Chauvin Arnoux®, Inc. d.b.a. AEMC® Instruments
certifies that this instrument has been calibrated
using standards and instruments traceable to
international standards.
We guarantee that at the time of shipping your
instrument has met its published specifications.
An NIST traceable certificate may be
requested at the time of purchase, or obtained
by returning the instrument to our repair and
calibration facility, for a nominal charge.
The recommended calibration interval for this
instrument is 12 months and begins on the date of
receipt by the customer.
Serial #: ________________________________
Catalog #: ______________________________
Model #: 6471
Please fill in the appropriate date as indicated:
Date Received:
Date Calibration Due: _______________________
_________________________________
Chauvin Arnoux®, Inc.
d.b.a AEMC® Instruments
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READ CAREFULLY BEFORE
USING FOR THE FIRST TIME
Your instrument is equipped with a NiMH battery. This technology offers several
advantages:
• Long battery charge life for a limited volume and weight.
• Possibility of quickly recharging your battery.
These safety warnings are provided to ensure the safety of personnel.
Please read and comply with these precautions:
• This instrument is protected from accidental voltages of not more than
50V with respect to earth in measurement CAT IV. The guaranteed level
of protection of this equipment may be compromised if used in a manner
not specied by the manufacturer.
• Safety is the responsibility of the operator.
• All metal objects or wires connected to the electrical system should be
assumed to be lethal until tested. Grounding systems are no exception.
• Never exceed the maximum rated voltage and current, and the measurement category.
• Never exceed the protection limits, and always comply with the conditions and place of use, indicated in the specications.
• Do not use the instrument or its accessories if they appear damaged.
• Use accessories that have overvoltage category and service voltages
greater than or equal to those of the instrument (CAT IV 50V). Use only
accessories that comply with safety standards (IEC 61010-2-031 & 32).
• Wear the appropriate protective gear (insulating boots and gloves).
• Check that no terminal is connected and the switch is set to OFF before
opening the device.
• Use only the charging unit supplied with the instrument to recharge the
battery.
• Troubleshooting and metrological verication procedures must only be
performed by qualied, approved personnel, or the factory.
•
NOTE:The potentials on the various rods used for an earth measurement
may be different if a nearby electrical installation is defective or certain
weather conditions prevail (thunderstorms). It is up to the operator
to decide whether to continue or postpone measurements in these
situations.
6
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
1.1 International Electrical Symbols
Signifies that the instrument is protected by double or reinforced insulation.
This symbol on the instrument indicates a WARNING that the operator must
refer to the user manual for instructions before operating the instrument. In
this manual, the symbol preceding instructions indicates that if the instructions
are not followed, bodily injury, installation/sample and/or product damage may
result.
Risk of electric shock. The voltage at the parts marked with this symbol may be
dangerous.
Ground/Earth symbol
In conformity with WEEE 2002/96/EC
1.2 Definition of Measurement Categories
CATII: For measurements performed on circuits directly connected to the electri-
cal distribution system. Exa
ances or portable tools.
CATIII: For measurements performed in the building installation at the distribu-
tion level such as on hardwired equipment in xed installation and circuit
breakers.
CATIV: For measurements performed at the primary electrical supply (<1000V)
such as on primary overcurren
meters.
mples are measurements on household appli-
t protection devices, ripple control units, or
1.3 Receiving Your Shipment
Upon receiving your shipment, make sure that the contents are consistent with the
packing list. Notify your distributor of any missing items. If the equipment appears
to be damaged, le a claim immediately with the carrier and notify your distributor
at once, giving a detailed description of any damage. Save the damaged packing
container to substantiate your claim.
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
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7
1.4 Ordering Information
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471 .........................................Cat. #2135.49
Includes carrying bag, set of two SR182 current probes, 110/240V power adapter with US
power cord, optical USB cable, rechargeable NiMH battery, and a USB stick with DataView®
software, ground tester workbook and user manual.
Includes meter, two carrying bags, two 300 ft color-coded leads on spools (red/blue), two
100 ft color-coded leads (hand-tied, green/black), two 5 ft color-coded leads (red/blue), set of
two SR182 current probes, 110/240V power adapter with US power cord, optical USB cable,
four T-shaped auxiliary ground electrodes, set of ve spaded lugs, one 100 ft tape measure,
rechargeable NiMH battery, and a USB stick with DataView
book and user manual.
1.4.1 Kits, Accessories and Replacement Parts
Test Kit for 3-Pole (3-Point) Testing (150 ft) ................................. Cat. #2135.35
Includes carrying bag, two 150 ft color-coded leads on spools (red/blue), one 30 ft lead
(green), two 5 ft color-coded leads (red/blue), two T-shaped auxiliary ground electrodes, set
of ve spaded lugs and one 100 ft tape measure.
Test Kit for 4-Pole (4-Point) Testing (300 ft) ................................. Cat. #2135.36
Includes carrying bag, two 300 ft color-coded leads on spools (red/blue), two 100 ft colorcoded leads (hand-tied, green/black), two 5 ft color-coded leads (red/blue), four T-shaped
auxiliary ground electrodes, set of ve spaded lugs and one 100 ft tape measure.
Test Kit for 4-Pole (4-Point) Testing (500 ft) ................................. Cat. #2135.37
Includes carrying bag, two 500 ft color-coded leads on spools (red/blue), two 100 ft colorcoded leads (hand-tied, green/black), one 30 ft lead (green), two 5 ft color-coded leads (red/
blue), four T-shaped auxiliary ground electrodes, set of ve spaded lugs and one 100 ft tape
measure.
Test Kit for 3-Pole (3-Point) Testing
(Supplemental for 4-Pole (4-Point) Testing) ............................................. Cat. #2135.38
Includes carrying bag, two 100 ft color-coded leads (hand-tied, green/black), one 30 ft lead
(green), two T-shaped auxiliary ground electrodes, set of ve spaded lugs and one 100 ft tape
measure.
®
software, ground tester work-
Extra Large Classic Tool Bag ........................................................... Cat. #2133.73
Replacement - Power Adapter 110/240V & Power Cord 115V US ... Cat. #5000.13
Replacement - Power Cord 115V US Plug .......................................Cat. #5000.14
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
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9
CHAPTER 2
PRODUCT FEATURES
2.1 Description
The Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471 is a portable measurement instrument
designed to measure:
• Ground Resistance with 2 clamps (no auxiliary rods needed)
• Bond/Connection Resistance (2-Pole and 4-Pole Kelvin sensing)
• Ground Resistance (3-Pole or 4-Pole)
• Ground Coupling Resistance
• Selective Ground Resistance
• Soil Resistivity (Wenner or Schlumberger method)
The Model 6471 measures from 0.01 to 99.99k
seeking out the optimum measurement range, test frequency and test current.
Easy-to-use - Simply connect the leads, select the test mode, press Start and read
the results. Up to 512 test results can be stored in internal memory for later recall
to the display or downloaded to a PC via DataView
The large LCD is easy-to-read and indicates ground electrode resistance, test
voltage, current and frequency as well as individual electrode resistance, battery
status and more.
The Model 6471 is CAT IV rated to 50V and is over voltage protected to more than
250V
AC against accidental connection to live circuits. The voltage is also displayed
on screen. In the event of a system fault, the Model 6471 can withstand 250V
Additional features of the Model 6471 include a heavy-duty eld case sealed
against dust and water when closed (the test button is also sealed against the
elements); manual and automatic test frequency selection from 41 to 513Hz;
4-Pole Soil Resistivity test methods and user selectable 2-Pole or 4-Pole Bond
Resistance test method.
The Model 6471 is powered by 9.6V, 3.5 Ah NiMH rechargeable batteries. An external recharger powered from 120/230V, 50/60Hz is included and provides for
testing while recharging.
The Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471 is rugged, easy-to-use and ideal for
maintenance crews performing numerous tests. It exceeds mechanical and safety
specications for shock, vibration and drop tests per IEC standards. The adjustable
test frequency provides for rejection of high levels of interference, allowing it to be
used under difcult conditions such as high stray currents that affect accuracy
Ω and is auto-ranging, automatically
®
software.
AC.
.
10
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
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2.2 Key Features
• Ground Resistance testing using the 2 clamp method (no auxiliary rods
needed)
• 2- and 4-Pole Bond Resistance/Continuity measurement (DC Resistance)
with automatic polarity reversal
• 4-Pole Soil Resistivity measurement with automatic calculation of Rho (ρ) and
user selection of the Wenner or Schlumberger test method
• 3-Pole Earth Coupling measurement
• Manual and Automatic frequency scan from 41 to 513Hz for optimum test ac-
curacy in electrically noisy environments
• Selectable test voltage of 16 or 32V up to 250mA of test current
• Auto-o power management
• Automatic recognition of all electrode connections and their resistance value
• Stores up to 512 complete test results in internal memory
• Optically isolated USB communication
• Remote set up and operation of all measurements using DataView® software
• Rechargeable NiMH batteries from wall charger or vehicle power
• Rugged dustproof and rainproof eld case – IP53 rated in closed position
• Grounding standards IEC 61557 parts 4 and 5 compliant
• Includes DataView® software for data storage, real-time display, analysis, re-
port generation and system conguration
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
11
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2.3 Control Features
7
23
Ω
1
Figure 2-1
4
GROUND TESTER
MODEL 6471
5
6
1. Four terminals: H (Z) (auxiliary electrode), S (Y) (electrode), ES (Xv) (earth/
ground electrode) and E (X) (earth/ground electrode)
All terminals accept 4mm Ø banana plugs. Terminals H (Z) and ES (Xv) also
accept special plugs for current clamps. S (Y) will take a shielded cable.
2. Connector for charging the battery (see § 9.4).
3. 256 segment multi-line backlit LCD (see § 2.4).
4. Connector for an optical interface to a PC. Either an RS-232 or USB connection can be used (see § 8 - DataView
®
).
5. Rotary switch: OFF position, 5 measurement functions (see § 5 and 6) and
SET-UP function (see § 4.2).
6. START/STOP button: Starts the measurement and compensates for the leads
(in the mΩ measurement function - see § 5.2.1).
7. Six function buttons (see § 2.5).
12
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
2.4 Display
A1
A2
A3
NOTE: External voltages will be displayed only on the small displays (A2 and
A3) without the view of the main display (A1). This helps to rapidly recognize
that these are measurements of external voltages.
Backlight: The backlight turns ON automatically when entering a function and
turns OFF after the function is complete. Press the DISPLAY button to turn it back
on.
NOTE: In the Set-up mode, pressing the DISPLAY button also selects the
next configurable parameter.
A1
A2
A3
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
Top main display
Middle small display
Bottom small display
If this symbol blinks during a passive measurement, a voltage of more than
42V is present at the tester’s inputs.
If this symbol blinks during an active measurement, the limits of use have
been exceeded.
If the symbol appears constant during an active measurement, the values
to be measured are unstable.
Warning buzzer is activated
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Figure 2-2
13
> or <
NOISE
EARTH
COUPLING
S x 1/10
A blinking symbol > (greater than) or < (less than) indicates that the
measurement range is exceeded.
If both symbols are blinking during a passive measurement, the values of
voltage and/or current are too small and are beyond the limits of use. The
resistance R
If both symbols are blinking during an active measurement, the values
to be measured are strongly varying (remedy: switch on smoothing of
measured values with SMOOTH function).
Indicates the battery charge condition; the segments represent the energy.
Indicates whether the 3-Pole EARTH measurement or the EARTH COUPLING
measurement has been selected.
Symbol not used in Model 6471
Symbol not used in Model 6471
Symbol not used in Model 6471
PASS displayed by the tester is then highly uncertain.
OBJ:TEST
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
SWEEP
MANUAL
AUTO
CONFIG
MR
MEM
REMOTE
Object and test number for storage in memory.
Indicates lead compensation for 2-Pole measurement is active
If blinking, indicates the value is ready to be overwritten with a new value
or that a new value will be entered. If more than one value has to be
entered, use the CHANGE
Indicates the test frequency.
