AEMC Instruments 6471 Kit-500ft, 6471 User manual



DIGITAL GROUND RESISTANCE
AND SOIL RESISTIVITY TESTER

6471

ENGLISH

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User Manual

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Statement of Compliance

Chauvin Arnoux®, Inc. d.b.a. AEMC® Instruments
certifies that this instrument has been calibrated
using standards and instruments traceable to
international standards.

We guarantee that at the time of shipping your
instrument has met its published specifications.

An NIST traceable certificate may be
requested at the time of purchase, or obtained
by returning the instrument to our repair and
calibration facility, for a nominal charge.

The recommended calibration interval for this
instrument is 12 months and begins on the date of
receipt by the customer. For recalibration, please
use our calibration services. Refer to our repair
and calibration section at

.

Serial #:

Catalog #: ______________________________

Model #: 6471

Please fill in the appropriate date as indicated:

Date Received:

Date Calibration Due: _______________________

________________________________

_________________________________

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READ CAREFULLY BEFORE

USING FOR THE FIRST TIME

Your instrument is equipped with a NiMH battery. This technology o󰀨ers several
advantages:

• Long battery charge life for a limited volume and weight.

• Possibility of quickly recharging your battery.

• Signicantly reduced memory e󰀨ect: you can recharge your
battery even if it is not fully discharged.

• Respect for the environment: no pollutant materials such as lead
or cadmium, in compliance with the applicable regulations.

After prolonged storage, the battery may be completely discharged. If so, it must
be completely recharged.

Your instrument may not function during part of this recharging operation.

Full recharging of a completely discharged battery may take several hours.

NOTE: In this case, at least 5 charge/discharge cycles will be necessary
for your battery to recover 95% of its capacity.

To make the best possible use of your battery and extend its e󰀨ective service life:

• Only use the charger supplied with your instrument. Use of
another charger may be dangerous.

• Only charge your instrument at temperatures between 0° and 40°C.

• Comply with the conditions of use dened in the operating manual.

• Comply with the storage conditions specied in the operating
manual.

NiMH technology allows a limited number of charge/discharge cycles depending

signicantly on:

• The conditions of use.

• The charging conditions.

Please refer to § 9.5 for correct replacement of the battery.

Do not dispose of the battery pack with other solid waste. Used batteries

must be entrusted to a qualied recycling company or to a company

specialized in processing hazardous materials.

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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 6

1.1 International Electrical Symbols ...........................................................7

1.2 Denition of Measurement Categories .................................................7

1.3 Receiving Your Shipment .....................................................................7

1.4 Ordering Information ............................................................................8

1.4.1 Kits, Accessories and Replacement Parts ..............................8

2. PRODUCT FEATURES .................................................................... 10

2.1 Description .........................................................................................10

2.2 Key Features ...................................................................................... 11

2.3 Control Features ................................................................................12

2.4 Display ...............................................................................................13

2.5 Button Functions ................................................................................15

3. SPECIFICATIONS........................................................................... 16

3.1 Reference Conditions.........................................................................16

3.2 Electrical .............................................................................................16

3.2.1 Frequency Measurements ....................................................16

3.2.2 Voltage Measurements .........................................................16

3.2.3 Current Measurements .........................................................17

3.2.4 DC Resistance Measurements .............................................18

3.2.5 AC Earth/Ground Resistance Measurements .......................19

3.2.6 Soil Resistivity Measurement ρ ............................................21

3.2.7 Earth/Ground Measurements with 2 Clamps ........................22

3.3 Data Storage ......................................................................................22

3.4 Power .................................................................................................23

3.5 Mechanical .........................................................................................23

3.6 Environmental ....................................................................................24

3.7 Safety .................................................................................................24

4. OPERATION .................................................................................. 25

4.1 General Operating Instructions ..........................................................25

4.1.1 Automatic Mode ....................................................................25

4.1.2 Manual (Expert) Mode ..........................................................25

4.2 Instrument Conguration (SET-UP mode) .........................................26

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5. AUTOMATIC MODE ........................................................................ 27

5.1 Switching the Test Voltage .................................................................27

5.2 Resistance Measurement mΩ (2-Wire) ..............................................27

5.2.1 Lead Compensation Measurement ......................................28

5.2.2 Alarm Function ......................................................................29

5.3 Resistance Measurement mΩ (4-Wire) ..............................................30

5.4 Earth/Ground Measurement (3-Pole) .................................................31

5.4.1 62% Method ..........................................................................31

5.4.2 Full Method ...........................................................................33

5.4.3 Recommendations for a Reliable Measurement ...................34

5.5 Earth/Ground Measurement (4-Pole) .................................................35

5.5.1 Measurement without a Clamp .............................................35

5.5.2 Measurements with a Clamp ................................................36

ρ

5.6 Soil Resistivity Measurements (

5.6.1 Advantages/Disadvantages of Wenner & Schlumberger ......38

5.6.2 Changing the Measurement Method.....................................39

5.6.3 Programming the Distance for Electrode Placement ............39

5.6.4 Wenner Method ....................................................................40

5.6.5 Schlumberger Method...........................................................41

5.7 Earth/Ground Measurements with Two Clamps .................................43

Position)

........................................38

6. MANUAL MODE ............................................................................ 45

6.1 Switching the Test Voltage .................................................................45

6.2 Measurement Frequency Selection ...................................................45

6.3 Manual Settings for mΩ Measurements ............................................46

6.3.1 Continuity Test ......................................................................46

6.4 3-Pole Earth/Ground Measurements & Coupling ................................ 47

6.4.1 3-Pole Earth/Ground Measurements ....................................47

6.4.2 Earth/Ground Coupling Measurements ................................47

6.5 4-Pole Earth/Ground Measurements .................................................49

6.6 Soil Resistivity Measurements ...........................................................49

6.7 Measurements with Two Clamps .......................................................49

6.8 Smoothing ..........................................................................................49

7. MEMORY FUNCTION ..................................................................... 50

7.1 Saving Measurements into Memory...................................................50

7.2 Recalling Measurements from Memory .............................................51

7.3 Erasing Measurements from Memory ................................................51

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7.3.1 Erasing All Measurements ....................................................51

7.3.2 Erasing Selective Measurements .........................................51

DATAVIEW® SOFTWARE ................................................................ 52

8.

8.1

Installing DataView® ...........................................................................52

Ground Tester Control Panel ..............................................................54

8.2

9.

MAINTENANCE ............................................................................. 55

Maintenance.......................................................................................55

9.1

Cleaning .............................................................................................55

9.2

Fuse Replacement .............................................................................55

9.3

Recharging the Battery ......................................................................57

9.4

Replacing the Battery .........................................................................58

9.5

10. TROUBLESHOOTING ......................................................................

10.1 Error Reporting.................................................................................60

10.1.1 Electrode Resistance Too High .............................................60

10.1.2 Out of Range.........................................................................60

10.1.3 Misconnection ......................................................................60

10.1.4 Out of Limits Indicators .........................................................60

10.1.5 Error Messages .....................................................................63

60

APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS.................................................... 64

Basic Terminologies ....................................................................................64

Glossary ......................................................................................................65

Repair and Calibration ........................................................................................68

Technical and Sales Assistance .........................................................................68

Limited Warranty ................................................................................................69

Warranty Repairs ................................................................................................69

4

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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

WARNING

These safety warnings are provided to ensure the safety of personnel.

Please read and comply with these precautions:

• This instrument is protected from accidental voltages of not more than

50V with respect to earth in measurement CAT IV. The guaranteed level

of protection of this equipment may be compromised if used in a manner

not specied by the manufacturer.

• Safety is the responsibility of the operator.

• All metal objects or wires connected to the electrical system should be
assumed to be lethal until tested. Grounding systems are no exception.

• Never exceed the maximum rated voltage and current, and the mea-
surement category.

• Never exceed the protection limits, and always comply with the condi-

tions and place of use, indicated in the specications.

• Do not use the instrument or its accessories if they appear damaged.

• Use accessories that have overvoltage category and service voltages
greater than or equal to those of the instrument (CAT IV 50V). Use only

accessories that comply with safety standards (IEC 61010-2-031 & 32).

• Wear the appropriate protective gear (insulating boots and gloves).

• Check that no terminal is connected and the switch is set to OFF before

opening the device.

• Use only the charging unit supplied with the instrument to recharge the
battery.

• Troubleshooting and metrological verication procedures must only be

performed by qualied, approved personnel, or the factory.

• NOTE: The potentials on the various rods used for an earth measurement
may be di󰀨erent if a nearby electrical installation is defective or certain
weather conditions prevail (thunderstorms). It is up to the operator

to decide whether to continue or postpone measurements in these
situations.

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1.1 International Electrical Symbols

Signifies that the instrument is protected by double or reinforced insulation.

This symbol on the instrument indicates a WARNING that the operator must
refer to the user manual for instructions before operating the instrument. In
this manual, the symbol preceding instructions indicates that if the instructions
are not followed, bodily injury, installation/sample and/or product damage may
result.

Risk of electric shock. The voltage at the parts marked with this symbol may be
dangerous.

Ground/Earth symbol

In conformity with WEEE 2002/96/EC

1.2 Definition of Measurement Categories

CAT II: For measurements performed on circuits directly connected to the electri-

cal distribution system. Exa
ances or portable tools.

CAT III:

CAT IV: For measurements performed at the primary electrical supply (<1000V)

For measurements performed in the building installation at the distribu-

tion level such as on hardwired equipment in xed installation and circuit

breakers.

such as on primary overcurren

meters.

mples are measurements on household appli-

t protection devices, ripple control units, or

1.3 Receiving Your Shipment

Upon receiving your shipment, make sure that the contents are consistent with the

packing list. Notify your distributor of any missing items. If the equipment appears

to be damaged, le a claim immediately with the carrier and notify your distributor
at once, giving a detailed description of any damage. Save the damaged packing

container to substantiate your claim.

6

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1.4 Ordering Information

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471 (no probes included) .... Cat. #2135.48

Includes carrying bag 110/240V power adapter with US power cord, optical USB cable,
rechargeable NiMH battery, and a USB stick with DataView® software, ground tester
workbook and user manual.

Ground Tester Model 6471 (probes included) .............................Cat. #2135.49

Includes carrying bag, set of two SR182 current probes, 110/240V power adapter with US
power cord, optical USB cable, rechargeable NiMH battery, and a USB stick with DataView
software, ground tester workbook and user manual.

Ground Tester Model 6471 Kit (300 ft - probes included) ........... Cat. #2135.50

Includes meter, two carrying bags, two 300 ft color-coded leads on spools (red/blue), two
100 ft color-coded leads (hand-tied, green/black), two 5 ft color-coded leads (red/blue), set
of two SR182 current probes, 110/240V power adapter with US power cord, optical USB
cable, four T-shaped auxiliary ground electrodes, set of ve spaded lugs, one 100 ft tape
measure, rechargeable NiMH battery, and a USB stick with DataView® software, ground
tester workbook and user manual.

Ground Tester Model 6471 Kit (300 ft - no probes included) ......Cat. #2135.60

Includes meter, two carrying bags, two 300 ft color-coded leads on spools (red/blue), two
100 ft color-coded leads (hand-tied, green/black), two 5 ft color-coded leads (red/blue),
110/240V power adapter with US power cord, optical USB cable, four T-shaped auxiliary

ground electrodes, set of ve spaded lugs, one 100 ft tape measure, rechargeable NiMH

battery, and a USB stick with DataView

®

software, ground tester workbook and user manual.

Ground Tester Model 6471 Kit (500 ft - no probes included) ......Cat. #2135.61

Includes meter, two carrying bags, two 500 ft color-coded leads on spools (red/blue), two
100 ft color-coded leads (hand-tied, green/black), two 5 ft color-coded leads (red/blue),
110/240V power adapter with US power cord, optical USB cable, four T-shaped auxiliary

ground electrodes, set of ve spaded lugs, one 100 ft tape measure, rechargeable NiMH

battery, and a USB stick with DataView® software, ground tester workbook and user manual.

