlett-Packard Company will, at its option, either repair or
replace products that prove to be defective. HP does not warrant that the operation for the software firmware, or
hardware shall be uninterrupted or error free.
For warranty service, with the exception of warranty options, this product must be returned to a service facility
designated by HP. Customer shall prepay shipping charges (and shall pay all duty and taxes) for products returned
to HP for warranty service. Except for products returned to a Customer from another country, HP shall pay for
return of products to the Customer.
Warranty services outside the country of initial purchase are included in HP's product price, only if Customer pays
HP international prices (defined as destination local currency price, or U.S. or Geneva Export price).
If HP is unable, within a reasonable time to repair or replace any product to condition as warranted, the Customer
shall be entitled to a refund of the purchase price upon return of the product to HP.
LIMITATION OF WARRANTY
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by the
Customer, Customer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse, operation outside of
the environmental specifications for the product, or improper site preparation and maintenance. NO OTHER
WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. HP SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES
THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE THE CUSTOMER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. HP SHALL
NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES,
WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.
ASSISTANCE
The above statements apply only to the standard product warranty. Warranty options, extended support contacts,
product maintenance agreements and customer assistance agreements are also available. Contact your nearest
Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service office for further information on HP's full line of Support Programs.
Copyright 1999 Hewlett-Packard Company Edition 1___January, 1999
2
Safety Summary
The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation of this instrument. Failure to
comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual violates safety standards of design,
manufacture, and intended use of the instrument. Hewlett-Packard Company assumes no liability for the customer's
failure to comply with these requirements.
GENERAL
This product is a Safety Class 1 instrument (provided with a protective earth terminal). The protective features of this
product may be impaired if it is used in a manner not specified in the operating instructions.
Any LEDs used in this product are Class 1 LEDs as per IEC 825-1.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
This instrument is intended for indoor use in an installation category II, pollution degree 2 environment. It is designed to
operate at a maximum relative humidity of 95% and at altitudes of up to 2000 meters. Refer to the specifications tables
for the ac mains voltage requirements and ambient operating temperature range.
BEFORE APPLYING POWER
Verify that the product is set to match the available line voltage, the correct fuse is installed, and all safety precautions
are taken. Note the instrument's external markings described under "Safety Symbols".
GROUND THE INSTRUMENT
To minimize shock hazard, the instrument chassis and cabinet must be connected to an electrical ground. The instrument
must be connected to the ac power supply mains through a three-conductor power cable, with the third wire firmly
connected to an electrical ground (safety ground) at the power outlet. For instruments designed to be hard-wired to the ac
power lines (supply mains), connect the protective earth terminal to a protective conductor before any other connection is
made. Any interruption of the protective (grounding) conductor or disconnection of the protective earth terminal will
cause a potential shock hazard that could result in personal injury. If the instrument is to be energized via an external
autotransformer for voltage reduction, be certain that the autotransformer common terminal is connected to the neutral
(earthed pole) of the ac power lines (supply mains).
ATTENTION: Un circuit de terre continu est essentiel en vue du fonctionnement sécuritaire de l'appareil. Ne
jamais mettre l'appareil en marche lorsque le conducteur de mise … la terre est d‚branch‚.
FUSES
Only fuses with the required rated current, voltage, and specified type (normal blow, time delay, etc.) should be used. Do
not use repaired fuses or short-circuited fuseholders. To do so could cause a shock or fire hazard.
DO NOT OPERATE IN AN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE
Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or fumes.
KEEP AWAY FROM LIVE CIRCUITS
Operating personnel must not remove instrument covers. Component replacement and internal adjustments must be
made by qualified service personnel. Do not replace components with power cable connected. Under certain conditions,
dangerous voltages may exist even with the power cable removed. To avoid injuries, always disconnect power, discharge
circuits and remove external voltage sources before touching components.
DO NOT SERVICE OR ADJUST ALONE
Do not attempt internal service or adjustment unless another person, capable of rendering first aid and resuscitation, is
present.
DO NOT EXCEED INPUT RATINGS
This instrument may be equipped with a line filter to reduce electromagnetic interference and must be connected to a
properly grounded receptacle to minimize electric shock hazard. Operation at line voltages or frequencies in excess of
those stated on the data plate may cause leakage currents in excess of 5.0 mA peak.
DO NOT SUBSTITUTE PARTS OR MODIFY INSTRUMENT
Because of the danger of introducing additional hazards, do not install substitute parts or perform any unauthorized
modifications to the instrument. Return the instrument to a Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Office for service and
repair to ensure that safety features are maintained.
Instruments that appear damaged or defective should be made inoperative and secured against unintended operation
until they can be repaired by qualified service personnel.