Indicates that the secondary function of a button will be used.
Symbol not used in Model 6471
Indicates MANUAL mode - the user has to stop the measurement,
otherwise the measurement keeps on running.
Indicates AUTO mode - measurement stops immediately after all results
are available.
If blinking, indicates the measurement had a disturbance when the measurement was started.
Indicates that the blinking value of AUTO/MANUAL mode, frequency,
voltage or DC current direction can be changed.
Memory recall - indicates the displaying of stored results is active
Indicates that there is recorded data in memory. When blinking, it indicates that the results need to be saved by pressing the MEM button.
Indicates the instrument is remotely controlled by the RS-232/USB
interface.
buttons to move to the next one.
14
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
SMOOTH
Indicates SMOOTHing of the displayed measurement results.
Indicates that a clamp is (steady) or should be (flashing) connected to ES.
ALARM
Measured value (R, U, I).
Indicates that the measurement is running.
Indicates the alarm is activated. An audible alarm will sound if the value
measured is above the limit defined in the SET-UP mode.
Distances to be entered between earth electrode and supplementary
electrodes or between earth electrodes.
Clamp should be connected to H.
If this clamp symbol blinks, the instrument is refusing measurement
because the clamp is not connected correctly.
Symbolizes the soil resistivity value (Rho): W or S indicates that Wenner
or Schlumberger method is used for the measurement (changed by the
Hz/OPTIONS button).
2.5 Button Functions
Starts a measurement and compensates for lead resistance (§ 5.2.1).
START/STOP
Measurement stops automatically (AUTO) or is stopped by pressing this
button again (MANUAL).
Selects the second function highlighted in yellow under the buttons.
Increases or decreases the value of the flashing parameter displayed or
MEM/MR
DISPLAY/
SMOOTH
Hz/OPTIONS/
DISTANCE
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
selects the next parameter. Press the button for a longer time to increase
the change of value speed at a faster rate.
Selects the parameter to be modified or moves the cursor to the right.
MEM: Stores measurements to memory.
MR: Retrieves measurements from memory.
DISPLAY: Displays all parameters of a measurement.
SMOOTH: Smooths the display of measurement providing a more
stable result.
Hz/OPTIONS: Enables configuration of measurement functions.
DISTANCE: Available for soil resistivity and V potential measurements. It
allows the setting of values of distances used for Rho (ρ) calculation.
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15
CHAPTER 3
SPECIFICATIONS
3.1 Reference Conditions
Influencing ParametersReference Values
Temperature68°F ± 5.5°F (20°C ± 3°C)
Relative Humidity45 to 55% RH
Power Supply9 to 11.2V
Frequency Range of Input Signal0 to 440Hz
Capacitance Parallel to Input Resistance0 uF
Electric Field<1 V/m
Magnetic Field< 40 A/m
3.2 Electrical
3.2.1 Frequency Measurements
Measuring method: Digital with a sampling frequency of 4028Hz, low pass, FFT.
The frequency of the strongest spectral component is displayed.
Measuring rate: Display updates approx. 3 times per s.
Measurement Range5 to 450Hz
Resolution1Hz
Operating error± 2Hz
Min. input voltage10mV
Min. current through a clamp0.5mA
3.2.2 Voltage Measurements
Overvoltages up to 75Vrms are displayed as ">65V". Permanent overvoltages
between 70 and 75V at terminals H (Z) and E (X) can cause overheating of the
overvoltage protection varistor.
Voltages of more than 75Vrms lead to error message 31 (excessive external
voltage) or 32 (voltage measurement overrange).
If terminals H (Z) and E (X) are put into contact with the line voltage, the protection
fuse will blow.
16
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
External Voltage Measurements
MeasuringMethod:Digital by sampling at 4028Hz, low pass lter, FFT.
The frequency of the strongest spectral component is displayed.
MeasuringRate: Display updates approx. 3 times per s.
SignalConversion:TRMS or sum of all harmonics 10 to 450Hz during selective
earth measurements with a clamp.
Measured Range0.00 to 9.99V10 to 65V
Resolution0.01V0.1V
Intrinsic error± (2% + 1ct)
Operating error± (5% + 1ct)
Input impedance Z
Operating frequencyDC and 15 to 440Hz
, Z
(Z
H-E
) 1.2MΩ
S-E
S-ES
3.2.3 Current Measurements
External Current Measurements
MeasuringMethod:Digital by sampling at 4028Hz, low pass lter, FFT.
MeasuringRate: Display updates approx. 3 times per s.
SignalConversion:Sum of all harmonics 10 to 450Hz
With Current Probe SR182
Measurement Range
Resolution0.01mA0.1mA1mA0.01A0.1A
Frequency range16 to 49Hz50 to 99Hz100 to 400Hz
Operating error from
0.5 to 100mA
Operating error from
0.1 to 40.0A
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
0.00 to
9.99mA
± (10% + 2cts)± (5% + 2cts)± (3% + 2cts)
> 20%± (10% + 2cts)± (5% + 2cts)
10.0 to
99.9mA
100 to
999mA
1.00 to
9.99A
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10 to
40A
17
With Current Probe MN82
Measurement Range
0.00 to
9.99mA
10.0 to
99.9mA
100 to
999mA
1.00 to
9.99A
10 to
40A
(1)
Resolution0.01mA0.1mA1mA0.01A0.1A
Frequency range16 to 49Hz
Operating error from
0.5 to 100mA
± (15% + 2cts)± (7% + 2cts)± (5% + 2cts)
Operating error from
0.1 to 40.0A
(1): The Model 6471 cannot detect whether a current clamp SR182 or MN82 is connected. In the case
of the MN82 clamp, with currents > 10A and frequencies < 100Hz the instrument will not display
any warning messages. It is the operator’s responsibility to observe the limits of use when using the
MN82 clamp.
(1)
50 to 99Hz
> 20%± (15% + 2cts)± (7% + 2cts)
(1)
100 to 400Hz
3.2.4 DC Resistance Measurements
Measuringmethod:Voltage/Current measurement (Standard EN 61557 part 4)
Nominaloutputvoltage:16VDC (if resistance < 22Ω the output voltage is reduced
to 10VDC)
Maxoutputcurrent:> 200mADC for resistances < 20Ω
Maxoverload(permanent):50Vrms (protection up to 250V is guaranteed)
Maxinductiveload:2 H
Maxinterferingvoltage:60Vpeak > 10Hz
Timeforautorangeselecting:approx 5 s
Measuringtime:8 s with automatic polarity inversion
Measuringrate:3 per s in manual mode
Leadcompensation:Possible from 0 to 5Ω
Alarmsetting:“>” or “<” from 1 to 999Ω (max 3 digits)
2-Pole mΩ measurement
Measurement
Range
0.12 to
9.99Ω
10.0 to
99.9Ω
100 to
999Ω
1.00 to
9.99kΩ
10.0 to
99.9kΩ
Resolution0.01Ω0.1Ω1Ω10Ω100Ω
Intrinsic error± (2% + 2cts)
Operating error± (5% + 3cts)
18
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
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4-Pole mΩ measurement
Measurement
Range
Resolution0.001Ω0.01Ω0.1Ω1Ω10Ω
Intrinsic error± (2% + 2cts)
Operating error± (5% + 5cts)
0.020 to
9.999Ω
10.00 to
99.99Ω
100.0 to
999.9Ω
1.000 to
9.999kΩ
10.00 to
99.99kΩ
3.2.5 AC Earth/Ground Resistance Measurements
Measuringmethod: Voltage/Current measurement (EN 61557 part 5)
Opencircuitvoltage: 16 or 32Vrms square wave (if current > 240mA the output
voltage is reduced to 10Vrms)
Testfrequency: Selectable from 41 to 513Hz (see table in § 6.2)
Shortcircuitcurrent: > 200mAAC
Noisesuppression:> 80 dB for frequencies 20% or more above or below the
test frequency
Max.overload:250Vrms
Max. value for RH & RS:100kΩ
Measuringtime:ShortpushonSTART:approx. 7 s for rst value of RE at 128Hz, then 3 measurements per s.
LongpushonSTART: approx. 15 s for rst value of RE at
128Hz, then 3 measurements per s.
The following error indications refer to reference conditions with a test voltage of
32V, test frequency of 128Hz, R
and RS = 1kΩ, no external voltage.
H
The operating error of AC resistance measurements can be less than that speci-
ed for voltage or current because frequency characteristics of the voltage channel
are matched to those of the current channel.
Measurement of auxiliary electrodes R
Measurement
Range
Resolution0.1Ω0.1Ω1Ω10Ω100Ω
Operating error± (10% + 2cts)
0.14 to
9.99Ω
10.0 to
99.9Ω
, RS, RES, RE
H
100 to
999Ω
1.00 to
9.99kΩ
10.0 to
99.9kΩ
The START button must be pressed for more than 2 s. For frequencies between
41 and 256Hz, the resistance of the auxiliary earth electrodes is measured at the
test frequency set. At higher frequencies the resistance is measured at 256Hz.
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
19
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3-Pole earth resistance measurement RE
Measurement
Range
0.09 to
9.99Ω
10.0 to
99.9Ω
100 to
999Ω
1.00 to
9.99kΩ
10.0 to
99.9kΩ
Resolution0.01Ω0.1Ω1Ω10Ω100Ω
Intrinsic error± (2% + 1ct)
Operating conditions: RE < 3 x RH, U
Values for RH, RS and RE Frequency (Hz)
R
(R
+ RS) / RE
H
< 3000
+ RS) / RE
(R
H
< 5000
Note: For a test voltage U
≥ 0Ω, Rs ≤ 3kΩ41 to 513± (3% + 2cts)
H
R
> 3kΩ, Rs ≤ 30kΩ41 to 513± (10% + 2cts)
H
> 30kΩ, Rs < 100kΩ41 to 128± (10% + 3cts)
R
H
of 16V, halve the value for RH.
OUT
4-Pole earth resistance measurement R
Measurement
Range
0.01 to
9,999Ω
10.00 to
99.99Ω
OUT
= 32V
E
100.0 to
999.9Ω
Operating error for R
1.000 to
9.999kΩ
10.00 to
99.99kΩ
Resolution0.001Ω0.01Ω0.1Ω1Ω10Ω
Intrinsic error± (2% + 1ct)
Operating conditions: RE < 3 x RH, U
Values for RH, RS and RE Frequency (Hz)
≥ 0Ω, Rs ≤ 3kΩ41 to 513± (3% + 2cts)
+ RS) / RE
(R
H
< 3000
(R
+ RS) / RE
H
< 5000
R
H
R
> 3kΩ, Rs ≤ 30kΩ41 to 513± (10% + 2cts)
H
> 30kΩ, Rs < 100kΩ41 to 128± (10% + 3cts)
R
H
Note:With a test voltage U
of 16V, halve the value of RH.
