ADC 75-192 User Manual

Digivance® CXD/NXD Multi-Band Distributed Antenna System With FIC Operation Manual
ADCP-75-192
Issue 2
June 2007
1404422 Rev A
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007 • Preface
COPYRIGHT
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc. All Rights Reserved Printed in the U.S.A.
REVISION HISTORY
ISSUE DATE REASON FOR CHANGE
1 07/2006 Original.
2 04/2007 Updated for new card configuration (Fiber Interface Controller replaces Synchronous Interface Card).
TRADEMARK INFORMATION
Digivance is a registered trademark of ADC Telecommunications, Inc. ADC is a trademark of ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY
Expanded to include NXD descriptions and settings. Updated for other general changes in format and content.
Contents herein are current as of the date of publication. ADC reserves the right to change the contents without prior notice. In no
event shall ADC be liable for any damages resulting from loss of data, loss of use, or loss of profits and ADC further disclaims any and all liability for indirect, incidental, special, consequential or other similar damages. This disclaimer of liability applies to all products, publications and services during and after the warranty period.
This publication may be verified at any time by contacting ADC’s Technical Assistance Center at 1-800-366-3891, extension 73475 (in U.S.A. or Canada) or 952-917-3475 (outside U.S.A. and Canada), or by e-mail to connectivity_tac@adc.com.
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ADC Telecommunications, Inc. P.O. Box 1101, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440-1101 In U.S.A. and Canada: 1-800-366-3891 Outside U.S.A. and Canada: (952) 938-8080 Fax: (952) 917-1717

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page
About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
RELATED PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Admonishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
General Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Safe Working Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
STANDARDS CERTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 General Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Basic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Data Flow (Forward and Reverse Paths) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 System Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Fiber Optical Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Fault Detection and Alarm Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 NETWORK CONFIGURATION DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1 Node and Equipment Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 MIB Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Tenant Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Pathtrace Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 NETWORK AND SYSTEM INSTALLATION AND SETUP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1 Overview of Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2 Physical Check of System Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3 Assigning Tenants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 Tenant Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007 • Preface
1.4.1 System Network, CPUs, and FICs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4.2 SNMP and MIBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4.3 Element Management System (EMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.1 Identification Using the Network IP Receiver/Sender System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 Node Identification Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 Hub Equipment Identifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 MIB Software Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.2 MIB Hub/RAN Connection Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.1 Pathtrace Creation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.2 Pathtrace Forward Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.3 Pathtrace Forward Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.4 Pathtrace Reverse Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.5 Pathtrace Reverse Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.6 Pathtrace Detection/Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.1 Understanding Tenant MIB Indexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3.2 BTS Connection MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
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3.4.1 Setting Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.2 Setting Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.3 Setting Hub Measured Forward Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.4 Setting RAN Measured Forward Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.5 Setting FSC Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.6 Setting RAN Forward Gain Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.7 Setting Reverse Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.8 Setting Reverse Cable Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.9 Using Tenant Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.10 Enabling FGC/RGC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.11 Using Tenant Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.12 Enabling/Disabling Delay Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.13 Forward/Reverse Target Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4.14 Enabling/Disabling RAN Slots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4.15 FSC Atttenuator Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4.16 Target Simulcast Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.17 Module Attenuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5 Managing the Tenant OAM Address and Hostname Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5.1 RAN Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5.2 Bracketing of Lost RANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5.3 Clearing of RANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6 Hub Node Access/Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6.1 Managing Hub Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6.2 Identification Using the Network IP Receiver/Sender (NIP R/S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.6.3 Accessing Nodes Locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.6.4 Accessing Nodes via TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.6.5 Using a Third Party Network Management System with Digivance CXD/NXD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.7 Configuring the Hubmaster Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.7.1 Using the Configure-Hubmaster Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.7.2 Using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol With Digivance CXD/NXD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.8 Configuring the “Slave” and RAN Nodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.8.1 Managing the Hub Node MIB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.8.2 Managing the RAN Node MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.9 BTS Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.9.1 BTS Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.9.2 Path Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.9.3 Reverse Path Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.9.4 Functional RAN Call Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4 OTHER SYSTEM TASKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1 Updating System Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1.1 Release Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
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4.2 Upgrading an Existing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3 Backup/Restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4 Adding/Removing SNMP Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.5 Updating Spare CPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.6 MIB Extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.7 Gain Management and Fault Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5 CUSTOMER INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007 • Preface
4.2.1 Preliminary Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2.2 Upgrade Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2.3 Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2.4 Failed Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2.5 FPGA Updates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2.6 FIC Software Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3.1 Backup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3.2 Restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.7.1 Forward Gain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.7.2 Reverse Automatic Gain Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.7.3 Forward Delay Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.7.4 Reverse Delay Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.7.5 Forward Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.7.6 Reverse Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.7.7 PA Overpower Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.7.8 Hub Overpower Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
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© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