3
SAFETY SYMBOLS
Direct current
Alternating current
Both direct and alternating current
Three-phase alternating current
Earth (ground) terminal
Protective earth (ground) terminal
Frame or chassis terminal
Terminal is at earth potential. Used for measurement and control circuits designed to be operated with
one terminal at earth potential.
Terminal for Neutral conductor on permanently installed equipment
Terminal for Line conductor on permanently installed equipment
On (supply)
Off (supply)
Standby (supply). Units with this symbol are not completely disconnected from ac mains when this
switch is off. To completely disconnect the unit from ac mains, either disconnect the power cord or
have a qualified electrician install an external switch.
In position of a bi-stable push control
Out position of a bi-stable push control
Caution, risk of electric shock
Caution, hot surface
Caution (refer to accompanying documents)
WARNINGThe WARNING sign denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure, practice, or the like, which, if
not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in personal injury. Do not proceed beyond a
WARNING sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.
CautionThe CAUTION sign denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, or the like, which, if
not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or destruction of part or all of the
product. Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood
and met.
4
Herstellerbescheinigung
Diese Information steht im Zusammenhang mit den Anforderungen der Maschinenlärminformationsverordnung
vom 18 Januar 1991.
* Schalldruckpegel Lp < 70 dB(A) * Am Arbeitsplatz * Normaler Betrieb * Nach DIN 45635T.19 (Typprüfung)
Manufacturer's Declaration
This statement is provided to comply with the requirements of the German Sound Emission Directive,
from 18 January 1991. This product has a sound pressure emission (at the operator position) <70 dB.
* Sound Pressure Lp < 70 dB(A) * At Operator Position * Normal Operation * According to ISO 7779 (Type Test).
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
according to ISO/IEC Guide 22 and EN 45014
Manufacturer's Name:Hewlett-Packard Company
Manufacturer's Address:150 Green Pond Road
Rockaway, New Jersey 07866
U.S.A.
declares that the Product
Product Name:a) Single output system power supply
b) Autoranging Power Supply
c) Relay accessory
Model Number(s):a) HP 6030A, 6031A, 6032A, 6035A, 6033A, 6038A
b) HP 6010A, 6011A, 6012B, 6015A, 6023A, 6028A
c) HP 59510A, 59511A
conforms to the following Product Specifications:
Safety:IEC 1010-1:1990+A1(1992)/EN 61010-1:1993
EMC:CISPR 11:1990 / EN 55011:1991 - Group 1 Class B
IEC 801-2:1991 / EN 50082-1:1992 - 4 kV CD, 8 kV AD
IEC 801-3:1984 / EN 50082-1:1992 - 3 V / m
IEC 801-4:1988 / EN 50082-1:1992 - 0.5 kV Signal Lines
1 kV Power Lines
Supplementary Information:
The product herewith complies with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive
73/23/EEC//93/68/EEC and the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC and carries the CE-marking accordingly.
Note 1: The product family was introduced prior to 12/93.
New Jersey December 1, 1998 _____________________________________
Location Date Bruce Krueger / Quality Manager
European Contact: Your local Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Office or Hewlett-Packard GmbH,
Department TRE, Herrenberger Strasse 130, D-71034 Boeblingen (FAX:+49-7031-14-3143)
This manual contains specifications, installation instructions, and operating instructions for DC Power Supply Models:
HP6010A, 6011A, 6012B, 6015A, 6023A and 6028A. Refer to "Related Documents" for other information concerning
these products.
Description
These power supplies are autoranging supplies. Autoranging allows the power supply to deliver full output power over a
higher voltage and current combination than would be possible with a rectangular output characteristic (see figure 1-1).
They use a 20k Hz pulse-width modulation circuit with power MOSFETs to provide the autoranging output characteristic
with laboratory performance.
Output voltage and current are continuously indicated on two 3 ½ digit displays. Front-panel controls allow the user to set
output voltage, current and Overvoltage Protection (OVP) trip levels. OVP protects the load by quickly and automatically
interrupting energy transfer if a preset voltage trip level is exceeded. Push button switches allow the display to alternately
show the programmed values of voltage and current or the overvoltage limit. LED indicators show the operating state of
the unit (CV, CC, Unregulated and Overvoltage).
All connections are made to rear-panel screw-on terminals.
Output voltage can be locally or remotely sensed.
A six-position MODE switch located on the rear panel is used to change from front panel control to remote voltage or
remote resistance control. See section 3 for a description of remote programming, remote sensing and several methods of
multiple supply operation.