OUT
OUT
= 32V
Operating error for R
E
E
Selective 4-Pole earth resistance measurement with SR182 or MN82 clamp
Same characteristics as 4-Pole earth measurements with the following particular
conditions:
Minimum current: SR182, IES >0.5mA
MN82, IES >2mA
Maximum R
MN82, (R
ratio: SR182, (R
SEL/RE
SEL/RE
SEL/RE
) <500
) <120
with RH + RE <20Ω
20
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
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3.2.6 Soil Resistivity Measurement ρ
Measuringmethod: Voltage/Current measurement (EN 61557 part 5)
Opencircuitvoltage: 16 or 32Vrms square wave
Testfrequency: Selectable from 41 to 128Hz (see table in § 6.2)
Shortcircuitcurrent: > 200mAAC
Noisesuppression:> 80 dB for frequencies 20% or more above or below the
test frequency
Max.overload:250Vrms
Max. value for RH, RS, RES, RE:100kΩ
Calculationformula,Wenner: ρW = 2p d R
Calculationformula,Schlumberger: ρS = (p (d2 - (A/2)²) / A) RMaximum value of ρ: 999kΩm (display in kΩft is not possible)
Measuringtime: ShortpushonSTART:approx. 8 s for rst value of R
128 Hz, then 3 measurements per s.
LongpushonSTART: approx. 20 s for rst value of R
128 Hz, then 3 measurements per s.
S-ES
S-ES
S-ES
S-ES
at
at
Measurement
Range
0.00 to
9.99Ω
10.0 to
99.9Ω
100 to
999Ω
1.00 to
9.99kΩ
10.0 to
99.9kΩ
Resolution0.01Ω0.1Ω1Ω10Ω100Ω
Intrinsic error± (2% + 1ct)
The intrinsic error specied refers to reference conditions with a test voltage of
32V, test frequency of 128Hz, R
Operating conditions : R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
is the resistance of the earth rods R
rod
cal.
electrode
electrode
electrode
S-ES
electrode
/ R
electrode
/ R
electrode
/ R
Note: With a test voltage U
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
, R
, R
ρ-H
< 3 x R
ρ-S
and:Operating error for R
ρ
-H
ρ-ES
and R
≤ 100kΩ
≤ 2000
S-ES
≤ 50kΩ
≤ 10,000
S-ES
≤ 10kΩ
≤ 20,000
S-ES
, R
ρ
of 16V, halve the value of R
OUT
, R
ρ
-E
-ES
= 1kΩ, no external voltage.
ρ-E
S-ES
± (7% + 2cts)
± (15% + 3cts)
± (20% + 1ct)
, R
ρ
assumed to be identi-
ρ
-E
-H
.
rod
21
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Measurement of auxiliary electrodes R
Measurement
Range
0.14 to
9.99Ω
10.0 to
99.9Ω
, R
, R
, R
ρ
ρ
-H
ρ
-S
100 to
999Ω
-ES
ρ
-E
1.00 to
9.99kΩ
10.0 to
99.9kΩ
Resolution0.1Ω0.1Ω1Ω10Ω100Ω
Operating error± (10% + 2cts)
The START button must be pressed for more than 2 s. For frequencies between
41 and 128Hz, the resistance of the auxiliary earth electrodes is measured at the
test frequency set. At higher frequencies the resistance is measured at 128Hz.
3.2.7 Earth/Ground Measurements with 2 Clamps
Measuringmethod: Voltage/Current measurement with a rectangular AC signal
PowerSupply:110/220, 50/60Hz external charger with 18VDC, 1.9A output or
12VDC vehicle power
Fuse:0.63A, 250V, 5x20mm, 1.5kA
BatteryLife:
FunctionPower consumedTypical number of measurements
Device off< 5 mW—
Voltage Measurement1.5 W4500
(2)
m
Ω
3-Poles, 4-Pole
2 Clamps3.7 W2000
(1): Measurements in automatic mode at 25-s intervals
(2): With R = 1Ω
(3): With RH + RE = 100Ω
(4): With RH + RS-ES = 100Ω
(3)
(4)
ρ
4.9 W1500
4.9 W1500
4.9 W1500
3.5 Mechanical
Dimensions: 10.7 x 9.76 x 5.12" (272 x 248 x 130mm)
Weight:7 lbs (3.2kg) approx
CaseMaterial: ULV0 Polypropylene
Terminals:4mm recessed banana jacks
CaseProtection:EN 60529 - IP53 (cover closed)
DropTest:Per EN 61010-1
VibrationTest:Per EN 61557-1
(1)
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23
3.6 Environmental
OperatingTemperature:32° to 113°F (0° to 45°C); 0 to 90% RH
SpeciedOperatingTemperature
StorageTemperature: -40° to 158°F (-40° to 70°C); 0 to 90% RH
Altitude:< 3000m
(1): This range corresponds to the one defined by standard EN 61557, for which an operating error including the
quantities of influence is defined. When the device is used outside this range, 1.5%/10°C and 1.5% between
75 and 90% RH must be added to the operating error.
(1)
: 0° to 95°F (0° to 35°C); 0 to 75% RH
3.7 Safety
Electromagnetic Compatibility
This instrument satises the EMC and LVD directives required for the CE marking
and product standard IEC 61326-1 (Ed. 97) + A1 (Ed. 98).
• Immunity in industrial environment
• Emissions in residential environment.
Electrical safety according to EN 61010-1 (Ed. 2 of 2001)
Measurement according to EN 61557 (Ed. 2 of 2007) parts 1, 4 and 5.
CAT IV, 50V
Pollution Degree 2
*Specications are subject to change at any time without notice
24
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
CHAPTER 4
OPERATION
NOTE: For detailed information regarding ground resistance testing, see
the Understanding Ground Resistance Testing Workbook CD that was
included with the instrument.
4.1 General Operating Instructions
The Model 6471 has operating modes:
• Automatic mode for routine applications.
• Manual (Expert) mode in which the user can change the parameters of the
measurement functions.
NOTE: Fully charge the battery before the first use (see § 9.4)
4.1.1 Automatic Mode
• Set the switch to the desired function.
• Make the connections appropriate to the function.
• Press the START/STOP button. The device makes the measurement and
stops automatically.
• Read the measurement result on the display and the relevant parameters
using the DISPLAY button.
• To save the information in memory, use the MEM button (see § 7.1).
4.1.2 Manual (Expert) Mode
• Set the switch to the desired function.
• Make the connections appropriate to the function.
• Select MANUAL mode.
• Choose various measurement parameters using the Hz/OPTIONS button.
• Press the START/STOP button. The measurement frequency or the direc-
tion of the current (resistance measurement) can be changed during the
measurement. To view their impact upon the measurement and the parameters relevant to the measurement use the DISPLAY button.
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25
• When the measurement results are acceptable, stop the measurement by
pressing the START/STOP button.
• View the result on the display and toggle through the relevant parameters
using the DISPLAY button.
• To record the information into memory, use the MEM button(see § 7).
4.2 Instrument Configuration (SET-UP mode)
To congure the Model 6471 parameters, turn the rotary switch to SET-UP:
• All the segments on the display are activated for 1 second and then the
“PUSH button” message appears on the display.
• Various parameters are accessible by pressing the corresponding button.
• The number or symbol which can be modied ashes. These are changed
using the SELECT button [►] and CHANGE buttons [▲▼].
• To exit SET-UP, turn the rotary switch to another position.
• All of the parameters that are modied are permanently saved until a new
instrument conguration is performed.
Parameter to be modifiedButtonPossible values
Date and MonthHz/OPTIONS
TimeHz/OPTIONS
Baud RateHz/OPTIONS(3
Default configurationHz/OPTIONS
Distance unitDISPLAY
Alarm (for m
Ω and 2-Pole
DISPLAY(2
measurements only)
BuzzerDISPLAY
Modbus addressDISPLAY
Memory usedMEM
Memory locationMR
*International format date and time only
(1st press)yyyy.mm.dd*
(2nd press)hh : mm*
rd
press)9.6k / 19.2k / 38.4k
(4th press)yes / no
(1st press)m (meter) or ft (feet)
nd
press)ON / OFF
direction (< or >)
value (1 to 999
(3rd press)ON / OFF
(4th press)1 to 247
(1st press)000 to 512 (total
number of locations)
(1st press)
OBJ:TEST
Ω)
26
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
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CHAPTER 5
AUTOMATIC MODE
VOLTAGE CHECK: The tester first checks for possible interference. If there
is an external voltage of more than 42V, the warning triangle will be
displayed. If measurements are being performed in AUTO mode and a
disturbance frequency is detected, the tester will automatically look for a
frequency that is different from the default 128Hz.
5.1 Switching the Test Voltage
Available in all functions except mΩ and 2 Clamp.
If necessary, the test voltages can be switched to either 16 or 32V as follows:
• Press the Hz/OPTIONS button, then press it again to make the output voltage (Uout) blink.
• Use the ► button to switch to 16 or 32V, then press Hz/OPTIONS again.
This setting is retained when the unit is turned off.
5.2 Resistance Measurement mΩ (2-Wire)
WARNING: Before performing the resistance test, verify that the sample
under test is not energized.
1. Set the switch to
2. Connect the resistance to terminals H (Z) and E (X).
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
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.
R
27
3. The 6471 makes a measurement with a positive current (R+), then reverses the
direction of the current and makes another measurement with negative (R-).
H
ALARM
E
AUTO
±
DC
Ω
Ω
Ω
R =
(R+) + (R-)
2
H
ALARM
E
AUTO
±
DC
Ω
Ω
Ω
4. To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.
The device displays the following parameters:
R+, R-, +U
H-E
, +I
H-E
, -U
H-E
, -I
H-E
, U-Act (U
and its frequency) and R∆0 if there
H-E
is compensation for the measurement leads.
5.2.1 Lead Compensation Measurement
Lead compensation subtracts the resistance of the test leads from the measured
result.
• Short the two measurement leads connected to H (Z) and E (X) terminals.
• Press the 2nd button, then the START/STOP button to start the measure-
ment.
• This value will be deducted from all resistance values measured thereafter
until the rotary switch is turned to another function.
H
ALARM
E
appears on the display after the compensation value has been measured.
NOTE: If the compensation resistance is > 5Ω, or if the leads are not shorted
when the measurement is started, the value of compensation will be canceled.
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
AUTO
±
DC
AC
Ω
R
0
Ω
5.2.2 Alarm Function
2
3
This function is active only for 2-Pole resistance measurements. By default, the
visual alarm (ALARM symbol ashes) and the audible alarm (buzzer sounds for a
few seconds) are triggered when R < 2
This threshold can be changed using the SET-UP function:
Ω.
ALARM
<
Ω
x
Turn the alarm
ON or OFF
Set the value of the alarm
between 1 and 999Ω
and
Access the
type of alarm
Choose a low (<) or
high (>) alarm
Complete the adjustment
of the alarm setting
x
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29
5.3 Resistance Measurement mΩ (4-Wire)
This measurement is used to improve the resolution (10x better than the 2-Wire
measurement) for weak resistance values.
To perform a 4-Wire measurement:
Press Hz/OPTIONS
(AUTO will blink)
Press ►
(H, S, ES and E will all blink)
Press Hz/OPTIONS once again
(H and E will blink)
Conrm choice by pressing
Hz/OPTIONS again
WARNING: Before performing the resistance test, verify that the sample
under test is not energized.
1. Set the switch to
2. Connect the resistance to all 4 terminals.
30
.
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R
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
3. Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.
H
S
ES
E
ALARM
AUTO
±
±
DC
DC
Ω
Ω
Ω
4. To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.
The device displays the following parameters:
R+, R-, +U
H-E
, +I
H-E
, -U
H-E
, -I
H-E
, U-Act (U
and its frequency)
H-E
5.4 Earth/Ground Measurement (3-Pole)
This function is used to measure an earth (ground) resistance with 2 auxiliary
electrodes.
There are several measurement methods, the full and simplied (62% method) will
be discussed in this section.
5.4.1 62% Method
1. Set the switch to
2.
Place electrodes H (Z) and S (Y) to form a straight line with the earth electrode
under test.
The distance between electrode S (Y) and the earth electrode is 62% of
the distance between electrode H (Z) and the earth electrode; the distance
between the electrodes H (Z) and E (X) should be 8 to 10 times the depth of
the rod you are testing.
Ω
.
H (Z)
Ω
Ω
S (Y)
distance d - 62% d
distance A > 80 m
In order to avoid electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwind the full length of
each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the ground,
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
31
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taking care not to form loops, and to avoid placing the cables near or parallel to
metallic conductors (cables, rails, fences, etc.).
Connect the cables to terminals H (Z) and S (Y) (red and blue respectively); disconnect the earth strap from the rod under test, then connect terminal E (green) to
the rod or electrode system to be tested.
3.
Press the 2nd button, then the DISTANCE button. The "hundredths" will blink.