This manual provides the following information:
• An overview of the Digivance CXD/NXD system;
• A description of the CXD/NXD system Radio Access Node (RAN);
• Installation procedures for the RAN;
• Maintenance procedures for the RAN;
• Product support information.
Procedures for installing and operating other CXD/NXD system components including the system “Hub” and the EMS software that provides a user interface for the system, are available in other ADC publications, listed under “Related Publications” below, and at appropriate points within this manual.

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007 • Preface
Listed below are related manuals, their content, and their publication numbers. Copies of these publications can be ordered by contacting the Technical Assistance Center at 1-800-366-3891, extension 73476 (in U.S.A. or Canada) or 952-917-3476 (outside U.S.A. and Canada). All ADC technical publications are available for downloading from the ADC web site at www.adc.com.
Title/Description ADCP Number
Digivance CXD/NXD Hub Installation and Maintenance Manual 75-193
Provides instructions for installing and operating the CXD/NXD system Hub.
Digivance CXD/NXD SNMP Agent and Fault Isolation User Guide 75-195
Describes how to troubleshoot the system using the objects accessed through the CXD/NXD system SNMP agents.
Digivance CXD/NXD Element Management System User Manual 75-199
Provides instructions for installing and using the Element Management System (EMS) software for the CXD/NXD system.
Digivance NXD Multi-Band Distributed Antenna System Operation Manual 75-209
Provides instructions for turning up and operating NXD equipment.
2 in. O.D. Quad Cellular/PCS Omni-Directional Antenna Installation Manual 75-215
Provides instructions for installing an RF antenna for the CXD/NXD system
9 in. O.D. Quad Cellular/PCS Omni-Directional Antenna Installation Manual 75-221
Provides instructions for installing an RF antenna for the CXD/NXD system
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
Page 5
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007 • Preface

ADMONISHMENTS

Important safety admonishments are used throughout this manual to warn of possible hazards to persons or equipment. An admonishment identifies a possible hazard and then explains what may happen if the hazard is not avoided. The admonishments — in the form of Dangers, Warnings, and Cautions — must be followed at all times.
These warnings are flagged by use of the triangular alert icon (seen below), and are listed in descending order of severity of injury or damage and likelihood of occurrence.
Danger: Danger is used to indicate the presence of a hazard that will cause severe personal injury, death, or substantial property damage if the hazard is not avoided.
Warn i ng: Warning is used to indicate the presence of a hazard that can cause severe personal injury, death, or substantial property damage if the hazard is not avoided.
Caution: Caution is used to indicate the presence of a hazard that will or can cause minor personal injury or property damage if the hazard is not avoided.

GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

-
Warn i ng: Wet conditions increase the potential for receiving an electrical shock when installing or using electrically-powered equipment. To prevent electrical shock, never install or use electrical equipment in a wet location or during a lightning storm.
Danger: This equipment uses a Class 1 Laser according to FDA/CDRH rules. Laser radiation can seriously damage the retina of the eye. Do not look into the ends of any optical fiber. Do not look directly into the optical transceiver of any digital unit or exposure to laser radiation may result. An optical power meter should be used to verify active fibers. A protective cap or hood MUST be immediately placed over any radiating transceiver or optical fiber connector to avoid the potential of dangerous amounts of radiation exposure. This practice also prevents dirt particles from entering the adapter or connector.
Caution: This system is a RF Transmitter and continuously emits RF energy. Maintain 3 foot (91.4 cm) minimum clearance from the antenna while the system is operating. Wherever possible, shut down the RAN before servicing the antenna.
Caution: Always allow sufficient fiber length to permit routing of patch cords and pigtails without severe bends. Fiber optic patch cords or pigtails may be permanently damaged if bent or curved to a radius of less than 2 inches (5.1 cm).
Caution: Exterior surfaces of the RAN may be hot. Use caution during servicing.
Page 6
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.

