AEMC 3945-B Operating Manual

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3-PHASE POWER QUALITY

ANALYZER

3945-B

PowerPad

ENGLISH

IMPORTANT WARRANTY NOTE:

By registering online or returning your warranty

card within 30 days from the date of purchase,

your warranty will be extended to 3 years

User Manual

Statement of Compliance

Chauvin Arnoux®, Inc. d.b.a. AEMC® Instruments certiﬁes that this instrument has been calibrated using standards and instruments traceable to international standards.

We guarantee that at the time of shipping your instrument has met its published speciﬁcations.

An NIST traceable certiﬁcate may be requested at the time of purchase, or obtained by returning the instrument to our repair and calibration facility, for a nominal charge.

The recommended calibration interval for this instrument is 12 months and begins on the date of receipt by the customer. For recalibration, please use our calibration services. Refer to our repair and calibration section at www.aemc.com.

Serial #: ____________________________________

Cat. #:

Model #: 3945-B

Please ﬁll in the appropriate date as indicated:

Date Received: _________________________________

Date Calibration Due:

2130.74/2130.75/2130.76/2130.77/2130.78/2130.79

_______________________

Chauvin Arnoux®, Inc. d.b.a AEMC® Instruments

www.aemc.com

READ CAREFULLY BEFORE

USING FOR THE FIRST TIME

Your instrument is equipped with a NiMH battery. This technology offers several advantages:

• Long battery charge life for a limited volume and weight.

• Possibility of quickly recharging your battery.

• Signicantlyreducedmemoryeffect:youcanrechargeyour

battery even if it is not fully discharged.

• Respectfortheenvironment:nopollutantmaterialssuchaslead

or cadmium, in compliance with the applicable regulations.

After prolonged storage, the battery may be completely discharged. If so, it must be completely recharged.

Your instrument may not function during part of this recharging operation.

Full recharging of a completely discharged battery may take several hours.

In this case, at least 5 charge/discharge cycles will be necessary for your battery to recover 95% of its capacity.

To make the best possible use of your battery and extend its effective service life:

• Only use the charger supplied with your instrument. Use of

another charger may be dangerous.

• Only charge your instrument at temperatures between 0° and 40°C.

• Complywiththeconditionsofusedenedintheoperatingmanual.

• Complywiththestorageconditionsspeciedintheoperating

manual.

NiMH technology allows a limited number of charge/discharge cycles depending

signicantly on:

• The conditions of use.

• The charging conditions.

Please refer to § 7 for correct replacement of the battery.

Do not dispose of the battery pack with other solid waste. Used batteries

must be entrusted to a qualied recycling company or to a company

specialized in processing hazardous materials.

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 7

1.1 International Electrical Symbols ...........................................................7

1.2 Denition of Measurement Categories .................................................8

1.3 Receiving Your Shipment .....................................................................8

1.4 Ordering Information ............................................................................8

1.4.1 Accessories and Replacement Parts ......................................9

1.4.2 Third Party Accessories ........................................................10

2. PRODUCT FEATURES .................................................................... 11

2.1 Description .........................................................................................11

2.2 Control Functions ...............................................................................12

2.3 Display ...............................................................................................14

2.4 Battery Charge Status ........................................................................16

3. SPECIFICATIONS........................................................................... 17

3.1 Reference Conditions.........................................................................17

3.2 Electrical Specications .....................................................................17

3.2.1 Voltage Inputs .......................................................................17

3.2.2 Current Inputs .......................................................................18

3.2.3 Accuracy Specications (excluding current probes) .............18

3.2.4 Nominal Range of Use ..........................................................19

3.2.5 Power Supply ........................................................................19

3.3 Mechanical Specications ..................................................................20

3.4 Environmental Specications .............................................................20

3.5 Safety Specications ..........................................................................20

3.6 AC Current Probe Model SR193 ........................................................21

3.7 AC Current Probe MN93 Probe .........................................................22

3.8 AC Current Probe MN193 Probe .......................................................23

3.9 AC Current Probe AmpFlex® Probe ...................................................24

3.10 AC Current Probe MiniFlex® Sensor ..................................................25

3.11 AC Current Probe MR193 Probe ............................................................. 26

3.12 Three-phase 5A Adapter Box .............................................................28

3.12.1 Connecting to Secondary Current Transformer (CT) ............29

3.12.2 Specications ........................................................................29

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

4. OPERATION .................................................................................. 30

4.1 Instrument Conguration (Set-up mode) ............................................30

4.1.1 Date / Time ............................................................................31

4.1.2 Contrast / Brightness ............................................................31

4.1.3 Colors ....................................................................................32

4.1.4 Calculation Parameters.........................................................32

4.1.5 Electrical Hookup (electrical network) ...................................33

4.1.6 Current Sensors ....................................................................34

4.1.7 Baud Rate .............................................................................35

4.1.8 Recording..............................................................................36

4.1.9 Alarm .....................................................................................37

4.1.10 Clear Memory .......................................................................39

4.1.11 Line Frequency .....................................................................39

5. DISPLAY MODES ........................................................................... 40

5.1 Waveform Mode .................................................................................40

5.1.1 RMS Voltage Measurement on a Three-phase System ........40

5.1.2

5.1.3 RMS Current Measurement on the 3 Phases and

Neutral Current on a Three Phase-4 Wire System ..............42

5.1.4 Total Harmonic Distortion Measurement on One Phase .......42

5.1.5 Minimum and Maximum Current Value Measurements ........43

5.1.6 Simultaneous Display of the Current Measurements............44

5.1.7 Phasor Diagram Display (Fresnal Diagram) .........................45

5.2 Harmonics Mode

5.2.1 Single Phase and Phase-to-Phase Voltage Analysis ............46

5.2.2 Single Phase and Phase-to-Phase Current Analysis ............47

5.2.3 Power and Direction Flow Analysis .......................................48

5.2.4 Harmonic Analysis in Expert Mode .......................................49

5.3 Power / Energy Mode

5.3.1 Starting and Stopping Energy Totalization ............................50

RMS Voltage Measurement on 3 Phases ..............................41

................................................................................46

.........................................................................50

5.3.2

5.3.3 PF... Button ...........................................................................51

5.4 Transient Mode

5.4.1 Opening Previously Stored Transients..................................54

5.4.2 Storing the Trigger ................................................................54

Button .........................................................................51

..................................................................................52

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.5 Alarm Mode .......................................................................................56

5.6 Recording Mode .................................................................................57

5.6.1 Saving the Selected Parameters ..........................................57

5.6.2 Selecting or Deleting a Record .............................................59

5.6.3 Selecting a Graphic Display for Recorded Measurements ...60

5.7 Saving a Display ...............................................................................63

5.8 Opening a Previously Saved Snapshot .............................................64

5.9 Printing ...............................................................................................65

5.10 Help ....................................................................................................65

6. DATAVIEW® SOFTWARE ................................................................ 66

6.1 Features .............................................................................................66

6.2 Installing DataView® ...........................................................................66

6.3 Connecting the Model 3945-B to your Computer ...............................70

6.4 Opening the Control Panel .................................................................70

6.5 Common Functions ............................................................................72

6.6 Conguring the Instrument .................................................................72

6.6.1 Setup.....................................................................................73

6.6.2 Instrument Display ................................................................74

6.6.3 Alarm Conditions Conguration ............................................75

6.6.4 Recordings Conguration .....................................................77

6.6.5 Transients .............................................................................78

6.6.6 Monitoring .............................................................................79

6.6.7 Running the Test ...................................................................80

6.7 Real-time Windows ............................................................................80

6.7.1 Waveform, Harmonic Bar and Harmonic Text .......................80

6.7.2 Power/Energy .......................................................................81

6.7.3 Trend .....................................................................................82

6.8 Downloading Data to Database .........................................................82

6.8.1 Recordings ............................................................................83

6.8.2 Photographs..........................................................................84

6.8.3 Alarms ...................................................................................85

6.8.4 Transients .............................................................................85

6.8.5 Monitoring .............................................................................87

6.8.6 Saving Real-time Measurements ..........................................88

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

7. MAINTENANCE ............................................................................. 90

7.1 Recharging and Changing the Battery ...............................................90

7.2 Cleaning .............................................................................................90

APPENDIX A: MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS ......................................... 91

Half-period Voltage and Current RMS Values ....................................91

MIN / MAX Values for Voltage and Current ........................................92

Peak Values for Voltage and Current .................................................92

Peak Factors for Current and Voltage ................................................92

1 sec RMS Values for Voltage and Current ........................................93

Voltage and Current Unbalance .........................................................93

THD Calculation .................................................................................93

Calculation of Harmonic Bins .............................................................94

Distortion Factor Calculation (DF) ......................................................94

K Factor..............................................................................................95

Different Power Levels 1 Sec .............................................................95

Ratios ..............................................................................................96

Various Types of Energy ....................................................................96

Hysteresis ..........................................................................................98

APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS................................................... 99

Repair and Calibration...............................................................................102

Technical and Sales Assistance ................................................................102

Limited Warranty .......................................................................................103

Warranty Repairs ......................................................................................103

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

• Never use on circuits with a voltage higher than 600V and an overvoltage category higher than CAT III or IV (probe dependant)

• Use in indoor environments only.

• Only use accessories that are compliant with the safety standards (IEC 664-1 Ed. 92) 600V min and overvoltage CAT III or IV.

• Only use factory specied replacement parts.

• Always disconnect the power cord, measurement leads and sensors be-

fore replacing the battery.

Warning

1.1 International Electrical Symbols

Signiﬁes that the instrument is protected by double or reinforced insulation.

CAUTION - DANGER! Read the User Manual.

Risk of electric shock. The voltage at the parts marked with this symbol may be dangerous.

Refers to a type A current sensor. This symbol signiﬁes that application around and removal from HAZARDOUS LIVE conductors is permitted. Refers to a type B current sensor. Do not apply around or remove from HAZARDOUS LIVE conductors without additional protective means (de-energizing the circuit or wearing protective clothing suitable for high voltage work).

Important instructions to read and understand completely.

Important information to acknowledge.

USB socket

The CE marking guarantees conformity with European directives and with regulations covering EMC. The trash can with a line through it means that in the European Union, the

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

product must undergo selective disposal for the recycling of electric and electronic material, in compliance with Directive WEEE 2002/96/EC.

1.2 Deﬁnition of Measurement Categories

CATI: For measurements on circuits not directly connected to the AC supply

wall outlet such as protected secondaries, signal level, and limited energy circuits.

CATII: For measurements performed on circuits directly connected to the

electrical distribution system. Examples are measurements on household appliances or portable tools.

CATIII: For measurements performed in the building installation at the distribution

level such as on hardwired equipment in xed installation and circuit

breakers.

CATIV: For measurements performed at the primary electrical supply (<1000V)

such as on primary overcurrent protection devices, ripple control units, or meters.

1.3 Receiving Your Shipment

Make sure that the contents shipped are consistent with the packing list. Notify your distributor of any missing items. If the equipment appears to be damaged,

le a claim immediately with the carrier and notify your distributor at once, giving

a detailed description of any damage. Save the damaged packing container to substantiate your claim. Do not use equipment which is damaged or appears to be damaged.

After receiving your PowerPad two cycles to ensure the proper level display of the battery indicator.

, charge and discharge the instrument one or

1.4 Ordering Information

PowerPad® Model 3945-B ..............................................................Cat. #2130.74

Includes four 10 ft color-coded voltage leads, four color-coded alligator clips, RS-232 DB9F optically coupled serial cable, NiMH battery, US 120V power cord, DataView® software, carrying

bag, soft carrying pouch and user manual.

PowerPad® Model 3945-B w/MN93 ................................................ Cat. #2130.75

Includes the PowerPad® Model 3945-B, set of three MN93 (240A) probes, four 10 ft color-coded voltage leads, four color-coded alligator clips, RS-232 DB9F optically coupled serial cable, NiMH battery, US 120V power cord, DataView® software, carrying bag, soft carrying pouch and user manual.

PowerPad® Model 3945-B w/SR193 ...............................................Cat. #2130.76

Includes the PowerPad® Model 3945-B, set of three SR193 (1200A) probes, four 10 ft color-coded voltage leads, four color-coded alligator clips, RS-232 DB9F optically coupled serial cable, NiMH battery, US 120V power cord, DataView® software, carrying bag, soft carrying pouch and user manual.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

PowerPad® Model 3945-B w/24" AmpFlex® 193-24 ...................... Cat. #2130.77

Includes the PowerPad® Model 3945-B, set of three 24" AmpFlex® 193-24 (6500A) sensors, four 10 ft color-coded voltage leads, four color-coded alligator clips, RS-232 DB9F optically coupled serial cable, NiMH battery, US 120V power cord, DataView® software, carrying bag, soft carrying pouch and user manual.

PowerPad® Model 3945-B w/36" AmpFlex® 193-36 ...................... Cat. #2130.78

Includes the PowerPad® Model 3945-B, set of three 36" AmpFlex® 193-36 (6500A) sensors, four 10 ft color-coded voltage leads, four color-coded alligator clips, RS-232 DB9F optically coupled serial cable, NiMH battery, US 120V power cord, DataView® software, carrying bag, soft carrying pouch and user manual.