®

1.4.1 Kits, Accessories and Replacement Parts

Test Kit for 3-Pole (3-Point) Testing (150 ft) ................................. Cat. #2135.35

Includes carrying bag, two 150 ft color-coded leads on spools (red/blue), one 30 ft lead
(green), two 5 ft color-coded leads (red/blue), two T-shaped auxiliary ground electrodes, set

of ve spaded lugs and one 100 ft tape measure.

Test Kit for 4-Pole (4-Point) Testing (300 ft) ................................. Cat. #2135.36

Includes carrying bag, two 300 ft color-coded leads on spools (red/blue), two 100 ft color­coded leads (hand-tied, green/black), two 5 ft color-coded leads (red/blue), four T-shaped

auxiliary ground electrodes, set of ve spaded lugs and one 100 ft tape measure.

Test Kit for 4-Pole (4-Point) Testing (500 ft) ................................. Cat. #2135.37

Includes carrying bag, two 500 ft color-coded leads on spools (red/blue), two 100 ft color­coded leads (hand-tied, green/black), one 30 ft lead (green), two 5 ft color-coded leads (red/
blue), four T-shaped auxiliary ground electrodes, set of ve spaded lugs and one 100 ft tape
measure.

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Test Kit for 3-Pole (3-Point) Testing

(Supplemental for 4-Pole (4-Point) Testing) .............................................Cat. #2135.38

Includes carrying bag, two 100 ft color-coded leads (hand-tied, green/black), one 30 ft lead
(green), two T-shaped auxiliary ground electrodes, set of ve spaded lugs and one 100 ft tape
measure.

Extra Large Classic Tool Bag ...........................................................Cat. #2133.73

Tape Measure - AEMC® (100 ft) .......................................................Cat. #2130.60

Ground Tester DVD/Workbook Set ...................................................Cat. #2130.64

Set of two, 14.5" T-shaped Auxiliary Ground Electrodes ..................Cat. #2135.39

Replacement - Carrying Bag for Ground Tester ...............................Cat. #2135.40

Optical USB Cable............................................................................Cat. #2135.41

Inverter – 12V DC to 120V AC 200 Watt for vehicle use .................. Cat. #2135.43

AC Current Probe Model MN82........................................................Cat. #2135.71

AC Current Probe Model SR182 ...................................................... Cat. #2135.72

Replacement - Fuse, set of 5, 0.63A 250V 5x10 1.5kA ....................Cat. #2135.81

Safety Alligator Clip - Black (Rated 600V CAT IV, 10A) .................... Cat. #2140.53

Safety Alligator Clip - Green (Rated 600V CAT IV, 10A) .................. Cat. #2140.69

Replacement - Battery, Rechargeable NiMH 9.6V ...........................Cat. #2960.21

Replacement - Power Adapter 110/240V & Power Cord 115V US ...Cat. #5000.13

Replacement - Power Cord 115V US Plug .......................................Cat. #5000.14

Order Accessories and Replacement Parts Directly Online

Check our Storefront at for availability

8

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CHAPTER 2

PRODUCT FEATURES

2.1 Description

The Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471 is a portable measurement instrument

designed to measure:

• Ground Resistance with 2 clamps (no auxiliary rods needed)

• Bond/Connection Resistance (2-Pole and 4-Pole Kelvin sensing)

• Ground Resistance (3-Pole or 4-Pole)

• Ground Coupling Resistance

• Selective Ground Resistance

• Soil Resistivity (Wenner or Schlumberger method)

The Model 6471 measures from 0.01 to 99.99k
seeking out the optimum measurement range, test frequency and test current.

Easy-to-use - Simply connect the leads, select the test mode, press Start and read

the results. Up to 512 test results can be stored in internal memory for later recall

to the display or downloaded to a PC via DataView

The large LCD is easy-to-read and indicates ground electrode resistance, test
voltage, current and frequency as well as individual electrode resistance, battery

status and more.

The Model 6471 is CAT IV rated to 50V and is over voltage protected to more than

250V

AC against accidental connection to live circuits. The voltage is also displayed

on screen. In the event of a system fault, the Model 6471 can withstand 250V

Additional features of the Model 6471 include a heavy-duty eld case sealed

against dust and water when closed (the test button is also sealed against the
elements); manual and automatic test frequency selection from 41 to 513Hz;

4-Pole Soil Resistivity test methods and user selectable 2-Pole or 4-Pole Bond

Resistance test method.

The Model 6471 is powered by 9.6V, 3.5 Ah NiMH rechargeable batteries. An ex-

ternal recharger powered from 120/230V, 50/60Hz is included and provides for

testing while recharging.

The Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471 is rugged, easy-to-use and ideal for

maintenance crews performing numerous tests. It exceeds mechanical and safety

specications for shock, vibration and drop tests per IEC standards. The adjustable
test frequency provides for rejection of high levels of interference, allowing it to be
used under di󰀩cult conditions such as high stray currents that a󰀨ect accuracy.

Ω and is auto-ranging, automatically

®

software.

AC.

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2.2 Key Features

• Ground Resistance testing using the 2 clamp method (no auxiliary rods
needed)

• 2- and 4-Pole Bond Resistance/Continuity measurement (DC Resistance)

with automatic polarity reversal

• 4-Pole Soil Resistivity measurement with automatic calculation of Rho (ρ) and
user selection of the Wenner or Schlumberger test method

• 3-Pole Earth Coupling measurement

• Manual and Automatic frequency scan from 41 to 513Hz for optimum test ac-

curacy in electrically noisy environments

• Selectable test voltage of 16 or 32V up to 250mA of test current

• Auto-o󰀨 power management

• Automatic recognition of all electrode connections and their resistance value

• Stores up to 512 complete test results in internal memory

• Optically isolated USB communication

• Remote set up and operation of all measurements using DataView® software

• Rechargeable NiMH batteries from wall charger or vehicle power

• Rugged dustproof and rainproof eld case – IP53 rated in closed position

• Grounding standards IEC 61557 parts 4 and 5 compliant

• Includes DataView® software for data storage, real-time display, analysis, re-

port generation and system conguration

10

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2.3 Control Features

7

2 3

Ω

1

Figure 2-1

4

GROUND TESTER

MODEL 6471

5

6

1. Four terminals: H (Z) (auxiliary electrode), S (Y) (electrode), ES (Xv) (earth/
ground electrode) and E (X) (earth/ground electrode)

All terminals accept 4mm Ø banana plugs. Terminals H (Z) and ES (Xv) also

accept special plugs for current clamps. S (Y) will take a shielded cable.

2. Connector for charging the battery (see § 9.4).

3. 256 segment multi-line backlit LCD (see § 2.4).

4. Connector for an optical interface to a PC. Either an RS-232 or USB connec­tion can be used (see § 8 - DataView

®

).

5. Rotary switch: OFF position, 5 measurement functions (see § 5 and 6) and
SET-UP function (see § 4.2).

6. START/STOP button: Starts the measurement and compensates for the leads

(in the mΩ measurement function - see § 5.2.1).

7. Six function buttons (see § 2.5).

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2.4 Display

A1

A2

A3

NOTE: External voltages will be displayed only on the small displays (A2 and
A3) without the view of the main display (A1). This helps to rapidly recognize
that these are measurements of external voltages.

Backlight: The backlight turns ON automatically when entering a function and
turns OFF after the function is complete. Press the DISPLAY button to turn it back
on.

NOTE: In the Set-up mode, pressing the DISPLAY button also selects the
next configurable parameter.

A1

A2

A3

12

Figure 2-2

Top main display

Middle small display

Bottom small display

If this symbol blinks during a passive measurement, a voltage of more than
42V is present at the tester’s inputs.

If this symbol blinks during an active measurement, the limits of use have
been exceeded.

If the symbol appears constant during an active measurement, the values
to be measured are unstable.

Warning buzzer is activated

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> or <

NOISE

EARTH

COUPLING

S x 1/10

A blinking symbol > (greater than) or < (less than) indicates that the
measurement range is exceeded.

If both symbols are blinking during a passive measurement, the values of
voltage and/or current are too small and are beyond the limits of use. The
resistance R

If both symbols are blinking during an active measurement, the values
to be measured are strongly varying (remedy: switch on smoothing of
measured values with SMOOTH function).

Indicates the battery charge condition; the segments represent the energy.

Indicates whether the 3-Pole EARTH measurement or the EARTH COUPLING
measurement has been selected.

Symbol not used in Model 6471

Symbol not used in Model 6471

Symbol not used in Model 6471

PASS displayed by the tester is then highly uncertain.

OBJ:TEST

DISTANCE

FREQUENCY

SWEEP

MANUAL

AUTO

CONFIG

MR

MEM

REMOTE

Object and test number for storage in memory.

Indicates lead compensation for 2-Pole measurement is active

If blinking, indicates the value is ready to be overwritten with a new value
or that a new value will be entered. If more than one value has to be
entered, use the CHANGE

Indicates the test frequency.

Indicates that the secondary function of a button will be used.

Symbol not used in Model 6471

Indicates MANUAL mode - the user has to stop the measurement,
otherwise the measurement keeps on running.

Indicates AUTO mode - measurement stops immediately after all results
are available.

If blinking, indicates the measurement had a disturbance when the mea­surement was started.

Indicates that the blinking value of AUTO/MANUAL mode, frequency,
voltage or DC current direction can be changed.

Memory recall - indicates the displaying of stored results is active

Indicates that there is recorded data in memory. When blinking, it indi­cates that the results need to be saved by pressing the MEM button.

Indicates the instrument is remotely controlled by the RS-232/USB
interface.

  buttons to move to the next one.

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SMOOTH

Indicates SMOOTHing of the displayed measurement results.

Indicates that a clamp is (steady) or should be (flashing) connected to ES.

ALARM

Measured value (R, U, I).

Indicates that the measurement is running.

Indicates the alarm is activated. An audible alarm will sound if the value
measured is above the limit defined in the SET-UP mode.

Distances to be entered between earth electrode and supplementary
electrodes or between earth electrodes.

Clamp should be connected to H.
If this clamp symbol blinks, the instrument is refusing measurement
because the clamp is not connected correctly.

Symbolizes the soil resistivity value (Rho): W or S indicates that Wenner
or Schlumberger method is used for the measurement (changed by the
Hz/OPTIONS button).

2.5 Button Functions

Starts a measurement and compensates for lead resistance (§ 5.2.1).

START/STOP

Measurement stops automatically (AUTO) or is stopped by pressing this
button again (MANUAL).

Selects the second function highlighted in yellow under the buttons.

MEM/MR

DISPLAY/

SMOOTH

Hz/OPTIONS/

DISTANCE

14

Increases or decreases the value of the flashing parameter displayed or
selects the next parameter. Press the button for a longer time to increase
the change of value speed at a faster rate.

Selects the parameter to be modified or moves the cursor to the right.

MEM: Stores measurements to memory.
MR: Retrieves measurements from memory.

DISPLAY: Displays all parameters of a measurement.
SMOOTH: Smooths the display of measurement providing a more
stable result.

Hz/OPTIONS: Enables configuration of measurement functions.
DISTANCE: Available for soil resistivity and V potential measurements. It
allows the setting of values of distances used for Rho (ρ) calculation.

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CHAPTER 3

SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Reference Conditions

Influencing Parameters Reference Values

Temperature 68°F ± 5.5°F (20°C ± 3°C)

Relative Humidity 45 to 55% RH

Power Supply 9 to 11.2V

Frequency Range of Input Signal 0 to 440Hz

Capacitance Parallel to Input Resistance 0 uF

Electric Field <1 V/m

Magnetic Field < 40 A/m

3.2 Electrical

3.2.1 Frequency Measurements

Measuring method: Digital with a sampling frequency of 4028Hz, low pass, FFT.

The frequency of the strongest spectral component is displayed.

Measuring rate: Display updates approx. 3 times per s.

Measurement Range 5 to 450Hz

Resolution 1Hz

Operating error ± 2Hz

Min. input voltage 10mV

Min. current through a clamp 0.5mA

3.2.2 Voltage Measurements

Overvoltages up to 75Vrms are displayed as ">65V". Permanent overvoltages
between 70 and 75V at terminals H (Z) and E (X) can cause overheating of the
overvoltage protection varistor.

Voltages of more than 75Vrms lead to error message 31 (excessive external
voltage) or 32 (voltage measurement overrange).