Either the positive or negative output terminal may be grounded or the output may be floated (including output voltage) up
to ± 240 Vdc on models 6011A, 6012B, 6023A and 6028A or ± 550 Vdc on models 6010A and 6015A from chassis
ground.
The power supply is fan cooled and is packaged in a Hewlett-Packard System II-compatible modular that provides easy
access for servicing. A thermostat shuts down the supply if an over-temperature condition occurs and resets automatically.
Safety Considerations
This product is a Safety Class 1 instrument (provided with a protective earth terminal). The instrument and this manual
should be reviewed for safety markings and instructions before operation. Refer to the Safety Summary page at the
beginning of this manual for general safety information. Safety information for specific procedures is located at
appropriate places in this manual.
Options
Options are standard factory modifications or accessories that are delivered with the supply. The following options are
available. Note lower output power and voltage specifications for Option 100, which is described in Appendix A.
General Information 9
OptionDescription
100Input power: 100 Vac + 6%, -10%; 48-63 Hz single phase.
120Input power: 120 Vac +6%, -13%. 48-63 Hz single phase.
220Input Power: 220 Vac +6%, -13%; 48-63 Hz, single phase.
240Input power: 240 Vac +6%, -13%; 48-63 Hz, single phase.
800Rack mount kit for two units side by side (models 6023A and 6028A only
W30Extended Warranty
908Rack mounting kit
909Flanges with Handles
910One additional User’s Guide and one Operating and Service Manual for each Option 910
ordered.
Accessories
The System-II cabinet accessories listed below may be ordered with the power supply or separately from your local
Hewlett-Packard Sales and Support Office (see list of addresses at rear of this manual).
For HP Models 6023A and 6028A
HP Part NoDescription
5062-3989 Front handle kit for 5-1/4 inch high cabinets
1460-1345 Tilt stand (1) snaps into standard foot on; must be used in pairs
5062-3977 Rack flange kit for 5-1/4 inch high cabinet (will be shipped with supply if ordered as Option 908)
5062-3983Rack mount flange kit with handles
1494-0060Rack slide kit, non tilting
5060-2865 Service kit, includes extenders for control and power mesh boards, three cables to allow HP-IB and
PSI boards to lie on table outside unit, and control board test connector.
5060-2866FET service kit. Includes FETs and all components that should be replaced with FETs.
5062-3960Rack mounting adapter kit for side mounting one 7-inch high cabinet, includes one rack flange and
one half-module width extension adapter. (Will be shipped with instrument if ordered as Option 908).
This rack mounting adapter kit is not compatible with front handle kit HP P/N 5061-3990).
5062-3961Rack mounting adapter kit for center mounting one 7-inch high cabinet, includes one rack flange and
one quarter-module width extension adapter (two kits required), there will be surplus of hardware.
5062-3978Rack flange kit for 7-inch high cabinet. Must be used with another half-module width unit of equal
depth with lock link kit 5061-9694. (Will be shipped if instrument is ordered as Option 800).
5061-9694Lock link kit for joining units of equal depth, contains hardware for three side-by-side joints (four
units) and two over-under joints (three units). Locking cabinets together horizontally in a
configuration wider than one full module is not recommended. 5062-3978 and 5061-9694 will be
shipped if Option 800 is ordered.
5062-3990Front handle kit for 7-inch high cabinets. Corresponding flange kit is 5061-2072. This front handle
kit is not compatible with rack mounting adapter kit (HP PIN 5062-3960) or Option 908.
5061-2072Flange kit to be used with front handle kit 5062-3990.
5062-3984Rack mounting flange kit with handles for 7-inch high cabinet. Must be used with another half-
module width unit of equal depth with lock link kit 5061-9694.
5062-4003Bail handle kit for carrying 7-inch high, half-module width cabinet.
1460-1345Tilt stand (1) snaps into standard foot on instrument, must be used in pairs.
5062-3998Support shelf bit for mounting on or more 7-inch high cabinets of any depth to 20 inches.
5062-4027Front filler panel, half-module width, for 7-inch high cabinet on support shelf.
10 General Information
1494-0065Slide kit for 5061-0098 support shelf.
06033-60005Service kit, includes extenders for control and power mesh boards, three cables to allow HP-IB and
PSI boards to lie on table outside unit, and control board test connector.
5060-0138HP-IB connector non-metric to metric conversion kit.
5060-2860FET service kit, includes FETs and all components that should be replaced with FETs.
The serial numbers listed on the front of this guide indicate the versions of the supplies that were available when the
manual was issued. If changes have been made to the instrument since the publication of this manual the manual may
include a loose yellow "Manual Change'' sheet. That sheet updates this manual by defining any differences between the
version of your supply and the instruments described in this manual, and may also include information for correcting any
manual errors. Note that because not all changes to the product require changes to the manual, there may be no update
information required for your version of the supply.