H
S
A
AUTO
m
m
Ω
Ω
d
E
=
DISTANCE
=
4. To modify the hundredths (of meters or feet), press the ▲ button until the
desired digit is displayed (0-9).
5.
To select and modify the tens, press the ► button and then the ▲ button until
the desired digit is displayed (0-9).
6.
To select and modify the units and tenths of a unit, press the ► button and
then the ▲ button until the desired digits are displayed (0.0- 9.9).
7.
To terminate the programming of distance, press the 2nd button and then the
DISTANCE button.
It is also necessary to program distance A. This is done in the same way as for
distance d.
8.
Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.
EARTH
H
S
A
d
E
=
=
AUTO
m
m
H
S
E
AUTO
Ω
mV
mA
9. To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.
The device displays the following parameters:
RE, U
32
S-E
, I
, U-Act (U
H-E
and its frequency, U
H-E
and its frequency).
S-E
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To measure the resistances of auxiliary electrodes H (Z) and S (Y), or if the resistance of the electrodes is too high(see § 10.1), start the measurement with a long
press of the START/STOP button.
R
, RS will be displayed.
H
EARTH
H
S
> 2s
E
AUTO
Ω
kΩ
kΩ
NOTE: Repeat the process at 52% and at 72% for the S electrode.
5.4.2 Full Method
A more thorough measurement can be obtained by taking measurement by moving the S (Y) auxiliary electrode every 10% between H (Z) and E (X) and plotting
the results. A distinct plateau should result as shown below.
R10
010
R30 R40 R50
R20
2030405060708090100
R60
% H - E
Take the average of the 3 or 4 readings on the
plateau to obtain the earth electrode resistance.
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R70
R90
R80
R40 + R50 + R60 + R70
R =
4
33
5.4.3 Recommendations for a Reliable Measurement
d2
Moving the Auxiliary Electrodes
Move electrode S (Y) towards electrode H (Z) by a distance equal to 10% of d and
make another measurement. Then move electrode S (Y) again by a distance equal
to 10% of d, but towards the earth electrode.
H (Z)
S (Y)
52% d
62% d
72% d
d
The 3 measurement results should be the same to within a few percent. If this is
the case, the measurement is valid.
If not, electrode S (Y) is in the zone of inuence of the earth electrode. It will be
necessary to increase distance d for the H (Z) auxiliary electrode and repeat the
measurements.
Positioning of the Auxiliary Electrodes
To make sure that your earth measurements are not distorted by interference, we
recommend repeating the measurement with the auxiliary electrodes placed at a
different distance and in another direction (for example, rotated 90° from the rst
alignment).
H (Z)
S (Y)
H (Z)
S (Y)
E (X)
d1
If you nd the same values, your measurement is reliable. If the measured values
are substantially different, it is likely that they were inuenced by earth currents or
a groundwater source. It may be useful to drive the electrodes deeper and/or wet
the ground near them to reduce their contact resistance with the soil.
Avoid routing the connecting cables of the earth electrodes near or parallel to other
cables (transmission or supply), metallic conductors, rails, or fences: high test fre-
quencies may cause cross-talk and affect the measurements.
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5.5 Earth/Ground Measurement (4-Pole)
H (Z)
5.5.1 Measurement without a Clamp
This function is suited to the measurement of very low earth resistances. It
provides better resolution (10x better than 3P measurement) and there is no need
to compensate for the resistance of the measurement leads.
1.
Set the switch to .
2. Place electrodes H (Z) and S (Y) at least 30m apart.
S (Y)
> 30 m
> 30 m
In order to avoid electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwind the full length of
each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the ground,
taking care not to form loops, and to avoid placing the cables near or parallel to
metallic conductors (cables, rails, fences, etc.). Connect the cables to terminals
H (Z) and S (Y); disconnect the earth strap from the rod under test, then connect
terminals E (X) and ES (Xv) to the earth electrode to be tested.
3.
Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.
H
S
ES
E
AUTO
Ω
mV
mA
4. To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.
The device displays the following parameters:
RE, U
S-E
, I
H-E
, U-Act (U
and its frequency, U
H-E
and its frequency).
S-E
To measure the resistances of auxiliary electrodes H (Z) and S (Y), or if the resistance of the electrodes is too large(see § 10.1), start the measurement with a long
press of the START/STOP button.
R
, RS, U
H
will be displayed.
H-E
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35
> 2s
R
E4
H
S
ES
E
AUTO
Ω
kΩ
kΩ
We recommend repeating the measurement with the auxiliary electrodes placed at
a different distance and in another direction (see § 5.4.3).
5.5.2 Measurements with a Clamp
For this selective earth measurement you need a current clamp, either an SR182
(provided) or an MN82 (available as an accessory). These two types of current
clamps are specially designed to work with the 6471 ground tester.
The SR182 is more precise, suited to the measurement of higher currents (up to
40Arms) and for use on thicker conductors, while the MN82 (which is easier to
handle) accepts currents up to 10Arms and can be placed on conductors up to
3/4" (20mm) in diameter.
1.
Set the switch to .
2. Place electrodes H (Z) and S (Y) at least 30m (98 ft) apart so that there is no
interference between them.
H (Z)
S (Y)
> 30 m (98 ft)
> 30 m (98 ft)
R
R
R
E3
E1
E2
In order to avoid electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwind the full length of
each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the ground,
taking care not to form loops, and to avoid placing the cables near or parallel to
metallic conductors (cables, rails, fences, etc).
3.
Connect the cables to terminals H (Z) and S (Y), connect a cable between
terminal E (X) and the earth electrode under test, then connect the clamp to
terminal ES (Xv). The device recognizes it automatically.
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
4. Clamp to the path of the earth electrode to be checked, then connect a lead
from the current clamp to this same point [connection to terminal ES (XV) ].
Take care not to place the cable of electrode H (Z) too close to the current
clamp in order to avoid any transmission of the AC signal to the clamp (especially when using an MN82 clamp).
5.
Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.
H
S
ES
E
You can now move the clamp and its lead to measure the other earth resist-
6.
ances, R
7.
To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.
, RE3, etc.
E2
AUTO
mV
mA
Ω
= RE1
R
SEL
The device displays the following parameters:
R
, U
SEL
S-ES
frequency).
, I
H-E
, R-Act (R
), U-Act (U
PASS
and its frequency), I-Act (IES and its
H-E
To measure the resistances of auxiliary electrodes H (Z) and S (Y), or if the resistance of the electrodes is too large (see § 10.1), start the measurement with a long
press of the START/STOP button.
R
, RH, RS, U
E
will be displayed.
E-S
> 2s
H
S
ES
E
AUTO
Ω
kΩ
kΩ
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37
5.6 Soil Resistivity Measurements (
ρ
Position)
To measure the resistivity of the soil, two measurement methods are possible:
Wenner and Schlumberger
The difference between the two methods lies in the positioning of the electrodes.
By default, the device selects the Wenner method. The Schlumberger method,
which allows you to move only 2 measurement electrodes rather than 3, is better
suited for measuring soil resistivity at multiple depths.
The soil resistivity measurement with different distances d, and therefore in dif-
ferent layers (in depth) of the soil, can be used to establish resistivity proles of
the soil in question, which can be useful for geological analysis, the exploration
of deposits, hydrological studies, etc., and to determine the location of an earth
electrode.
5.6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wenner and Schlumberger
SchlumbergerWenner
AdvantageDisadvantageAdvantageDisadvantage
Need to move the two
potential electrodes ES
(Xv) and S (Y) only for
most readings. This can
significantly decrease the
time required to acquire
a sounding
Because the potential
electrodes remain in
fixed locations, the effects of the near surface
lateral variations in
resistivity are reduced.
38
Because the potential
electrode spacing is
small compared to
the current electrode
soakings, higher meter
sensitivity is required.
In general, interpretations
based on DC soundings
will be limited to simple,
horizontal; layered
structures
Potential electrode
spacing increases
as current electrode
spacing increases. Less
sensitive meters may
be used.
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
All four electrodes, the two
current E (X) and H (Z) and
the two potential ES (Xv)
and S (Y) must be moved
equally to acquire each
reading.
Because all electrodes
are moved for each
reading, this method can
be more susceptible to
near-surface, lateral, and
variations in resistivity.
These near surface lateral
variations could potentially
be misinterpreted in terms
of depth variations in
resistivity.
In general, interpretations
based on DC soundings
will be limited to simple,
horizontal; layered
structures.
Source: DC Resistivity - T. Boyd
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5.6.2 Changing the Measurement Method
x 2
1. Set the switch to .
2. Press the Hz/OPTIONS button. "AUTO" will blink.
W
H
ρ
d
S
d
ES
d
E
CONFIG
3. Press the Hz/OPTIONS button again. "W" will blink.
4.
Press the ► button to change to the Schlumberger method.
5. To confirm and exit, press the Hz/OPTIONS button twice.
W
H
ρ
d
S
d
ES
d
E
CONFIG
AUTO
V
Hz
H
ρ
S
d
S
A
ES
d
E
CONFIG
AUTO
V
Hz
AUTO
V
Hz
To switch back to the Wenner method, simply repeat this procedure.
The last measurement method selected (Wenner or Schlumberger) is stored in
memory when the device is switched off.
5.6.3 Programming the Distance for Electrode Placement
The distance can be programmed before or after the measurement. If it is not
programmed, only the value of R
indeterminate.
1.
Set the switch to .
2.
Press the 2nd button, then the DISTANCE button. The "hundredths" will blink.
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will be displayed, since the value of ρ remains
S-ES
39
W
H
ρ
d
S
d
ES
d
E
DISTANCE
=
AUTO
Ωm
Ω
m
3. To modify the hundredths (of meters or feet), press the ▲ button until the
desired digit is displayed (0-9).
4.
To select and modify the tens, press the ► button and then the ▲ button until
the desired digit is displayed (0-9).
5.
To select and modify the units and tenths of a unit, press the ► button and
then the ▲ button until the desired digits are displayed (0.0- 9.9).
6.
To terminate the programming of distance, press the 2nd button and then the
DISTANCE button.
In the case of the Schlumberger method, it is also necessary to program distance
A. This is done in the same way as for distance d.
5.6.4 Wenner Method
1. Set the switch to .
2. Place the 4 earth electrodes on a straight line, at a distance d from one another and at a depth p < 1/20 d. Distance d must be between 2 and 30m.
3.
Connect the cables to the electrodes, then to terminals H (Z), S (Y), ES (Xv),
and E (X) in sequence.
4.
Program the distance into the instrument as described in § 5.6.3.
H
SES
d
E
d
d
p
In order to avoid electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwind the full length of
each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the ground,
40
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
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taking care not to form loops, and to avoid placing the cables near or parallel to
metallic conductors (cables, rails, fences, etc.).
5.
Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.
W
H
ρ
d
S
d
ES
d
E
ρ
= 2.π.d.R
W
AUTO
S-ES
k Ωm
Ω
m
To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.
The device displays the following parameters:
ρW, R
S-ES
, d, U
S-ES
, I
H-E
, U-Act (U
and its frequency, U
S-ES
and its frequency).
H-E
To measure the resistances of the auxiliary electrodes H (Z), S (Y), ES (Xv) and E
(X), or if the resistance of the electrodes is too high (see § 10.1), start the measure-
ment by a long press of the START/STOP button.
R
and R
P-E
, then R
P-H
P-ES
and R
will be displayed.
P-S
> 2s
W
H
ρ
d
S
d
ES
d
E
AUTO
k Ωm
kΩ
kΩ
W
H
ρ
d
S
d
ES
d
E
AUTO
k Ωm
kΩ
kΩ
5.6.5 Schlumberger Method
1. Set the switch to .
2. Place electrodes S (Y) and ES (Xv) at a distance A apart, then place elec-
trodes H (Z) and E (X) in the same straight line, at a distance d measured from
the midpoint of distance A. Distance d must be between 2 and 30m.