If terminals H (Z) and E (X) are put into contact with the line voltage, the protection
fuse will blow.

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External Voltage Measurements

Measuring Method: Digital by sampling at 4028Hz, low pass lter, FFT.

The frequency of the strongest spectral component is displayed.

Measuring Rate: Display updates approx. 3 times per s.

Signal Conversion: TRMS or sum of all harmonics 10 to 450Hz during selective

earth measurements with a clamp.

Measured Range 0.00 to 9.99V 10 to 65V

Resolution 0.01V 0.1V

Intrinsic error ± (2% + 1ct)

Operating error ± (5% + 1ct)

Input impedance Z

Operating frequency DC and 15 to 440Hz

, Z

(Z

H-E

) 1.2MΩ

S-E

S-ES

3.2.3 Current Measurements

External Current Measurements

Measuring Method: Digital by sampling at 4028Hz, low pass lter, FFT.

Measuring Rate: Display updates approx. 3 times per s.

Signal Conversion: Sum of all harmonics 10 to 450Hz

With Current Probe SR182

Measurement Range

Resolution 0.01mA 0.1mA 1mA 0.01A 0.1A

Frequency range 16 to 49Hz 50 to 99Hz 100 to 400Hz

Operating error from

0.5 to 100mA

Operating error from

0.1 to 40.0A

16

0.00 to

9.99mA

± (10% + 2cts) ± (5% + 2cts) ± (3% + 2cts)

> 20% ± (10% + 2cts) ± (5% + 2cts)

10.0 to

99.9mA

100 to

999mA

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

1.00 to

9.99A

10 to

40A

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With Current Probe MN82

Measurement Range

Resolution 0.01mA 0.1mA 1mA 0.01A 0.1A

Frequency range 16 to 49Hz

Operating error from

0.5 to 100mA

Operating error from

0.1 to 40.0A

(1): The Model 6471 cannot detect whether a current clamp SR182 or MN82 is connected. In the case

of the MN82 clamp, with currents > 10A and frequencies < 100Hz the instrument will not display
any warning messages. It is the operator’s responsibility to observe the limits of use when using the
MN82 clamp.

0.00 to

9.99mA

± (15% + 2cts) ± (7% + 2cts) ± (5% + 2cts)

> 20% ± (15% + 2cts) ± (7% + 2cts)

10.0 to

99.9mA

(1)

100 to

999mA

50 to 99Hz

1.00 to

9.99A

(1)

10 to

40A

100 to 400Hz

(1)

3.2.4 DC Resistance Measurements

Measuring method: Voltage/Current measurement (Standard EN 61557 part 4)

Nominal output voltage: 16VDC (if resistance < 22Ω the output voltage is reduced

to 10VDC)

Max output current: > 200mADC for resistances < 20Ω

Max overload (permanent): 50Vrms (protection up to 250V is guaranteed)

Max inductive load: 2 H

Max interfering voltage: 60Vpeak > 10Hz

Time for auto range selecting: approx 5 s

Measuring time: 8 s with automatic polarity inversion

Measuring rate: 3 per s in manual mode

Lead compensation: Possible from 0 to 5Ω

Alarm setting: “>” or “<” from 1 to 999Ω (max 3 digits)

2-Pole mΩ measurement

Measurement
Range

Resolution 0.01Ω 0.1Ω 1Ω 10Ω 100Ω

Intrinsic error ± (2% + 2cts)

Operating error ± (5% + 3cts)

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0.12 to

9.99Ω

10.0 to

99.9Ω

100 to

999Ω

1.00 to

9.99kΩ

10.0 to

99.9kΩ

17

4-Pole mΩ measurement

Measurement
Range

Resolution 0.001Ω 0.01Ω 0.1Ω 1Ω 10Ω

Intrinsic error ± (2% + 2cts)

Operating error ± (5% + 5cts)

0.020 to

9.999Ω

10.00 to

99.99Ω

100.0 to

999.9Ω

1.000 to

9.999kΩ

10.00 to

99.99kΩ

3.2.5 AC Earth/Ground Resistance Measurements

Measuring method: Voltage/Current measurement (EN 61557 part 5)

Open circuit voltage: 16 or 32Vrms square wave (if current > 240mA the output

voltage is reduced to 10Vrms)

Test frequency: Selectable from 41 to 513Hz (see table in § 6.2)

Short circuit current: > 200mAAC

Noise suppression: > 80 dB for frequencies 20% or more above or below the

test frequency

Max. overload: 250Vrms

Max. value for RH & RS: 100kΩ

Measuring time: Short push on START: approx. 7 s for rst value of RE at
128Hz, then 3 measurements per s.

Long push on START: approx. 15 s for rst value of RE at

128Hz, then 3 measurements per s.

The following error indications refer to reference conditions with a test voltage of

32V, test frequency of 128Hz, R

and RS = 1kΩ, no external voltage.

H

The operating error of AC resistance measurements can be less than that speci-

ed for voltage or current because frequency characteristics of the voltage channel

are matched to those of the current channel.

Measurement of auxiliary electrodes R

Measurement
Range

Resolution 0.1Ω 0.1Ω 1Ω 10Ω 100Ω

Operating error ± (10% + 2cts)

0.14 to

9.99Ω

10.0 to

99.9Ω

, RS, RES, RE

H

100 to

999Ω

1.00 to

9.99kΩ

10.0 to

99.9kΩ

The START button must be pressed for more than 2 s. For frequencies between
41 and 256Hz, the resistance of the auxiliary earth electrodes is measured at the
test frequency set. At higher frequencies the resistance is measured at 256Hz.

18

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3-Pole earth resistance measurement RE

Measurement
Range

0.09 to

9.99Ω

10.0 to

99.9Ω

100 to

999Ω

1.00 to

9.99kΩ

10.0 to

99.9kΩ

Resolution 0.01Ω 0.1Ω 1Ω 10Ω 100Ω

Intrinsic error ± (2% + 1ct)

Operating conditions: RE < 3 x RH, U

Values for RH, RS and RE Frequency (Hz)

R

(R

+ RS) / RE

H

< 3000

+ RS) / RE

(R

H

< 5000

Note: For a test voltage U

≥ 0Ω, Rs ≤ 3kΩ 41 to 513 ± (3% + 2cts)

H

R

> 3kΩ, Rs ≤ 30kΩ 41 to 513 ± (10% + 2cts)

H

> 30kΩ, Rs < 100kΩ 41 to 128 ± (10% + 3cts)

R

H

of 16V, halve the value for RH.

OUT

4-Pole earth resistance measurement R

Measurement
Range

0.01 to

9,999Ω

10.00 to

99.99Ω

OUT

= 32V

E

100.0 to

999.9Ω

Operating error for R

1.000 to

9.999kΩ

10.00 to

99.99kΩ

Resolution 0.001Ω 0.01Ω 0.1Ω 1Ω 10Ω

Intrinsic error ± (2% + 1ct)

Operating conditions: RE < 3 x RH, U

Values for RH, RS and RE Frequency (Hz)

≥ 0Ω, Rs ≤ 3kΩ 41 to 513 ± (3% + 2cts)

+ RS) / RE

(R

H

< 3000

(R

+ RS) / RE

H

< 5000

R

H

R

> 3kΩ, Rs ≤ 30kΩ 41 to 513 ± (10% + 2cts)

H

> 30kΩ, Rs < 100kΩ 41 to 128 ± (10% + 3cts)

R

H

Note: With a test voltage U

of 16V, halve the value of RH.

OUT

OUT

= 32V

Operating error for R

E

E

Selective 4-Pole earth resistance measurement with SR182 or MN82 clamp

Same characteristics as 4-Pole earth measurements with the following particular
conditions:

Minimum current: SR182, IES >0.5mA

MN82, IES >2mA

Maximum R
MN82, (R

ratio: SR182, (R

SEL/RE

SEL/RE

SEL/RE

) <500

) <120

with RH + RE <20Ω

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19

3.2.6 Soil Resistivity Measurement ρ

Measuring method: Voltage/Current measurement (EN 61557 part 5)

Open circuit voltage: 16 or 32Vrms square wave

Test frequency: Selectable from 41 to 128Hz (see table in § 6.2)

Short circuit current: > 200mAAC

Noise suppression: > 80 dB for frequencies 20% or more above or below the

test frequency

Max. overload: 250Vrms

Max. value for RH, RS, RES, RE: 100kΩ

Calculation formula, Wenner: ρW = 2p d R

Calculation formula, Schlumberger: ρS = (p (d² - (A/2)²) / A) R
Maximum value of ρ: 999kΩm (display in kΩft is not possible)

Measuring time: Short push on START: approx. 8 s for rst value of R

128 Hz, then 3 measurements per s.

Long push on START: approx. 20 s for rst value of R

128 Hz, then 3 measurements per s.

S-ES

S-ES

S-ES

S-ES

at

at

Measurement
Range

0.00 to

9.99Ω

10.0 to

99.9Ω

100 to

999Ω

1.00 to

9.99kΩ

10.0 to

99.9kΩ

Resolution 0.01Ω 0.1Ω 1Ω 10Ω 100Ω

Intrinsic error ± (2% + 1ct)

The intrinsic error specied refers to reference conditions with a test voltage of

32V, test frequency of 128Hz, R

Operating conditions : R

R
R

R
R

R
R

R

is the resistance of the earth rods R

rod

cal.

electrode

electrode

electrode

electrode

electrode

/ R

electrode

/ R

S-ES

≤ 100kΩ

/ R

Note: With a test voltage U

20

, R

, R

ρ-ES

and R

< 3 x R

≤ 2000

S-ES

ρ-H

ρ-S

and: Operating error for R

ρ

-H

≤ 50kΩ

≤ 10,000

S-ES

≤ 10kΩ

≤ 20,000

S-ES

, R

ρ

of 16V, halve the value of R

OUT

, R

ρ

-E

-ES

= 1kΩ, no external voltage.

ρ-E

S-ES

± (7% + 2cts)

± (15% + 3cts)

± (20% + 1ct)

, R

ρ

assumed to be identi-

ρ

-E

-H

.

rod

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Measurement of auxiliary electrodes R

Measurement
Range

0.14 to

9.99Ω

10.0 to

99.9Ω

, R

, R

, R

ρ

ρ

-H

ρ

-S

100 to

999Ω

-ES

ρ

-E

1.00 to

9.99kΩ

10.0 to

99.9kΩ

Resolution 0.1Ω 0.1Ω 1Ω 10Ω 100Ω

Operating error ± (10% + 2cts)

The START button must be pressed for more than 2 s. For frequencies between
41 and 128Hz, the resistance of the auxiliary earth electrodes is measured at the
test frequency set. At higher frequencies the resistance is measured at 128Hz.

3.2.7 Earth/Ground Measurements with 2 Clamps

Measuring method: Voltage/Current measurement with a rectangular AC signal

Induced short circuit current: < 26Arms (with SR182) < 5Arms (with MN82)

Signal frequency: Automatic: 1611Hz - Manual: 128, 1367, 1611 or 1758Hz

Noise suppression: > 80 dB at frequencies di󰀨ering by 20% or more from the

test frequency

Max. interfering current: 20A

Max. value for RH, RS: 100kΩ

Measuring time: approx. 7 s for the rst value of R

Measurement Range 0.10 to 9.99Ω 10.0 to 99.9Ω 100 to 500Ω

Measurement frequency 1367Hz - 1611Hz - 1758Hz

Resolution 0.01Ω 0.1Ω 1Ω

Operating error

(1)

(without external current)

peak

, then 3 meas. per s.

Loop

SR182

± (10% + 1cts)

MN82 ± (20% + 2cts)

Measurement Range 0.10 to 9.99Ω 10 to 30Ω

Measurement frequency 128Hz

Resolution 0.01Ω 0.1Ω

Operating error

(1)

(without external current)

(1): Observe the minimum distance between the two clamps according to table in § 5.7.

