Adaptec SAS-SATA-SCSI RAID User Manual

SAS, SATA, and SCSI RAID Controllers
Installation and User’s Guide
2
Copyright
©2006 Adaptec, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Adaptec, Inc., 691 South Milpitas Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035.
Trademarks
Microsoft and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the US and other countries, used under license.
Red Hat is a trademark of Red Hat, Inc. in the US and other countries, used under license.
Novell and NetWare are trademarks of Novell, Inc. in the US and other countries, used under license.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Changes
The material in this document is for information only and is subject to change without notice. While reasonable efforts have been made in the preparation of this document to assure its accuracy, Adaptec, Inc. assumes no liability resulting from errors or omissions in this document, or from the use of the information contained herein.
Adaptec reserves the right to make changes in the product design without reservation and without notification to its users.
Disclaimer
IF THIS PRODUCT DIRECTS YOU TO COPY MATERIALS, YOU MUST HAVE PERMISSION FROM THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OF THE MATERIALS TO AVOID VIOLATING THE LAW WHICH COULD RESULT IN DAMAGES OR OTHER REMEDIES.
3
Adaptec Customer Support
If you have questions about installing or using your Adaptec product, check this document first—you will find answers to most of your questions. If you need further assistance, use the support options listed below. To expedite your service, have your computer in front of you.
Technical Support Identification (TSID) Number
Before contacting Technical Support, you need your unique 12-digit TSID number. The TSID number identifies your product
and support status.
The TSID number is included on a white, bar-coded label, like this example:
Affix a copy of the TSID label to the CD jacket so that you don’t lose it.
North America
Visit our Web site at www.adaptec.com.
Search the Adaptec Support Knowledgebase (ASK) at ask.adaptec.com for articles, troubleshooting tips, and frequently asked
questions for your product.
For information about Adaptec’s support options, call +1 408-957-2550, 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. To speak with a Technical Support Specialist,
For Hardware products call +1 408-934-7274,
Monday to Friday, 5:00
For RAID and Fibre Channel products call +1 321-207-2000,
Monday to Friday, 5:00
For support via e-mail, submit your question at ask.adaptec.com.
You can order Adaptec products, including accessories and cables, by calling +1 408-957-7274.
www.adaptec.com/buy-cables.
Europe
Visit our Web site at www.adaptec-europe.com.
German: Call +49 89 43 66 55 22, Monday to Friday, 9:00 to 17:00, CET. For support via e-mail, submit your question at
ask-de.adaptec.com.
French: Call +49 89 43 66 55 33, Monday to Friday, 9:00 to 17:00, CET. For support via e-mail, submit your question at
ask-fr.adaptec.com.
English: Call +49 89 43 66 55 44, Monday to Friday, 9:00 to 17:00, GMT. For support via e-mail, submit your question at
ask.adaptec.com.
You can order Adaptec cables online at www.adaptec.com/buy-cables.
Japan
Visit our Web site at www.adaptec.co.jp.
Call +81-3-3831-5190.
A.M. to 5:00 P.M., Pacific Time.
A.M. to 5:00 P.M., Pacific Time.
Or, you can order cables online at
4
Limited 3-Year Hardware Warranty
1. Adaptec, Inc. (“Adaptec”) warrants to the purchaser of this product that it will be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of three (3) years from the date of purchase. If the product should become defective within the warranty period, Adaptec, at its option, will repair or replace the product, or refund the purchaser’s purchase price for the product, provided it is delivered at the purchaser’s expense to an authorized Adaptec service facility or to Adaptec.
2. Repair or replacement parts or products will be furnished on an exchange basis and will either be new or reconditioned. All replaced parts or products shall become the property of Adaptec. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been damaged by accident, misuse, abuse or as a result of unauthorized service or parts.
3.
Warranty service is available to the purchaser by delivering the product during the warranty period to an authorized Adaptec service facility or to Adaptec and providing proof of purchase price and date. The purchaser shall bear all shipping, packing and insurance costs and all other costs, excluding labor and parts, necessary to effectuate repair, replacement or refund under this warranty
4. For more information on how to obtain warranty service, write or telephone Adaptec at 691 South Milpitas Boulevard, Milpitas, CA 95035, (800) 959-7274.