PowerPad® Model 3945-B w/MR193 .............................................. Cat. #2130.79

Includes the PowerPad® Model 3945-B, set of three color-coded MR193 (1000AAC/1400ADC) probes, four 10 ft color-coded voltage leads, four color-coded alligator clips, RS-232 DB9F optically coupled serial cable, NiMh battery, US 120V power cord, DataView soft carrying pouch and user manual.

software, carrying bag,

PowerPad® Model 3945-B w/MN193 .............................................. Cat. #2130.80

Includes the PowerPad® Model 3945-B, set of three color-coded MN193 (6A/120A) probes, four 10 ft color-coded voltage leads, four color-coded alligator clips, RS-232 DB9F optically coupled serial cable, NiMh battery, US 120V power cord, DataView pouch and user manual.

software, carrying bag, soft carrying

Only the SR, Ampﬂex® and MiniFlex® sensors are rated 600V CAT IV The MN, MR and SL probes are 300V CAT IV, 600V CAT III

1.4.1 Accessories and Replacement Parts

Large Classic Tool Bag ..................................................................... Cat. #2133.73

Set of 3 Color-coded, MN93 Probes (240A) ..................................... Cat. #2140.09

Set of 3 Color-coded, SR193 Probes (1200A) .................................Cat. #2140.10

Set of 3 Color-coded, 24" AmpFlex® 193-24 Probes (6500A) .......... Cat. #2140.11

Set of 3 Color-coded, 36" AmpFlex® 193-36 Probes (6500A) ..........Cat. #2140.12

Set of 3 Color-coded, MR193 Probes (1000AAC /1400ADC) ............ Cat. #2140.13

Set of 3 Color-coded, MN193 Probes (6A/120A) ............................. Cat. #2140.14

Pouch – Replacement, Soft Carrying Pouch .................................... Cat. #2140.15

5A Adapter Box (for 1 or 5A probes) ................................................. Cat. #2140.17

10 ft Cable, PC RS-232, DB9 F/F.....................................................Cat. #2140.18

Replacement Battery 9.6V NiMH......................................................Cat. #2140.19

DPU414-30B Seiko Serial Printer with Accessories

(power supply, rechargeable battery and 5 rolls of paper) ...............Cat. #2140.21

Paper, set of 5 rolls, for use with Printer DPU414-30B.....................Cat. #2140.22

Set of (3) Color-coded MN93 Probes, 30 ft Leads (200A)................Cat. #2140.24

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Set of (3) Color-coded SR193 Probes, 30 ft Leads (1200A) ............ Cat. #2140.25

Set of (3) Color-coded 24", 30 ft Leads (6500A) AmpFlex

Sensors Model 193-24-30 ...............................................Cat. #2140.26

Set of (3) Color-coded 36", 30 ft Leads (6500A)

AmpFlex® Sensors Model 193-36-30 ...............................................Cat. #2140.27

MR193 Probe (black connector) (1000A

AC /1400ADC) ..................... Cat. #2140.28

Set of (3) Color-coded MN193, 30 ft Leads (5A/100A).....................Cat. #2140.29

Set of (3) Color-coded MR193, 30 ft Leads (1000A

AC Current Probe Model MN93-BK (200A)

...................................... Cat. #2140.32

AC/1400ADC) .....Cat. #2140.30

AC Current Probe Model SR193-BK (1200A) ..................................Cat. #2140.33

AmpFlex® Sensor 24" Model 193-24-BK (6500A) ............................Cat. #2140.34

AmpFlex

Sensor 36" Model 193-36-BK (6500A) ............................Cat. #2140.35

AC Current Probe Model MN193-BK (5A/100A) ..............................Cat. #2140.36

MiniFlex

Set of 4, Color-coded 30 ft (9m) voltage leads (600V CAT IV, 10A)

Sensor 10" Model MA193-10-BK (1000A) ........................ Cat. #2140.48

... Cat. #2140.61

Replacement Lead - Set of 4, Color-coded 10 ft (3m) with Color-coded alligator clips (red, black, blue & white)

115V Power Cord

.............................................................................Cat. #5000.14

................ Cat. #2140.64

1.4.2 Third Party Accessories

Converter - USB to RS-232, DB9 M/M ................ available online at www.startech.com

Converter - Ethernet to RS-232, Model ESP901

...available online at www.bb-elec.com

Order Accessories and Replacement Parts Directly Online.

DataView

Software Updates Available for Download Online.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

CHAPTER 2

PRODUCT FEATURES

2.1 Description

The PowerPad® Model 3945-B is a three-phase power quality analyzer that is easy-to-use, compact and shock-resistant. It is intended for technicians and engineers to measure and carry out diagnostic work and power quality work on one, two or three phase low voltage networks.

Users are able to obtain instant waveforms of an electrical network’s principal characteristics, and also monitor their variation over a period of time. The multi-tasking measurement system simultaneously handles all the measurement functions and waveform display of the various magnitudes, detection, continuous recordings and their display without any constraints.

Features:

• Measurement of TRMS voltages up to 480V (phase-to-neutral) or 830V (phase-to-phase) for two, three or four-wire systems

• Measurement of TRMS currents up to 6500Arms

• Measurement of DC voltage up to 850V

• Measurement of DC current up to 1400ADC (with MR193 probe)

• Frequency measurement (41 to 70Hz systems)

• Calculation of neutral current for WYE congurations

• Calculation of Crest Factors for current and voltage

• Calculation of the K Factor for transformers

• Calculation of short-term icker for voltage

• Calculation of the phase unbalance for voltage and current (3 phase only)

• Measurement of harmonic angles and rates (referenced to the fundamental or RMS value) for voltage, current or power, up to 50

• Calculation of overall harmonic distortion factors

• Monitoring of the average value of any parameter, calculated over a period

running from 1 sec to 2 hrs

• Measurement of active, reactive and apparent power per phase and their

respective sum total

• Calculation of power factor, displacement power factor and tangent factor

• Total power from a point in time, chosen by the operator

• Recording, time stamping and characterization of disturbance (swells, sags and interruptions, exceedence of power and harmonic thresholds)

• Detection of transients and recording of associated waveforms

harmonic

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

2.2 Control Functions

300V

-300

RMS

MODEL 3945-B

123

<t= 5.0ms V1= +0 V2= +0 V3 = +0 >

THD CF

07/25/0249.99Hz 10:26 10 0

0.3 v 0.3 v 0.3 v

max min

3U 3V 3A L1 L2 L3

PowerPad

Figure 2-1

Over molded protective case.



Color LCD display with graphic representation of system parameters and



measurements

Six (6) function buttons used to modify the display mode.



Four (4) function buttons which allow the user to:



Access the instrument setup parameters (see § 4.1).

Take a snapshot of the current screen or access screens already

stored in the memory. Record associated waveform and power measurement data.

Print the measurement results on an external printer.

Get help on the current display functions, in the language chosen by

the user.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

ON / OFF button.



Three (3) current inputs on the top of the instrument to enable the use of



current sensors (MN, SR, AmpFlex®, and MR probes).

Four (4) voltage inputs.



RS-232 bidirectional optically isolated output for transferring data to a PC (bi-



directional) or printing to a dedicated printer (DPU 414 - SEIKO).

AC Line power input.



Enter button.



Four (4) buttons that enable movement of the cursor, browsing or the selec-

tion of data.

Buttons for directly accessing the 6 display modes at any time:

Transients(setrecordingorviewrecordedtransient):

• displays waveforms associated with rapid changes in input

HarmonicsView:

• display of the harmonics in percent and value ratios for of voltage,

current and power, for each harmonic through the 50

• determination of harmonic current produced by non-linear loads

• analysis of the problems caused by harmonics according to their

order (heating of neutrals, conductors, motors, etc.)

 WaveformsView:

• displays voltage and current waveforms or vector representation

(Phasor diagram)

• identication of signal distortion signatures

•

• checking connections for correct phase order

display of amplitude and phase unbalance for voltage and current

Power/Energy(vieworstartenergymonitoring):

• display of power levels and the associated parameters

(power factor, displacement and tangent)

• energy monitoring

• four quadrant measurement to discern produced/consumed ac-

tive energies and inductive/capacitive reactive energies

Recording(setrecordingorviewrecordeddata):

• time-related representation as bar charts or line graphs, of aver-

age power levels or of the average value of any parameter

• Line graphs of each selected parameter (up to 22) vs time

• line voltage stability check

• management of power consumed and generated

• monitoring of harmonic variations

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

AlarmEvents:

• provides a list of the alarms recorded according to the thresholds programmed during conguration

• logging of interruption with half-cycle resolution

• determination of energy consumption exceedences

• stores value, duration, date, time and set point for up to 4096

events

2.3 Display

300V

-300

<t= 5.0ms V1= +276 V2= -140 V3= -145 >

RMS

Top display bar indicates:



123

THD CF

• Symbol of the tested mode (e.g.

202.5 v202.0 v202.7 v

Figure 2-2

07/25/0249.99Hz 10:26 10 0

max min

, , , etc)

• Frequency of measured signal

• Memory capacity status bar (only available in certain modes)

• Current date and time

• Battery charge status

3U 3V 3A L1 L2 L3

Measured RMS values associated with waveforms.



Values of signals at an instant “t”, at the intersection of cursor and the waveforms.



The cursor can be moved along the time scale by pressing the

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

buttons.

Measurement selection:



RMS True RMS Measurement

THD Total Harmonic Distortion

CF Crest Factor

max/min

Maximum and Minimum values

in alphanumeric form

Simultaneous display of the various measurements

Phasor diagram

The calculation of the DPF, Tan, KF,Φ, UNB, Min, Max, VAR, Harmonics, PST, and DF parameters and the frequency measurement can only be performed if voltage with a frequency of 41 to 70 Hz is applied to the Ch1 voltage input.

Selection of waveforms to be displayed (use the buttons to select):



• 3U displays the 3 phase-to-phase voltages U1-2, U2-3, U3-1

• 3V displays the 3 phase-to-neutral voltages V1N, V2N, V3N

• 3A displays the 3 phase currents

• 4A displays the 3 phase currents and the neutral current

• L1, L2 or L3 displays the voltage and current, on phase 1, 2 or 3, when

selected

Protocol:

U: Signies phase-to-phase voltage

V: Signies phase-to-neutral voltage

L1, L2, L3: Refer to the phases (A,B,C or other)

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

2.4 Battery Charge Status

Battery Charging

• Battery capacity level relative to full charge

• % of total capacity already charged (between 0 and 99%)

• Battery sign and % are blinking

Battery Full

• Battery sign and % are xed

• % of total capacity is at 100%

Battery Discharging

• Battery capacity level relative to full charge

• % of the remaining capacity

• Battery sign and % are xed

Battery Empty Discharging

• % of total capacity reads 0%

• Battery sign and % are xed

New Battery Charging

• Fixed battery capacity level

• Question mark showing unknown capacity level

• Battery sign and % are blinking

25%

100%

25%

NOTE: Line cord is plugged in

NOTE: Line cord may or may not

be plugged in

NOTE: Line cord is not plugged in

NOTE: Line cord is plugged in

New Battery Discharging

• Fixed battery capacity level

• Question mark showing unknown capacity level

• Battery sign and % are xed

NOTE: Line cord is not plugged in

WARNING: The battery may fully discharge when recording for long periods

of time while not connected to a power supply. The PowerPad® will continue to record for some time, even if below the minimum battery charge value. However, the display may not come back on, and will eventually stop saving data when the battery is too low. All data recorded will be saved.

If in the Record Mode, and the display does not come ON, supply power to

the PowerPad

with the line cord and the display will come back ON when

any button (other than ON/OFF) is pressed.

NOTE: When the 3945-B is stopped using the button, a conrmation is requested if the equipment is in the process of recording.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

CHAPTER 3

SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Reference Conditions

Parameter Reference Conditions

Ambient temperature 73°F ± 5°F (23°C ± 3°C)

Humidity 45%

Atmospheric pressure 25.4" Hg to 31.3" Hg (860 to 1060 hPa)

Phase voltage 230Vrms and 110Vrms ±2% without DC

Clamp current circuit input voltage 0.03V to 1Vrms without DC (<0.5%)

current circuit input voltage 11.8mV to 118mVrms without DC (< 0.5%)

AmpFlex

Frequency of electricity network 50 and 60Hz ± 0.1Hz

V/I phase shift 0° active power / 90° reactive power

Harmonics <0.1%

The uncertainties given for power and energy measurements are maximum for Cos ϕ = 1 or Sin ϕ = 1 and are typical for the other phase shifts.

NOTE: The symbol “U” will be used throughout this manual and in the

instrument to refer to phase-to-phase voltage measurement.

The symbol “V” will be used for phase-to-neutral voltage measurement.

*All specications are subject to change without notice.

3.2 Electrical Speciﬁcations

SamplingFrequency(256samplespercycle):

12.8kHz samples/sec per channel @ 50Hz

15.36kHz samples/sec per channel @ 60Hz

MemorySize:4MB

MemoryPartition:Data Logging - 2MB; Waveform capture - XXMB;

Transient capture -XXB; Alarms - XXB

3.2.1 Voltage Inputs

OperatingRange: Phase-Phase - 960Vrms AC/DC Phase-Neutral - 480Vrms AC/DC

InputImpedance:340kΩ between phase and neutral

Overload:1.2Vn permanently; 2Vn for 1 sec (Vn = nominal voltage)

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

3.2.2 Current Inputs

OperatingRange:0 to 1V

InputImpedance:

100kΩ for current probe circuit and 12.4kΩ for AmpFlex® circuit

Overload:1.7V

3.2.3 Accuracy Speciﬁcations (excluding current probes)

Function Range Display Resolution Accuracy

Frequency 40 to 69Hz 0.01Hz ±0.01Hz

Single phase RMS voltages

(Vrms, Vdem)

Phase-to-phase RMS voltages

(Urms, Udem)

DC voltage component 15V to 680V 0.1V ±1% ± 5cts

Single phase peak voltages

(Vpp, Vpm)

Phase-to-phase peak voltages

(Upp, Upm)

Current probe (Arms, Adem) Inom/1000 to 1.2 Inom

AmpFlex

& MiniFlex

* (Arms, Adem)

DC current (MR193) 1A to 1400A

Peak Current (App, Apm) 0 to 1.7 x Inom

Peak Current (AmpFlex

& MiniFlex

Crest Factor (Vcf, Ucf, Acf) 1.00 to 9.99 0.01 ±1% ± 2cts

Real Power (W)

Clamp-on and AmpFlex Clamp-on

AmpFlex

& MiniFlex

Reactive Power (VAR)

Clamp-on and AmpFlex Clamp-on

AmpFlex

& MiniFlex

Apparent Power (VA) 0VA to 9999kVA 4 digits ±1% ± 1ct

Power Factor (PF, DPF) -1.000 to 1.000

Tangent (Tan) for VA ≥ 50VA

Active Energy (Wh)

Clamp-on and AmpFlex Clamp-on

AmpFlex

& MiniFlex

Reactive Energy (VARh)

Clamp-on

Reactive Energy (VARh)

AmpFlex

& MiniFlex

15V to 480V 0.1V ±0.5% ± 2cts

15V to 960V 0.1V ±0.5% ± 2cts

15V to 680V 0.1V ±1% ± 5cts

15V to 1360V

0.1 V if I < 1000 V

1 V if I ≥ 1000 V

0.1 A if I < 1000 A

1 A if I ≥ 1000 A

10A to 6500A

0.1 A if I < 1000 A

1 A if I ≥ 1000 A

0.1 A if I < 1000 A

1 A if I ≥ 1000 A

0.1 A if I < 1000 A

1 A if I ≥ 1000 A

10 to 9190A

0W to 9999kW

Cos ϕ ≥ 0.8

0.1 A if I < 1000 A

1 A if I ≥ 1000 A

4 digits

(10000cts) Cos ϕ 0.2 to < 0.8 Cos ϕ 0.5 to < 0.8

0W to 9999kW

Sin ϕ ≥ 0.5

4 digits

(10000cts) Cos ϕ 0.2 to < 0.8 Cos ϕ 0.5 to < 0.8

0.001

Cos ϕ ≥ 0.5

Cos ϕ 0.2 to < 0.5

-32.76 to 32.76

0Wh to 9999MWh

Cos ϕ ≥ 0.8

0.001 Tan ϕ < 10

0.01 Tan ϕ < 10

4 digits

(10000cts)

Cos ϕ 0.2 to < 0.8 Cos

ϕ 0.5 to < 0.8

0VARh to 9999MVARh

4 digits

Sin Φ ≥ 0.5

Sin Φ 0.2 to < 0.5

0VARh to 9999MVARh

4 digits

Sin ϕ ≥ 0.5

Sin ϕ 0.2 to < 0.5

±1% ± 5cts

±0.5% ± 2cts

±0.5% ± 1A

±(1% + 1A)

±1% ± 1ct ±1.5% ± 10cts ±1.5% ± 10cts

±1.5% ± 1ct ±1.5% ± 1ct

±1° on ϕ ±1° on ϕ

±1% ± 1ct

±1.5% ± 1ct ±1.5% ± 1ct

±1.5% ± 1ct ±2.5% ± 1ct

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Function Range Display Resolution Accuracy

Apparent Energy (Vah) 0VAh to 9999MVAh 4 digits ±1% ± 1ct

Unbalance (Vunb, Aunb)

three phase supply

Phase angle (V/I; I/I; V/V)

Harmonics ratios

F = 40 to 69Hz (Vrms > 50V) (rms > Inom/100)

Harmonics angles

F = 40 to 69Hz (Vrms > 50V) (rms > Imax/100)

Total harmonics distortion

(Vthd, Athd, Uthd)

Current K factor (Akf) 1 to 99.99 0.01 ±5% ± 1ct

Voltage icker (Vk) 0.00 to 9.99 0.01 not specied

*Note: MiniFlex® specied up to 1000A only

Vdem, Adem and Udem = Values measured on half cycle (allow to get a measurement with positive and

negative values)

Vpm, Upm and Apm = Peak values min.