SR182

MN82 not specified

± (20% + 2cts)

3.3 Data Storage

Memory Capacity: 512 test results (64kB)

Communication: Optically isolated USB

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21

3.4 Power

Power Source: Rechargeable 9.6V, 3.5Ah NiMH Battery Pack

Power Supply: 110/220, 50/60Hz external charger with 18VDC, 1.9A output or

12VDC vehicle power

Fuse: 0.63A, 250V, 5x20mm, 1.5kA

Battery Life:

Function Power consumed Typical number of measurements

Device off < 5 mW —

Voltage Measurement 1.5 W 4500

(2)

m

Ω

3-Poles, 4-Pole

2 Clamps 3.7 W 2000

(1): Measurements in automatic mode at 25-s intervals

(2): With R = 1Ω

(3): With RH + RE = 100Ω

(4): With RH + RS-ES = 100Ω

(3)

(4)

ρ

4.9 W 1500

4.9 W 1500

4.9 W 1500

3.5 Mechanical

Dimensions: 10.7 x 9.76 x 5.12" (272 x 248 x 130mm)

Weight: 7 lbs (3.2kg) approx

Case Material: ULV0 Polypropylene

Terminals: 4mm recessed banana jacks

Case Protection: EN 60529 - IP53 (cover closed)

Drop Test: Per EN 61010-1

Vibration Test: Per EN 61557-1

(1)

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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

3.6 Environmental

Operating Temperature: 32° to 113°F (0° to 45°C); 0 to 90% RH

Specied Operating Temperature

Storage Temperature: -40° to 158°F (-40° to 70°C); 0 to 90% RH

Altitude: < 3000m

(1): This range corresponds to the one defined by standard EN 61557, for which an operating error including the
quantities of influence is defined. When the device is used outside this range, 1.5%/10°C and 1.5% between
75 and 90% RH must be added to the operating error.

(1)

: 0° to 95°F (0° to 35°C); 0 to 75% RH

3.7 Safety

Electromagnetic Compatibility

This instrument satises the EMC and LVD directives required for the CE marking
and product standard IEC 61326-1 (Ed. 97) + A1 (Ed. 98).

• Immunity in industrial environment

• Emissions in residential environment.

Electrical safety according to EN 61010-1 (Ed. 2 of 2001)

Measurement according to EN 61557 (Ed. 2 of 2007) parts 1, 4 and 5.

CAT IV, 50V

Pollution Degree 2

*Specications are subject to change at any time without notice

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

23

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CHAPTER 4

OPERATION

NOTE: For detailed information regarding ground resistance testing, see
the Understanding Ground Resistance Testing Workbook CD that was
included with the instrument.

4.1 General Operating Instructions

The Model 6471 has operating modes:

• Automatic mode for routine applications.

• Manual (Expert) mode in which the user can change the parameters of the

measurement functions.

NOTE: Fully charge the battery before the first use (see § 9.4)

4.1.1 Automatic Mode

• Set the switch to the desired function.

• Make the connections appropriate to the function.

• Press the START/STOP button. The device makes the measurement and
stops automatically.

• Read the measurement result on the display and the relevant parameters
using the DISPLAY button.

• To save the information in memory, use the MEM button (see § 7.1).

4.1.2 Manual (Expert) Mode

• Set the switch to the desired function.

• Make the connections appropriate to the function.

• Select MANUAL mode.

• Choose various measurement parameters using the Hz/OPTIONS button.

• Press the START/STOP button. The measurement frequency or the direc-
tion of the current (resistance measurement) can be changed during the

measurement. To view their impact upon the measurement and the param­eters relevant to the measurement use the DISPLAY button.

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• When the measurement results are acceptable, stop the measurement by
pressing the START/STOP button.

• View the result on the display and toggle through the relevant parameters
using the DISPLAY button.

• To record the information into memory, use the MEM button (see § 7).

4.2 Instrument Configuration (SET-UP mode)

To congure the Model 6471 parameters, turn the rotary switch to SET-UP:

• All the segments on the display are activated for 1 second and then the
“PUSH button” message appears on the display.

• Various parameters are accessible by pressing the corresponding button.

• The number or symbol which can be modied ashes. These are changed
using the SELECT button [►] and CHANGE buttons [▲▼].

• To exit SET-UP, turn the rotary switch to another position.

• All of the parameters that are modied are permanently saved until a new

instrument conguration is performed.

Parameter to be modified Button Possible values

Date and Month Hz/OPTIONS

Time Hz/OPTIONS

Baud Rate Hz/OPTIONS (3

Default configuration Hz/OPTIONS

Distance unit DISPLAY

Alarm (for m

Ω and 2-Pole

DISPLAY (2

measurements only)

Buzzer DISPLAY

Modbus address DISPLAY

Memory used MEM

Memory location MR

*International format date and time only

(1st press) yyyy.mm.dd*

(2nd press) hh : mm*

rd

press) 9.6k / 19.2k / 38.4k

(4th press) yes / no

(1st press) m (meter) or ft (feet)

nd

press) ON / OFF

direction (< or >)

value (1 to 999

(3rd press) ON / OFF

(4th press) 1 to 247

(1st press) 000 to 512 (total

number of locations)

(1st press)

OBJ:TEST

Ω)

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25

CHAPTER 5

AUTOMATIC MODE

VOLTAGE CHECK: The tester first checks for possible interference. If there
is an external voltage of more than 42V, the warning triangle will be
displayed. If measurements are being performed in AUTO mode and a
disturbance frequency is detected, the tester will automatically look for a
frequency that is different from the default 128Hz.

5.1 Switching the Test Voltage

Available in all functions except mΩ and 2 Clamp.

If necessary, the test voltages can be switched to either 16 or 32V as follows:

• Press the Hz/OPTIONS button, then press it again to make the output volt-
age (Uout) blink.

• Use the ► button to switch to 16 or 32V, then press Hz/OPTIONS again.

This setting is retained when the unit is turned o󰀨.

5.2 Resistance Measurement mΩ (2-Wire)

WARNING: Before performing the resistance test, verify that the sample
under test is not energized.

1. Set the switch to

2. Connect the resistance to terminals H (Z) and E (X).

26

.

R

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3. The 6471 makes a measurement with a positive current (R+), then reverses the

direction of the current and makes another measurement with negative (R-).

H

ALARM

E

AUTO

±

DC

Ω

Ω

Ω

R =

(R+) + (R-)

2

H

ALARM

E

AUTO

±

DC

Ω

Ω

Ω

4. To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.

The device displays the following parameters:

R+, R-, +U

H-E

, +I

H-E

, -U

H-E

, -I

H-E

, U-Act (U

and its frequency) and R∆0 if there

H-E

is compensation for the measurement leads.

5.2.1 Lead Compensation Measurement

Lead compensation subtracts the resistance of the test leads from the measured
result.

• Short the two measurement leads connected to H (Z) and E (X) terminals.

• Press the 2nd button, then the START/STOP button to start the measure-
ment.

• This value will be deducted from all resistance values measured thereafter
until the rotary switch is turned to another function.

H

ALARM

E

appears on the display after the compensation value has been measured.

AUTO

±

DC
AC

Ω

R

0

Ω

NOTE: If the compensation resistance is > 5Ω, or if the leads are not shorted
when the measurement is started, the value of compensation will be canceled.

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27

5.2.2 Alarm Function

2

3

This function is active only for 2-Pole resistance measurements. By default, the
visual alarm (ALARM symbol ashes) and the audible alarm (buzzer sounds for a

few seconds) are triggered when R < 2

This threshold can be changed using the SET-UP function:

Ω.

ALARM

<

Ω

x

Turn the alarm

ON or OFF

Set the value of the alarm

between 1 and 999Ω

and

Access the

type of alarm

Choose a low (<) or

high (>) alarm

Complete the adjustment

of the alarm setting

x

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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

5.3 Resistance Measurement mΩ (4-Wire)

This measurement is used to improve the resolution (10x better than the 2-Wire
measurement) for weak resistance values.

To perform a 4-Wire measurement:

Press Hz/OPTIONS

(AUTO will blink)

Press ►

(H, S, ES and E will all blink)

Press Hz/OPTIONS once again

(H and E will blink)

Conrm choice by pressing

Hz/OPTIONS again

WARNING: Before performing the resistance test, verify that the sample
under test is not energized.

1. Set the switch to

2. Connect the resistance to all 4 terminals.

.

R

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29

3. Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.

H

S

ES

E

ALARM

AUTO

±

±

DC

DC

Ω

Ω

Ω

4. To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.

The device displays the following parameters:

R+, R-, +U

H-E

, +I

H-E

, -U

H-E

, -I

H-E

, U-Act (U

and its frequency)

H-E

5.4 Earth/Ground Measurement (3-Pole)

This function is used to measure an earth (ground) resistance with 2 auxiliary
electrodes.

There are several measurement methods, the full and simplied (62% method) will

be discussed in this section.

5.4.1 62% Method

1. Set the switch to

2.

Place electrodes H (Z) and S (Y) to form a straight line with the earth electrode

under test.

The distance between electrode S (Y) and the earth electrode is 62% of

the distance between electrode H (Z) and the earth electrode; the distance
between the electrodes H (Z) and E (X) should be 8 to 10 times the depth of
the rod you are testing.

Ω

.

H (Z)

Ω

Ω

S (Y)

distance d - 62% d

distance A > 80 m

In order to avoid electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwind the full length of

each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the ground,

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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

taking care not to form loops, and to avoid placing the cables near or parallel to

metallic conductors (cables, rails, fences, etc.).

Connect the cables to terminals H (Z) and S (Y) (red and blue respectively); dis-
connect the earth strap from the rod under test, then connect terminal E (green) to
the rod or electrode system to be tested.

3.

Press the 2nd button, then the DISTANCE button. The "hundredths" will blink.

H

S

A

AUTO

m

m

Ω

Ω

d

E

=

DISTANCE

=

4. To modify the hundredths (of meters or feet), press the ▲ button until the

desired digit is displayed (0-9).

5.

To select and modify the tens, press the ► button and then the ▲ button until

the desired digit is displayed (0-9).

6.

To select and modify the units and tenths of a unit, press the ► button and

then the ▲ button until the desired digits are displayed (0.0- 9.9).

7.

To terminate the programming of distance, press the 2nd button and then the

DISTANCE button.

It is also necessary to program distance A. This is done in the same way as for
distance d.

8.

Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.

EARTH

H

S

A

d

E

=

=

AUTO

m

m

H

S

E

AUTO

Ω

mV

mA

9. To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.

The device displays the following parameters:

RE, U

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

S-E

, I

H-E

, U-Act (U

and its frequency, U

H-E

and its frequency).

S-E

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To measure the resistances of auxiliary electrodes H (Z) and S (Y), or if the resis­tance of the electrodes is too high (see § 10.1), start the measurement with a long
press of the START/STOP button.

R

, RS will be displayed.

H

EARTH

H

S

> 2s

E

AUTO

Ω

kΩ

kΩ

NOTE: Repeat the process at 52% and at 72% for the S electrode.

5.4.2 Full Method

A more thorough measurement can be obtained by taking measurement by mov-

ing the S (Y) auxiliary electrode every 10% between H (Z) and E (X) and plotting
the results. A distinct plateau should result as shown below.

R10

0 10

R30 R40 R50

R20

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

R60

% H - E

Take the average of the 3 or 4 readings on the

plateau to obtain the earth electrode resistance.

32

R90

R80

R70

R40 + R50 + R60 + R70

R =

4

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5.4.3 Recommendations for a Reliable Measurement

d2

Moving the Auxiliary Electrodes

Move electrode S (Y) towards electrode H (Z) by a distance equal to 10% of d and
make another measurement. Then move electrode S (Y) again by a distance equal

to 10% of d, but towards the earth electrode.

H (Z)

S (Y)

52% d

62% d

72% d

d

The 3 measurement results should be the same to within a few percent. If this is

the case, the measurement is valid.

If not, electrode S (Y) is in the zone of inuence of the earth electrode. It will be
necessary to increase distance d for the H (Z) auxiliary electrode and repeat the
measurements.

Positioning of the Auxiliary Electrodes

To make sure that your earth measurements are not distorted by interference, we
recommend repeating the measurement with the auxiliary electrodes placed at a

di󰀨erent distance and in another direction (for example, rotated 90° from the rst

alignment).