3.
Drive the electrodes to a depth p of not more than 1/20 of d.
4.
Connect the cables to the electrodes, then to terminals H (Z), S (Y), ES (Xv),
and E (X).
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41
5. Program the distance into the instrument as described in § 5.6.3.
H (Z)
S (Y)ES (Xv)
A
d
E (X)
p
d
In order to avoid electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwind the full length of
each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the ground,
taking care not to form loops, and to avoid placing the cables near or parallel to
metallic conductors (cables, rails, fences, etc.).
6.
Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.
H
ρ
d
S
A
ES
d
E
S
d2-
ρ
= π. .R
s
=
2
A
4
A
AUTO
S-ES
Ωm
Ω
m
To display the measurement parameters, press DISPLAY several times.
The device displays the following parameters:
ρS, R
S-ES
, d, U
S-ES
, I
H-E
, U-Act (U
and its frequency, U
S-ES
and its frequency).
H-E
To measure the resistances of the auxiliary electrodes H (Z), S (Y), ES (Xv),
and E (X), or if the resistance of the electrodes is too high (see § 10.1), start the
measurement by a long press of the START/STOP button.
R
and R
P-E
, then R
P-H
P-ES
and R
will be displayed.
P-S
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> 2s
H
ρ
S
d
S
A
ES
d
E
AUTO
Ωm
kΩ
kΩ
H
ρ
S
d
S
A
ES
d
E
AUTO
Ωm
kΩ
kΩ
5.7 Earth/Ground Measurements with Two Clamps
This is a quick way to measure the value of the earth.
NOTE: Any error that occurs will be on the high side without the need of
auxiliary electrodes.
The current clamp connected to terminal H (Z) applies a voltage to the circuit to be
measured. The value of the resulting current is determined by the impedance of
the circuit to be measured. The current owing in the loop is measured using the
clamp connected to terminal ES (Xv). The device then calculates loop resistance
R
from these quantities.
LOOP
NOTE: Use only SR182 or MN82 current clamps, which are specially designed
to operate with the Model 6471.
1. Set the switch to
.
2. Connect a clamp to terminal H (Z) and clamp it to a point down stream from
the rod under test that is a serial path to the earth.
3.
Connect the other clamp to terminal ES (Xv) and clamp it to the rod or elec-
trode system to be measured.
R
R
E1
R
E2
E3
R
E
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Observe the following minimum distances between the two clamps in order to
avoid direct electromagnetic inuences between the transmitting clamp and the
receiving clamp:
Value measured
Ω)
(
Minimum separation
MN82SR182
0 to 10.1m (4")0m (0")
1 to 50.4m (1' 04")0.1m (4")
5 to 100.5m (1' 08")0.2m (8")
10 to 500.7m (2' 04")0.3m (1')
50 to 1000.9m (3')0.5m (1' 08")
100 to 5001.2m (4')0.5m (1' 08")
1. Start the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button.
In the case of the diagram below, the earth impedance measured is equal to:
R
= RE + ( RE1 // RE2 // RE3)
LOOP
> 2s
H
ES
AUTO
m A
Hz
Ω
NOTE: In the AUTO mode, the measurement frequency is 1611Hz. To make
an earth measurement that is free of inductive effects, you must change to
MANUAL mode and choose a lower measurement frequency (see §6.2).
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
CHAPTER 6
MANUAL MODE
All of the measurement functions described in § 5 (AUTO mode) can be performed
in MANUAL mode if necessary.
To access MANUAL mode:
• Press the Hz/OPTIONS button once. The Hz/OPTIONS symbol appears
and the AUTO indicator blinks.
• Use the ► button to switch from AUTO to MANUAL.
• When the tester is in MANUAL mode you can press Hz/OPTIONS repeatedly
to see various parameters that can be set, depending on the measurement
function selected.
When a measurement is performed by a short or long press on the START/STOP
button (the circular arrows
stopped by a second press of this button.
Whenever a new measurement function is selected, the device automatically
changes back to AUTO mode.
on the display will rotate), the measurement can be
6.1 Switching the Test Voltage
Available in all functions except mΩ and 2 Clamp.
If necessary, the test voltages can be switched to either 16 or 32V as follows:
• Press the Hz/OPTIONS button, then press it again to make the output voltage (Uout) blink.
• Use the ► button to switch to 16 or 32V, then press Hz/OPTIONS again.
This setting is retained when the unit is turned off.
6.2 Measurement Frequency Selection
If there are signals with a frequency that could interfere with the chosen test frequency, the NOISE symbol will appear.
While in MANUAL mode, change the frequency by pressing the Hz/OPTIONS
button until the frequency flashes.
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Press the ► button to choose the following frequencies:
There are two user frequencies: one for resistivity and one for earth and soil potential measurements. These two values remain in memory even after the device
is switched off.
For soil resistivity measurements, the user frequency is limited to 128 Hz.
6.3 Manual Settings for mΩ Measurements
Pressing Hz/OPTIONS in MANUAL mode allows the following parameters to be
changed using the ► button:
• Terminal symbols H and E blinkH S ES E blink (4-Pole measurement)
• POS on H and DC+ blinks neg on H and DC- (reversal of polarity at terminal H)
In MANUAL mode the tester does not reverse polarity automatically during the
measurement; however, the polarity can be reversed during the measurement by
pressing the Hz/OPTIONS button.
6.3.1 Continuity Test
The 2-wire mΩ measurement gives a quick measurement result, accompanied by
an audible beep, during a continuity check.
The display is in the sensitivity range (0.5
limited to terminal H (Z) (a cable must be connected to it), making it possible to
start the measurement with an open circuit.
For a continuity check, the following settings are mandatory:
• The 2-wire mΩ measurement function must be selected.
• The device must be in manual mode.
• The alarm function must be active (On).
• The alarm threshold must be low (<).
• The buzzer must be activated (bEEP On).
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Ω to 1.99kΩ) and the terminal check is
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
6.4 3-Pole Earth/Ground Measurements & Coupling
Measurement #3
1E
#2Measurement
6.4.1 3-Pole Earth/Ground Measurements
Pressing on Hz/OPTIONS in MANUAL mode allows the following parameters to
be changed using the ► button:
• EARTH blinks Earth Coupling Measurement
• 128 Hz blinks Test Frequency Measurement
• Test voltage blinks Test Voltage Selection
6.4.2 Earth/Ground Coupling Measurements
This measurement calls for making and storing three intermediate measurements
(at the same frequency). It is available only in MANUAL mode.
Connection diagram:
Earth
#1
R
R
1-2
R
A
1
R
C
R
b
arth 2
Measurement
R
2
Press Hz/OPTIONS and use the ► button to switch from EARTH to EARTH COU-
PLING. Proceed as follows:
• If you want to eliminate the resistance of the measurement leads, you can
use lead compensation (2nd + START) before starting the actual coupling
measurement (see § 5.2.1).
• Turn the rotary switch to 3-Pole.
• Select a test frequency and a test voltage (if desired).
• The screen displays EARTH COUPLING 1. Make a 3-pole earth measurement on the rst earth system (measurement of R1 in the connection dia-
gram on previous page).
• Stop the measurement by pressing the START/STOP button. The MEM
symbol ashes to indicate that this result must be recorded in memory.
Press the MEM button twice. To save to another location, refer to §7.1.
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• The screen now displays EARTH COUPLING 2. Make a 3-pole earth mea-
surement on the second earth system (measurement of R2). For this second
measurement, leave the H (Z) and S (Y) electrodes in the same positions as
for the rst measurement.
• Store this result in the same memory location as before by pressing the
MEM button twice.
• The screen now displays the message EARTH COUPLING 3. Disconnect
terminal S (Y) and make a 2-wire resistance measurement with terminal H (Z) connected to earth 1 and terminal E (X) to earth 2.
• Record this result by pressing the MEM button twice.
• EARTH COUPLING 4 and the results of the measurements are displayed.
The calculation is based on the following formulas:
R
= (R1 + R2 – R
C
C1 = RC/R1 and C2 = RC/R
R
= R2 - R
b
C
)/2
1-2
= R1 - RC
2 RA
• To display all of the measurement parameters, press the MR button.
• To scroll through all of the measurements, use the ► and ▲ buttons.
then x 4
Press DISPLAY several times to display the following parameters:
EARTH COUPLING 1
EARTH COUPLING 2
EARTH COUPLING 3
EARTH COUPLING 4
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R1 , U
R
2
R
OUT
, U
OUT
, U
1-2
and frequency, U
and RS if long press of START/STOP
R
H
and frequency, U
and RS if long press of START/STOP
R
H
and frequency, I
H-E
R
, C1, C2, RA, Rb, U
C
, I
, U-In (U
S-E
H-E
, I
, U-In (U
S-E
H-E
, U-In (U
H-E
and its frequency.
out
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
and frequency)
S-E
and frequency)
S-E
and frequency).
H-E
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6.5 4-Pole Earth/Ground Measurements
Pressing the Hz/OPTIONS button allows the following parameters to be changed
using the ► button:
• 128Hz blinks Change the test frequency
• Test voltage blinks Switch between 16 and 32V
6.6 Soil Resistivity Measurements
Pressing the Hz/OPTIONS button allows the following parameters to be changed
Pressing the Hz/OPTIONS button allows the following parameters to be changed
using the ► button:
• 1611Hz blinks Change the test frequency
6.8 Smoothing
In the manual mode, you can activate or deactivate the smoothing of the measurement results by pressing the 2nd + DISPLAY (SMOOTH) buttons. This smoothing
consists in displaying an exponential mean value, a signicant help with highly
uctuating values.
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CHAPTER 7
MEMORY FUNCTION
The instrument has a total of 512 memory locations. Each of these locations is
dened by an object number (OBJ) from 01 to 99 and by a TEST number from 01
to 99.
For 3- and 4-pole earth measurements, the sweep mode (SWEEP) can record
several measurement results at the same memory location, with the frequency as
third addressing criterion.
During soil potential or resistivity measurements (Wenner or Schlumberger meth-
ods), several measurement results are recorded at the same memory location,
with the distance between electrodes as the third addressing criterion.
For earth coupling measurements (EARTH COUPLING 1, 2, 3, 4), the four measurements provide the third addressing criterion for the same memory location.
None of the other measurements has an additional addressing criterion, so each
occupies only one memory address.
Since each measurement is dated, you must set the date and time of the device
before any storage in memory(see § 4.2).
7.1 Saving Measurements into Memory
Measurement results can be saved by performing the following:
• Press the MEM button. The tester will automatically suggest the next free
memory location ( message).
• Press the MEM button a second time to save to the OBJ/TEST location.
• If you decide not to save your results, press DISPLAY to exit MEM mode.
• To change the OBJ and TEST location, use the ► and ▲▼ buttons.
NOTE: If a memory location is already occupied, the message
played. Pressing the MEM button will overwrite the measurement record.
For soil resistivity and potential measurements, if several measurements are made
with different distances d, you can store them under the same OBJ:TEST number,
with the distance as third addressing criterion.
It will be possible to overwrite values already stored with new ones having the
same distance d, or even to add new results having other values for the distance d
provided that all of the other measurement parameters are identical.
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will be dis-
7.2 Recalling Measurements from Memory
To recall saved measurements, perform the following:
• Select a measurement function, then press the and MR buttons.
• Use the ► and ▲▼ buttons to choose the OBJ and TEST numbers.
• Press the DISPLAY button to display the time (tiME) and date (dAtE).
• Press DISPLAY again to display the measurement and its parameters.
• Press the MR button again to exit the recall mode.
The SET-UP function lets you read all memory addresses one after the other
independently of which measurement function is chosen.
Any measurement stored in the tester can be retrieved individually using Data-
®
View
software (see § 8).
7.3 Erasing Measurements from Memory
There are two ways to erase measurements - complete and selective.
7.3.1 Erasing All Measurements
• Set the switch to SET-UP.