0% to 100% 0.1% ±1% ± 1ct

-179° to +180°

0% to 999%

1 to 50th harmonic

-179° to +180°

1 to 25

26 to 50

0% to 999%

harmonic

1° ±2°

0.1% ±1% + 5cts

1°

0.1% ±1% + 5cts

±3°

±10°

3.2.4 Nominal Range of Use

Frequency: 40 to 69Hz Harmonics: THD (I) : 0 to 40%; THD (U) : 0 to 20% Magneticeld: <40.0A/m (Earth’s magnetic eld) Electricaleld: <3V/m RelativeHumidity: 10 to 90% without condensation

3.2.5 Power Supply

AC Power (internal power supply)

OperatingRange: 230VAC ± 20% and 110VAC ± 20% (88 to 276VAC) MaxPower: 30VA

Battery Power

(allows use in the event of an interruption)

Type:NiMH 3800 mAh Output: 4-wire (2 for temperature probe) RatedVoltage: 9.6V ChargeTime:3 hrs 30 min approx BatteryLife: >8 hrs with display on

≥ 35 hrs with display off (recording mode)

OperatingTemperature: 32° to 122°F (0° to 50°C) RechargingTemperature:50° to 104°F (10° to 40°C) StorageTemperature:-4 to +122°F (-20 to +50°C) for ≤ 30 days

NOTE: The battery starts to charge when the power cord is connected. When

the battery is charged, the instrument uses the current supplied by the power supply, without drawing from the battery.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

3.3 Mechanical Speciﬁcations

Dimensions:9.5 x 7.0 x 2.0" (240 x 180 x 55mm)

Weight:4.6 lb (2.1kg)

ShockandVibration:per EN 61010-1

Tightness:IP 50 per EN 60529 (electrical IP2X for the terminals)

3.4 Environmental Speciﬁcations

Altitude:Operating: 0 to 2000 meters (6560 ft) Non-Operating: 0 to 10,000 meters (32800 ft)

Temperatureand%RH:

Relative humidity in % RH

-4 32

Temperature in °F

122957968

3.5 Safety Speciﬁcations

Electrical Safety

600V CAT IV (probe dependent)

Pollution Degree 2

EN 61010-31: 2002 EN 61010-1: 2001 EN 61010-2-032: 1995

Electromagnetic Compatibility

Immunity: EN 61326-1+A1: 1998; IEC 61000-4-30: 2003 Emission: EN 61326-1+A1: 1998

Reference Range

Operating Range

Storage Range

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

3.6 AC Current Probe Model SR193

(3945-B accuracy included)

When installing probes, face the arrow on the probe in the direction of the load.

NominalRange: 1000AAC for f ≤1kHz

MeasurementRange:3A to 1200AAC max (I >1000A not continuously)

Currents <0.5A will be displayed as zero with this probe.

ProbeOutputSignal: 1mVAC/AAC

MaximumClampingDiameter: 2" (52mm)

Safety:EN 61010-2-032, Pollution Degree 2, 300V CAT IV, 600V CAT III

ReferenceConditions:

Ambient temperature 73°F (23°C) ± 5°F (3°C) Humidity 20 to 75% of RH Frequency 48 to 65Hz Distortion factor <1% no DC current

Magnetic eld of external origin <40 A/m (earth’s magnetic eld)

Accuracy*

Primary current (AAC) 3 to 10A 10 to 100A 100 to 1200A Accuracy (% of the output signal) ≤0.8% ± 1ct ≤0.3% ± 1ct ≤ 0.2% ± 1ct Phase shift (°) ≤1° ≤ 0.5° ≤0.3°

* Logarithmic interpolation between each specied value

Factors affecting accuracy

Conditions Range Error

Temperature 14° to 122°F (-10° to 50°C)

Relative humidity 10 to 90% <0.1%

Frequency

Position of the cable in the jaws – < 0.1% @ ≤ 400Hz

Adjacent conductor carrying a

60Hz AC current

Crest factor distortion ≤ 6 and current ≤3000A peak < 1%

DC current distortion

(% of the output signal)

30 to 48Hz

65 to 1000Hz

1 to 5kHz

Conductor in contact

with the sensor

DC on the

≤15A

nominal AC current

≤200 ppm/°C or 0.2%

per 10°C

<0.5%

<1%

<2%

≤0.5mA/A

<1%

Overload:Frequency derating beyond 1kHz:

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

1000A x 1

F (in kHz)

3.7 AC Current Probe MN93 Probe (3945-B accuracy included)

When installing probes, face the arrow on the probe in the direction of the load.

NominalRange: 200AAC for f ≤ 1kHz

MeasurementRange:2A to 240AAC max (I > 200A not permanent)

Currents <0.5A will be displayed as zero with this probe.

ProbeOutputSignal: 5mVAC/AAC

MaximumClampingDiameter: 0.8" (20mm)

Safety:EN 61010-2-032, Pollution Degree 2, 300V CAT IV, 600V CAT III,

ReferenceConditions:

Ambient temperature 73°F (23°C) ± 5°F (3°C) Humidity 20 to 75% of RH Frequency 48 to 65Hz Distortion factor <1% no DC current

Magnetic eld of external origin <40 A/m (earth’s magnetic eld)

Accuracy

Primary current (AAC) 2 to 10A 10 to 100A 100 to 240A Accuracy

(% of the output signal) Phase shift (°) ≤ 6° ≤3° ≤2°

≤3% ± 1ct ≤2.5% ± 1ct ≤1% ± 1ct

Factors affecting accuracy (% of the output signal)

Conditions Range Error

Temperature 14° to 122°F (-10° to 50°C)

Relative humidity 10 to 90% < 0.2%

Frequency response 40Hz to 10kHz

Position of the cable in the jaws – <0.5% to 50/60Hz Adjacent conductor carrying a

60Hz AC current

DC current distortion

Crest factor distortion ≤3 and peak current = 200A ≤3%

Overload:Frequency derating beyond 1kHz:

Conductor in contact with

the sensor

<20A

DC on the

nominal AC current

1000A x 1

F (in kHz)

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

≤150 ppm/K or

0.15% per 10K

40Hz to 1kHz: <3%

1 to 10kHz: <12%

≤15mA/A

<5%

3.8 AC Current Probe MN193 Probe

(3945-B accuracy included)

When installing probes, face the arrow on the probe in the direction of the load.

The 5A range of the MN193 is designed to work with secondary current transform-

ers. Best accuracy is available when entering the transformer ratio (e.g. 1000/5A).

When used to measure 5A direct, the resolution will be limited to 0.1A max.

NominalRange: 5A and 100AAC

MeasurementRange:

5A: 0.005A to 6AAC max (1A to 1200A with ratio 1000/5 selected) 100A: 0.1A to 120AAC max

Currents < (Primary x 5) ÷ (Secondary x 1000) or < 250mA on the 5A range and <0.2A on the 100A range will be displayed as zero with this probe. Power calculations will also be zeroed when the current is zeroed.

ProbeOutputSignal:5A: 200mV/AAC; 100A: 10mV/AAC

MaximumClampingDiameter: 0.8" (20mm)

Safety:NF EN 61010-2-032, Pollution Degree 2, 300V CAT IV, 600V CAT III

ReferenceConditions:

Ambient temperature 73°F (23°C) ± 5°F (3°C) Humidity 20 to 75% of RH Frequency 48 to 65Hz Distortion factor < 1% without superimposed DC current

Magnetic eld of external origin < 40 A/m (earth’s magnetic eld)

AccuracySpecications:

Range:10mV/A (1V @ 100Arms)

Primary current (in AAC) 0.1A to 1A 1A to 120A Accuracy (% of the output signal) ≤ 1% ± 2cts ≤ 1% ± 1ct Phase shift (°) ≤ 1.5° ≤1°

Overload:120A continuous

Range:200mV/A (1V @ 5Arms) with ratio 1000/5 selected

Primary current (in AAC)

Probe output

Accuracy (% of the output signal) ≤1.5% ± 1ct ≤1.5% ± 1ct ≤1% ± 1ct Phase shift (°) ≤1.7° ≤1° ≤ 1°

1 to 10A

5 to 50mA

10 to 100A

0.05 to 0.5A

100 to 1200A

0.5 to 6A

Overload:12A continuous

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Factors affecting accuracy (% of the output signal)

Conditions Range Error

Ambient temperature 14° to 131°F (-10° to 55°C)

Relative humidity 10° to 35°C 85% < 0.2%

Frequency response 40Hz to 3kHz

Positions of the cable in the jaws – <0.5% to 50/60Hz

Adjacent conductor carrying a

60Hz AC current

Conductor in contact with

the sensor

≤200 ppm/K or

0.2% per 10K

40Hz to 1kHz: <0.7%

1 to 3kHz: <2%

≤15mA/A

3.9 AC Current Probe AmpFlex® Probe

(3945-B accuracy included)

When installing probes, face the arrow on the probe in the direction of the load.

NominalRange: 3000AAC

MeasurementRange:10A to 6500AAC max

Currents below 9A will be displayed as zero with this probe.

ProbeOutputSignal: 140mVAC/3000AAC at 50Hz

NOTE:Output is proportional to the amplitude and frequency of the measured current.

Sensor: Length = 24" (610mm); Ø = 7.64" (190mm)

Length = 36" (910mm); Ø = 11.46" (290mm)

Safety:EN 61010-1 and 2, Pollution Degree 2, 600V CAT IV, 1000V CAT III

ReferenceConditions:

Ambient temperature 64 to 82°F (18 to 28°C) Humidity 20 to 75% of RH

Position of conductor in the sensor Centered

Continuous magnetic eld <40A/m (earth’s magnetic eld) External alternative magnetic eld None present External electric eld None present

Frequency 10 to 100Hz

Type of signal measured Sinusoidal

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Accuracy

Primary current (AAC) 10 to 100A 100 to 6500A

Accuracy (% of the output signal) ≤3% ± 1ct ≤2% Phase shift (°) ≤0.5° ≤0.5°

Factors affecting accuracy (% of the output signal)

Conditions Range Error

Temperature -4 to 140°F (-20 to 60°C) 0.2% per 10°C

Relative humidity 10 to 90% RH 0.5%

Frequency response 10Hz to 20kHz 0.5% Position of conductor

in clamp Adjacent conductor

carrying an AC current

Any position

Conductor in contact with

the sensor

(4% near latching system)

(2% near latching system)

3.10 AC Current Probe MiniFlex® Sensor

(3945-B accuracy included)

When installing probes, face the arrow on the probe in the direction of the load.

NominalRange: 1000AAC

MeasurementRange:10A to 1000AAC max

Currents below 10A will be displayed as zero with this probe.

ProbeOutputSignal: 47µVAC/1000AAC at 60Hz

NOTE:Output is proportional to the amplitude and frequency of the measured current.

Sensor: Length = 10" (250mm); Ø = 2.75" (70mm)

Safety:EN 61010-1 and 2, Pollution Degree 2, 600V CAT IV, 1000V CAT III

ReferenceConditions:

Ambient temperature 64 to 82°F (18 to 28°C) Humidity 20 to 75% of RH

Position of conductor in the sensor Centered

Continuous magnetic eld <40A/m (earth’s magnetic eld) External alternative magnetic eld None present External electric eld None present

Frequency 10 to 100Hz

Type of signal measured Sinusoidal

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Accuracy

Primary current (AAC) 20 to 100A 100 to 1000A

Accuracy (% of the output signal) ≤3% ≤2% Phase shift (°) -90° ±0.5°

Factors affecting accuracy (% of the output signal)

Conditions Range Error

Temperature -4 to 140°F (-20 to 60°C) 0.2% per 10°C

Relative humidity 10 to 90% RH 0.5%

Frequency response 10Hz to 20kHz 0.5% Position of conductor

in clamp Adjacent conductor

carrying an AC current

Any position

Conductor in contact with

the sensor

(6% near latching system)

< 2%

<0.7%

3.11 AC Current Probe MR193 Probe (3945-B accuracy included)

When installing probes, face the arrow on the probe in the direction of the load.

NominalRange: 1000AAC, 1400ADC max

MeasurementRange:10A to 1000AAC, 10A to 1300APEAK AC+DC

Currents <1A

AC/DC will be displayed as zero with this probe.

ProbeOutputSignal: 1mV/A

MaximumCableDiameter:One 1.6" (42mm) or two 0.98" (25.4mm) or

two bus bars 1.96 x 0.19" (50 x 5mm)

Safety:EN 61010-2-032, Pollution Degree 2, 300V CAT IV, 600V CAT III

ReferenceConditions:

Ambient temperature 64 to 82°F (18 to 28°C) Humidity 20 to 75% of RH Battery voltage 9V ±0.1V Position of conductor in the sensor Centered

Magnetic eld DC magnetic eld AC External magnetic eld None External electric eld None

Frequency ≤65Hz Type of signal measured Sinusoidal

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Accuracy

Primary current 10 to 100A 100 to 800A

Accuracy ≤ 1.5% + 1ct ≤3% + 1ct ≤5% + 1ct

Primary current 10 to 100Α 100 to 1000A – Phase angle ≤2.0° ≤1 5° –

800 to 1000AAC

800 to 1300APEAK

Factors affecting accuracy (% of the output signal)

Conditions Range Error

Temperature

Relative humidity 10 to 90% RH 0.5% of Reading Battery voltage 6.5 to 10V ≤ 1 A/V

Position of a

20mm Ø 20 conductor

Live adjacent conductor 50 and 60Hz <10mA/A External eld 400 A/m <1.3A Rejection in common mode (AC) 50 to 400Hz >65dB Residual DC +1300A

Frequency of the measurement signal

64 to 82°F

(18 to 28°C)

DC at 440Hz

DC at 1Hz DC at 2Hz DC at 5Hz

DC at -1300ADC <4mA/A

65Hz to 440Hz 440Hz to 1kHz 1kHz to 10kHz

Ζerο: ≤2 A/°C

Scale: ≤300ppm/°C or

0.3%/10°C

<0.5% of Reading

<1% of Reading <3% of Reading

<10% of Reading

AC (1" from clamp)

-2%

-5%

-4dB

PowerSource: 9V alkaline (NCDA 1604A, 6LR61)

BatteryLife:Approx 120 hrs with alkaline

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

3.12 Three-phase 5A Adapter Box

This adapter is a three-phase adapter with three 5AAC inputs L1, L2, L3 and three

AC voltage outputs. All circuits are independent and isolated between input and

output. The outputs are equipped with connectors to mate with the PowerPad Model 3945-B current channel inputs.