H (Z)

S (Y)

H (Z)

S (Y)

E (X)

d1

If you nd the same values, your measurement is reliable. If the measured values
are substantially di󰀨erent, it is likely that they were inuenced by earth currents or
a groundwater source. It may be useful to drive the electrodes deeper and/or wet

the ground near them to reduce their contact resistance with the soil.

Avoid routing the connecting cables of the earth electrodes near or parallel to other
cables (transmission or supply), metallic conductors, rails, or fences: high test fre­quencies may cause cross-talk and a󰀨ect the measurements.

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5.5 Earth/Ground Measurement (4-Pole)

H (Z)

5.5.1 Measurement without a Clamp

This function is suited to the measurement of very low earth resistances. It
provides better resolution (10x better than 3P measurement) and there is no need

to compensate for the resistance of the measurement leads.

1.

Set the switch to .

2. Place electrodes H (Z) and S (Y) at least 30m apart.

S (Y)

> 30 m

> 30 m

In order to avoid electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwind the full length of

each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the ground,

taking care not to form loops, and to avoid placing the cables near or parallel to

metallic conductors (cables, rails, fences, etc.). Connect the cables to terminals
H (Z) and S (Y); disconnect the earth strap from the rod under test, then connect
terminals E (X) and ES (Xv) to the earth electrode to be tested.

3.

Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.

H

S

ES

E

AUTO

Ω

mV

mA

4. To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.

The device displays the following parameters:

RE, U

S-E

, I

H-E

, U-Act (U

and its frequency, U

H-E

and its frequency).

S-E

To measure the resistances of auxiliary electrodes H (Z) and S (Y), or if the resis­tance of the electrodes is too large (see § 10.1), start the measurement with a long
press of the START/STOP button.

R

, RS, U

H

will be displayed.

H-E

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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

> 2s

R

E4

H

S

ES

E

AUTO

Ω

kΩ

kΩ

We recommend repeating the measurement with the auxiliary electrodes placed at
a di󰀨erent distance and in another direction (see § 5.4.3).

5.5.2 Measurements with a Clamp

For this selective earth measurement you need a current clamp, either an SR182
(provided) or an MN82 (available as an accessory). These two types of current

clamps are specially designed to work with the 6471 ground tester.

The SR182 is more precise, suited to the measurement of higher currents (up to
40Arms) and for use on thicker conductors, while the MN82 (which is easier to
handle) accepts currents up to 10Arms and can be placed on conductors up to

3/4" (20mm) in diameter.

1.

Set the switch to .

2. Place electrodes H (Z) and S (Y) at least 30m (98 ft) apart so that there is no
interference between them.

H (Z)

> 30 m (98 ft)

S (Y)

> 30 m (98 ft)

R

R

R

E3

E1

E2

In order to avoid electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwind the full length of

each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the ground,

taking care not to form loops, and to avoid placing the cables near or parallel to

metallic conductors (cables, rails, fences, etc).

3.

Connect the cables to terminals H (Z) and S (Y), connect a cable between

terminal E (X) and the earth electrode under test, then connect the clamp to
terminal ES (Xv). The device recognizes it automatically.

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4. Clamp to the path of the earth electrode to be checked, then connect a lead
from the current clamp to this same point [connection to terminal ES (XV) ].
Take care not to place the cable of electrode H (Z) too close to the current

clamp in order to avoid any transmission of the AC signal to the clamp (espe-

cially when using an MN82 clamp).

5.

Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.

H

S

ES

E

You can now move the clamp and its lead to measure the other earth resist-

6.

ances, R

7.

To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.

, RE3, etc.

E2

AUTO

mV

mA

Ω

= RE1

R

SEL

The device displays the following parameters:

R

, U

SEL

S-ES

frequency).

, I

H-E

, R-Act (R

), U-Act (U

PASS

and its frequency), I-Act (IES and its

H-E

To measure the resistances of auxiliary electrodes H (Z) and S (Y), or if the resis­tance of the electrodes is too large (see § 10.1), start the measurement with a long
press of the START/STOP button.

R

, RH, RS, U

E

will be displayed.

E-S

> 2s

H

S

ES

E

AUTO

Ω

kΩ

kΩ

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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

5.6 Soil Resistivity Measurements (

ρ

Position)

To measure the resistivity of the soil, two measurement methods are possible:

Wenner and Schlumberger

The di󰀨erence between the two methods lies in the positioning of the electrodes.
By default, the device selects the Wenner method. The Schlumberger method,
which allows you to move only 2 measurement electrodes rather than 3, is better
suited for measuring soil resistivity at multiple depths.

The soil resistivity measurement with di󰀨erent distances d, and therefore in dif­ferent layers (in depth) of the soil, can be used to establish resistivity proles of

the soil in question, which can be useful for geological analysis, the exploration
of deposits, hydrological studies, etc., and to determine the location of an earth
electrode.

5.6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wenner and Schlumberger

Schlumberger Wenner

Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage

Need to move the two
potential electrodes ES
(Xv) and S (Y) only for
most readings. This can
significantly decrease the
time required to acquire
a sounding

Because the potential
electrode spacing is
small compared to
the current electrode
soakings, higher meter
sensitivity is required.

Because the potential
electrodes remain in
fixed locations, the ef­fects of the near surface
lateral variations in
resistivity are reduced.

In general, interpretations
based on DC soundings
will be limited to simple,
horizontal; layered
structures

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

Potential electrode
spacing increases
as current electrode
spacing increases. Less
sensitive meters may
be used.

All four electrodes, the two
current E (X) and H (Z) and
the two potential ES (Xv)
and S (Y) must be moved
equally to acquire each
reading.

Because all electrodes
are moved for each
reading, this method can
be more susceptible to
near-surface, lateral, and
variations in resistivity.
These near surface lateral
variations could potentially
be misinterpreted in terms
of depth variations in
resistivity.

In general, interpretations
based on DC soundings
will be limited to simple,
horizontal; layered
structures.

Source: DC Resistivity - T. Boyd

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5.6.2 Changing the Measurement Method

x 2

1. Set the switch to .

2. Press the Hz/OPTIONS button. "AUTO" will blink.

W

H

ρ

d

S

d

ES

d

E

CONFIG

3. Press the Hz/OPTIONS button again. "W" will blink.

4.

Press the ► button to change to the Schlumberger method.

5. To confirm and exit, press the Hz/OPTIONS button twice.

W

H

ρ

d

S

d

ES

d

E

CONFIG

AUTO

V

Hz

H

ρ

S

d

S

A

ES

d

E

CONFIG

AUTO

AUTO

V

Hz

V

Hz

To switch back to the Wenner method, simply repeat this procedure.

The last measurement method selected (Wenner or Schlumberger) is stored in
memory when the device is switched o󰀨.

5.6.3 Programming the Distance for Electrode Placement

The distance can be programmed before or after the measurement. If it is not

programmed, only the value of R

indeterminate.

1.

Set the switch to .

2.

Press the 2nd button, then the DISTANCE button. The "hundredths" will blink.

38

will be displayed, since the value of ρ remains

S-ES

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H

W

H

ρ

d

S

d

ES

d

E

DISTANCE

=

AUTO

Ωm

Ω

m

3. To modify the hundredths (of meters or feet), press the ▲ button until the

desired digit is displayed (0-9).

4.

To select and modify the tens, press the ► button and then the ▲ button until

the desired digit is displayed (0-9).

5.

To select and modify the units and tenths of a unit, press the ► button and

then the ▲ button until the desired digits are displayed (0.0- 9.9).

6.

To terminate the programming of distance, press the 2nd button and then the

DISTANCE button.

In the case of the Schlumberger method, it is also necessary to program distance
A. This is done in the same way as for distance d.

5.6.4 Wenner Method

1. Set the switch to .

2. Place the 4 earth electrodes on a straight line, at a distance d from one an­other and at a depth p < 1/20 d. Distance d must be between 2 and 30m.

3.

Connect the cables to the electrodes, then to terminals H (Z), S (Y), ES (Xv),

and E (X) in sequence.

4.

Program the distance into the instrument as described in § 5.6.3.

S ES

d

d

E

d

p

In order to avoid electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwind the full length of

each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the ground,

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taking care not to form loops, and to avoid placing the cables near or parallel to

metallic conductors (cables, rails, fences, etc.).

5.

Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.

W

H

ρ

d

S

d

ES

d

E

ρ

= 2.π.d.R

W

AUTO

S-ES

k Ωm

Ω

m

To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.

The device displays the following parameters:

ρW, R

S-ES

, d, U

S-ES

, I

H-E

, U-Act (U

and its frequency, U

S-ES

and its frequency).

H-E

To measure the resistances of the auxiliary electrodes H (Z), S (Y), ES (Xv) and E
(X), or if the resistance of the electrodes is too high (see § 10.1), start the measure-

ment by a long press of the START/STOP button.

R

and R

P-E

, then R

P-H

P-ES

and R

will be displayed.

P-S

> 2s

W

H

ρ

d

S

d

ES

d

E

AUTO

k Ωm

kΩ

kΩ

W

H

ρ

d

S

d

ES

d

E

AUTO

k Ωm

kΩ

kΩ

5.6.5 Schlumberger Method

1. Set the switch to .

2. Place electrodes S (Y) and ES (Xv) at a distance A apart, then place elec-

trodes H (Z) and E (X) in the same straight line, at a distance d measured from
the midpoint of distance A. Distance d must be between 2 and 30m.

3.

Drive the electrodes to a depth p of not more than 1/20 of d.

4.

Connect the cables to the electrodes, then to terminals H (Z), S (Y), ES (Xv),

and E (X).

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5. Program the distance into the instrument as described in § 5.6.3.

H (Z)

S (Y) ES (Xv)

A

d

E (X)

p

d

In order to avoid electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwind the full length of

each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the ground,

taking care not to form loops, and to avoid placing the cables near or parallel to

metallic conductors (cables, rails, fences, etc.).

6.

Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.

H

ρ

d

S

A

ES

d

E

S

d2-

ρ

= π. .R

s

A

=

2

A

4

AUTO

S-ES

Ωm

Ω

m

To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.

The device displays the following parameters:

ρS, R

S-ES

, d, U

S-ES

, I

H-E

, U-Act (U

and its frequency, U

S-ES

and its frequency).

H-E

To measure the resistances of the auxiliary electrodes H (Z), S (Y), ES (Xv),
and E (X), or if the resistance of the electrodes is too high (see § 10.1), start the
measurement by a long press of the START/STOP button.

R

P-E

and R

, then R

P-H

P-ES

and R

will be displayed.

P-S

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> 2s

H

ρ

S

d

S

A

ES

d

E

AUTO

Ωm

kΩ

kΩ

H

ρ

S

d

S

A

ES

d

E

AUTO

Ωm

kΩ

kΩ

5.7 Earth/Ground Measurements with Two Clamps

This is a quick way to measure the value of the earth.

NOTE: The two clamp method typically yields a measurement higher than the
fall of potential method since it uses a higher frequency to perform the test,
resulting in an impedance measurement.

The current clamp connected to terminal H (Z) applies a voltage to the circuit to be
measured. The value of the resulting current is determined by the impedance of
the circuit to be measured. The current owing in the loop is measured using the

clamp connected to terminal ES (Xv). The device then calculates loop resistance
R

from these quantities.

LOOP

NOTE: Use only SR182 or MN82 current clamps, which are specially designed
to operate with the Model 6471.

1. Set the switch to

.

2. Connect a clamp to terminal H (Z) and clamp it to a point down stream from
the rod under test that is a serial path to the earth.

3.

Connect the other clamp to terminal ES (Xv) and clamp it to the rod or elec-

trode system to be measured.

R

R

E1

R

E2

E3

R

E

42

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Observe the following minimum distances between the two clamps in order to
avoid direct electromagnetic inuences between the transmitting clamp and the
receiving clamp:

Value measured

Ω)

(

Minimum separation

MN82 SR182

0 to 1 0.1m (4") 0m (0")
1 to 5 0.4m (1' 04") 0.1m (4")

5 to 10 0.5m (1' 08") 0.2m (8")

10 to 50 0.7m (2' 04") 0.3m (1')

50 to 100 0.9m (3') 0.5m (1' 08")

100 to 500 1.2m (4') 0.5m (1' 08")

1. Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.