• Push once on the MEM button to display the number of free and available
records.
• Push a second time on the MEM button.
• The display will show “dEL ALL”. Change the blinking NO to YES with the ▲
button, then perform a long press (>2s) on the MEM button.
WARNING: This will delete ALL saved records.
• To exit without erasing, perform a short press on the MEM button.
7.3.2 Erasing Selective Measurements
• Set the switch to SET-UP.
• Press the button.
• Press the MR button. The Object and Test numbers of the last stored test ap-
pear, with the Object number blinking.
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• If you need to change the Object number, press the ▲ button until the desired
number is displayed. Then press the ► button; the Test number now blinks.
• Press the ▲ button until the desired test is displayed.
• Press the MEM button to display the dEL screen. By default, the blinking word
NO appears on the screen, indicating the test is not to be deleted. To delete
the test, press the ▲ button to change the blinking NO to YES, then press and
hold down (>2s) the MEM button. To exit without erasing, perform a short press
on the MEM button.
Note that if the test stored in this Object/Test number is a sweep test (which consists of multiple measurements taken at different frequencies) this procedure only
deletes a single measurement. The remaining sweep measurements will still be
stored in this Object/Test. You must delete all individual measurements to completely remove a sweep test.
When a test is deleted, its Object/Test number is removed from memory. When you
subsequently view stored tests, this number will be skipped. This Object/Test number combination remains unavailable for storing tests until you completely erase
memory, as instructed in Section 7.3.1.
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CHAPTER 8
DATAVIEW® SOFTWARE
8.1 Installing DataView
®
DO NOT CONNECT THE INSTRUMENT TO THE PC BEFORE INSTALLING THE
SOFTWARE AND DRIVERS.
NOTE: When installing, the user must have Administrative access rights
during the installation. The users access rights can be changed after the
installation is complete.
DataView
USB Flash Drive Install
1.
Insert the USB stick into an available USB port (wait for driver to be installed).
2. If Autorun is enabled then an AutoPlay window should appear as shown.
®
must be reinstalled for each user in a multi-user system.
NOTE: If Autorun is disabled, it will be necessary to open Windows Explorer,
then locate and open the USB stick drive labeled “DataView” to view the files
on the drive.
3. In the AutoPlay window, select Open Folder to view Files.
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4. Double-click on Setup.exe from the opened folder view to launch the Data-
View setup program.
NOTE: If installing onto a Vista based computer the User Account Control
dialog box will be displayed. Select the Allow option to proceed.
5. A Set-up window, similar to the one below, will appear.
Figure 8-1
There are several different options to choose from. Some options(*) require an
internet connection.
• DataView, Version x.xx.xxxx - Installs DataView
®
onto the PC.
• *Adobe Reader - Links to the Adobe® website to download the most recent
version of Adobe® Reader to the computer. Adobe® Reader is required for
viewing PDF documents supplied with DataView®.
• *DataView Updates - Links to the online DataView® software updates to
check for new software version releases.
• *Firmware Upgrades - Links to the online rmware updates to check for
new rmware version releases.
• Documents - Shows a list of instrument related documents that you can
view. Adobe
®
Reader is required for viewing PDF documents supplied with
DataView®.
6.
DataView, Version x.xx.xxxx option should be selected by default. Select
the desired language and then click on Install.
7.
The Installation Wizard window will appear. Click Next.
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8.
To proceed, accept the terms of the license agreement and click Next.
9. In the Customer Information window, enter a Name and Company, then click
Next.
10.
In the Setup Type window that appears, select the “Complete” radio button
option, then click Next.
11. In the Select Features window that appears, select the instrument’s control
panel that you want to install, then click Next.
NOTE: The PDF-XChange option must be selected to be able to generate
PDF reports from within DataView®.
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Figure 8-2
55
12. In the Ready to Install the Program window, click on Install.
13.
If the instrument selected for installation requires the use of a USB port, a
warning box will appear, similar to Figure 8-3. Click OK.
Figure 8-3
NOTE: The installation of the drivers may take a few moments. Windows may
even indicate that it is not responding, however it is running. Please wait for
it to finish.
14. When the drivers are nished installing, the Installation Successful dialog
box will appear. Click on OK.
15.
Next, the Installation Wizard Complete window will appear. Click on Finish.
16.
A Question dialog box appears next. Click Yes to read the procedure for con-
necting the instrument to the USB port on the computer.
NOTE: The Set-up window remains open. You may now select another option
to download (e.g. Adobe® Reader), or close the window.
17.Restart your computer, then connect the instrument to the USB port on the
computer.
18.
Once connected, the Found New Hardware dialog box will appear. Windows
will complete the driver installation process automatically.
Shortcuts for DataView
installation process have been added to your desktop.
®
and each instrument control panel selected during the
NOTE: If you connected your instrument to the computer before installing
the software and drivers, you may need to use the Add/Remove Hardware
utility to remove the instrument driver before repeating the process.
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
8.2 Connecting the Model 6471 to your Computer
The Model 6471 is supplied with an optically isolated USB interface cable required
for connecting the instrument to the computer. This cable (Cat. #2135.41) is
equipped with a USB type A on one end, and an optical connector on the other
end.
To connect the Model 6471 to your computer:
1. Connect the optical connector end of the cable to the serial port on the
front panel of the Model 6471 (see Figure 2-1, Item #4).
2. Connect the USB type A end of the cable, to an available USB port on
your computer.
You are now ready to use the DataView
®
software with the 6471.
8.3 Opening the Ground Tester Control Panel
To open the Control Panel, double-click the Ground Tester Icon that was created
during installation, located on the desktop.
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Figure 8-4
57
The Ground Tester Control Panel opens and displays the following:
• A shortcut toolbar.
• A toolbar with the mode selection and start/stop buttons.
• The instrument's status window (on the left-hand side):
- Recorded data from the instrument
- Real-time data
- Connection status
- The communications port and speed of the connection
- The model number, serial number, and rmware version
- Date and time from the clock
- Battery status
• Conguration window that shows all of the parameters available for modi-
cation. This window defaults to the instrument mode that is selected.
• Real-time Measurement window that shows the measurement of each test
performed in real-time (available only after a test has been performed).
If the indicated items are not shown on the screen, select Restore Default Layout
from the Window menu.
8.3.1 Establishing Communication to the Instrument
If the instrument is turned ON at the time the Ground Tester Control Panel is
opened, a communication link will happen automatically.
If the instrument is turned OFF at the time the Control Panel is opened, establish a
communication link by going to Instrument > Connect in the main menu.
• The Communication dialog box will appear. Make sure that the communication port displayed in the dialog box matches the port that the serial cable is
plugged into.
Figure 8-5
• Once the proper communication parameters have been specied, click OK.
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NOTE: The connection status can be seen in the lower right-hand corner of
the Control Panel and in the Instrument window under status.
8.4 Configuring the Instrument
To congure the instrument, perform the following steps.
1. Double-click the Ground Tester icon on your desktop.
2. Go to Instrument >Congurefrom the main menu of the Control Panel.
NOTE:If a connection has not been previously established, the Communi-
cation dialog box will appear (see Fig. 8-5).
3. Once identication is complete, a Conguration dialog window will appear
(if not already open).
The descriptions of the features below appear on several Conguration dialog
boxes, depending on the type of test selected.
•
LoadfromFile:Retrieves stored congurations to be used in programming
the instrument.
• Saveto File: Saves the current conguration. This le will reside on the
computer’s disk drive. Saving different conguration setups can be useful
for future functions and tests.
• SetInstrumentClock: Updates the clock to the PC clock.
• Buzzer: When selected, buzzer is ON.
• Alarm: When selected, alarm is ON.
•
Drop-downIndicators: Indicates the conguration available for each mea-
surement range.
NOTE: To set the Terminal Label markings (e.g. H, S, ES, E or Z, Y, Xv, X),
Measurement units and Rho units, go to Tools > Options.
8.4.1 DC Continuity Test
When DC Continuity is selected from the tool bar, you can:
• Select a 2- or 4-Wire test.
• Select a test current (positive, negative or Auto ±).
• Enter and activate an alarm from 1 to 999Ω (2-Wire only), if desired.
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For very low resistance measurement, a lead compensation value (see § 5.2.1)
may be entered using the Change button.
Input noise status at the input of the meter is always displayed.
Figure 8-6
8.4.2 3-Pole Ground Resistance Test
When 3-Pole Ground Resistance is selected from the tool bar, you can select:
• With or without Auxiliary Rod Resistance.
• Test voltage of 16 or 32VAC.
• Distance "d" from terminal X to terminal Y.
• Distance "a" from terminal X to terminal Z.
• Auto frequency - selects the optimum frequency (from 41 to 513Hz), usually
128Hz, or select manually from the drop-down frequency list.
Selecting a sweep frequency test from the drop-down list will enable the sweep
table selection.
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The Input Noise option allows the viewing of noise for Z or Y inputs.
Figure 8-7
8.4.3 4-Pole Ground Resistance
When 4-Pole Test Resistivity is selected from the tool bar, you can select:
• With or without Auxiliary Rod Resistance.
• Test voltage 16 or 32VAC.
• Auto frequency - selects the optimum frequency (from 41 to 513Hz), usually
128Hz, or select manually from the drop-down frequency list.
Selecting a sweep frequency test from the drop-down list will enable the sweep
table selection.
The Input Noise option allows the viewing of noise for Z or Y inputs.
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Figure 8-8
8.4.4 3-Pole Plus Clamp Resistance
Useful for testing multiple points without having to move the current and potential
electrodes.
This option is only available when there is a current probe connected to the Xv
terminal. The following conguration options are available:
• With or without Auxiliary Rod Resistance.
• Test voltage 16 or 32VAC.
• Auto frequency - select the optimum frequency (from 41 to 5078Hz), usually
128Hz, or select manually from the drop-down frequency list.
Current (Z) and potential electrodes (Y) are installed as in a fall-of-potential test.
Current probe and lead are both connected at the test point. Multiple test points
can be measured by moving the probe with its lead to a new location, but not moving the current and potential electrodes.
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The instrument should be strategically positioned so that the leads will not be too
short to perform all the measurements.
The Input Noise option allows the viewing of noise for Z or Y inputs.
Figure 8-9
8.4.5 4-Pole Soil Resistivity
When 4-Pole Test Resistivity is selected from the tool bar, you can select:
• With or without Auxiliary Rod Resistance.
• Test voltage 16 or 32VAC.
• Auto frequency - selects the optimum frequency (from 41 to 128Hz), usually
128Hz, or select manually from the drop-down frequency list.
• Test Method - Wenner or Schlumberger.
• Distances - the distance “d” (for Wenner test method) or “d” and “a” (for Sch-
lumberger test method), between the test electrodes, needs to be entered
for resistivity calculation to read out directly in Rho.
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Selecting a sweep frequency test from the drop-down list will bring you to the
sweep table selection.
The Input Noise option allows the viewing of noise for Z or Y inputs.
Figure 8-10
8.4.6 Ground Loop R
This mode can only be selected when there are current probes connected to the
Z and Xv terminals. When Ground Loop R is selected from the tool bar, you can
select:
• Auto frequency - selects the optimum frequency (from 1367 to 1758Hz),
usually 1367Hz, or select manually from the drop-down frequency list.
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
Figure 8-11
8.5 Tools Menu
8.5.1 Tools > Options
• Set number display as scientic (1000 as "1E+3") or letters (1000 as "1k").
• Set Label Terminals to be "X", "Xv", "Y", "Z", or "E", "ES", "S", H".
• Set Measurement units to meter or feet
• Set Rho units to Ohm-meter or Ohm-centimeter
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8.5.2 Tools > Colors
Sets colors for measurement channels.
8.5.3 Tools > Recover Data
Every time the directory of recorded data is displayed by the Ground Tester Control
Panel, a backup copy of all the data is saved to a le. Use this option to recover
previous data.