Ordering Additional Manuals
One User’s Guide is shipped with each power supply. Additional User’s Guides and Operating and Service manuals may
be purchased directly from your local Hewlett-Packard Sales office. Specify the model number, serial number prefix, and
the manual part number provided on the title page. (When ordered at the same time as the power supply, additional
manuals may be purchased by adding Option 910 to the order. Each Option 910 includes one User’s Guide and one
Operating and Service Manual).
Related Documents
The following service documents can be ordered from your local HP Sales Office.
HP 6010A Operating and Service manual HP part number 06010-90001
HP 6011A Operating and Service manual HP part number 06011-90001
HP 6012B Operating and Service manual HP part number 06012-90004
HP 6015A Operating and Service manual HP part number 06015-90001
HP 6023A Operating and Service manual HP part number 06023-90001
HP 6028A Operating and Service manual HP part number 06010-90001
Specifications
Specifications for the power supply fall into two major categories: performance specifications and supplemental
characteristics.
Performance specifications describe the power supply's warranted performance. All performance specifications are at the
rear output terminals with a resistive load. Specifications apply over the full operating temperature range of 25 +/- 5°C
unless otherwise specified range. The Service Manual has procedures for verifying the performance specifications.
Supplemental characteristics give typical but non-warranted performance parameters. Design or type testing determines
supplemental characteristics. They are useful in understanding the power supply’s operation when accessing applications
for the power supply.
General Information 11
Table 1-1 Performance Specifications
Hewlett-Packard Model6010A6011A
DC Output: Voltage, current and power spans indicate rangeVolts0-200 V0-20 V
over which output may be varied using front panel controls.Amps0-17 A0-120 A
Maximum Power1000-1200 W840-1072 W
Load Effect (Load Regulation) Voltage load effect is given for a load
Voltage0.01% + 5 mV 0.01% + 3 mV
current change equal to the current rating of the supply. Current load
effect is given for a load voltage change equal to the voltage rating of the
Current0.01% + 10 mA0.01% + 15 mA
supply.
Source Effect (Line Regulation): Given for a change within the rated line
Voltage0.01% + 5 mV 0.01% + 2 mV
voltage for any output within the rated output voltage, current and
power of the supplyCurrent0.01% + 5 mA 0.01% + 25 mA
PARD (Ripple and Noise): Measured at any line voltage and under anyVoltage22 mV/50 mV
load condition within rating (rms 10 Hz to 10 Mhz/p-p 10 Hz to 20 MHz)Current 15 mA/
Load Effect Transient Recovery: Maximum time required for output
Time 10%/50% 2 ms/3 ms2 ms/3 ms
1, 4
2
8 mV/50 mV
1,4
120 mA/
voltage to recover within the specified band around the nominal output
voltage following a step change (10% or 50%) in output current while
Level 10%/50% 150 mV/500mV 100 mV/300mV
operating in the constant voltage mode
Table 1-2. Supplemental Characteristics
Hewlett-Packard Model6010A6011A
Programming: Given for control of theVoltage Resolution70 mV5 mV
output over the HP-IB or with front panel controlsCurrent Resolution7 mA40 mA
Front Panel Voltmeter:Range20 V, 200 V20 V, 200 V
Resolution100 mV, 1 V10 mV, 100 mV
Accuracy0.65% + 3.5 counts,
0.65% + 3.5 counts
T.C. (per/°C)
80 ppm + 1 mV,
80 ppm + 1 mV
Front Panel Ammeter:Range20 A200 A
Resolution10 mA100 mA
Accuracy0.6% + 4 counts0.7% + 300 mA
T.C. (per/°C)
100 ppm + 2 mA100 ppm + 3 mA
Display OVP:Range2000 V200 V
Resolution1 V100 mV
Accuracy2.5% + 1.1 V2.5% + 625 mV
T.C. (per/°C)
200 ppm + 3 mV150 ppm + 3 mV
Maximum AC Input Current: +6% -13% (48-63) Hz100 Vac (Opt.100)2424
120 Vac (Std.)24 A24 A
220 Vac (Opt.220)15 A15 A
240 Vac (Opt.240)14 A14 A
Typical input power at rated output power: (see point P2 on Figure 1-1)1435 W1375 W
Temperature Coefficient: Output change per degree Celsius changeVoltage80 ppm + 15 mV100 ppm + 2 mV
in ambient following 30 minute warm-up.Current100 ppm + 4 mA180 ppm + 15 mA