In the case of the diagram below, the earth impedance measured is equal to:

R

= RE + ( RE1 // RE2 // RE3)

LOOP

> 2s

H

ES

AUTO

m A

Hz

Ω

NOTE: In the AUTO mode, the measurement frequency is 1611Hz. To make
an earth measurement that is free of inductive effects, you must change to
MANUAL mode and choose a lower measurement frequency (see §6.2).

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CHAPTER 6

MANUAL MODE

All of the measurement functions described in § 5 (AUTO mode) can be performed
in MANUAL mode if necessary.

To access MANUAL mode:

• Press the Hz/OPTIONS button once. The Hz/OPTIONS symbol appears
and the AUTO indicator blinks.

• Use the ► button to switch from AUTO to MANUAL.

• When the tester is in MANUAL mode you can press Hz/OPTIONS repeatedly

to see various parameters that can be set, depending on the measurement

function selected.

When a measurement is performed by a short or long press on the START/STOP
button (the circular arrows
stopped by a second press of this button.

Whenever a new measurement function is selected, the device automatically

changes back to AUTO mode.

on the display will rotate), the measurement can be

6.1 Switching the Test Voltage

Available in all functions except mΩ and 2 Clamp.

If necessary, the test voltages can be switched to either 16 or 32V as follows:

• Press the Hz/OPTIONS button, then press it again to make the output volt-
age (Uout) blink.

• Use the ► button to switch to 16 or 32V, then press Hz/OPTIONS again.

This setting is retained when the unit is turned o󰀨.

6.2 Measurement Frequency Selection

If there are signals with a frequency that could interfere with the chosen test fre­quency, the NOISE symbol will appear.

While in MANUAL mode, change the frequency by pressing the Hz/OPTIONS
button until the frequency flashes.

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Press the ► button to choose the following frequencies:

• USr, 55, 92, 110, 119, 128 Hz (128 Hz is default).

To change the user frequency (USr), press the ▲▼ buttons (▲▼ raises the value,

and

Table of possible USr frequencies (48 values from 41 to 513Hz):

There are two user frequencies: one for resistivity and one for earth and soil po­tential measurements. These two values remain in memory even after the device
is switched o󰀨.

For soil resistivity measurements, the user frequency is limited to 128 Hz.

+ ▲▼ lowers it).

41 43 46 49 50 55 60 61 64 67 69 73 79 82 85 92

98 101 110 119 122 128 134 137 146 159 165 171 183 195 201 220

238 244 256 269 275 293 317 330 342 366 391 403 439 476 488 513

6.3 Manual Settings for mΩ Measurements

Pressing Hz/OPTIONS in MANUAL mode allows the following parameters to be

changed using the ► button:

• Terminal symbols H and E blink H S ES E blink (4-Pole measurement)

• POS on H and DC+ blinks  neg on H and DC- (reversal of polarity at terminal H)

In MANUAL mode the tester does not reverse polarity automatically during the

measurement; however, the polarity can be reversed during the measurement by

pressing the Hz/OPTIONS button.

6.3.1 Continuity Test

The 2-wire mΩ measurement gives a quick measurement result, accompanied by

an audible beep, during a continuity check.

The display is in the sensitivity range (0.5

limited to terminal H (Z) (a cable must be connected to it), making it possible to
start the measurement with an open circuit.

For a continuity check, the following settings are mandatory:

• The 2-wire mΩ measurement function must be selected.

• The device must be in manual mode.

• The alarm function must be active (On).

• The alarm threshold must be low (<).

• The buzzer must be activated (bEEP On).

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

Ω to 1.99kΩ) and the terminal check is

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6.4 3-Pole Earth/Ground Measurements & Coupling

Measurement #3

1E

#2Measurement

6.4.1 3-Pole Earth/Ground Measurements

Pressing on Hz/OPTIONS in MANUAL mode allows the following parameters to

be changed using the ► button:

• EARTH blinks  Earth Coupling Measurement

• 128 Hz blinks  Test Frequency Measurement

• Test voltage blinks  Test Voltage Selection

6.4.2 Earth/Ground Coupling Measurements

This measurement calls for making and storing three intermediate measurements

(at the same frequency). It is available only in MANUAL mode.

Connection diagram:

Earth

#1

R

R

1-2

R

A

1

R

C

R

b

arth 2

Measurement

R

2

Press Hz/OPTIONS and use the ► button to switch from EARTH to EARTH COU-
PLING. Proceed as follows:

• If you want to eliminate the resistance of the measurement leads, you can
use lead compensation (2nd + START) before starting the actual coupling
measurement (see § 5.2.1).

• Turn the rotary switch to 3-Pole.

• Select a test frequency and a test voltage (if desired).

• The screen displays EARTH COUPLING 1. Make a 3-pole earth measure-

ment on the rst earth system (measurement of R1 in the connection dia­gram on previous page).

• Stop the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button. The MEM

symbol ashes to indicate that this result must be recorded in memory.
Press the MEM button twice. To save to another location, refer to §7.1.

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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

• The screen now displays EARTH COUPLING 2. Make a 3-pole earth mea-
surement on the second earth system (measurement of R2). For this second

measurement, leave the H (Z) and S (Y) electrodes in the same positions as
for the rst measurement.

• Store this result in the same memory location as before by pressing the
MEM button twice.

• The screen now displays the message EARTH COUPLING 3. Disconnect
terminal S (Y) and make a 2-wire resistance measurement with terminal H
(Z) connected to earth 1 and terminal E (X) to earth 2.

• Record this result by pressing the MEM button twice.

• EARTH COUPLING 4 and the results of the measurements are displayed.

The calculation is based on the following formulas:

R

= (R1 + R2 – R

C

C1 = RC/R1 and C2 = RC/R

R

= R2 - R

b

C

)/2

1-2

= R1 - RC

2 RA

• To display all of the measurement parameters, press the MR button.

• To scroll through all of the measurements, use the ► and ▲ buttons.

then x 4

Press DISPLAY several times to display the following parameters:

EARTH COUPLING 1

EARTH COUPLING 2

EARTH COUPLING 3

EARTH COUPLING 4

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

R1 , U

R

2

R

OUT

, U

OUT

, U

1-2

and frequency, U

and RS if long press of START/STOP

R

H

and frequency, U

and RS if long press of START/STOP

R

H

and frequency, I

H-E

R

, C1, C2, RA, Rb, U

C

, I

, U-In (U

S-E

H-E

, I

, U-In (U

S-E

H-E

, U-In (U

H-E

and its frequency.

out

H-E

and frequency)

S-E

and frequency)

S-E

and frequency).

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6.5 4-Pole Earth/Ground Measurements

Pressing the Hz/OPTIONS button allows the following parameters to be changed

using the ► button:

• 128Hz blinks  Change the test frequency

• Test voltage blinks  Switch between 16 and 32V

6.6 Soil Resistivity Measurements

Pressing the Hz/OPTIONS button allows the following parameters to be changed

using the ► button:

• ρW blinks (Wenner method)  Switch to ρS (Schlumberger method)

• 128Hz blinks  Change the test frequency

• Test voltage blinks  Switch between 16 and 32V

6.7 Measurements with Two Clamps

Pressing the Hz/OPTIONS button allows the following parameters to be changed

using the ► button:

• 1611Hz blinks  Change the test frequency

6.8 Smoothing

In the manual mode, you can activate or deactivate the smoothing of the measure-

ment results by pressing the 2nd + DISPLAY (SMOOTH) buttons. This smoothing

consists in displaying an exponential mean value, a signicant help with highly
uctuating values.

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CHAPTER 7

MEMORY FUNCTION

The instrument has a total of 512 memory locations. Each of these locations is

dened by an object number (OBJ) from 01 to 99 and by a TEST number from 01

to 99.

For 3- and 4-pole earth measurements, the sweep mode (SWEEP) can record
several measurement results at the same memory location, with the frequency as

third addressing criterion.

During soil potential or resistivity measurements (Wenner or Schlumberger meth­ods), several measurement results are recorded at the same memory location,

with the distance between electrodes as the third addressing criterion.

For earth coupling measurements (EARTH COUPLING 1, 2, 3, 4), the four mea-

surements provide the third addressing criterion for the same memory location.

None of the other measurements has an additional addressing criterion, so each
occupies only one memory address.

Since each measurement is dated, you must set the date and time of the device

before any storage in memory (see § 4.2).

7.1 Saving Measurements into Memory

Measurement results can be saved by performing the following:

• Press the MEM button. The tester will automatically suggest the next free
memory location ( message).

• Press the MEM button a second time to save to the OBJ/TEST location.

• If you decide not to save your results, press DISPLAY to exit MEM mode.

• To change the OBJ and TEST location, use the ► and ▲▼ buttons.

NOTE: If a memory location is already occupied, the message
played. Pressing the MEM button will overwrite the measurement record.

For soil resistivity and potential measurements, if several measurements are made
with di󰀨erent distances d, you can store them under the same OBJ:TEST number,

with the distance as third addressing criterion.

It will be possible to overwrite values already stored with new ones having the
same distance d, or even to add new results having other values for the distance d
provided that all of the other measurement parameters are identical.

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7.2 Recalling Measurements from Memory

To recall saved measurements, perform the following:

• Select a measurement function, then press the and MR buttons.

• Use the ► and ▲▼ buttons to choose the OBJ and TEST numbers.

• Press the DISPLAY button to display the time (tiME) and date (dAtE).

• Press DISPLAY again to display the measurement and its parameters.

• Press the MR button again to exit the recall mode.

The SET-UP function lets you read all memory addresses one after the other

independently of which measurement function is chosen.

Any measurement stored in the tester can be retrieved individually using Data-

®

View

software (see § 8).

7.3 Erasing Measurements from Memory

There are two ways to erase measurements - complete and selective.

7.3.1 Erasing All Measurements

• Set the switch to SET-UP.

• Push once on the MEM button to display the number of free and available
records.

• Push a second time on the MEM button.

• The display will show “dEL ALL”. Change the blinking NO to YES with the ▲
button, then perform a long press (>2s) on the MEM button.

WARNING: This will delete ALL saved records.

• To exit without erasing, perform a short press on the MEM button.

7.3.2 Erasing Selective Measurements

• Set the switch to SET-UP.

• Press the button.

• Press the MR button. The Object and Test numbers of the last stored test ap­pear, with the Object number blinking.

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• If you need to change the Object number, press the ▲ button until the desired

number is displayed. Then press the ► button; the Test number now blinks.

• Press the ▲ button until the desired test is displayed.

• Press the MEM button to display the dEL screen. By default, the blinking word
NO appears on the screen, indicating the test is not to be deleted. To delete

the test, press the ▲ button to change the blinking NO to YES, then press and
hold down (>2s) the MEM button. To exit without erasing, perform a short press

on the MEM button.

Note that if the test stored in this Object/Test number is a sweep test (which con-

sists of multiple measurements taken at di󰀨erent frequencies) this procedure only

deletes a single measurement. The remaining sweep measurements will still be

stored in this Object/Test. You must delete all individual measurements to com­pletely remove a sweep test.

When a test is deleted, its Object/Test number is removed from memory. When you
subsequently view stored tests, this number will be skipped. This Object/Test num­ber combination remains unavailable for storing tests until you completely erase

memory, as instructed in Section 7.3.1.

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51

CHAPTER 8

DATAVIEW® SOFTWARE

8.1 Installing DataView

®

DO NOT CONNECT THE INSTRUMENT TO THE PC BEFORE INSTALLING THE
SOFTWARE AND DRIVERS.

NOTE: When installing, the user must have Administrative access rights

during the installation. The users access rights can be changed after the
installation is complete. DataView

multi-user system.

1. Insert the DataView thumb drive into an available USB port on your com-

puter. If Autorun is enabled, an AutoPlay window appears on your screen.

Click “Open folder to view files” to display the DataView folder. If Autorun is not
enabled or allowed, use Windows Explorer to locate and open the USB drive
labeled “DataView.”

2. When the DataView folder is open, find the file Setup.exe located in the root
directory of the USB drive, and double-click it to run the installation program.

3. The DataView setup screen appears.

In the upper left corner of the screen, choose the language vesion of
the Setup interface. (All Setup screens and diaogs will immediately appear in

the selected language.)