SAFE WORKING DISTANCES

The Digivance CXD/NXD antenna, which is mounted on top of a pole, radiates radio frequency energy.
For the occupational worker, safe working distance from the antenna depends on the workers location with respect to the antenna and the number of wireless service providers being serviced by that antenna.
Emission limits are from OET Bulletin 65 Edition 97-01, Table 1 A.

STANDARDS CERTIFICATION

FCC: The Digivance CXD/NXD complies with the applicable sections of Title 47 CFR Part 15, 22, 24 and 90.
The Digivance CXD/NXD Hub has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide rea­sonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007 • Preface
Changes and modifications not expressly approved by the manufacturer or registrant of this equipment can void your authority to operate this equipment under Federal Communications Commissions rules.
In order to maintain compliance with FCC regulations, shielded cables must be used with this equipment. Operation with non-approved equipment or unshielded cables is likely to result in interference to radio & television reception.
ETL: This equipment complies with ANSI/UL 60950-1 Information Technology Equipment. This equipment provides the degree of protection specified by IP24 as defined in IEC Publication 529. Ethernet signals are not for outside plant use.
FDA/CDRH: This equipment uses a Class 1 LASER according to FDA/CDRH product conforms to all applicable standards of 21 CFR Part 1040.
IC: This equipment complies with the applicable sections of RSS-131. The term “IC:” before the radio certification number only signifies that Industry Canada Technical Specifications were met.

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

The acronyms and abbreviations used in this manual are detailed in the following list:
Rules. This
AC Alternating Current ANT Multiband Antenna
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
Page 7
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007 • Preface
BIM Base Station Interface Module BTS Base Transceiver Station C Centigrade CDRH Center for Devices and Radiological Health C/MCPLR Cellular SMR Multicoupler CM Centimeter cPCI CompactPCI CPU Central Processing Unit CWDM Coarse Wave Division Multiplex CXD Compact RAN DAS Distributed Antenna System DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol dB(FS) decibals (Full Scale – digital reading) DC Direct Current DIF Digital Intermediate Frequency Div Diversity EMS Element Management System ESD Electrostatic Discharge F Fahrenheit FBHDC Full Band Hub Down Converter FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration FCC U.S. Federal Communications Commission FIC Fiber Interface Controller FSC Forward Simulcast Card GPS Global Positioning System Div Diversity HUC Hub Up Converter IF Intermediate Frequency IN Inch IP Internet Protocol KG Kilogram LED Light Emitting Diode LSE Location Services Equipment LV D Low Voltage Disconnect MHz Mega Hertz MIB Management Information Base MTBF Mean Time Between Failure MUX Multiplexer NIPR Network IP Receiver Div Diversity NMS Network Management System NXD Digivance Neutral Host Product Line
Page 8
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007 • Preface
OAM Operations Administration and Maintenance OSP Outside Plant PA Power Amplifier PAA Power Amplifier Assembly PC Personal Computer PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect bus PIC PA Interface Controller P/MCPLR PCS Multicoupler RAN Radio Access Node RDC RAN Down Converter RDC2 RAN Down Converter Version 2 RF Radio Frequency RSC Reverse Simulcast Card RUC RAN Up Converter RUC2.X RAN Up Converter Version 2.X RUC3 RAN Up Converter Version 3 SFP Small Form-Factor Pluggable Optical Transceiver SIF Sonet Interface Module SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SONET Synchronous Optical Network STF2 System Interface Module UL Underwriters Laboratories VA C Volts Alternating Current VDC Volts Direct Current VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio WDM Wave Division Multiplex WSP Wireless Service Provider
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
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ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007 • Preface
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© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.