8.6 Starting a Test
Press the START button to begin a test. Some tests congurations are automatic
and end when the data is stable. Others, generally when there is a manual frequency, show a "Stop" button, which should be pressed when the data is available
on the screen and has stable values..
8.7 Downloading Data to Database
Select Recorded Data from the View menu to download the recorded data.
1. Select the data you want to download by clicking on the le name (see
Figure 8-13).
2. Select Create DataView Report. DataView® will be open with the newly
created report.
3. Alternatively, select Create Spreadsheet. Type a name for the download-
ed le. In the Save as type drop-down menu, select either .xls (saves it
as an Excel spreadsheet le), or .csv (saves it as a comma delimited le),
then click Save.
4. Alternatively, select View. After the download is complete, a window will
appear with a graph of the data, and some viewing or channel options. In
that window, you can select Create DataView Report, Create Spread-sheet, or Print.
5. Also, from the Instrument tree view, expand the sections under Recorded Data from the instrument, then click on a line that describes the recorded data. It will bring up a window with a graph of the data.
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8.7.1 Recordings
Figure 8-12
8.7.2 Session Properties
After creating a DataView® report, you can open the Session Properties dialog box
by selecting Edit> Edit Session Properties.
Figure 8-13
The Session Properties dialog allows you to specify Operator, Site and Custom
parameters that are to be saved with recorded data. These parameters are used
when generating reports.
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The Operator and Site tabs allow you to maintain lists of operators and sites,
saving you time when specifying parameters for reports.
On the left of the Operator and Site tabs is the list of previously dened Operators
and Sites. On the right of the Operator and Site tabs is the individual parameters
that will be saved in an associated database. Only a single set of operator and site
elds are saved in the recording database.
The Custom tab contains a list of user dened parameters. Along side each user
dened parameter is a check box. Items that are checked will be added to an
associated database. Only a single set of Custom parameters can be maintained
(unlike the Operator and Site lists). The Custom tab allows you to specify any user
dened parameters (in addition to the comments eld of the Site tab) that are to be
used in displaying a report.
NOTE: You can also set defaults for session properties within the Ground
Tester Control Panel by selecting File > Edit Session Properties.
8.8 Saving/Exporting Data to a Spreadsheet or PDF File
Measurement values stored in a database can be saved to a spreadsheet (.csv
le, which can be opened in Microsoft
be opened using free Adobe
®
Reader software).
®
Excel) or exported to a PDF le (which can
NOTE: Exporting to a PDF file can only be performed from within DataView®
itself, not the Micro-ohmmeter Control Panel.
8.8.1 Saving Data to a Spreadsheet from the Control Panel
Tosavedatatoaspreadsheet:
1. With a database open, go to File > Save As.
2. In the Save As dialog box that appears, choose a location to save the le
from the “Save in” drop-down menu.
3. Select .csv or .xls from the Save as type drop-down menu, then click
Save.
NOTE: To export the data to a PDF from the Micro-ohmmeter Control Panel,
first go to File > Create Dataview Report, save as a .dvb, then open the
saved .dvb file from within DataView® and perform the steps below.
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8.8.2 Exporting Data to a PDF from DataView
®
ToexportdatatoaPDFle:
1. With a database open, go to File > Generate PDF.
2. In the Print dialog box that appears, make sure that PDF-XChange 3.0 is
selected from the drop-down menu, then click OK.
3. When the PDF is complete, the Save As dialog box will appear. Choose a
location to save it to and click Save.
NOTE: Data can also be exported to a spreadsheet from within DataView
®
by go-
ing to File > Export to Spreadsheet.
This completes the process of conguring, running, retrieving data, and printing a
report using DataView
®
with your Model 6471.
In addition to the pre-designed report templates, DataView® allows you to
totally configure reports to your needs. Refer to the DataView® HELP file on
“Templates” to learn more about templates.
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CHAPTER 9
MAINTENANCE
9.1 Maintenance
Please make sure that you have read and fully understand the WARNING
section on page 3.
• To avoid electrical shock, do not attempt to perform any servicing unless
you are qualied to do so.
• To avoid electrical shock and/or damage to the instrument, do not get water
or other foreign agents into the case.
• Turn the instrument OFF and disconnect the unit from all circuits before
opening the case.
• Use specied spare parts only.
9.2 Cleaning
Disconnect the instrument from any source of electricity.
Use a soft cloth lightly moistened with soapy water. Wipe with a moist cloth and
then dry with a dry cloth. Never use alcohol, solvents or hydrocarbons.
9.3 Fuse Replacement
The unit is protected from overloads by two identical fuses:
•
FuseforterminalH(Z):
If this fuse is defective, the unit will no longer produce an output voltage, making it
impossible to perform resistance measurements.
To test this fuse, turn the switch to the mΩ position (2-Wire), connect measurement
leads to terminals H (Z) and E (X) and start a measurement. If the unit refuses to
operate and the symbol for terminal H (Z) blinks, the fuse must be replaced.
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
• FuseforclampterminalES(Xv):
If this fuse is defective, the unit will no longer recognize a clamp that is connected
to terminal ES (Xv), making it impossible to perform a 4-Pole earth measurement
with a clamp or an earth measurement with 2 clamps.
To test this fuse, select the 4-Pole measurement function and connect a test clamp
to terminal ES (Xv). If a clamp symbol does not appear next to the symbol for terminal ES (Xv) in the display, the fuse must be replaced.
NOTE: For safety reasons this fuse must always be replaced by an identical
model: 0.63 A F 250V 5x20mm 1.5kA (Cat. #2135.81)
Procedureforreplacingfuses:
1. Disconnect the unit completely, turn the rotary switch to OFF, and close
the lid.
2. Loosen the four permanent screws at the bottom of the unit, but do not
remove them.
3. Open the lid and carefully turn the housing upside-down, making sure the
front panel does not fall out. Then carefully pull the front panel and the unit
all the way out of the housing.
4. The fuse for terminal H (Z) is accessible at the back of the unit (in the
corner near the terminal for the battery charger).
5. If only the fuse for terminal H (Z) needs to be replaced, jump ahead to step
13. To replace the fuse for the clamp terminal ES (Xv), continue on.
6. Loosen the two screws on the lid of the battery case and remove the lid.
7. Pull the battery a short way out of the case without overstretching the con-
nection leads, and loosen the two screws at the bottom of the case. Then
put the battery back into the case.
8. Making sure the battery leads are not overstretched and that the battery
does not fall out, carefully lift off the back of the unit, turn it over and place
it next to the front panel with the electronic components.
9. The fuse for the clamp terminal ES (Xv) is now accessible on the printed
circuit board [in the corner near terminal E (X)]. When replacing the fuse,
avoid touching the circuitry or components.
10. Return the back of the unit to the front panel with the components, taking
care not to stretch the battery leads. Carefully lower the back of the unit
and make sure that it is aligned correctly (the four cylindrical holes on the
back must slip over the four mounting pins on the front panel). Also make
sure you do not pinch the battery leads or other wires or components.
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11. Pull the battery a short way out of the case without overstretching the
connection leads, and retighten the two screws at the bottom of the case.
Then put the battery back into the case.
12. Put the lid back onto the battery case and screw it shut.
13. Wipe off any dirt on the seal and housing rim.
14. Put the unit back into the housing and screw it into place.
9.4 Recharging the Battery
NOTE: To make the best use of the battery and prolong its service life, observe the following rules.
• Use only the battery charger supplied with the unit; other chargers may be
hazardous!
• Recharge the battery only at temperatures between 32° and 104°F (0° and
+40°C).
• Observe the conditions of use and storage dened in the specications.
Even an NiMH battery can be recharged only a limited number of times. This number, and thus the service life of the battery, is highly dependent on the following
factors:
• the operating conditions
• the recharging conditions
As the earth tester might go some time without use and the battery has a natural
tendency to run down, you should check the battery level at regular intervals. To do
this, turn on the unit and check the battery level indicator
display. If there is only one bar in the symbol or if there are no bars at all, the battery should be recharged.
If the unit is not used for a long time, the battery might run down all the way. In
this case, recharging can take several hours. In addition, the unit might not work
properly at the start of recharging.
The capacity and lifetime of the battery may also be diminished. After about ve
charging/discharging cycles the battery will recover its initial capacity.
To recharge the battery, plug the charging unit into the connector at the upper left
(connector
source (suitable for Europe and the U.S.). The frame of the battery symbol will
blink during charging. Charging goes faster when the tester is turned off. The battery voltage is shown on the large display next to Ubatt.
72
in Fig. 2-1) and connect the charging unit to a 100 to 240VAC power
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
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At the middle and bottom of the display you will see one of the following messages:
bAtt CHrGFast charging is active (normal state)
bAtt LOWBattery voltage is too low for a fast charge - charging at a lower current
bAttBattery voltage is too high for a fast charge - charging at a lower current
bAtt HOtBattery is too warm for a fast charge (>40°C) - charging at a lower current
bAtt COLdBattery is too cold for a fast charge (< 0°C) - charging at a lower current
bAtt FULLBattery is full - switch to trickle charging
The 6471 tester can also be recharged from a 12VDC car outlet with a special
charging unit.
NOTE: In this case the low-potential of the vehicle’s 12V outlet is at the potential of terminals E (X) and ES (Xv) of the ground tester. For safety reasons,
do not connect or use the unit if there is a possibility that voltages at E (X) or
ES (Xv) could exceed 32V.
9.5 Replacing the Battery
The battery in this unit is a special product with customized safety features and
protective devices. It should be replaced only by the same model. If a different
model is used, there is a danger of re or explosion, leading to possible damage
or injury.
NOTE: For safety reasons, replace the battery with an identical model:
NiMH Custom Pack 9.6 V / 3.5 Ah (Cat. #2960.21)
Procedureforreplacingthebattery:
1. Disconnect the unit completely, turn the rotary switch to OFF, and close
the lid.
2. Loosen the four permanent screws at the bottom of the unit, but do not
remove them.
3. Open the lid and carefully turn the housing upside-down, making sure the
front panel does not fall out. Then carefully pull the front panel and the unit
all the way out of the housing.
4. Loosen the two screws on the lid of the battery case and remove the lid.
5. Pull the battery a short way out of the case without overstretching the con-
nection leads, and loosen the two screws at the bottom of the case. Then
put the battery back into the case.
6. Making sure the battery leads are not overstretched and that the battery
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does not fall out, carefully lift off the back of the unit, turn it over and
place it next to the front panel with the electronic components.
7. Press the clip off the plug, and pull out the plug with the four battery
leads (in the corner, near the terminal for the optical interface). Avoid
touching the circuitry or components.
8. Remove the old battery from the case and put in a new one. Run the
leads with the plug through the largest slot in the battery case.
9. Insert the battery plug (in the corner, near the terminal for the optical
interface). The two pins should point towards the clip. Avoid touching the
circuitry or components.
10.
Return the back of the unit (with the new battery in the case) to the front
panel with the components, taking care not to stretch the battery leads.
Carefully lower the back of the unit and make sure that it is aligned
correctly (the four cylindrical holes on the back must slip over the four
mounting pins on the front panel). Also make sure you do not pinch the
battery leads or other wires or components.
11. Pull the battery a short way out of the case without overstretching the
connection leads, and retighten the two screws at the bottom of the
case. Then put the battery back into the case.
12.
Put the lid back onto the battery case and screw it shut.
13. Wipe off any dirt on the seal and housing rim.
14. Put the unit back into the housing and screw it into place.
15. Fully charge the new battery in the unit before using it.
16. Reset the time and date.
NOTE: If the instrument is not used for long periods of time (more than 6
months), it is recommended, in order to recover the initial capacity of the
battery, to make several charge-discharge cycles (3 to 5 times). Discharge
cycle (15 H) can be made with the instrument in MANUAL mode, DC 2-Pole
(2-Pole) resistance measurement and a short-circuit between H (Z) and E (X)
plugs.