It facilitates automatic sensor recognition and probe ratio programming for both 1A and 5A output probes. Additionally, the adapter box can be used directly in series in a 5 Amp circuit.

The input connections accept either Ø 4mm male plugs or rigid leads between

1mm and 2.5mm2 inserted in the side hole after pressing the spring loaded connector down to expose the hole.

WARNING: This adapter is rated EN 61010, use of standard current probes with either a 1A or 5A output.

300V, CAT III and permits the

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

3.12.1 Connecting to Secondary Current Transformer (CT)

WARNING: Use caution when connecting to a secondary current transformer.

1. Short the two leads of each secondary current measurement transformer.

2. Never open a secondary circuit of a CT if its primary circuit is connected to a

supply voltage. In any case, disconnect the primary measurement transformer circuit from the supply network.

3. Connect each CT secondary to the input of the 5A adapter in the correct order (ground on P2) and the right phase order L1, L2, L3.

3.12.2 Speciﬁcations (add PowerPad

accuracy ±0.5% ± 1ct)

Currents < (Primary x 5) ÷ (Secondary x 1000) will be displayed as zero on the PowerPad

Range: 5A

Output/InputRatio: 0.2mV/mAAC

Dimensions: 6.00 x 3.74 x 3.38" (153 x 95 x 86mm)

Weight: 1.98 lbs (900g)

Impermeability: IP50 per EN 60529 (electrical IP2X for the terminals)

Electricalsafety: Double Insulation, 300V CAT III

Pollution Degree 2 per IEC 61010-1

OperatingTemperature: 5° to 131°F (-15° to 55°C), 0 to 90% RH

StorageTemperature: -40° to 185°F (-40° to 85°C), 0 to 90% RH

ReferenceConditions: 73°F (23°C) ±3K, 50 to 85% RH, 50/60Hz ±2Hz

Current measurement according to IEC 44-1 Class 0.5

Range 5mA to 50mA 50mA to 1A 1A to 6A

Error % 0.35% + 1.5mA 0.25% + 1mA 0.25% + 0.5mA

Phase Error 0.5° 0.4° 0.33°

PrimaryVoltageLoss: < 0.3V

PermanentOverload: 10A

TemperatureInuence: < 0.1% par 25K

with this probe.

Frequency Inuence 65Hz to 500Hz 500Hz to 1kHz 1kHz to 5kHz Error 0.1% 0.3% 0.5% Phase error 0.1° 0.2° 1°

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

CHAPTER 4

OPERATION

NOTE: Charge the instrument fully before use.

The instrument is turned ON by pressing the green button. The startup screen appears and indicates the instrument’s software version and serial number.

If there is no AC power supply, the instrument operates on batteries. The instrument’s batteries are charged when it is connected to a 120/240; 60/50Hz line.

The instrument is turned OFF by pressing the green be asked, if the instrument is recording or detecting transients.

The current probes connected are identiﬁed at power ON only. Use the same probe type for each phase. When changing type of probe, restart the 3945-B or select the correct probe type using the set up mode. When installing probes, face the arrow on the probe in the direction of the load.

4.1 Instrument Conﬁguration (Set-up mode)

NOTE:All congurations are available through the DataView® software.

button. Conrmation will

The instrument must be conﬁgured the ﬁrst time it is used and then whenever necessary, should your needs change. The conﬁguration is saved in the non-volatile memory when the instrument is turned OFF.

When the button is pressed, the following setup choices appear:

07/25/02 10:26 10 0

DATE / TIME

CONTRAST / BRIGHTNESS COLORS CALCULATION METHOD ELECTRICAL HOOKUP CURRENT SENSORS BAUD RATE RECORDING ALARM CLEAR MEMORY LINE FREQUENCY

Français English Deutsch Italiano Español Portugues

Figure 4-1

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

WARNING:

deleted.

• Choose the language by pressing the function button below the desired

language. Your choice will remain highlighted in yellow.

• Select the conguration settings you wish to modify, with the

As you scroll through the choices, they will be highlighted.

When “CLEAR MEMORY” is selected, all conﬁgurations are

buttons.

• Press the enter

button to modify the highlighted selection.

4.1.1 Date / Time

• Highlight DATE/TIME using the buttons, then press the button.

• Select the number to be modied with the bold type).

• Modify the value of the number selected with the

• Press the

The date and time format is indicated at the bottom of the screen.

This format can also be modied:

• The Date format can be set to MM/DD/YYYY or DD/MM/YYYY.

• The Time format can be set to a 12 hour clock (AM/PM) or a 24 hour clock (military - 12/24)

button to apply the new settings.

buttons (it will appear in

buttons.

4.1.2 Contrast / Brightness

• Highlight CONTRAST/BRIGHTNESS with the buttons, then press the

button.

• The setting is adjusted with the

cated on the bargraph.

buttons and the contrast level will be indi-

• Press the

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

button to apply the new settings.

4.1.3 Colors

Neutral current < >

• Highlight COLORS with the buttons, then press the button.

The following screen will appear:

07/25/02 10:26 10 0

Phase voltage 1 < >

Phase current 1 < >

Phase voltage 2 < > Phase current 2 < >

Phase voltage 3 < > Phase current 3 < >

Figure 4-2

• Choose the phase with the

buttons.

• Press the

button to apply the new settings.

buttons and the color for that phase with the

4.1.4 Calculation Parameters

• Highlight CALCULATION METHOD with the buttons, then press the

button.

• Select either With Harmonics or Without Harmonics with the

affects the VAR calculation.

buttons. This

• Press the

button to apply the new settings.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

4.1.5 Electrical Hookup (electrical network)

• Highlight ELECTRICAL HOOKUP with the buttons, then press the

button.

The following screen will appear:

N L1

Single-Phase

N L1 L2 L3

3 Phase 3-Wire

• Choose the hookup type with the

• Press the

button to apply the new hookup selection.

Figure 4-3

and

07/25/02 10:26 10 0

N L1 L2

Two-Phase

N L1 L2 L3

3 Phase 4-Wire

buttons.

HookupTypes:

Singleortwo-phase: The neutral current is not measured or calculated.

3phase-3wireconnection(3V,3A):

On DELTA network: Only power totals are measured. Powers per phase are displayed, but not valid.

On WYE network:

The neutral current is not calculated. It is necessary

to connect neutral (V) to obtain the power per phase.

3phase-4wireconnection(4V,3A):The neutral current is available and its value and waveform are displayed.

On WYE network: Powers per phase are available.

NOTE: Neutral current is calculated, not measured, in the 4 wire hookup.

V1 must be connected in all hookups, since the display is synchronized from V1 and the network frequency measured by V1.

Neutral current is calculated by adding, for each datapoint, each of the 3

measured phases of current. This assumes that all current ows through

neutral. This results in a 256 datapoint waveform. If the 3 phases of current were balanced, the calculated neutral current would be 0 for every datapoint.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

SynchronizationoftheDisplayin“Waveform”mode:

Display selection

(vertical right menu)

3U 3V

4A / 3A

L1 L2 L3

Reference channel

for synchronization

U1 V1 A1 V1 V2 V3

4.1.6 Current Sensors

• Highlight CURRENT SENSORS with the buttons, then press the button.

The following screen will appear:

200A

07/25/02 10:26 10 0

MN clamp

SR clamp

AmpFlex

MR clamp

Adapter

1000/5A

Figure 4-4

 Current transducer ratio.

•

moves the cursor left or right to select which digit will be edited.

increases or decreases the value at the highlighted position.

 Secondary current value.  Nominal value of primary current from 5 to 2999A.

• Choose the sensor type with the

- The MN Clamp also requires a range selection to match your probe. The

range choices are 200, 100 and 5 Amps. The 200 Amp Range is used for the MN93 Probe and the 100 or 5 Amp Range is used for the MN193 Probe.

- To select the proper range rst ensure that the MN Probe choice is high-

lighted using the

- Next press the

buttons.

button to highlight the range, then press either of the

buttons.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

buttons to select the desired measurement range of 200, 100 or 5 Amps. If the 5 Amp range is selected, a choice for programming the ratio is offered.

- To change the ratio, press the Pressing either of the

- After making this selection, press the value. Each press of the to the left or right, accordingly. Use the

position as desired. The primary range can be set between 1 and 2999.

• Press the

menu will once again be displayed on the screen.

button to apply the current sensor selection. The Conguration

buttons will toggle this value to either 1 or 5.

button to highlight the secondary value.

button to adjust the primary

buttons will move the highlight one digit

buttons to change each digit

In addition to the 4 current probe choices, there is an adapter selection. This selection allows the operator to use current probes that have a current output with PowerPad

. The ratio for these probes can be programmed with this selection. The primary current can be programmed from 5 to 2999 Amps. The secondary current can be set to 1 or 5 Amps. Adjustment for the ratio is performed in the same way as described on the previous page for the MN probe.

4.1.7 Baud Rate

• Highlight BAUD RATE with the buttons, then press the button.

• Choose from the baud rate values: 2400, 4800, 7200, 9600, 19200, 38400,

57600 or 115200 with the

• Press the

menu will once again be displayed on the screen.

button to apply the current sensor selection. The Conguration

buttons.

For transfer of data between the PowerPad speeds must be identical on both sides.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

and PC, the communication

4.1.8 Recording

• Highlight RECORDING with the buttons, then press the button.

The following screen will appear:

SET-UP

If these options are not selected, all the harmonics

(odd and even) will be

recorded.

Figure 4-5

• Four recording set-ups are available.

• Choose recording conguration 1, 2, 3, or 4 with the

• Next, move through the choices with the

parameters with the

buttons.

buttons and select the desired

As you move through the parameters, each choice, in turn, will be highlighted.

• To activate the selected parameter for recording, use the The selected parameters will have a lled in

and those not selected will have

an unlled .

buttons.

• There are two user-dened parameters at the bottom of the window. At rst,

they will be listed as a question mark “?”. These parameters allow you to moni-

tor specic, or a range, of voltage, current or power harmonics.

To activate these parameters:

- Use the

- Next use the

buttons to select the parameter.

buttons to scroll through the available choices.

These are: Uh, Vh, Ah, and VAh.

- Once the desired parameter is selected, use the

to move to the rst

modiable eld for this parameter. A value from 00 to 50 may be selected for this eld using the

buttons.

- After selecting the desired harmonic order for the beginning value, press

the

button to move to the upper value. Use the same process to select

the upper limit.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

- Press the

button again to move to the right to modify the last value

needed to complete the denition. Here you will choose whether to

include all harmonics or only the odd harmonics.

- Use the

buttons to make this selection. The diamond preceding the Odd

Only choice will appear lled in for selected and unlled for not selected.

Exampleofauserdenedchoice: Vh 02 → 15

In this user dened condition, all odd voltage harmonics between the 2

will be recorded.

• Press the

button when you have nished selecting all the parameters to be

Odd Only.

and the

recorded to apply the new setup.

The battery may fully discharge when recording for long periods of time while not connected to a power supply. The PowerPad

will continue to record for some time, even if below the minimum battery charge value. However, the display may not come back on, and will eventually stop saving data when the battery is too low. All data recorded will be saved.

If in the Record Mode, and the display does not come ON, do not turn the

instrument OFF. Supply power to the PowerPad

with the line cord and the

display will come back ON when any button (other than ON/OFF) is pressed.

4.1.9 Alarm

• Highlight ALARM with the buttons, then press the button.

The following screen will appear:

Vrms

Arms

Vthd

Athd

Vh 3

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

07/25/02 10:26 10 0

Hysteresis 10 %

0020 A

1000 W

Figure 4-6

210 V

08.0 %

10.0 %

0.9 2

05.0 %

01 s

02 s

01 s

05 min

15 min

01 min

10 min

A programmed alarm must be set to “ON” to function properly (general activation or deactivation of alarms is generated in the alarm mode).

Modifying one or several characteristics of an alarm set to “ON”, auto-

matically switches it to “OFF”.

 Hysteresis Percentage (1, 2, 5 or 10%). A hysteresis value is set to prevent

multiple recordings of an event that goes above the threshold and a certain percentage below it at times. Example:Alarm threshold is 100 Volts or higher,

hysteresis is 1%. When voltage goes up to 100V, the alarm condition starts,

when it next goes back down to 99V, the alarm condition stops.

 Alarm activation (ON or OFF)  Alarm number (1 to 10)

 There are 24 parameters to choose from for alarm triggering. They are: Vrms,

Urms, Arms, Vpst, Vcf, Ucf, Acf, Vumb, Aumb, Hz, Akf, Vthd, Uthd, Athd, W, VAR, VA, DPF, PF, Tan, Vh, Uh, Ah and VAh.

 Threshold value for triggering an alarm  Minimum duration from beginning threshold detection to store the alarm

(from 0.01 seconds to 99 minutes)

 Less than “<” or greater than “>”  Capture - 3L: capture all phases (1, 2, or 3 depending on hookup selection)

- N: neutral capture

- Σ: total power capture

- Σ/3: average value of 3-phase capture (Σ/2 for 2-phase)

- 0-50 harmonic order available for harmonic event capture

Alarm Programming

Choose the parameters associated with an alarm from the available parameters (phases survey, threshold value and minimum duration ltering can be programmed).

The programmed hysteresis is common to all alarms.

• Highlight Alarm with the buttons, then press the button.

• Select the modiable eld using the

• Activate or adjust the threshold values using the modied is shown in bold.)

• Press the

button when you have nished setting all the alarm parameters.

buttons.

buttons. (The eld to be

When the alarm is “OFF”, the parameters previously used are stored in memory and reappear if the alarm is selected again.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

4.1.10 Clear Memory

When CLEAR MEMORY is selected, the following question is displayed:

Are you sure you want to delete all the data?