1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

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This section provides an overview of the Digivance CXD/NXD system intended for someone configuring system parameters (referred to as “objects” in the software used). This overview includes a general description of the physical components and a more detailed description of the software components because the tasks in this manual involve mostly the software components.

1.1 General Description

The Digivance CXD/NXD is an RF signal transport system providing long-range RF coverage in areas where it is impractical to place a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) at the antenna site. The Digivance Hub is connected via optical fibers to Radio Access Nodes (RANs) distributed over the geographical area of interest. Each RAN provides one RF antenna. The Digivance system allows the RF signals to be transported to remote locations to expand coverage into areas not receiving service or to extend coverage into difficult to reach areas such as canyons, tunnels, or underground roadways.

1.2 Basic Components

ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007
Figure 1 shows the main components of a Digivance system, the Hub and RANs. As shown, the
Hub interface with the BTS and the RAN interaces with cellphone users. The figure shows a CXD system with dual-band SMR A and SMR B configuration.
SMR A
BTS
SMR B
BTS
CXD Hub
CXD
RAN 1
CXD
RAN 2
CXD
RAN 3
CXD
RAN 4
CXD
RAN 5
CXD
RAN 6
CXD
RAN 7
SMRA
SMRB
SMRA
SMRB
SMRA
SMRB
SMRA
SMRB
SMRA
SMRB
SMRA
SMRB
SMRA
SMRB
CXD
RAN 8
SMRA
SMRB
20799-A
Figure 1. Digivance Architectural Summary Diagram (CXD System Shown)
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
Page 1
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007
The Hub is a rack assembly containing electronic equipment. Included are two types of Compact PCI (cPCI) “chassis” containing “electronic modules.” The two types of cPCI chassis are the Digital Chassis and the RF Chassis. The electronic modules include CPU boards, optical to RF data converters, an optical interface board, and so on. The Hub rack also contains other separately mounted system equipment including high power attenuators, base station interface modules, a power distribution unit, an Ethernet hub, and a Hub reference module that provides a system clock.
The RAN is weather-resistent, pole- or pad-mount cabinet containing a cPCI shelf similar to the Hub chassis and a similar set of electronic modules and supportive system equipment as required for the more limited functions required at the RAN. The CXD RAN and the NXD RAN have different sets of electronic modules, but the basic function is the same.

1.3 Data Flow (Forward and Reverse Paths)

Digivance CXD/NXD is a multi-frequency, multi-protocol Distributed Antenna System (DAS), providing microcellular SMR, Cellular, and PCS coverage via its distributed RF antennas.
Figure 2 shows the RF signal path through a three-band CXD Digivance system. In the forward
direction, the signal starts from the base station sector on the left and moves to the right. In the reverse direction, the RF path starts at the antenna and then flows from the RAN to the Hub and to the base station sector receiver(s).
HUB
1900 MHz
800 MHz
BTS
900 MHz
BTS
BTS
FBHDC FSC
HUC RSC
FBHDC FSC
HUC RSC
FBHDC FSC
HUC RSC
CPU
STF2
FIC FIC
RDC2
RUC
RDC2
RUC
800 RX 900 RX
RFA 800/
900
RFA
1900
CXD RAN
800/900
DUPLEXED
OUTPUT
1900
DUPLEXED
OUTPUT
21879-C
Figure 2. Digivance CXD System Block Diagram (Three Bands Shown)
Page 2
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007
On a more detailed level, in both the forward and reverse paths, the signal data passes through a series of electronic modules:
• In the forward path, the Full Band Hub Down Converter (FBHDC) receives RF signals from the BTS and down converts the signals to Intermediate Frequency (IF). The Forward Simulcast Card (FSC) digitizes the IF signals and passes digital IF (DIF) signals into the Fiber Interface Controller (FIC). The FIC converts the DIF signals to digital optical signals for transport to the RAN. At the RAN, a similar process occurs whereby the optical signals are converted to RF signals using a RAN Up Converter (RUC). The signals pass through a PAA or RFA and then are combined with other RF signals (using a combination of diplexers or triplexers) and fed into a multi-band antenna.
• In the reverse path, the antenna receives RF signals from a mobile and sends those signals through a multicoupler to the RAN Down Converter (RDC) which down converts the RF back to IF and digitizes the signals. The DIF signals are passed to the FIC, which sends digital optical signals from the RAN to the HUB FIC. The Hub FIC combines that DIF signals with DIF signals from other RANs that are in that simulcast cluster through the Reverse Simulcast Card (RSC). The Hub Up Converter (HUC) takes the RSC output and converts the digital optical signals back to RF signals for the BTS. As shown in Figure 3, the NXD system has a reverse path diplexer and a reverse path diversity signal. Reverse path diversity is an option in the CXD system.
HUB
800 MHz
BTS
1900 MHz
BTS
FBHDC FSC
HUC RSC
FBHDC FSC
HUC RSC
CPU
STF2
FIC FIC
CPU
RDC
RUC
RDC
RUC
STF2
800 RX
*
MULTI
COUPLER
MULTI
COUPLER
*
800
PA A
800
PCS
PA A
1900
DUPLEXER
DUPLEXER
21989-A
800
1900
REVERSE
*
PAT H
DIVERSITY
NXD RAN
800
DUPLEXED
OUTPUT
1900
DUPLEXED
OUTPUT
Figure 3. Digivance NXD System Block Diagram (Three Bands Shown)
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
Page 3
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007