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
CHAPTER 10
TROUBLESHOOTING
10.1 Error Reporting
10.1.1 Electrode Resistance Too High
This can happen in a 3- or 4-pole earth measurement, a resistivity measurement,
or an earth potential measurement.
This message is displayed when the measurement is triggered by a short press of
the START/STOP button and the resistances of the auxiliary electrodes are too high.
The measurement must then be started by a long press on the START/STOP but-
ton. The device then measures the values of the electrodes and compensates for
them to display the correct result.
10.1.2 Out of Range
>
<
or
<
and
The ashing > or < symbol indicates the measurement is
out of range.
If both symbols ash together, it means that the accuracy
of the value displayed is outside of the instrument
>
specication or is subject to large uctuations. Activating
the smoothing function (SMOOTH) may correct this.
Press the 2nd button, then the SMOOTH button to activate
smoothing.
10.1.3 Misconnection
H
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S
ES
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This ashing indicates that a terminal or a
E
current clamp needs to be either connected or disconnected. You must correct the
connections or the measurement will not
proceed. The ashing of terminal H may
also indicate that current I
ashing of terminal S may also indicate that
resistance R
terminal ES may also indicate that the current IES measured by the clamp is too low.
is too high. The ashing of
S
is too low. The
H-E
75
To reduce RH, you can add one or more electrodes, 2 meters apart from each
NOISE
other, in the H (Z) leg of the circuit, or increase the test voltage.
To reduce R
other, in the S (Y) leg of the circuit.
, you can add one or more electrodes, 2 meters apart from each
S
To reduce the resistance of the electrodes, you can also drive them deeper, pack
the ground around them well, or dampen them with water.
10.1.4 Out of Limits Indicators
This ashing during a passive measurement means that the device
has detected the presence of an external voltage exceeding 42V on
the terminals and that the measurement is impossible.
This ashing during an active measurement means that the operat-
ing limits have been exceeded.
If this symbol remains lit during an active measurement, it means
that the values measured are subject to large uctuations or that
there is an incorrect connection.
The display of an indenite value for a passive measurement indi-
cates that measurement current I
The display of the NOISE symbol indicates that a stray external voltage is likely to
interfere with the measurement. You should change to manual mode and change
the measurement voltage and/or frequency in order to make a valid measurement.
ES
or I
SEL
or voltage U
is too low.
S-ES
After the measurement has started there are indicators of when:
• Values RH and/or RS are too high,
• Measurement current I
, IES or I
H-E
is too low,
SEL
• The instability of the measurement is large.
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
Conditions that may give uncertain results are indicated on the display of the unit
NOISE
as follows:
FrequencyFunctionTriggering threshold
f > 513Hz
f ≤ 513Hz
f > 513Hz
3P, 4P, V pot.I
4Psel
3P, 4P,
ρ, V potI
4Psel
All (except ρ and 2
clamps)
f ≤ 513HzAllR
< 6 mA
H-E
’ < 6 mA
I
H-E
< 1 mA
H-E
’ < 1 mA
I
H-E
RS > 5 kΩ
> 30 kΩ
S
(1)
(1)
4P selIES < 1 mA
Values measured (U,
All
I, R) unstable, varying
by more than 5% about
their mean values.
IES < 3 mA
I
R
PASS
SEL
U
S-ES
< 30 mA
< 10 mV
IES < 0,3 mA
I
R
PASS
U
< 3 mA
SEL
< 1 mV
S-ES
(2)
Indication on the
display unit
(3)
ashes
H
ashes
(3)
ashes
S
ashes
(3)
ashes
ashes
(3)
steady
ashes
ashes
-.--- (undened)
(3)
AllU
S-ES
, U
, U
> 42 V
S-E
H-E
ashes
Stray voltage of which
All
the frequency and/or
value is likely to inter-
(4)
fere with the measure-
ment.
(1) I
’: current I
H-E
(2) Not active if the SMOOTH function is selected.
(3) The
(4) You should change to manual mode and modify the measurement voltage and/or frequency to make
a valid measurement (when the NOISE symbol is no longer illuminated).
Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
measured at the start of the measurement before I
H-E
symbol may also appear if there is an external voltage > 42 V on the terminals of the device.
SEL
.
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10.1.5 Error Messages
When started up, the Model 6471 device automatically performs a self-test. If a
fault appears during this self-test or during a measurement, the device displays a
message in the form Err XX.
Thereare3categoriesoferrors:
• Harmless Errors 6, 7, 11 and 17
The message appears for approximately 1 second to inform
the user. Consider a repair if the error recurs.
• Errors 6 and 7 are always preceded by an automatic reset.
• During Error 11, the tester automatically resets to the fac-
These errors concern the current measurement function and
disappear if the function is changed. The device can therefore
be used, but a repair will be necessary if the error persists.
• Error 18 indicates that the rechargeable battery in the
tester cannot be recharged. If this error occurs during
recharging, disconnect the tester from the charger and
follow the procedure described in the “fatal” errors.
• Error 19 can be corrected by clearing the entire memory of
the unit (see section 8.3).
• Errors 31, 32 and 33 indicate excessive voltage or
excessive current during a measurement. Check the
measurement setup for faults.
These errors make operation of the unit impossible. Turn off
the unit and turn it on again. If the error persists, repair is
necessary.
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APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Basic Terminologies
Explanations for some of the basic terms related to earth measurements follow:
Auxiliary electrode - H (Z)
A supplementary electrode through which a measurement current ows.
Earth conductor
The conductor which connects the installation to be earthed to the earth electrode.
Earth connection
A locally restricted group of electrically connected earth contacts. It also includes metal parts of installations such as pylon footings, bracings, cable
sheathing and earth conductors.
Earth electrode - E (X)
A conductor which is buried in the earth and makes electrical contact with it.
Earth potential
The potential difference measured between the earth connection and a reference earth electrode.
Earth electrode - ES (Xv)
A connection on the earth electrode or earthing system used for measuring
the potential of the earth electrode.
Earth resistance
The resistance measured between the earth connection and a reference earth
electrode (cf. selective earth resistance).
Earth
The location of an earth connection (see also reference earth).
Earthing system
The set of all installations connected to the earth.
Electrode - S (Y)
An auxiliary electrode used for measuring the potential of the reference earth.
The voltage, which is proportional to the resistance of the earth connection, is
measured between this electrode and the earth electrode.
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Reference earth
The area of earth (especially at the surface) which is outside the range of inu-
ence of the earth electrode or earthing system.
Resistivity of the earth (ρ)
Resistivity is dened as the resistance from wall to opposite wall of a cubic
meter of soil. It is measured in ohm-meters (
Ωm).
Selective earth resistance
The parallel partial resistance of an earth connection or earthing system. It
is measured by selective measurements of current in the corresponding resistance branch. A selective earth resistance is always greater than the total
earth resistance (parallel connection).
Step voltage
The potential difference bridged by a person who takes a step of 1m (approx.
3 ft), with the resulting current owing through the body from one foot to the
other (cf. touch voltage).
Supplementary electrode
An additional earth electrode (earth stake, earth rod).
Touch voltage
The potential difference which a person is able to bridge with his or her body,
the resulting current being limited by the body and the local earth resistance
(cf. step voltage).
The general term earth measurement can refer to measurements of individual
earth electrodes, earth connections or entire earthing systems, depending on the
object of interest.
Glossary
This glossary lists the terms and abbreviations used on the instrument and the
digital display.
3-Poles : measurement of earth resistance with 2 auxiliary stakes (3-
Pole method)
4-Poles : 4-Pole measurement of low earth resistance with 2 auxiliary
stakes (4-Pole method)
C
: earth coupling coefcient RA with earth Rb (C1= RC / R1 )
1
C
: earth coupling coefcient Rb with earth RA (C2= RC / R2 )
2
d, A : distances to be programmed to calculate resistivity according
to the measuring method used
m
Ω : measurement of low resistance /continuity
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Ground Resistance Tester Model 6471
E : terminal E (X) - earth socket; current measurement return
terminal
EARTH : earth measurement (3 or 4 poles)
EARTH COUPLING
: coupling measurement between two earth sockets
ES : ES (Xv) terminal (measurement potential socket for
calculating earth resistance)
H : H (Z) terminal (measurement current injection terminal)
(1)
I-Act
: external current circulating at present between the instrument
terminals
I
: current measured by the clamp connected to the ES terminal
ES
(selective earth measurement with clamp)
I
: measurement current circulating between the H and E
H-E
terminals
NOISE : indicates the presence of external interference causing
misrepresentation of the earth or resistivity measurement
R : average resistance calculated from R+ and R-
R+ : resistance measured with a positive current circulation from
terminal H to E
R- : resistance measured with a negative current circulation from
terminal H to E
(1)
R-Act
: resistance currently calculated from values U-Act and I-Act
R1 : rst value measured to calculate the coupling between 2 earth
sockets (R1 = RA + RC )
R
: second value measured to calculate the coupling between 2
2
earth sockets (R2 = Rb + RC )
R
: third value measured to calculate the coupling between 2
1-2
R
: rst earth value calculated (RA = R1 - RC )
A
R
: second earth value calculated (Rb = R1 - RC )
b
R
: coupling resistance between earths RA and Rb (Rc = (R1 + R2
C
R
: earth resistance connected to terminal E
E
earth sockets (R
– R
) / 2)
1-2
= RA + Rb )
1-2
RH : resistance of the stake connected to terminal H
R
: resistance of the earth loop measured with the "2 clamps"
LOOP
function
R
: value of the R-Act resistance (PASS for "passive"
PASS
measurement with interference current circulating in the
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installation)
R
: resistance of the stake connected to terminal S
S
R
: selective earth resistance (measurement of the current with a
SEL
clamp)
(2)
R
: resistance between stakes S and ES (used for resistivity
S-ES
measurement)
R
: measuring lead compensation resistance
∆0
S : S (Y) terminal (reference potential socket for calculating earth
resistance)
(1)
U-Act
U
U
: external voltage currently present on the instrument terminals
: voltage measured between terminals H and E
H-E
: voltage generated by the instrument between terminals H and
OUT
E (32V or 16V)
U
: voltage measured between terminals S and E
S-E
U
: voltage measured between terminals S and ES
S-ES
USR : frequency chosen by the user
U
: voltage of terminal S (compared with E) expressed as a
SrEL
relative value (rEL); value without unit
V pot. : ground potential measurement
ρS : ground resistivity measured according to the Schlumberger
method (expressed as Ω.m)
ρ
: ground resistivity measured according to the Wenner method
W
(expressed as Ω.m)
(1) The sufx Act becomes In (for "Input" in English) when this value is recorded by the instru-
ment and then read, to make a distinction between the current and recorded values. In both
cases, this value on the display is associated with its frequency.
(2) In this case, the resistances of the 4 stakes used for measurement are indicated by R
, R
P-ES
.
P-E
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R
, R
P-H
P-S
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Limited Warranty
The Model 6471 is warranted to the owner for a period of one year from the
date of original purchase against defects in manufacture. This limited warranty
is given by AEMC
®
Instruments, not by the distributor from whom it was purchased. This warranty is void if the unit has been tampered with, abused or if
the defect is related to service not performed by AEMC
®
Instruments.
Full warranty coverage and product registration is available on our
website at www.aemc.com/warranty.html.
Please print the online Warranty Coverage Information for your records.
What AEMC
®
Instrumentswilldo:
If a malfunction occurs within the one-year period, you may return the instrument
to us for repair, provided we have your warranty registration information on le
or a proof of purchase. AEMC
®
Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace
First, request a Customer Service Authorization Number (CSA#) by phone
or by fax from our Service Department (see address below), then return the
instrument along with the signed CSA Form. Please write the CSA# on the
outside of the shipping container. Return the instrument, postage or shipment
pre-paid to:
ShipTo: Chauvin Arnoux®, Inc. d.b.a. AEMC® Instruments