In the lower left corner are the available installation options. In addition to the
DataView software, you can select “Adobe Reader.” This links to the Adobe
web site where you can download the latest version of Reader. This program
is required to view DataView .pdf documents. The option Firmware Upgrades
links to the website where you can check for new firmware updates for the
instrument. Finally, User Manuals displays a list of .pdf files contained in the
USB drive that accompanies DataView. (DataView also comes with a Help
system that is installed with the program files.)

To install DataView, select DataView in the Options list and click Install.

®

must be reinstalled for each user in a

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4. Select the language version of DataView you want to install (English, French,

or Spanish) then click Next. (By default, the language selected in step 3 is
highlighted.).

5.

You are now prompted to select the software you want to install. Each AEMC

product family has its own specially designed Control Panel. If you are per-

forming a Complete install, by default all available Control Panels are selected

(a check mark next to the Control Panel indicates it is selected). Control Panels

take up disk space on the computer; so unless you have other types of AEMC

instruments, we recommend that you select Ground Tester and deselect the
rest. You should also check the option DataView Core, which is a requirement
if you plan to create DataView reports.

After you nish selecting and deselecting Control Panels and/or DataView

Core, click Next.

6.

The Setup program now informs you that it is ready to install DataView. If you

want to review any of your previous selections, click the Previous button to

return to earlier screens. Otherwise, click Install to begin installation.

7.

The InstallShield program installs the selected software. If an earlier version

of the software is already installed on your computer, for each selected pro­gram the InstallShield program will:

(a) Ask you to conrm the installation of the program. Click Next.

(b) Display a status bar indicating the progress of the installation.

(c) Inform you when the program is installed. Click Finish to install the next

selected program.

If the software is not installed (or if the installed software is the same version

as the selected software), the software is installed without requesting conr-

mation.

When all programs are installed, a message appears informing you of this.

Click Finish to return to the Setup screen.

8. You can now select additional Setup options to install (see step 3 above).

When nished, click Exit.

9.

The DataView folder now appears on your computer desktop, within which is

the Ground Tester icon and the icon(s) for any other Control Panel(s) you

have installed.

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8.2 Ground Tester Control Panel

Clicking the DataView icon in the DataView folder on your desktop opens the
core DataView program. Clicking the Ground Tester Control Panel icon opens the
Ground Tester Control Panel.

In general, core DataView features are for creating, viewing, editing, and storing
DataView reports; while the Control Panel is for connecting to, conguring, view-

ing measurements on, and downloading data from the instrument. You can access
all DataView features through either the DataView icon or the Control Panel icon.
For users who interact with ground tester instruments, we recommend primarily

using the Control Panel. However, there are situations where using the core Data­View icon may be more convenient for some users, such as when viewing multiple
archived reports from di󰀨erent AEMC product families.

For further information about using the Ground Tester Control Panel, consult the
Help system that comes with the product. Access this Help by clicking the option
Help in the Control Panel’s menu bar at the top of the screen.

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CHAPTER 9

MAINTENANCE

9.1 Maintenance

Please make sure that you have read and fully understand the WARNING
section on page 3.

• To avoid electrical shock, do not attempt to perform any servicing unless

you are qualied to do so.

• To avoid electrical shock and/or damage to the instrument, do not get water
or other foreign agents into the case.

• Turn the instrument OFF and disconnect the unit from all circuits before
opening the case.

• Use specied spare parts only.

9.2 Cleaning

Disconnect the instrument from any source of electricity.

Use a soft cloth lightly moistened with soapy water. Wipe with a moist cloth and
then dry with a dry cloth. Never use alcohol, solvents or hydrocarbons.

9.3 Fuse Replacement

The unit is protected from overloads by two identical fuses:

• Fuse for terminal H (Z):

If this fuse is defective, the unit will no longer produce an output voltage, making it

impossible to perform resistance measurements.

To test this fuse, turn the switch to the mΩ position (2-Wire), connect measurement
leads to terminals H (Z) and E (X) and start a measurement. If the unit refuses to
operate and the symbol for terminal H (Z) blinks, the fuse must be replaced.

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• Fuse for clamp terminal ES (Xv):

If this fuse is defective, the unit will no longer recognize a clamp that is connected

to terminal ES (Xv), making it impossible to perform a 4-Pole earth measurement
with a clamp or an earth measurement with 2 clamps.

To test this fuse, select the 4-Pole measurement function and connect a test clamp

to terminal ES (Xv). If a clamp symbol does not appear next to the symbol for ter­minal ES (Xv) in the display, the fuse must be replaced.

NOTE: For safety reasons this fuse must always be replaced by an identical
model: 0.63 A F 250V 5x20mm 1.5kA (Cat. #2135.81)

Procedure for replacing fuses:

1. Disconnect the unit completely, turn the rotary switch to OFF, and close
the lid.

2. Loosen the four permanent screws at the bottom of the unit, but do not

remove them.

3. Open the lid and carefully turn the housing upside-down, making sure the

front panel does not fall out. Then carefully pull the front panel and the unit
all the way out of the housing.

4. The fuse for terminal H (Z) is accessible at the back of the unit (in the
corner near the terminal for the battery charger).

5. If only the fuse for terminal H (Z) needs to be replaced, jump ahead to step

13. To replace the fuse for the clamp terminal ES (Xv), continue on.

6. Loosen the two screws on the lid of the battery case and remove the lid.

7. Pull the battery a short way out of the case without overstretching the con-

nection leads, and loosen the two screws at the bottom of the case. Then
put the battery back into the case.

8. Making sure the battery leads are not overstretched and that the battery
does not fall out, carefully lift o󰀨 the back of the unit, turn it over and place

it next to the front panel with the electronic components.

9. The fuse for the clamp terminal ES (Xv) is now accessible on the printed
circuit board [in the corner near terminal E (X)]. When replacing the fuse,

avoid touching the circuitry or components.

10. Return the back of the unit to the front panel with the components, taking
care not to stretch the battery leads. Carefully lower the back of the unit
and make sure that it is aligned correctly (the four cylindrical holes on the

back must slip over the four mounting pins on the front panel). Also make

sure you do not pinch the battery leads or other wires or components.

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11. Pull the battery a short way out of the case without overstretching the

connection leads, and retighten the two screws at the bottom of the case.
Then put the battery back into the case.

12. Put the lid back onto the battery case and screw it shut.

13. Wipe o󰀨 any dirt on the seal and housing rim.

14. Put the unit back into the housing and screw it into place.

9.4 Recharging the Battery

NOTE: To make the best use of the battery and prolong its service life, ob­serve the following rules.

• Use only the battery charger supplied with the unit; other chargers may be
hazardous!

• Recharge the battery only at temperatures between 32° and 104°F (0° and
+40°C).

• Observe the conditions of use and storage dened in the specications.

Even an NiMH battery can be recharged only a limited number of times. This num­ber, and thus the service life of the battery, is highly dependent on the following
factors:

• the operating conditions

• the recharging conditions

As the earth tester might go some time without use and the battery has a natural

tendency to run down, you should check the battery level at regular intervals. To do
this, turn on the unit and check the battery level indicator

display. If there is only one bar in the symbol or if there are no bars at all, the bat­tery should be recharged.

If the unit is not used for a long time, the battery might run down all the way. In

this case, recharging can take several hours. In addition, the unit might not work

properly at the start of recharging.

The capacity and lifetime of the battery may also be diminished. After about ve
charging/discharging cycles the battery will recover its initial capacity.

To recharge the battery, plug the charging unit into the connector at the upper left
(connector
source (suitable for Europe and the U.S.). The frame of the battery symbol will

blink during charging. Charging goes faster when the tester is turned o󰀨. The bat­tery voltage is shown on the large display next to Ubatt.

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

 in Fig. 2-1) and connect the charging unit to a 100 to 240VAC power

at the top of the

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At the middle and bottom of the display you will see one of the following messages:

bAtt CHrG Fast charging is active (normal state)

bAtt LOW Battery voltage is too low for a fast charge - charging at a lower current

bAtt Battery voltage is too high for a fast charge - charging at a lower current

bAtt HOt Battery is too warm for a fast charge (>40°C) - charging at a lower current

bAtt COLd Battery is too cold for a fast charge (< 0°C) - charging at a lower current

bAtt FULL Battery is full - switch to trickle charging

The 6471 tester can also be recharged from a 12VDC car outlet with a special
charging unit.

NOTE: In this case the low-potential of the vehicle’s 12V outlet is at the po­tential of terminals E (X) and ES (Xv) of the ground tester. For safety reasons,
do not connect or use the unit if there is a possibility that voltages at E (X) or
ES (Xv) could exceed 32V.

9.5 Replacing the Battery

The battery in this unit is a special product with customized safety features and

protective devices. It should be replaced only by the same model. If a di󰀨erent
model is used, there is a danger of re or explosion, leading to possible damage

or injury.

NOTE: For safety reasons, replace the battery with an identical model:
NiMH Custom Pack 9.6 V / 3.5 Ah (Cat. #2960.21)

Procedure for replacing the battery:

1. Disconnect the unit completely, turn the rotary switch to OFF, and close
the lid.

2. Loosen the four permanent screws at the bottom of the unit, but do not

remove them.

3. Open the lid and carefully turn the housing upside-down, making sure the

front panel does not fall out. Then carefully pull the front panel and the unit
all the way out of the housing.

4. Loosen the two screws on the lid of the battery case and remove the lid.

5. Pull the battery a short way out of the case without overstretching the con-

nection leads, and loosen the two screws at the bottom of the case. Then
put the battery back into the case.

6. Making sure the battery leads are not overstretched and that the battery

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does not fall out, carefully lift o󰀨 the back of the unit, turn it over and

place it next to the front panel with the electronic components.

7. Press the clip o󰀨 the plug, and pull out the plug with the four battery

leads (in the corner, near the terminal for the optical interface). Avoid

touching the circuitry or components.

8. Remove the old battery from the case and put in a new one. Run the

leads with the plug through the largest slot in the battery case.

9. Insert the battery plug (in the corner, near the terminal for the optical

interface). The two pins should point towards the clip. Avoid touching the

circuitry or components.

10.

Return the back of the unit (with the new battery in the case) to the front

panel with the components, taking care not to stretch the battery leads.
Carefully lower the back of the unit and make sure that it is aligned

correctly (the four cylindrical holes on the back must slip over the four

mounting pins on the front panel). Also make sure you do not pinch the
battery leads or other wires or components.

11. Pull the battery a short way out of the case without overstretching the

connection leads, and retighten the two screws at the bottom of the
case. Then put the battery back into the case.

12.

Put the lid back onto the battery case and screw it shut.

13. Wipe o󰀨 any dirt on the seal and housing rim.

14. Put the unit back into the housing and screw it into place.

15. Fully charge the new battery in the unit before using it.

16. Reset the time and date.

NOTE: If the instrument is not used for long periods of time (more than 6
months), it is recommended, in order to recover the initial capacity of the
battery, to make several charge-discharge cycles (3 to 5 times). Discharge
cycle (15 H) can be made with the instrument in MANUAL mode, DC 2-Pole
(2-Pole) resistance measurement and a short-circuit between H (Z) and E (X)
plugs.

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CHAPTER 10

TROUBLESHOOTING

10.1 Error Reporting

10.1.1 Electrode Resistance Too High

This can happen in a 3- or 4-pole earth measurement, a resistivity measurement,

or an earth potential measurement.

This message is displayed when the measurement is triggered by a short press of
the START/STOP button and the resistances of the auxiliary electrodes are too high.

The measurement must then be started by a long press on the START/STOP but-

ton. The device then measures the values of the electrodes and compensates for

them to display the correct result.

10.1.2 Out of Range

>

<

or

<

and

The ashing > or < symbol indicates the measurement is

out of range.

If both symbols ash together, it means that the accuracy
of the value displayed is outside of the instrument

>

specication or is subject to large uctuations. Activating

the smoothing function (SMOOTH) may correct this.
Press the 2nd button, then the SMOOTH button to activate
smoothing.