1.4 System Control

System control in a Digivance CXD/NXD system involves three main components: (1) a LAN­type network connecting a Hubmaster CPU with other electronic modules including slave CPUs and FICs; (2) a set of alarms and settable objects provided through an SNMP interface and MIBs; (3) and an ADC graphical user interface called the Element Management System (EMS). These components are described in the following topics.

1.4.1 System Network, CPUs, and FICs

The top-level controller of the Digivance system is a CPU module within a Digital Chassis on the Hub rack. This CPU, called the Hubmaster CPU, runs a program that controls events in the system. The Hubmaster CPU connects with other electronic modules via Ethernet ports that act as nodes in an Ethernet-based network. This network is similar to that of a computer local area network (LAN). Network control information is passed using a portion of the bandwidth of the optical fibers connecting the Hub and RAN.
In addition to the Hubmaster CPU, the Digivance system may contain other CPUs referred to as “slave CPUs” under control of the Hubmaster. If the system is large enough to require more than one Digital Chassis in the Hub, each Digital Chassis after the first will have such a slave CPU. In addition, in an NXD system, each RAN has its own CPU which functions as a slave CPU to the Hubmaster and controls events in the RAN. By contrast, in a CXD system, the RAN has no CPU; the Hubmaster CPU directly controls the RAN through the RAN FIC
EXISTING WAN/LAN
ROUTER
ETHERNET HUB
CAT5 ETHERNET
HUB
MASTER
HUB
HUB
NODE
FIBER
RAN
NODE
RAN
21946-A
Figure 4. Network Architecture