Yes No

• Choose the answer with the

• Press the

again be displayed on the screen.

button to apply your choice. The Conguration menu will once

buttons.

When data is deleted, all detected alarms, screen snapshots, captured transient states and all recordings are deleted.

The conﬁguration will return to the default setting and the instrument will

automatically turn OFF once the data has been deleted.

4.1.11 Line Frequency

Rated frequency of network: 50 or 60Hz

This parameter determines the correction coefﬁcients used for calculating power and energy.

• Highlight Line Frequency with the buttons, then press the button.

• Choose the line frequency using the

• Press the

again be displayed on the screen.

button to apply your selection. The Conguration menu will once

buttons.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

CHAPTER 5

DISPLAY MODES

The screen presentations in this section depict three-phase setups for the purpose of explaining the various choices. Your actual screens will appear differently based upon your particular set up.

5.1 Waveform Mode

Press the waveform display mode button -

5.1.1 RMS Voltage Measurement on a Three-phase System

07/25/0249.99Hz 10:26 10 0

300V

-300

<t= 5.0ms V1= +276 V2 = -140 V3 = -145 >

RMS

123

202.5 v 202.0 v 202.7 v

THD CF

max min

Figure 5-1

3U 3V 3A L1 L2 L3

 Values measured for each waveform, updated every second, according to the

measurement type chosen with the variable function buttons. Value will be color matched to its waveform.

 Instantaneous values of signals at time “t”, at the intersection of the cursor

and the waveforms. The cursor is moved along the time axis with the buttons.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

 The measurement type is selected using one of the six variable function but-

tons. All of these measurements are valid in 3U, 3V, 3A, L1, L2 and L3.

 The waveforms are selected by pressing the buttons:

- 3U displays the three phase-phase voltages of a three-phase system

- 3V displays the three voltages of a three-phase system

- 3A displays the three phase currents of a

The neutral current is not a direct measurement, but the resulting total of the 3 currents measured.

- L1, L2 or L3 displays the current and voltage, on phase one, two or three,

respectively.

IMPORTANTNOTE:The choice of waveforms to be displayed, in any dis-

play mode, depends on the type of connection (see § 4.1.5).

• Single-phase: No choice (L1) • Three phase-3 wire: 3U, 3V, 3A, L1, L2, L3

• Two-phase: 2V, 2A, L1, L2

• Three phase -4 wire: 3U, 3V, 4A, L1, L2, L3

three phase-3 wire

system

5.1.2

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

RMS Voltage Measurement on 3 Phases

123

207.6 v204.4 v204.9 v

300V

-300 <t= 5.0msV1= +2783V2= -144 V3= -147 >

RMS

THD CF

Figure 5-2

07/25/0259.99Hz 10:26 10 0

max min

3U 3V 3A

L1 L2 L3

5.1.3 RMS Current Measurement on the 3 Phases and Neutral Current on a Three Phase-4 Wire System

07/25/0260.00Hz 10:26 10 0

27A

-27 <t= 5.0ms l1= +26 12= -13 13= -13 IN= +1 >

RMS

123

19.1 A 18.5 A 17.1 A1.2 A

Figure 5-3

max min

THD CF

5.1.4 Total Harmonic Distortion Measurement on One Phase

07/25/0260.00Hz 10:26 10 0

123

2.1 % 3.5 % 1.9 %

3U 3V 4A L1 L2 L3

290V

-290 <t= 5.0msV1= +280 V2= -144 V3 = -145 >

Figure 5-4

max min

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

RMS

THD CF

L1 L2 L3

5.1.5 Minimum and Maximum Current Value Measurements

07/25/0259.99Hz 10:26 10 0

MAX

AVG

MIN

PEAK+

PEAK

RMS

21.7

6.3

0.0

+11.4

–11.0

THD CF

18.8

18.5

0.0

+25.8

–25.8

17.6

17.1 15.0

0.0

+24.0

–24.8

max min

Figure 5-5

3U 3V 4A L1 L2 L3

 Crest Factor - refreshed every 250ms (but calculated every second).



Select 3V or 4A with to obtain the MIN, AVG, MAX, or PEAK values for current or voltage. Select L1, L2 or L3 to obtain these values for an individual phase.

MIN, AVG and MAX values are measured as soon as the power is turned ON. Pressing the enter button will reset these values and begin a new update.

The MAX and MIN measurements are calculated every half period (e.g.

every 10ms for a 50Hz signal). The AVG measurements are calculated every second. However, the MAX, AVG and MIN measurements are refreshed every 250ms.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.1.6 Simultaneous Display of the Different Current Measurements

07/25/0259.99Hz 10:26 10 0

RMS

THD

RMS

As seen on the bar on the right, K factor is only available for currents 4A, 3A or 2A, depending on hook up of leads.

As seen on the bar on the right, icker is only available for voltages 3V or 2V, depending on hook up of leads.

Flicker and K factor are available when either L1, L2 or L3 is selected from the choices on the right side of the screen.

10.4 +0.0

27.7

1.61

1.92

25.9 2.9

THD CF

18.4 +0.0

3.0

1.40

1.03

16.9

–0.3 –0.3

1.6

1.45

1.00

1.5

max min

Figure 5-6

11.6

3U 3V 4A L1 L2 L3

DC current will be displayed, however the values are only valid when a current probe capable of measuring DC is used. The MR193 probe is available for this

purpose.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.1.7 Phasor Diagram Display (Fresnal Diagram)

07/25/0259.99Hz 10:26 10 0

202.8 v

198.7 v

203.2 v

+122 °

+118 °

+120 °

UNBALANCE

RMS

1.5

THD CF

Figure 5-7

max min

3U 3V 4A

L1 L2 L3

 Absolute value of voltage or current, depending on display selection.

 Φ 12 corresponds to phase angle between channel 1 and channel 2

Φ 23 corresponds to phase angle between channel 2 and channel 3 Φ 31 corresponds to phase angle between channel 3 and channel 1

NOTE:This is valid for currents (4A and 3A) and for single voltage (3V). When the user chooses to look at a specic phase (L1, L2 or L3) ΦVA is the

phase angle of V in relation to A.

 Current or voltage unbalanced ratio.

 Phasor diagram displays selection by voltage, current or phase.

It is advised to look at the phasor diagram prior to recording to check if the probes are installed correctly. I1, I2 and I3 should be shown, when installed on a live circuit, in a clockwise fashion.

The leading (inductive) or lagging (capacitive) effects of the load can be seen

at this time and a snapshot of this screen may be appropriate.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.2 Harmonics Mode

Press the harmonic display mode button -

Use the function buttons to select the type of harmonic analysis:

V - Single phase voltage analysis

A - Current analysis

VA - Power and direction ow analysis

U - Phase-to-phase voltage analysis

The

out, in increments of 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%.

5.2.1 Single Phase and Phase-to-Phase Voltage Analysis

and buttons allow the user to zoom in or

07/25/0259.95H

123

31.5

Vh 03 1.3

1357911131517192123

31.4

+003°+113° -094 °

2.7

0:26 10 0

0.6

1.2

.+ 3L L1 L2 L3

VAVA U

Figure 5-8

 Values measured for each phase, at cursor position (in the example shown

above, the 3rd harmonic is selected and displayed).

The information displayed is:

- Harmonic order.

- Percentage relative to the fundamental.

- RMS value.

- Phase angle in relation to the fundamental, according to the measure-

ment type chosen (in this example V) with the variable function buttons

just below the screen.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

 Cursor enables selection up to 50

as the 25th harmonic is reached, the 25th to 50th range appears (0 represents

the DC component).

harmonic, with the

buttons. As soon

 Selection of expert mode -.+ is available for 3-phase hookups by pressing the

buttons (see §5.2.4 for description).

5.2.2 Single Phase and Phase-to-Phase Current Analysis

W VA

07/25/0260.00Hz 10:26 10 0

34.1

Ah 03 2.8

max 34.5 max 1.1

% %

THD

-040°

36.5

.+ 3L L1 L2 L3

1357911131517192123

VAVA U

Figure 5-9

Selection of 3-phase or individual phases L1, L2 and L3, displays:

• The total THD

• The MIN and MAX instantaneous values

• The parameters for the harmonic order selected by the cursor:

- Percentage in relation to the fundamental

- RMS value and phase angle in relation to the fundamental component

• MIN, MAX instantaneous values for the selected current harmonic

MIN, MAX values are reset each time the cursor position is changed.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.2.3 Power and Direction Flow Analysis

VAh03

100

-100

07/25/0259.98Hz 10:26 10 0

-63

min -22 %

1357911131517192123

122 °

max -22 %

W VA

.+ 3L L1 L2 L3

VAVA U

Figure 5-10

Harmonics on this screen are shown with either a positive or negative orientation.

Since the bar selected in this example is negative, it indicates that it is a harmonic from load to source.

By convention, positive harmonics are from supply to load, and negative harmonics are from load to supply.

The signs are only available in harmonic power measurement.

The example above shows a power harmonic display with the 3rd harmonic highlighted by the cursor. This harmonic is generated by the load.

Harmonic direction is inﬂuenced by probe installation on the proper phase and arrow on probe facing the load.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.2.4 Harmonic Analysis in Expert Mode

Press on the button to select “-.+” and then either the “V” or “A” variable function button “V” or “A”.

Example of a typical display:

59.98Hz 10:26

07/25/02

10 0

02 05

08 11 14 17

7.3

03 06

09 12 15 18

15.5

07 10 13 16 19

4.8

.+ 3L L1 L2 L3

Figure 5-11

• Firstcolumn:The harmonics inducing a negative sequence are displayed.

• Secondcolumn:Those inducing a zero sequence (triplens added into the neutral) are displayed.

• Thirdcolumn:Those inducing a positive sequence are displayed.

Harmonic content is useful to evaluate the inuence of harmonics that cause heat-

ing of the neutral or on rotating machines.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.3 Power / Energy Mode

Press the power display mode button - . This will enable:

• Measurement of the real power (generated and consumed)

• Measurement of reactive power (capacitive or inductive)

• Measurement of apparent power

W... - Choice of power parameters PF... - Power factor

- Displays the generated or consumed energy

- Starts energy totalization

- Stops energy totalization

- Resets the counters to zero

5.3.1 Starting and Stopping Energy Totalization

07/25/02 10:49:21 07/25/02 10:55:08

kVAR

vARh

kVA

VAh

W... PF...

+3.241

0000203

1.997

0000123

0000000

3.809

0000244

Figure 5-12

07/25/0260.00H

+3.768

0000334

0.241

0000021

0000000

3.796

0000336

0:49

+3.435

0000304

0.120

0000011

0000000

3.452

0000306

10 0

3L L1 L2

 Start date and time of energy totalization.  Stop date and time of energy totalization.  Selection of the three phases (3L) or one in particular (L1, L2, L3) by pressing

the

buttons. Select Σ to display total for all phases.

The display is automatically adjusted for a display in W, VA, VAR or kW, kVA, kVAR. It is possible to switch to other display modes without stopping the totalization.

Incorrect probe installation on phases (black on B phase or C phase) or arrow on probe facing in the wrong direction (towards line instead of load) will result in inaccurate data. Negative data on one or more phases may be an indication of this.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.3.2 Button

-W +W

+Var

-Var

Produced Consumed

Reactive Power - from load

Reactive Power - from supply

This function key is used to display generated or consumed power, or real, reactive and apparent energy.

This button toggles the display between generated energy (from load to supply) and consumed energy (from supply to load) each time it is pressed. When the

is highlighted (yellow background) the display shows generated energy.

5.3.3 PF... Button

In “3L” display mode, the PF (Power Factor), DPF (Displacement Power Factor [fundamental V, I, phase shift] ) or Cosine ϕ values and the Tangent ϕ can be dis-

played by pressing the “PF...” button.

Power Factor

DPF or Cosine

Tangent ϕ

DPF

Tan

0.634

0.742

-0.439 +0.050 +0.035

W... PF...

FourQuadrantPowerDiagram:

07/25/0250.00Hz 10:59 10 0

0.998 0.995

0.999 0.999

Figure 5-13

3L L1 L2 L3

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Figure 5-14

5.4 Transient Mode

Press the transient display mode button -

Transients are displayed in the form of waveforms. All channels (up to 6, based upon conguration) are stored in memory for each transient. Up to 50 transients

can be captured, which include the pre-tripped waveform, the tripped waveform and two post trip waveforms for each active input.

The function buttons have the following functions in this mode:

- Starts capture search programming for

a new transient

- Stops capture search

- Displays a captured transient

- Deletes a captured transient

SLOTS AVAILABLE

START

END

V threshold

A threshold

Number

NAME

07/25/02 10:54 10 0

SEARCH FOR NEW TRANSIENTS

: 07/25/02 10:55

: 1 %

: 1

: T E S T

Figure 5-15

 Transient recording start and end time.  Trigger threshold: selection of 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 100% of full

scale for voltage and current are available.

- Press the

buttons to select either “V” or “A”, then use the but-

tons to modify the trigger threshold.

 Choose a name for the session and the number of transients to be captured

with the arrow buttons:

: Selection of the character place (7 characters max)

: Selection of the alphanumeric value

: Press the Enter button to apply the conditions and to activate

transient capture

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

The table below lists the capture threshold levels, based on the probe in use (for the current channels) and voltage at the different percent selections.

Thresholds

100% 50% 20% 10% 5% 2% 1%

MN93 200A 100A 40A 20A 10A 4A 2A

MN193 (100A) 100A 50A 20A 10A 5A 2A 1A

MN193 (5A) [ (primary x 5) ÷ (secondary) ] x (percent x 100)

SR193 1000A 500A 200A 100A 50A 20A 10A

AmpFlex

MiniFlex™ 2900A 1400A 580A 290A 140A 58A 29A

MR193 1000A 500A 200A 100A 50A 20A 10A

2999A ratio adapter 3000A 1500A 600A 300A 150A 60A 30A

1A ratio adapter 1A 0.5A 0.2A 0.1A 0.05A 0.02A 0.01A

Voltage 480V 240V 96V 48V 24V 9.6V 4.8V

193 2900A 1400A 580A 290A 140A 58A 29A

Transients are detected by comparing all 256 samples on the current cycle with their counterparts from the previous cycle for each active input channel. Should any one sample deviate from its counterpart by the selected percentage value in the set up, this will be considered a transient and the data will be captured.

When capture occurs, four cycles are recorded for each input. These include the trigger cycle, the previous cycle to the trigger and the two cycles that follow the triggered cycle. All active inputs will be captured.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.4.1 Opening Previously Stored Transients

The screen below can be accessed with the retrieve button. It displays a list transients previously stored in the memory.

07/25/02 10:56 10 0

SELECTION OF TRANSIENT

TEST 05

TEST 04

TEST 03

TEST 02

TEST 01

05/07/02 14:31:41

05/07/02 14:31:21

05/07/02 14:31:04

Figure 5-16

If the “@” symbol appears as the ﬁrst letter of the recording name (e.g. @EST

05), the data may be corrupted and should be checked carefully.