10.1.3 Misconnection

H

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ES

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This ashing indicates that a terminal or a

E

current clamp needs to be either connect­ed or disconnected. You must correct the
connections or the measurement will not

proceed. The ashing of terminal H may

also indicate that current I

ashing of terminal S may also indicate that

resistance R
terminal ES may also indicate that the cur­rent IES measured by the clamp is too low.

is too high. The ashing of

S

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

is too low. The

H-E

To reduce RH, you can add one or more electrodes, 2 meters apart from each

NOISE

other, in the H (Z) leg of the circuit, or increase the test voltage.

To reduce R
other, in the S (Y) leg of the circuit.

, you can add one or more electrodes, 2 meters apart from each

S

To reduce the resistance of the electrodes, you can also drive them deeper, pack

the ground around them well, or dampen them with water.

10.1.4 Out of Limits Indicators

This ashing during a passive measurement means that the device
has detected the presence of an external voltage exceeding 42V on

the terminals and that the measurement is impossible.

This ashing during an active measurement means that the operat-
ing limits have been exceeded.

If this symbol remains lit during an active measurement, it means
that the values measured are subject to large uctuations or that

there is an incorrect connection.

The display of an indenite value for a passive measurement indi-

cates that measurement current I

The display of the NOISE symbol indicates that a stray external voltage is likely to

interfere with the measurement. You should change to manual mode and change

the measurement voltage and/or frequency in order to make a valid measurement.

ES

or I

SEL

or voltage U

is too low.

S-ES

After the measurement has started there are indicators of when:

• Values RH and/or RS are too high,

• Measurement current I

, IES or I

H-E

is too low,

SEL

• The instability of the measurement is large.

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Conditions that may give uncertain results are indicated on the display of the unit

NOISE

as follows:

Frequency Function Triggering threshold

f > 513Hz

f ≤ 513Hz

f > 513Hz

3P, 4P, V pot. I

4Psel

3P, 4P,

ρ, V pot I

4Psel

All (except ρ and 2

clamps)

f ≤ 513Hz All R

< 6 mA

H-E

’ < 6 mA

I

H-E

< 1 mA

H-E

’ < 1 mA

I

H-E

RS > 5 kΩ

> 30 kΩ

S

(1)

(1)

4P sel IES < 1 mA

Values measured (U,

All

I, R) unstable, varying

by more than 5% about

their mean values.

IES < 3 mA

I

R

PASS

SEL

U

S-ES

< 30 mA

< 10 mV

IES < 0,3 mA

I

R

PASS

SEL

U

S-ES

< 3 mA

< 1 mV

(2)

Indication on the

display unit

(3)

ashes

H

ashes

(3)

ashes

S

ashes

(3)

ashes

ashes

(3)

steady

ashes

ashes

-.--- (undened)

(3)

All U

S-ES

, U

, U

> 42 V

S-E

H-E

ashes

Stray voltage of which

All

the frequency and/or

value is likely to inter-

(4)

fere with the measure-

ment.

(1) I

’: current I

H-E

(2) Not active if the SMOOTH function is selected.

(3) The

(4) You should change to manual mode and modify the measurement voltage and/or frequency to make
a valid measurement (when the NOISE symbol is no longer illuminated).

62

measured at the start of the measurement before I

H-E

symbol may also appear if there is an external voltage > 42 V on the terminals of the device.

SEL

.

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10.1.5 Error Messages

When started up, the Model 6471 device automatically performs a self-test. If a
fault appears during this self-test or during a measurement, the device displays a

message in the form Err XX.

There are 3 categories of errors:

• Harmless Errors 6, 7, 11 and 17
The message appears for approximately 1 second to inform

the user. Consider a repair if the error recurs.

• Errors 6 and 7 are always preceded by an automatic reset.

• During Error 11, the tester automatically resets to the fac­tory default settings.

• Correctable Errors 5, 9, 14, 15, 18, 19, 30, 31, 32 and 33
These errors concern the current measurement function and

disappear if the function is changed. The device can therefore

be used, but a repair will be necessary if the error persists.

• Error 18 indicates that the rechargeable battery in the
tester cannot be recharged. If this error occurs during
recharging, disconnect the tester from the charger and

follow the procedure described in the “fatal” errors.

• Error 19 can be corrected by clearing the entire memory of
the unit (see section 8.3).

• Errors 31, 32 and 33 indicate excessive voltage or

excessive current during a measurement. Check the

measurement setup for faults.

• Fatal Errors 0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18 (during battery recharge)
and 21

These errors make operation of the unit impossible. Turn o󰀨

the unit and turn it on again. If the error persists, repair is
necessary.

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APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Basic Terminologies

Explanations for some of the basic terms related to earth measurements follow:

Auxiliary electrode - H (Z)

A supplementary electrode through which a measurement current ows.

Earth conductor

The conductor which connects the installation to be earthed to the earth elec­trode.

Earth connection

A locally restricted group of electrically connected earth contacts. It also in­cludes metal parts of installations such as pylon footings, bracings, cable
sheathing and earth conductors.

Earth electrode - E (X)

A conductor which is buried in the earth and makes electrical contact with it.

Earth potential

The potential di󰀨erence measured between the earth connection and a refer-

ence earth electrode.

Earth electrode - ES (Xv)

A connection on the earth electrode or earthing system used for measuring
the potential of the earth electrode.

Earth resistance

The resistance measured between the earth connection and a reference earth

electrode (cf. selective earth resistance).

Earth

The location of an earth connection (see also reference earth).

Earthing system

The set of all installations connected to the earth.

Electrode - S (Y)

An auxiliary electrode used for measuring the potential of the reference earth.

The voltage, which is proportional to the resistance of the earth connection, is

measured between this electrode and the earth electrode.

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Reference earth

The area of earth (especially at the surface) which is outside the range of inu-

ence of the earth electrode or earthing system.

Resistivity of the earth (ρ)

Resistivity is dened as the resistance from wall to opposite wall of a cubic
meter of soil. It is measured in ohm-meters (

Selective earth resistance

The parallel partial resistance of an earth connection or earthing system. It

is measured by selective measurements of current in the corresponding re­sistance branch. A selective earth resistance is always greater than the total

earth resistance (parallel connection).

Step voltage

The potential di󰀨erence bridged by a person who takes a step of 1m (approx.
3 ft), with the resulting current owing through the body from one foot to the
other (cf. touch voltage).

Supplementary electrode

An additional earth electrode (earth stake, earth rod).

Touch voltage

The potential di󰀨erence which a person is able to bridge with his or her body,

the resulting current being limited by the body and the local earth resistance

(cf. step voltage).

The general term earth measurement can refer to measurements of individual

earth electrodes, earth connections or entire earthing systems, depending on the
object of interest.

Ωm).

Glossary

This glossary lists the terms and abbreviations used on the instrument and the

digital display.

3-Poles : measurement of earth resistance with 2 auxiliary stakes (3-

Pole method)

4-Poles : 4-Pole measurement of low earth resistance with 2 auxiliary

stakes (4-Pole method)

C

: earth coupling coe󰀩cient RA with earth Rb (C1= RC / R1 )

1

C

: earth coupling coe󰀩cient Rb with earth RA (C2= RC / R2 )

2

d, A : distances to be programmed to calculate resistivity according

to the measuring method used

m

Ω : measurement of low resistance /continuity

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E : terminal E (X) - earth socket; current measurement return

terminal

EARTH : earth measurement (3 or 4 poles)

EARTH COUPLING

: coupling measurement between two earth sockets

ES : ES (Xv) terminal (measurement potential socket for

calculating earth resistance)

H : H (Z) terminal (measurement current injection terminal)

(1)

I-Act

: external current circulating at present between the instrument

terminals

I

: current measured by the clamp connected to the ES terminal

ES

(selective earth measurement with clamp)

I

: measurement current circulating between the H and E

H-E

terminals

NOISE : indicates the presence of external interference causing

misrepresentation of the earth or resistivity measurement

R : average resistance calculated from R+ and R-

R+ : resistance measured with a positive current circulation from

terminal H to E

R- : resistance measured with a negative current circulation from

terminal H to E

(1)

R-Act

: resistance currently calculated from values U-Act and I-Act

R1 : rst value measured to calculate the coupling between 2 earth

sockets (R1 = RA + RC )

R

: second value measured to calculate the coupling between 2

2

earth sockets (R2 = Rb + RC )

R

: third value measured to calculate the coupling between 2

1-2

R

: rst earth value calculated (RA = R1 - RC )

A

R

: second earth value calculated (Rb = R1 - RC )

b

R

: coupling resistance between earths RA and Rb (Rc = (R1 + R2

C

R

: earth resistance connected to terminal E

E

earth sockets (R

– R

) / 2)

1-2

= RA + Rb )

1-2

RH : resistance of the stake connected to terminal H

R

: resistance of the earth loop measured with the "2 clamps"

LOOP

function

R

: value of the R-Act resistance (PASS for "passive"

PASS

measurement with interference current circulating in the

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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

installation)

R

: resistance of the stake connected to terminal S

S

R

: selective earth resistance (measurement of the current with a

SEL

clamp)

(2)

R

: resistance between stakes S and ES (used for resistivity

S-ES

measurement)

R

: measuring lead compensation resistance

∆0

S : S (Y) terminal (reference potential socket for calculating earth

resistance)

(1)

U-Act

U

U

: external voltage currently present on the instrument terminals

: voltage measured between terminals H and E

H-E

: voltage generated by the instrument between terminals H and

OUT

E (32V or 16V)

U

: voltage measured between terminals S and E

S-E

U

: voltage measured between terminals S and ES

S-ES

USR : frequency chosen by the user

U

: voltage of terminal S (compared with E) expressed as a

SrEL

relative value (rEL); value without unit

V pot. : ground potential measurement

ρS : ground resistivity measured according to the Schlumberger

method (expressed as Ω.m)

ρ

: ground resistivity measured according to the Wenner method

W

(expressed as Ω.m)

(1) The su󰀩x Act becomes In (for "Input" in English) when this value is recorded by the instru-

ment and then read, to make a distinction between the current and recorded values. In both
cases, this value on the display is associated with its frequency.

(2) In this case, the resistances of the 4 stakes used for measurement are indicated by R

, R

P-ES

.

P-E

R

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

, R

P-H

P-S

67

,

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Repair and Calibration

To ensure that your instrument meets factory specications, we recommend
that it be scheduled back to our factory Service Center at one-year intervals

for recalibration, or as required by other standards or internal procedures.

For instrument repair and calibration:

You must contact our Service Center for a Customer Service Authorization
Number (CSA#). This will ensure that when your instrument arrives, it will be

tracked and processed promptly. Please write the CSA# on the outside of the
shipping container. If the instrument is returned for calibration, we need to
know if you want a standard calibration, or a calibration traceable to N.I.S.T.

(Includes calibration certicate plus recorded calibration data).

(Or contact your authorized distributor)

Costs for repair, standard calibration, and calibration traceable to N.I.S.T. are

available.

NOTE: You must obtain a CSA# before returning any instrument.

Technical and Sales Assistance

If you are experiencing any technical problems, or require any assistance with
the proper operation or application of your instrument, please call, mail, fax or

e-mail our technical support team:

68

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

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Limited Warranty

The Model 6471 is warranted to the owner for a period of two years from the
date of original purchase against defects in manufacture. This limited warranty

is given by AEMC

®

Instruments, not by the distributor from whom it was pur-

chased. This warranty is void if the unit has been tampered with, abused or if
the defect is related to service not performed by AEMC

®

Instruments.

Full warranty coverage and product registration is available on our
website at

.

Please print the online Warranty Coverage Information for your records.

What AEMC

®

Instruments will do:

If a malfunction occurs within the warranty period, you may return the instrument

to us for repair, provided we have your warranty registration information on le

or a proof of purchase. AEMC

®

Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace

the faulty material.

Warranty Repairs

What you must do to return an instrument for Warranty Repair:

First, request a Customer Service Authorization Number (CSA#) by phone
or by fax from our Service Department (see address below), then return the

instrument along with the signed CSA Form. Please write the CSA# on the
outside of the shipping container. Return the instrument, postage or shipment

pre-paid to:

Caution: To protect yourself against in-transit loss, we recommend you insure

your returned material.

NOTE: You must obtain a CSA# before returning any instrument.

Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471

69

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11/19

99-MAN 100331 v18

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