1.4.2 SNMP and MIBs

The second main component of control in a Digivance system is the logical structure of inter­related databases that is used to store and provide access to objects of interest in system management.
Page 4
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007
These databases are provided through Management Information Bases (MIBs) and an SNMP proxy agent embedded in the system software. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is an internet standard protocol enabling online devices to be queried and controlled remotely using an IP interface. A MIB is a table-like set of “objects” conforming to SNMP specifications.
Each object represents an individual alarm (such as RF overdrive in the Digivance system) or an individual object (such as Forward Skew). Via the SNMP proxy agent (which functions as a portal to the MIBs), a user is able to receive alarm indications, query for current object values, and set some object values. To do this, the user requires either a generic SNMP manager called a Network Management System (NMS) or the ADC Element Management System (EMS), both of which, in their underlying functions, conform to SNMP specifications. EMS is described in the next topic.
Figure 5 shows the MIBs used in the Digivance system, and indicates which node type each
MIB is used in and how the MIBs are related to one other. Within the Digivance network, there are four node types: Hub Node, RAN Node, Location Services Equipment (LSE) node, and Hubmaster Node. “Node” is simply shorthand for “network node”.
HUBMASTER SNMP AGENT RAN SNMP AGENT
BTS CONNECTION MIB NETWORK NODE MIB
HUB NODE MIB
NETWORK
NODE
MIB
BIM
HDC
MIB
MIB
HUB RF
CONNECTION
MIB
HUC
FSC
MIB
MIB
RSC
MIB
HUB NODE SNMP AGENT
RAN NODE MIB
TENENT OAM MIB
NODE PAT H
MIB
NODE PAT H
MIB
SIF/
FIC
MIB
EQUIPMENT
STF MIB
MIB
BACK­PLANE
MIB
GPS
MIB
HRM
MIB
EQUIPMENT
MIB
NODE PAT H
MIB
PATHTRACE
MIB
BACK-
PLANE
MIB
POWER
ENTRY
MIB
MUC
*
GPS
RDC
RUC
*
MIB
MIB
MIB
MIB
MIB
NXD ONLY
STF
SIF/
FIC
MIB
21026-C
Figure 5. Digivance MIB Structure
In understanding the structure of nodes in the Digivance system, it is important to note that the Hubmaster node is a regular Hub node with additional functionality that is particular to the one and only Hubmaster node in the network.
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
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ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007
US
The LSE node is a regular Hub node with additional functionality particular to location services applications.There is also a distinction between RAN Nodes in NXD vs. CXD systems. In an NXD system, there is a one to one relationship between CPUs and nodes because each NXD RAN has its own CPU where its own MIBs reside. In a CXD system, the term RAN Node refers conceptually to the individual RAN but all RAN MIBs reside on the Hubmaster CPU.

1.4.3 Element Management System (EMS)

The Digivance Element Management System is a Web based system that provides the various control and monitoring functions required for local management of each CXD/NXD system. The user interface into the EMS is a PC-type laptop computer loaded with a standard Web browser. Figure 6 is a diagram showing the relationship of EMS to the Digivance MIBs described in the previous topic.
HUB NODE n
HUB NODE
STATUS
ALARMS
HUB NODE 3
HUB NODE 2
HUB NODE 1
MIBs
SNMP
AGENT
HUBMASTER
NOTE: RAN MIBs RESIDE ON HUBMASTER CPU IN CXD SYSTEM, ON RAN CPU IN NXD SYSTEM.
RAN 1
MIBs
SNMP
AGENT
GET SET
TRAP
ETHERNET
SWITCH
HUBMASTER
EMS
RAN n
RAN 3
RAN 2
RAN
STATUS
ALARMS
SNMP
AGENT
Page 6
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
MIBs
HTTP
21033-C
ER
Figure 6. EMS Relationship to MIBS
All CPUs in the Digivance network support SNMP to provide NMS monitoring and access. The NMS software (whether generic or EMS) sends SNMP GET and SET messages to the various nodes in the Digivance network to access MIBs in response to a user entry.
• A GET message gets the current value of an identified object.
• A SET message sets the object to a given value. Only a limited subset of objects can be set to a new value.
Note: MIBs are described in more detail in Section 2.2 on Page 15.
The EMS is resident on the Hubmaster CPU and is accessible through an Ethernet connection. Operation is effected through the EMS Graphical User Interface (GUI). The GUI consists of a series of screens from which the user selects the desired option or function. Ethernet ports are available at the Hub and RAN CPU for connecting the EMS computer at either location

1.5 Fiber Optical Transport

The optical signal of a Digivance system is digital. The input and output RF signal levels at the Hub FIC or the RAN FIC or SIF are not dependent on the level of the optical signal or the length of the optical fiber.
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007
The maximum length of the optical fibers is dependent on the loss specifications of the optical fiber and the losses imposed by the various connectors and splices. The system provides an optical budget of 9 dB (typical) when used with 9/125 single-mode fiber, or 26 dB with extended optics.
The optical wavelengths used in the system are 1310 nm for the forward path and 1310 nm for the reverse path. Different wavelengths may be used for the forward and reverse paths allowing for a pair of bi-directional wavelength division multiplexers (WDM) or coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) to be used in applications where it is desirable to combine the forward path and reverse path optical signals on a single optical fiber.
One WDM or CWDM multiplexer/demultiplxer module may be mounted with the Hub and the other mounted with the RAN. The WDM or CWDM passive multiplexers are available as accessory items.