Drift (Stability): Change in output (dc to 20 Hz) over 8-hour internalVoltage0.03 % + 17 mV0.03% + 3 mV
under constant line, load, and ambient following 30-minute warm-upCurrent0.03% + 5 mA0.1% + 25 mA
Programming Response Time: The maximum time requiredSettling Band300 mV30 mV
to change from zero volts to full scale voltage or from full scaleUpFull Load
300 ms (0.4Ω )300 ms (40 Ω)
voltage to 2 volts (6 volts for HP 6028A and 5 volts for HP 6015A)No Load300 ms300 ms
and settle within the specified band. Full load is defined as theDownFull Load
resistance equal to Vp1/Ip1. Light load is as specifiedLight Load
500 ms (0.4Ω )
3.5 s (open Ω)1.5 s (50 Ω)Overvoltage Protection: Trip voltage adjustable via frontRange0-214 V0-22 V
panel control using the Display OVP functionResolution600 mV100 mV
Accuracy0.3% + 1.25 V0.25% + 625 mV
Voltage0.3% + 60 mV0.25% + 2 mVMonitoring Output Accuracy: 0 to 5 V signals from rear panel terminals that
indicate 0 to full scale output voltage and current. Output impedance = 10K Ω.Remote Analog ProgrammingAccuracyResistance (0 to 4K)Voltage0.5% + 35 mV0.5% + 215 mV
Voltage (0 to 5V)Voltage0.25% + 35 mA0.3% + 215 mV
Current0.36% + 10 mA0.3% + 35 mA
Current1% + 800 mA
Current0.4% + 800 mA
3
3
Ac power on17 A50 AReverse Voltage Protection: Maximum continuous current caused by reverse
voltage impressed across the output terminals.
Ac power off7 A20 A
0.6% + 2 counts,
0.8% + 2 counts
80 ppm + 1mV,
100ppm + 1 mV
4
600 ms
1% + 170 mA
0.36% + 170 mA
12 General Information
6012B6015A6023A6028ANOTES.
0-60 V0-500 V0-20 V0-60 V
0-50 A0-5 A0-30 A0-10 A
1000-1200 W1000-1050 W200-242 W200-242 W
DC Floating Voltage: Either output terminal may be floated up to the following voltage (including the output voltage)
from earth ground:
± 240 Vdc on Models 6011A, 6012B, 6023A, and 6028A
± 550 Vdc on Models 6010A and 6015A
Exceeding these voltages can result in damage to the equipment.
Efficiency (typical): 80% on maximum output boundary
Remote Sensing: The power supply maintains specifications at the load with up to 0.5 Volt per load lead with sense wire
resistance less than 0.2 Ω per lead and sense lead length less than 5 metres. Operation with up to 2 volts per load lead is possible
with some degradation of the load effect specification.
Multiple Operations: Up to two similar units may be connected in series, parallel or auto-parallel, to provide increased
output capabilities. Mixing supplies with dissimilar output capabilities is not recommended because under certain
conditions, the lower output supply may be stressed beyond its maximum voltage and or current capabilities by the higher
output supply.
Reactive Loads: Stable with inductive loads up to 100 mH and capacitive loads up to 10 F. CC compensation that
provides up to 10 H (with increased settling times) is available on special order.
Voltage Overshoot (typical): The output voltage will overshoot its steady state value by less than 250 mV (1 V on Model
6015A) due to any of the following conditions:
1. Up programming
2. Crossover from CC to CV mode
3. A step change of up to 5A
4. AC power on
Temperature Rating (°C):
•Operating is 0-50 (HP 6010A/6011A/6012B/6015A)
0-55 (HP 6023A/6028A)
•Storage is - 40 + 75 (all models)
Weight kg. (Lbs.)
Model HP 6010A HP 6011A HP6012BHP 6015AHP 6023A HP 6028A
Net 15.9 (35) 16.8 (37) 15.9 (35)16.3 (36)8.6 (19)8.6 (19)
Shipping 21.3 (47)22.3 (49) 21.4 (47)21.7 (48)10.5 (23) 10.5 (23)
Dimensions: See Figure 2-1.
Certification:
The unit is designed to comply with these requirements:
• IEC 348-Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus.
• CSA Electrical Bulletin 556B-Electronic Instruments and Scientific Apparatus for Special Use and Applications.
• VDE 0871.6.78 Level B-RFI Suppression of Radio Frequency Equipment for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
(ISM) and similar purposes.
• VDE 0411-Electronic Measuring Instruments and Automatic Controls.
• UL 1244-Electrical and Electronic Measuring & Testing Equipment.
• ANSI C39.5 Part 0 Draft 8-Electrical Testing, Measurement, and Control Equipment.