 The status bar at the top displays the memory lled by stored transients.  Name and transient number (from 01 to 50) for each stored transient.  Transient recording time and date are displayed for each transient.

- To select a transient, press the

button

- To delete a selected transient, press the

button

the

buttons, then select it with the

button, then conrm it with

5.4.2 Storing the Trigger

The threshold T in percent, dened as an envelope width (over and under) the last

cycle of signal V or A input signal. Its width W is calculated with the nominal mea-

surement range R for a channel (depending on the selected current sensor).

W = T x R

Example: Using the SR193 probe and a 2% trigger level, the width would be 1000A x 2% = 20A. Therefore, a deviation of ±20A will cause a transient event to be captured.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

The display below shows the transient selected in Fig. 5-16 on the previous page.

07/25/02 11:22

10 0

07/25/02 11:24:21

30A

3V 4A L1

- 30A <t= +0.0ms I1= IN=-1 12= -2+0 I3= -20 >

Figure 5-17

The screen displays 4 cycles of 256 points/cycle, with 1 cycle before the trigger and 3 cycles after.

L2 L3

 The waveforms to be displayed are selected by pressing on the

- 3V displays the three phase voltages during the transient

- 4A displays the three phase currents and the neutral current during the

transient

- L1, L2 or L3 displays the current and voltage on phase 1, 2 or 3



Instant values at an instant “t”, in relation to the cursor, can be displayed on the

time scale with the

buttons.

 : Returns to the transient selection screen

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

and : Changes the time scale (screen display of 4, 2 or 1 periods)

centered on the cursor, which can be moved with the

buttons.

All transients captured and stored can be downloaded to a PC with the Data-

software (see Chapter 6).

View

5.5 Alarm Mode

Press the alarm display mode button -

Figure 5-18 presents the various alarms stored.

NOTE:The threshold values must rst have been programmed in the

Also, the alarm event, or alarm capture, must end before an alarm will be displayed.

- Starts alarm capture

- Stops alarm capture

- Deletes all stored alarms

2 4

< 07/25/02

11:27

11:28

11:29

Vthd Vrms Vthd Vthd Arms Arms Arms Arms Arms Vrms Vthd

23.1% 0V

34.3%

35.0% 1A 1A 0A 0A 0A 109V

35.1%

L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L2 L1 L2 L3 L1 L1

2s 1s24 1s 1s 1s5 1s3 1s9 1s9 1s8 3s37 3s

07/25/02 11 :27100

100

2/2

mode.

Figure 5-18

 Alarm memory status bar (indicates available alarm storage memory)  Alarm target  Measurement parameter monitored  Maximum or minimum amplitude detected  Alarm duration

Use the

NOTE:All the alarms recorded can be downloaded to a PC with the DataView software (see Chapter 6). Up to 4096 alarms can be captured.

NOTE:The type of connection selected in the possibilities of choices, target and monitored parameter. The user is responsible for making pertinent choices.

buttons to select an alarm.

buttons to display alarms within a period of time.

The Alarm values for PF, DPF, Tan, ϕ, W and VAR are absolute values.

mode has no inuence on the

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.6 Recording Mode

After a recording is set, the instrument will go into sleep mode (no display) to save the batteries. The recording will start as programmed. Press any button other than the ON/OFF button to turn ON the display again. Turning off the PowerPad not start.

clears the schedule, even if turned on again, the recording will

This mode enables all the parameters previously congured in the setup to be recorded (see § 4.1.8). Press the record display mode button -

The variable function buttons have the following functions in this mode:

- Creates a new recording

- Opens a previous recording

- Deletes recording

5.6.1 Saving the Selected Parameters

07/25/02 10:56 10 0

NEW RECORDING

CONFIGURATION : CONFIG 1

START : 07/25/02 10:56

END : 07/25/02 10:57

PERIOD : 1 min

NAME : T E S T

Recording

Figure 5-19

 Recording status bar (displays remaining memory capacity).  Parameters - press the

tons to modify them. An underline will appear under the selected parameter.

- Select the conguration number to be modied with the buttons. (CONFIG 1, 2, 3 or 4)

- Select the dates with the

 NOTE: The dates are adjusted according to the chosen recording inte-

gration period. “PERIOD” does not refer to a sampling period, but rather,

to an integration period (average).

buttons to select the parameters and the

buttons.

but-

mode

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

- Select a recording storage rate using the buttons.

NOTE:The possible storage rates are 1, 5 or 20 sec; 1, 2, 5, 10 or 15 min.

- Enter the record name with the alphabet and numbers. Up to 7 characters may be entered.

- Save the changes with the

NOTE: The 3945-B will calculate the storage needs of the recording, and if necessary, will display the message “Not enough memory”.

If the recording is scheduled, the PowerPad

If it doesn’t accept any of the parameters, it will instead move the cursor to the eld

it doesn’t accept. After changing the parameter, press enter again.

Parameters not accepted could include the start time being before the present

time. If the period (storage rate) is more than 1 minute, the start time must be a multiple of the storage rate (e.g. if there is a 10 minute storage rate, the recording start time could not be 4:09, but should instead be 4:00 or 4:10). The duration must

also be a multiple of the storage rate.

The setup cong number must have at least 1 parameter selected to record. The

recording name cannot be blank. There must be enough memory.

buttons, which scroll through the

button.

will display “Recording on Standby”.



TIP:It may be wise to do a very short sample program to be sure everything is set correctly. For example, choose a 10 minute recording session called “test 1” and evaluate results.

TIP: Make sure to leave the PowerPad® on until the recording is completed and check that there is AC power or enough time left on the battery.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.6.2 Selecting or Deleting a Record

SELECTION OF RECORDING

07/25/02 10:56 10 0

TEST

PUMP

MOTORA

07/25/02 17:58 > In progress

07/18/02 17:58 > 07/18/02 11:45

07/12/02 14:41 > 07/12/02 16:40

Figure 5-20

If the “@” symbol appears as the ﬁrst letter of the recording name (e.g. @EST), the data may be corrupted and should be checked carefully.

The status bar at the top displays the memory occupied by previous records.

ToSelectaRecording:

• Press the

appear in bold type. Press

ToDeleteaRecording:

• Select the record to be deleted with the

and then press



TIP:It is possible to display a measurement being recorded by selecting the name of the recording. To refresh the screen, press the mode buttons (caution: loss of cursor position and zoom capability will occur).

buttons to select the recording. The current selection will

the

button to accept the selection.

buttons, press on button

the

button to delete the selection.

The instrument automatically makes a correction if the programmed dates and times do not match the current date, the current time or the set storage rate.

It is recommended to set multiple times:

- of 2 for 2 min

- of 5 for 5 min

The instrument automatically corrects the start and end time in order to improve the readability of the time scales of the recording mode (graph representation).

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.6.3 Selecting a Graphic Display for Recorded Measurements

Recorded data can be displayed in graphic form.

• Select the recording to be displayed using the

recording by pressing the

button. A screen similar to gure 5-21 will appear.

buttons

. Then, open the

07/25/02 10:56 100

RECORDING

START :

END :

PERIOD :

SELECTION OF MEASUREMENT TO VIEW

F Urms Uthd Ucf Vrms ../..

07/25/02

1 mn

TEST

17:58

18:27

Figure 5-21

(1%)

Use the function buttons to enable direct selection of the measurement to be displayed.

Pressing the “../..” key enables the user to scroll through all the measurements selected when the record was programmed.

Example when Vrms is Selected

07/25/02 10:38 100

07/25/02 10:13:21

Vrms

220.0V

210.0V

200.0V

204.7

mn>

10 15 20 25 30

2 3

203.4

Figure 5-22

204.0

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

3L L1 L2 L3

 Display of the average voltage for each of the 3 voltages. Moving the cursor

with the

buttons updates the values to reect the new cursor position.

 Selection of the 3 phases or each phase separately with the



Returns to the screen where the measurement to be displayed is selected.

Example when L1 is Selected

07/25/02 10:38 10 0

buttons.

07/25/02 10:13:21

Vrms

220.0V

210.0V

200.0V

mn>

204.5204.9

10 15 20 25 30

204.7

Figure 5-23

3L L1 L2 L3

 MIN, AVG and MAX values over the display period

 MAX value  AVG value  MIN value  Returns to the Measurement Selection Screen (see Fig. 5-21)

When the display period is different from the averaging integration period:

• The average value is calculated with the sum of each integration period

stored.

• The extreme values are the minimum and the maximum of an integration

period during the display period selected with the cursor.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Graphic Display of Average Power

After returning to the Measurement Selection Screen (see Fig. 5-21) use the “../..”

button to view more recorded parameters, if necessary. Pressing the “W” button, will bring up a screen similar to Fig. 5-24 below.

07/25/02 10:38 10 0

07/25/02 10:13:21

+3.881

+4000

+3900

+3800

mn> 10 15 20 25 30

Figure 5-24

In the example above, the display shows the average value of the real power on the phase L1. The value is updated as the cursor is moved with

Hold the cursor button down to switch to fast forward.

Energy Measurement for a Determined Period

L1 L2 L3

buttons.

07/25/02 10:39 10 0

07/25/02 10:25:21

+755.2

+4000

+3900

+3800

mn> 10 15 20 25 30

Figure 5-25

L1 L2 L3

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

The energy over a selected period can be calculated from the average power records:

• Move the cursor to the start time.

• Press the

• Move the cursor with

function button.

buttons to the desired end time.

• The energy value is displayed, with end date and end time.

It is possible to make an energy measurement over several recording ranges in the 4 quadrants.

All of the data in a recording session can be downloaded to a computer using the DataView

The and buttons allow the integration period of the displayed measurement and the graph time-scale to be changed.

Display Averaging Period Graph Scale

2 hours over 5 days

1 hour over 2 1/2 days 15 minutes over 15 hours 10 minutes over 10 hours

5 minutes over 5 hours

1 minute over 1 hour

20 seconds over 20 minutes

5 seconds over 5 minutes

1 second over 1 minute

NOTE: The minimum integration period is limited by the recording period. The recording integration period of 2 minutes is a special case. In this case, only the following display integration periods are possible: 10 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours.

software.

5.7 Saving a Display

This button allows 12 snapshots to be saved for future recall and evaluation.

• Press the

• The

button (for about 3s) to capture the current display.

icon is displayed in the top left corner as soon as the operation

is successful.

• This icon is replaced by if there is no space left in the memory to

record the display.

These screens can be downloaded to a computer using the DataView software.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.8 Opening a Previously Saved Snapshot

A short press (about 1s) on the button gives access to the menu of snapshots that have been saved.

The small icon to the left of each snapshot (date and time) tells you what type of

data was stored.

07/17/02 11:27

07/17/02 11:28

07/17/02 12:08

07/17/02 12:20

07/17/02 12:30

07/17/02 12:48

Figure 5-26

• Use the buttons to select the snapshot.

• To display the snapshot, press the

button, then the enter

• After reviewing the snapshot, press the enter

of saved snapshots.

• To delete a selected snapshot, press the

button.

07/25/02 10:26 10 0

07/17/02 12:57

button again to return to the list

button, then press the enter

button.

The various storage spaces of the Model 3945-B are of a ﬁxed size and are completely independent. There are four memory spaces available (alarms, snapshot, transients and recordings).

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

5.9 Printing

The print button allows a screen to be printed directly to a dedicated printer connected to the serial port.

07/25/0259.99Hz 10:26 10 0

202.5 v202.0 v202.7 v

300V

-300 <t= 5.0msV1= +276 V2= -140 V3= -145 >

RMS

When the replaced by the

NOTE:It will take a few seconds for the icon to appear. Print transmission speed is 19.2kb.

THD CF

button is pressed, the screen freezes and the top left mode icon is

icon (as shown in Figure 5-27 above).

max min

Figure 5-27

3U 3V 3A

L1 L2 L3

To stop the printing in progress (e.g. in the event of an error), press the print button once again.

The recommended printer for the Model 3945-B is the SEIKO Model DPU414-30B (Cat. #2140.21). This printer is shipped with set-up instructions for use with the Model 3945-B PowerPad®.

5.10 Help

Press this button to obtain help for the current display mode.

To exit the Help mode, press the

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

button once again.

CHAPTER 6

DATAVIEW® SOFTWARE

6.1 Features

DataView® has a simple, easy-to-use interface for conguring and running tests with the PowerPad®, as well as printing reports of the test results. There are many features that are available through this program. A few of the most popular are listed below.

• Congures and displays all functions of the PowerPad

• Runs tests from your computer with a simple click and execute process

• Views and captures data in real time

• Retrieves data from the instrument’s memory

• Plots graphs of recorded information that has been downloaded

• Presents reports, including your analysis in the comments section

• Stores a library of setups for different applications

• Provides consistency in testing, regardless of who performs the test

For a Tutorial on how to use DataView with the PowerPad, visit our Power Quality category in our “Tech Info” section on our website www.aemc.com.

6.2 Installing DataView

DO NOT CONNECT THE INSTRUMENT TO THE PC BEFORE INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE AND DRIVERS.

MinimumComputerRequirements:

• Windows XP / Windows Vista & Windows 7 (32/64 bit)

• 256MB of RAM for Windows XP 1GB of RAM for Windows Vista & Windows 7 (32 bit) 2GB or RAM for Windows Vista & Windows 7 (64 bit)

• 80MB of hard disk space (200MB recommended)

• CD-ROM drive

Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

NOTE: When installing, the user must have Administrative access rights during the installation. The users access rights can be changed after the installation is complete.

DataView® must be reinstalled for each user in a multi-user system.

1. Insert the DataView® CD into your CD-ROM drive. If auto-run is enabled, the Setup program will start automatically. If auto-run

is not enabled, select Run from the Start menu and type in D:\SETUP (if your

CD-ROM drive is drive D. If this is not the case, substitute the appropriate drive letter).

If installing onto a Vista based computer the User Account Control

NOTE:

dialog box will be displayed. Select the Allow option to proceed.

2. A Set-up window, similar to the one below, will appear.

Figure 6-1

There are several different options to choose from. Some options(*) require an internet connection.

• DataView, Version x.xx.xxxx - Installs DataView® onto the PC.

• *Adobe Reader - Links to the Adobe® website to download the most

recent version of Adobe® Reader to the computer. Adobe® Reader is

required for viewing PDF documents supplied with DataView® that are accessible from the Help menu.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

• *DataView Updates - Links to the online AEMC® software updates to

check for new software version releases.

• *Firmware Upgrades - Links to the online AEMC® rmware updates to check for new rmware version releases.

• Documents - Shows a list of instrument related documents that you can view. Adobe with DataView

Reader is required for viewing PDF documents supplied

3. DataView, Version x.xx.xxxx option should be selected by default. Select the desired language and then click on Install.