1.6 Fault Detection and Alarm Reporting

LED indicators are provided on each of the respective modules populating the Hub Digital Chassis, RF Chassis, and RAN Chassis to indicate if the system is normal or if a fault is detected. In addition, a dry contact alarm interface can be provided as an accessory item that is managed by the EMS software with normally open and normally closed alarm contacts for connection to a customer-provided external alarm system.
All Hub and RAN alarms can be accessed through the SNMP manager or the EMS software GUI.
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
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ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007

1.7 Specifications

Tab le 1 lists specifications for the Hub. Tab le 2 lists specifications for the CXD RAN. Tab le 3
lists specifications for the NXD RAN.
Table 1. Hub Specifications
ITEM SPECIFICATION COMMENT
Hub General
Dimensions (HxWxD) 78 x 24 x 24 Inches 198.1 x 61.0 x 61.0 cm
RF connections 50 ohm SMA-type (female) 50 ohm input/output impedance
Weather resistance Indoor installation only
Operating temperature 0º to 50º C (32º to 122º F)
Storage temperature –40º to +70º C (–40 to 158º F)
Humidity 10% to 90% Non condensing
IP interface RJ-45
DC power connector Screw-type terminal
Power Input -48 VDC Floating
Input current 34 A @ -42 VDC Per rack assembly
Reliability MTBF 80,000 Excluding fan assemblies
Digital Chassis
Dimensions (HxWxD) 19.0 x 7.0 x 7.9 in. (body)
17.1 x 7.0 x 7.9 in. (mount
43.4 x 17.8 x 20.1 cm
48.3 x 17.8 x 20.1 cm
Color Brushed aluminum
Backplane connections RJ-45
Power Input -48 VDC Floating
Power Consumption Digital Chassis CPU STF2 RSC
FIC
RF Chassis
76.0 Watts
20.2 Watts
3.5 Watts
8.8 Watts
15.2 Watts
Dimensions 19.0 x 7.0 x 7.9 in. (body)
17.1 x 7.0 x 7.9 in. (mount
Typical Fans and 12 VDC P/S
43.4 x 17.8 x 20.1 cm
48.3 x 17.8 x 20.1 cm
Color Brushed aluminum
Backplane connections RJ-45
Power Input -48 VDC Floating
Page 8
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
Table 1. Hub Specifications, continued
ITEM SPECIFICATION COMMENT
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007
Power Consumption RF Chassis FBHDC HUC FSC
Base Station Interface Module (BIM)
55.0 Watts
11.0 Watts
7.7 Watts
13.5 Watts
Typical Fans and 12 VDC P/S
Dimensions (HxWxD) 17.1 x 1.75 x 7.9 inches (body) 43.4 x 4.4 x 20.1 cm
Color Brushed aluminum
I2C connections RJ-45
RF connections 50 ohm SMA-type (female) 50 ohm input/output impedance
Power Input -48 VDC Floating
Power Consumption 20 Watts Typical
Hub Reference Module (HRM)
Dimensions (HxWxD) 17.1 x 1.75 x 7.9 inches (body) 43.4 x 4.4 x 20.1 cm
Color Brushed aluminum
Clock, 9.6 MHz signals and I2C
RJ-45
connections
RF connections 50 ohm SMA-type (female) 50 ohm input/output impedance
RS-232 connection DB-9
Power Input -48 VDC Floating
Power Consumption 17 Watts Typical
Optical – Hub SFP
Fiber type
Number of fibers required Without WDM With WDM With CWDM
Optical transceiver type
FWD & REV path wavelength Standard range
Optical transmit power output 0 dB m
Optical receive input -9 dBm
Optical budget 9 dB
Optical connectors
9/125, single-mode
2
1
1 per 4 RANS
Requires CWDM optical transceivers and wavelength division multiplexers (WDM) which are accessory items.
SFP
1310 nm 1550 nm
Standard range Extended range
Standard range (typical)
0 dB m
Extended range (typical)
Standard range
-26 dBm
Extended range
Standard range (typical)
26 dB
Extended range (typical)
LC Dual-connector
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
Page 9
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007
Table 2. CXD RAN specifications
ITEM SPECIFICATION COMMENT
Dimensions (HxWxD) CXD RAN Standard Cabinet CXD RAN Extended Cabinet
23 x 18 x 11 Inches 23 x 18 x 17 Inches
2.6 cubic feet
4.1 cubic feet
Weight CXD RAN Standard Cabinet
CXD RAN Extended Cabinet Pole mount bracket
23 lbs. (10.45 kg.) 49 lbs. (45.45 kg.) 7 lbs. (3.18 kg.)
Empty, no modules Empty, no modules Metal and wood pole brackets
Color Gray
RF connections 50 ohm N-type (female) 50 ohm input/output impedance
Weather resistance NEMA-3R Removable dust filter
Operating temperature -40º to 50º C (-40º to 122º F)
Cold-start temperature –20º C (–4º F)
Storage temperature –40º to +85º C (–40 to 185º F)
Humidity 10% to 90%
IP interface RJ-45
AC power ingress ¾-inch box spacer Threaded fitting
Fiber optical cable ingress ¾-inch service entrance cable fit-
ting
Power input 100 to 240 VAC 47 to 63 Hz
Battery backup options Internal – RFA Slot Assembly External
1 hour 2 hour
Takes one RFA slot Requires Extended Cabinet
Battery Weight Internal – RFA Slot Assembly External
61 lbs. 140 lbs.
Two batteries and tray Two batteries
Power consumption 600 W Two 10 W PA option
Reliability at 25º MTBF 50,000 Excluding fan assemblies
Optical RAN
Fiber type 9/125, single-mode
Number of fibers required
Without WDM 2
With WDM With CWDM
1 1 per 4 RANS
Requires CWDM optical trans­ceivers and wavelength division multiplexers (WDM) which are accessory items.
Optical transceiver type SFP
Forward and reverse path wave­length Standard range Extended range
Page 10
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
1310nm 1550 nm
Table 2. CXD RAN specifications, continued
ITEM SPECIFICATION COMMENT
Optical transmit power output Standard range Extended range
0 dBm 0 dBm
Typical
Optical receive input Standard range Extended range
–9 dBm –26 dBm
ADCP-75-192 • Issue 2 • June 2007
Optical budget Standard range Extended range
9 dB 26 dB
Typical
Optical connectors LC Dual-connector
Battery backup options Internal – RFA Slot Assembly External
1 hour 2 hour
Takes one RFA slot Requires Extended Cabinet
Battery Weight Internal – RFA Slot Assembly External
61 lbs. 140 lbs.
Two batteries and tray Two batteries
Table 3. NXD RAN Specifications
ITEM SPECIFICATION COMMENT
Physical and Mechanical
Dimensions (HxWxD) 36.5 x 31.0 x 24.0 inches
(92.7 x 78.7 x 60.1 cm)
Weight with extended batteries (4)
300 lbs. (136.4 kg) 625 lbs. (284.1 kg)
RAN without batteries Total RAN + 4 batteries
Color Putty white
Bands per box
Up to 4
Boxes per RAN site
RF connections
Up to 2 RANs
RAN cabinet has 5 Type N plugs
Cable type: CommScope PN 540ANM or equivalent
Environmental and Thermal
Box thermal management External air Variable speed fans (PIC/PA
Assembly and cPCI)
Operating temperature -40 to +50 degrees C -40 to 122 degrees F
Cold-start temperature -20 to +50 degrees C -4 to 122 degrees F
Storage temperature -40 to +85 degrees C -40 to 185 degrees F
Internal air temperature 0 to 60 degrees C 32 to 140 degrees F
Weather resistance NEMA-3R
Operational humidity 95%
Acoustic emissions 63 dBA
© 2007, ADC Telecommunications, Inc.
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