4. The Installation Wizard window will appear. Click Next.

To proceed, accept the terms of the license agreement and click Next.

6. In the Customer Information window, enter a Name and Company, then click Next.

In the Setup Type window that appears, select the “Complete” radio button option, then click Next.

8. In the Select Features window that appears, deselect the instrument’s control panel that you do not want to install, then click Next.

NOTE: The PDF-XChange option must be selected to be able to generate PDF reports from within DataView

Figure 6-2

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

9. In the Ready to Install the Program window, click on Install.

10. If the instrument selected for installation requires the use of a USB port, a

warning box will appear, similar to Figure 6-3. Click OK.

Figure 6-3

NOTE: The installation of the drivers may take a few moments. Windows may even indicate that it is not responding, however it is running. Please wait for it to ﬁnish.

11. When the drivers are nished installing, the Installation Successful dialog box will appear. Click on OK.

12. Next, the Installation Wizard Complete window will appear. Click on Finish.

13. A Question dialog box appears next. Click Yes to read the procedure for con-

necting the instrument to the USB port on the computer.

The Set-up window remains open. You may now select another option

NOTE:

to download (e.g. Adobe® Reader), or close the window.

14. Restart your computer, then connect the instrument to the computer.

15. Once connected, the Found New Hardware dialog box will appear. Windows

will complete the driver installation process automatically.

Shortcuts for DataView® and each instrument control panel selected during the installation process have been added to your desktop.

If you connected your instrument to the computer before installing

NOTE:

the software and drivers, you may need to use the Add/Remove Hardware utility to remove the instrument driver before repeating the process.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.3 Connecting the Model 3945-B to your Computer

The Model 3945-B is supplied with an optically isolated serial interface cable

required for connecting the instrument to the computer. This cable (Cat. #2140.18)

is equipped with a 9-pin connector on one end, and an optical connector on the other end.

To connect the Model 3945-B to your computer:

1. Connect the optical connector end of the cable to the serial port on the

side panel of the Model 3945-B PowerPad®.

2. Connect the 9-pin connector end of the cable, to an available serial port

on your computer. If your computer does not have a serial port, you can obtain a serial port to USB converter from many computer stores.

You are now ready to use the DataView® software with the PowerPad®.

6.4 Opening the Control Panel

To open the Power Analyzer Control Panel:

• Double-click the PowerPad Icon that was created during installation, located

on the desktop.

• The Connection window will appear (see Figure 6-4).

Figure 6-4

• Make sure that the serial port displayed in the dialog box matches the port you

plugged the serial cable into. If the correct serial port is not selected, click on the drop-down menu to select it.

• The Baud Rate needs to be set at the same rate as the Model 3945-B. The Baud Rate can be selected from the Communication Rate drop-down menu.

To check the baud rate on the instrument:

• Turn ON the Model 3945-B by pressing the green button -

• Press the menu button -

• Scroll down with the button, until you reach “BAUD RATE”

• Press the enter button -

• Set to read 115200

• When the proper communication parameters have been specied, click OK.

and read the baud rate

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

For detailed instructions and descriptions for any feature in a dialog box, click on the Help Button, or right-click on the feature you want information about.

Once the communication link is established, DataView® will automatically identify

the instrument that it is connected to. The Control Panel will appear:

Figure 6-5

This Control Panel displays:

• Recorded Data from the instrument

• Realtime Data

• Connection status

• The communications port and speed of the connection

• The model number, serial number, and rmware revision

• The battery charge level, whether the battery is charging or discharging,

and the time on the clock

• If a recording is in progress and when it is scheduled to end

• If a delayed recording is scheduled and when it is scheduled to begin

• Connection type (Electrical Hookup)

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

If the indicated items are not shown on the screen, select Restore Default Layout from the Window menu.

If the battery charge is shown to be unknown, plug the PowerPad Power, when it reaches 100% charge, the display should again be able to

into AC

show the battery charge.

6.5 Common Functions

The buttons described below appear on several DataView® Setup Screens.

• Re-ReadfromInstrument:Reads the current conguration of the

PowerPad® attached via the serial cable.

• SavetoFile: Saves the current conguration. This le will reside on the computer’s disk drive. Saving different conguration setups can be

useful for future functions and tests.

• LoadfromFile:Retrieves a saved le from the computer’s disk drive to

be used in programming the PowerPad®.

• OK: Closes the dialog box and brings up the Control Panel.

• Cancel:Exit without saving conguration.

• Apply: Programs the PowerPad® using the current settings without

closing the window.

• Help:Opens the online Help.

6.6 Conﬁguring the Instrument

The Congure dialog box lets you congure every aspect of the Model 3945-B

PowerPad®. Each eld is identical to the programmable features available from the instrument’s front panel itself.

Several of the functions are congured by typing the appropriate value in the eld provided. Others are congured by clicking on the appropriate radio button or Icon,

such as, selecting the current probe.

To congure the instrument, go to Instrument>Congure or select Congura- tion from the Instrument Tree.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.6.1 Setup

Figure 6-6

• ReactiveValuesCalculation:With or without harmonics. Applies to VAR cal-

culation.

• NominalFrequency: 50 or 60Hz. This parameter determines the correction

coefcients used for calculating power and energy.

• CurrentSensor: MN93, MN193, SR193, MR193, A193 AmpFlex®, MiniFlex™

or ADA Adapter (used to accept probes with other ratios or a direct 1 Amp or 5 Amp input)

• Connection Type: Single Phase, Two phase, Three phase-3 wire or Three

phase-4 wire.

• Set Instrument’s Clock: Programs the computer’s time and date into the

conguration of the PowerPad®.

• VoltageTransformerRatio: Sets the scale for voltage measurement in cases

where measurements are on the secondary side of a transformer and the primary value needs to be displayed.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.6.2 Instrument Display

The PowerPad® display window allows you to customize the display (colors, clocks,

language and contrast).

Figure 6-7

For detailed instructions and descriptions for any feature in a dialog box, click on the Help Button (lower right-side of the dialog box), or right-click on the feature you want information about.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.6.3 Alarm Conditions Conﬁguration

The Alarm Conditions window allows you to set up 10 alarm congurations.

Figure 6-8

• Hysteresis: This value for alarms is set to prevent multiple recordings of an

event that goes above the threshold and a certain percentage below it at times.

Example: If the alarm threshold is 100 Volts or higher, hysteresis is 1%. When the voltage goes up to 100V, the alarm condition starts. When it goes back down to 99V, the alarm condition stops.

• DisableAllAlarms:When this box is checked, all alarms will be disabled even

if the individual alarm enable box is checked.

if you want to record alarms.

Alarm Conditions

• Enabled:When check box is checked, alarm is enabled.

• HarmonicNumber:For alarm parameters, Vh, Ah, Uh, and VAh, selects

which harmonic number is being used as an alarm condition. For example, Vh with a harmonic number of 2, will only look at Voltage phase to neutral, harmonic 2.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Make sure this is not checked

• CaptureParameter: The Alarm will be triggered based on the value of the selected parameter.

Choices include:

None:no alarm

Vrms: voltage root mean squared

Urms:voltage phase minus phase root

mean squared

Arms:current root mean squared

VPST:voltage short term icker

Vcf: voltage crest factor

Ucf: voltage phase minus phase

crest factor

Acf: current crest factor

• Phases:Some alarm conditions have a phase selection. W, VAR, and

VA, have a choice of “3L” or each individual phase, or “Sum” which is the sum of phases. DPF, PF, and TAN have the choice of “3L” or each individual phase, or “Mean” which is the mean of phases.

• Threshold:The value that must be reached to start an alarm. For “>” alarms, the value or higher must be reached, for “<” alarms, the value or

lower must be reached.

• Duration: The Alarm will only be recorded if the duration of the parameter meeting the threshold criteria exceeds the duration. The minimum alarm duration can be in minutes or seconds. In the case of Vrms, Urms or Arms not using neutral current, can also be in hundredths of a second. For Vrms, Urms, and Arms, it can be useful to set a duration of 0 seconds.

In that case an event as short as a half cycle can be detected (8 milliseconds at 60Hz). For all other parameters, the minimum duration that can

be detected is 1 second.

Vunb:voltage unbalance

Aunb:current unbalance

Hz: frequency

Akf: current K factor

Vthd:voltage total harmonic distortion

Uthd: voltage phase minus phase total

harmonic distortion

Athd:current total harmonic distortion

W: active power

You can check for alarms, records and search for transients at the same time.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.6.4 Recordings Conﬁguration

The Recording window shows the dialog box used to congure the parameters for

a recording session.

Figure 6-9

Four different congurations are available. More congurations can be saved by

pressing “Save to File” and recalled later by pressing “Load From File”.

1. Check the conguration you wish to set up: 1, 2, 3 or 4.

2. Check all the “Data to Record” parameters you wish to record by clicking on

each one.

3. Congure the harmonic values to be recorded, if desired.

It is also possible to record up to 2 of 4 types of harmonic data, voltage (Vh),

current (Ah), phase to phase voltage (Uh), and power (VAh).

For each selected harmonic data type, you can choose a range of harmonics

to record from the 1st to 50th. You can further limit that range to only include odd numbers by checking the box for “Odd Harmonics Only”.

The PowerPad recording begins. If it is powered off during the recording, a partial record-

loses its scheduled recording if it is powered off before the

ing will usually still exist but with the ﬁrst letter of its name changed to “@”. The start and end times requested for the recording might be adjusted by the PowerPad® to be in even multiples of the averaging period. For instance, if an integration period of 10 minutes was requested, and the start time was 9:03, the recording might not actually begin until 9:10.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.6.5 Transients

The Transients window allows you to set up the criteria for capturing transients.

Figure 6-10

1. Type a name for the session, up to seven characters.

2. Select the date and time to begin and end the search for transients.

3. Select the percent deviation for voltage and current transients. The choices

available from the drop-down menu are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100% of the

full scale range of measurement. See § 5.4 for detailed information on these values.

4. Select the maximum number of transients to capture (from 1 to 50).

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.6.6 Monitoring

The EN50160 standard denes limiting values and permissible variations of the voltage quality for the European Community. It denes which parameters are relevant, and how are they measured. Continuous or random sampling control

of the voltage quality provides the supplier of electric energy with a reliable basis when dealing with network problems, and it contributes to quality assurance.

The purpose of the EN50160 standard “Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems” is to specify the characteristics of the supply voltage with regard to the course of the curve, the voltage level, the frequency and symmetry of the three phase-network at the interconnecting point to the customer. The goal is to determine limiting values for regular operating conditions.

However, facility defects may lead to major disturbances in the electricity distribution supply network. Accordingly, the standard establishes these values as limiting

values, which are not allowed to be exceeded on the high or low side during 95%

of the controlled period typically one week.

Figure 6-11

Congure and start an EN50160 test of line quality. It is recommended that a brief test of 10 minutes or shorter be done rst, to verify the connections and param-

eters of the test are correct. Only then should the 1-week test be done.

If neither of the voltage proles are chosen, a eld appears to enter the nominal

voltage. The frequency is not asked for, since it will be asked for when the test result is downloaded.

Follow the instructions in the dialog box to set up and run this special test. Press the Help button for further instructions.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.6.7 Running the Test

After conguring the instrument, press “OK”. The status window will display if a recording is ready to start. Select Yes to schedule a recording, select No to bring

you back to the Congure dialog box.

6.7 Real-time Windows

When your setup is completed, you can display different views on the screen of real-time data and waveforms.

6.7.1 Waveform, Harmonic Bar and Harmonic Text

Figure 6-12a

Figure 6-12b

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Figure 6-12c

Oneachscreen,youcan:

• Select the type of data to see.

• Stop the update with the Hold function.

• Print the screen selected.

• Save it to disk. There is a choice of a database to be viewed in DataView or a .csv le to view in a spreadsheet program.

6.7.2 Power/Energy

Figure 6-13

The Power/Energy window displays accumulated power and energy data.

Accumulated energy data can be started or stopped and the results can be downloaded to a database and viewed on the screen, selected by phase.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

The data for all available phases are downloaded to a database or spreadsheet, not just what is shown on the screen.

6.7.3 Trend

Figure 6-14

Shows a real-time trend of data from the PowerPad®. The data is an average of

waveforms downloaded to the PC. There might be 1 waveform per 2.6 seconds.

The data is summarized to 1 datapoint every 10 seconds.

6.8 Downloading Data to Database

To download recorded data, go to Instrument > Recorded Data.

1. Select the data you want to Download by clicking on the desired tab

(Recordings, Photographs, etc.), then clicking on the le name.

2. Select “Save” (this may take few minutes).

3. Type a name for the downloaded le and click “OK”. It can be saved as

a database to be viewed in DataView® or as a comma delimited le to be

viewed in a spreadsheet program (e.g. Microsoft® Excel).

4. Alternatively, select “View”. After the download is complete, a window will

appear with a graph of the data and some viewing or channel options. In that window you can select “Save” or “Print”.

5. From the Instrument tree view, expand the sections under “Recorded Data from the instrument” then click on a line that describes the recorded data. It will bring up a window with a graph of the data.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Following are examples of each tab listed in the display window.

6.8.1 Recordings

Figure 6-15a

Figure 6-15b

The Recording window displays a list of recordings within the PowerPad®.

These recordings can be selected and downloaded to a database.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.8.2 Photographs

Figure 6-16a

Figure 6-16b

The Photographs window displays a list of photographs (snapshots), with the date

and time, taken when the camera button was pressed.

When “View” is selected, it shows the waveforms, power data and Bitmap image of the PowerPad® screen from the time the camera button was pressed.

Snapshots can only be initiated using the camera button on the PowerPad itself, not by DataView

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.8.3 Alarms

Figure 6-17

The Alarms window displays a list of alarms recorded on the PowerPad®. A subset of the list, can be viewed by the phase of the triggering event.

Alarms can be selected and downloaded to a database. The downloaded alarms contain no more information than is shown in the screen display.

AlarmPhase:Allows the user to select which type of alarms to display (either all,

those that were triggered by an event in phase 1, 2 or 3, neutral phase, or an event

that involved multiple phases or no phase, such as frequency).

6.8.4 Transients

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Figure 6-18a

The Transients window displays transients stored on the PowerPad® It shows the number and name of the recording, and the time it began and ended. The selected

transient(s) can either be downloaded or deleted.

Figure 6-18b

The downloaded result contains many waveforms. Use the controls “><” and “<>”

located at the lower right corner of the window, to zoom in or out of the data.

These controls are available in every graph from recorded data.

There is also a checkbox, “View As List”, which can be used to show the value of every datapoint.

Figure 6-18c

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

6.8.5 Monitoring

The Monitoring window displays recorded tests that can be downloaded and analyzed.

Figure 6-19a

After selecting a recording and clicking “View”, the summary window appears showing the results after all the data has been downloaded to a database. It displays the name, percent of the 10-minute periods that it has been out of range, followed by the range it needed to be within.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Figure 6-19b

6.8.6 Saving Real-time Measurements

Real-time data received from an instrument can be saved directly into a recording session database. This differs from the process of downloading and saving recorded data in that the measurements are stored on the computer as the instrument measures them. These measurements are not necessarily being stored

within the instrument. However, the instrument may be congured to record at

the same time real-time measurements are being received from the instrument. In which case, two copies of the measurements will be stored. One copy is stored on the local computer and the other in memory within the instrument.

ToSaveaReal-timeMeasurement:

1. From the Realtime Trend window, check the “Rec to PC” checkbox.

2. In the Save As dialog box that appears, specify the type of le to save in the “Save as Type” eld. The choices are .dvb (DataView database), .xls (Excel spreadsheet), or .csv (Comma Separated File). Specify the name of the le by typing it into the File name eld, select the desired location to save the le, then click Save to save the le.

3. When the “Rec to PC” option is unchecked the le can be opened by selecting

Yes from the View Saved File dialog box.

To edit the Session Properties, return to the Power Analyzer Control Panel and

select File > Edit Session Properties.

Figure 6-20

The Session Properties dialog box allows you to specify the Operator, Site and

Custom parameters that are to be saved with recorded data. These parameters

are used when generating reports.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

The Operator and Site tabs allow you to maintain lists of operators and sites, saving you time when specifying parameters for reports.

On the left of the Operator and Site tabs is the list of previously dened Operators

and Sites. On the right of the Operator and Site tabs is the individual parameters that will be saved in an associated database. Only a single set of operator and site

elds are saved in the recording database.

The Custom tab contains a list of user dened parameters. Along side each user dened parameter is a check box. Items that are checked will be added to an associated database. Only a single set of Custom parameters can be maintained (unlike the Operator and Site lists). The Custom tab allows you to specify any user dened parameters (in addition to the comments eld of the Site tab) that are to be

used in displaying a report.

In addition to the pre-designed report templates, DataView totally conﬁgure reports to your needs. Refer to the DataView® HELP ﬁle on

allows you to

“Templates” to learn more about templates.

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

CHAPTER 7

MAINTENANCE

Use only factory specied replacement parts. AEMC® will not be held responsible

for any accident, incident, or malfunction following a repair done other than by its service center or by an approved repair center.

After receiving your PowerPad ment one or two cycles to ensure the proper level display of the battery indicator.

7.1 Recharging and Changing the Battery

The battery is automatically charged when the unit is connected to AC power.

The instrument will not recharge if the message “Instrument will soon turn OFF” is displayed on the screen. The Enter button must be pressed or the instrument must be turned OFF before recharging will start.

shipment, charge and discharge the instru-

WARNING:

• When changing the battery, disconnect all instrument inputs and turn the

equipment off. There must be a delay of at least one minute without the battery being connected.

• Do not expose the battery to heat exceeding 212°F (100°C)

• Do not short-circuit the battery terminals

7.2 Cleaning

Disconnect the instrument from any source of electricity.

• Use a soft cloth, lightly dampened with soapy water

• Wipe with a damp cloth and then dry with a dry cloth

• Do not splash water directly on the clamp

• Do not use alcohol, solvents or hydrocarbons

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

APPENDIX A

Zeron

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS FOR VARIOUS PARAMETERS

NOTEthefollowingabbreviationsusedinthissection:

NSHC = number of samples per half cycle (between two consecutive zeros)

NSC = number of samples per cycle

NSS = number of samples in a second (multiple of NSC)

V = voltage phase to neutral

U = voltage phase to phase

Half-period Voltage and Current RMS Values

[] [][]

Vhalf

[] [][]

Uhalf

[] [][]

Ahalf

n: sample (0; 255)

i: phase (0; 1; 2)

NSHC

Next Zero

⋅=

Next Zero

⋅=

Next Zero

⋅=

∑

Zeron

∑

Zeron

∑

niV

Single rms voltage half-period i + 1 phase

Compound rms voltage half-period i + 1 phase

niU

niA

Rms current half-period i + 1 phase

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

MIN / MAX Values for Voltage and Current

Vmax[i]=max (Vdem[i]), Vmin[i]=min (Vdem[i])

Umax[i]=max (Udem[i]), Umin[i]=min (Udem[i])

Amax[i]=max (Adem[i]), Amin[i]=min (Adem[i]) (Avg calculation on 1s)

Peak Values for Voltage and Current (Updated on each waveform refresh)

Vpp[i]=max (V[i][n]), Vpm[i]=min (V[i][n]), n ∈ [0..NSC-1]

Upp[i]=max (U[i][n]), Upm[i]=min (U[i][n]), n ∈ [0..NSC-1]

App[i]=max (A[i][n]), Apm[i]=min (V[i][n]), n ∈ [0..NSC-1]

Peak Factors for Current and Voltage

Vc f

Ucf

Acf

[]

NSC

[] []

⋅

[] []

⋅

[] []

⋅

NSC

∑

−

)iVpm,imax(Vpp

[][]

niV

)iUpm,imax(Upp

[][]

niU

)iApm,imax(App

[][]

niA

Peak factor single voltage i + 1 phase

Peak factor phase-phase voltage i + 1 phase

Peak factor current i + 1 phase

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

1 sec RMS Values for Voltage and Current

Vrms

Arms

−

Vrms

Urms

Arms

[]

NSS

⋅

∑

−

NSS

⋅

∑

−

NSS

⋅

∑

[][]

niV

[][]

niU

[][]

niA

Single rms voltage i + 1 phase

Compound rms voltage i + 1 phase

Rms current i + 1 phase

Voltage and Current Unbalance

Vunb = , Aunb =

(VF[0] + a VF[1] + a

(VF[0] + a2VF[1] + a

Vrms

VF[2]) Direct voltage (complex notation a = e )

VF[2]) Reverse voltage

Arms

THD Calculation

Vharm

∑

Vthd[i] =

n=2

Vharm

i: phase (0; 1; 2) n: range (2 to 50)

[i][n]

[i][1]

Uthd[i] =

Uharm

∑

n=2

Uharm

[i][n]

[i][1]

Athd[i] =

Aharm

∑

n=2

Aharm

[i][n]

[i][1]

2π

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Calculation of Harmonic Bins





Harmonic bins are calculated by FFT with 16 bit resolution (1024 samples on 4 cycles) without windowing (IEC 1000-4-7). From real and imaginary compo-

nents, each bin ratio is calculated on each phase Vharm[3][51], Uharm[3][51] and Aharm[3][51] in proportion to the fundamental value and the phase angles Vph[3][51], Uph[3][51] and Aph[3][51] between each bin and the fundamental.

This calculation is accomplished using the following principle:

module in %:

100mod

×=

angle in degree:

arctanϕ













    

with

    



ck: amplitude of the component with a frequency of

Fs: sampled signal

co: DC component

k: ordinal number (spectral bin)

Multiplying the voltage harmonic factor with the current harmonics factor gives the power harmonic factor. Differentiating voltage harmonic phase angle with current harmonic phase angle gives power harmonic phase angle.

VAharm[3][51] , VAph[3][51]

1024

∑

1024

∑

1024

∑

sin

cos

bajabc

+=+=

kkkkk

 

512512



 

512512





+×=



ksk





+×=



ksk



Distortion Factor Calculation (DF)

Two global values giving the relative quantity of harmonics are computed: the THD in proportion to the fundamental and the DF in proportion to the RMS value.

[]

iVd f

[]

iVrms

[][]

niVharm

[]

i Udf,

[][]

niUharm

[]

iUrms

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

iAd f ,

∑∑∑

nnn

===

[][]

[]

iArms

niAharm

K Factor

n=50

NSS-1

niAharm

[]

n∑=

iAkf K factor for the i + 1 phase

n=50

[][]

n∑=

[][]

niAharm

Different Power Levels 1 Sec

[]

VA [i] = Vrms[i] Arms[i] Apparent power i + 1 phase

VAR[i] =

NSS

∑

NSS-1

∑

NSS

or VAR[i] = VA[i] – W[i] if computation method is with harmonics

W[3] = W[0] + W[1] + W[2] Total active power

VA[3] = VA[0] + VA[1] + VA[2] Total apparent power

VAR[3] = VAR[0] + VAR[1] + VAR[2] Total reactive power

[][]

nVi

[][]

nAi

Active power i + 1 phase

n - NSC / 4VF i

[][]

nAF i

Reactive power i + 1 phase

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Ratios

W[i]

PF[i] = i + 1 phase power factor

VA[i]

DPF[i] = cos(φ[i]) i + 1 phase displacement factor

Tan[i] = tan(φ[i]) i + 1 phase tangent

NSS-1

n∑=

cos(φ[i]) =

PF[3] =

DPF[3] =

PF[0] + PF[1] + PF[2]

DPF[0] + DPF[1] + DPF[2]

Tan[3] =

Various Types of Energy

NSS-1

n∑=

Tan[0] + Tan[1] + Tan[2]

[][]

niVF

[][]

niVF

[][]

niAF

NSS-1

n∑=

[][]

niAF

Total power factor

Total shift factor

Total tangent

Cosine angle between voltage fundamental and i + 1 phase current

Wh[0][i] =

VAh[0][i] =

VARhL[0][i] =

VARhC[0][i] =

Total active energy consumed:

Wh[0][3] = Wh[0][0] + Wh[0][1] + Wh[0][2]

Total apparent energy consumed:

VAh[0][3] = VAh[0][0] + VAh[0][1] + VAh[0][2]

∑

Tint

∑

Tint

3600

VA[i]

3600

∑

Tint

∑

Tint

Active energy consumed phase i + 1

Apparent energy consumed phase i + 1

VAR[i]

3600

–VAR[i]

3600

for VAR[i] ≥ 0

for VAR[i] ≤ 0

Reactive inductive energy consumed phase i + 1

Reactive capacitive energy consumed phase i + 1

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Total reactive capacitive energy consumed:

W[i]

VARhC[0][3] = VARhC[0][0] + VARhC[0][1] + VARhC[0][2]

Total reactive inductive energy consumed:

VARhL[0][3] = VARhL[0][0] + VARhL[0][1] + VARhL[0][2]

Wh[1][i] =

VAh[1][i] =

VARhL[1][i] =

VARhC[1][i] =

Total active energy consumed:

Wh[1][3] = Wh[1][0] + Wh[1][1] + Wh[1][2]

Total apparent energy consumed:

VAh[1][3] = VAh[1][0] + VAh[1][1] + VAh[1][2]

Total reactive capacitive energy consumed:

VARhC[1][3] = VARhC[1][0] + VARhC[1][1] + VARhC[1][2]

Total reactive inductive energy consumed:

VARhL[1][3] = VARhL[1][0] + VARhL[1][1] + VARhL[1][2]

∑

Tint

∑

Tint

VA[i]

∑

Tint

∑

Tint

Active energy generated phase i + 1

3600

Active energy generated phase i + 1

3600

–VAR[i]

VAR[i]

3600

for VAR[i] ≤ 0

for VAR[i] ≥ 0

Reactive inductive energy generated phase i + 1

Reactive capacitive energy generated phase i +

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

Hysteresis

Duration

Hysteresis is a ltering principle, often used after the threshold detection has

occurred. A correct setting of hysteresis value will avoid repeated triggering when the measure is varying close to the threshold.

The event detection is activated when the measure is going over the threshold but it can only be deactivated if the measure goes under the threshold minus the value of the hysteresis.

The default hysteresis value is 2% of the reference voltage but it may be set in the range of [1%, 5%] depending of the voltage stability on the system.

Alarm for high voltage RMS (Swell Detection)

Threshold of swell =

Hysteresis = 2% Uref

Swell duration

Alarm for low voltage RMS (Sag or Interruption Detection)

100% Uref

Level to go back = 100% - 2% = 98% Uref

Hysteresis = 2% Uref

Level to go back = (100% + 2%)Uref

Threshold = 102% Uref

Power Quality Analyzer Model 3945-B

AEMC 3945-B Operating Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

INTRODUCTION

1.1 International Electrical Symbols

1.3 Receiving Your Shipment

1.4 Ordering Information

1.4.1 Accessories and Replacement Parts

1.4.2 Third Party Accessories

PRODUCT FEATURES

2.1 Description

2.2 Control Functions

2.3 Display

2.4 Battery Charge Status

SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Reference Conditions

3.2.1 Voltage Inputs

3.2.2 Current Inputs

3.2.4 Nominal Range of Use

3.2.5 Power Supply

3.7 AC Current Probe MN93 Probe (3945-B accuracy included)

3.11 AC Current Probe MR193 Probe (3945-B accuracy included)

3.12 Three-phase 5A Adapter Box

3.12.1 Connecting to Secondary Current Transformer (CT)

OPERATION

4.1.1 Date / Time

4.1.2 Contrast / Brightness

4.1.3 Colors

4.1.4 Calculation Parameters

4.1.5 Electrical Hookup (electrical network)

4.1.6 Current Sensors

4.1.7 Baud Rate

4.1.8 Recording

4.1.9 Alarm

4.1.10 Clear Memory

4.1.11 Line Frequency

DISPLAY MODES

5.1.1 RMS Voltage Measurement on a Three-phase System

RMS Voltage Measurement on 3 Phases

5.1.3 RMS Current Measurement on the 3 Phases and Neutral Current on a Three Phase-4 Wire System

5.1.4 Total Harmonic Distortion Measurement on One Phase

5.1.5 Minimum and Maximum Current Value Measurements

5.1.6 Simultaneous Display of the Different Current Measurements

5.1.7 Phasor Diagram Display (Fresnal Diagram)

5.2.1 Single Phase and Phase-to-Phase Voltage Analysis

5.2.2 Single Phase and Phase-to-Phase Current Analysis

5.2.3 Power and Direction Flow Analysis

5.2.4 Harmonic Analysis in Expert Mode

5.3.1 Starting and Stopping Energy Totalization

5.3.3 PF... Button

5.4.1 Opening Previously Stored Transients

5.4.2 Storing the Trigger

5.6.1 Saving the Selected Parameters

5.6.2 Selecting or Deleting a Record

5.6.3 Selecting a Graphic Display for Recorded Measurements

DATAVIEW® SOFTWARE

6.1 Features

6.3 Connecting the Model 3945-B to your Computer

6.4 Opening the Control Panel

6.5 Common Functions

6.6.1 Setup

6.6.2 Instrument Display

6.6.5 Transients

6.6.6 Monitoring

6.6.7 Running the Test

6.7 Real-time Windows

6.7.1 Waveform, Harmonic Bar and Harmonic Text

6.7.2 Power/Energy

6.7.3 Trend

6.8 Downloading Data to Database

6.8.1 Recordings

6.8.2 Photographs

6.8.3 Alarms

6.8.4 Transients

6.8.5 Monitoring

6.8.6 Saving Real-time Measurements

MAINTENANCE

7.1 Recharging and Changing the Battery

7.2 Cleaning