5. THIS LIMITED WARRANTY DOES NOT EXTEND TO ANY PRODUCT WHICH HAS BEEN DAMAGED AS A RESULT OF ACCIDENT, MISUSE, ABUSE, OR AS A RESULT OF UNAUTHORIZED SERVICE OR PARTS.
6.
THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER EXPRESS WARRANTIES WHICH NOW OR HEREAFTER MIGHT OTHERWISE ARISE RESPECT TO THIS PRODUCT. IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT SHALL (A) HAVE NO GREATER DURATION THAN 3 YEARS FROM THE DATE OF PURCHASE, (B) TERMINATE AUTOMATICALLY AT THE EXPIRATION OF SUCH PERIOD AND (C) TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW BE EXCLUDED. IN THE EVENT THIS PRODUCT BECOMES DEFECTIVE DURING THE WARRANTY PERIOD, THE PURCHASER’S EXCLUSIVE REMEDY SHALL BE REPAIR, REPLACEMENT OR REFUND AS PROVIDED ABOVE. INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION LOSS OF DATA, ARISING FROM BREACH OF ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY ARE NOT THE RESPONSIBILITY OF ADAPTEC AND, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED BOTH FOR PROPERTY DAMAGE, AND TO THE EXTENT NOT UNCONSCIONABLE, FOR PERSONAL INJURY DAMAGE
7. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS, AND SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WARRANTY LASTS, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
8. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.
.
.
5
Regulatory Compliance Statements
Federal Communications Commission Radio Frequency Interference Statement
WARNING: Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. However, if this equipment does cause interference to radio or television equipment reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between equipment and receiver.
Connect the equipment to an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for help.
Use a shielded and properly grounded I/O cable and power cable to ensure compliance of this unit to the specified limits of the rules.
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
Adaptec, Inc.
Use only with the listed ITE:
ASR-4000SAS/
ASR-4800SAS/ASR-4805SAS
AAR-2420SA/AAR-2820SA
ASR-2130SLP/ASR-2230SLP
Tes ted t o Compl y With FCC Standards
FOR HOME OR OFFICE USE
European Union Compliance Statement
This Information Technology Equipment has been tested and found to comply with EMC Directive 89/336/EEC, as amended by 92/31/EEC and 93/68/EEC, in accordance with:
EN55022 (1998+A1:2000+A2:2003) Emissions
EN55024 (1998+A1:2001+A2:2003) Immunity:
– EN61000-4-2 (1995) Electrostatic discharge: ±4 kV contact, ±8 kV air – EN61000-4-3 (1996) Radiated immunity – EN61000-4-4 (1995) Electrical fast transients/burst: ±1 kV AC, ±0.5 kV I/O – EN61000-4-5 (1995) Surges ±1 kV differential mode, ±2 kV common mode – EN61000-4-6 (1996) Conducted immunity: 3 V – EN61000-4-11 (1994) Supply dips and variation: 30% and 100%
In addition, all equipment requiring U.L. listing has been found to comply with EMC Directive 73/23/EEC as amended by 93/68/EEC in accordance with EN60950 with amendments A1, A2, A3, A4, A11.
Australian/New Zealand Compliance Statement
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to the Australian/New Zealand standard AS/NZS 3548 set out by the Spectrum Management Agency.
Canadian Compliance Statement
This Class B digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations. Cet appareil numérique de la classe B respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada.
Japanese Compliance (Voluntary Control Council Initiative)
This equipment complies to class B Information Technology equipment based on VCCI (Voluntary Control Council for Interface). This equipment is designed for home use but it may causes radio frequency interference problem if used too near to a television or radio. Please handle it correctly per this documentation.
CAUTION: Risk of explosion if the battery is replaced by an incorrect type. Dispose of used batteries according to the
instructions.
Contents
About This Guide
What You Need to Know Before You Begin ................................................... 12
Terminology Used in this Guide...................................................................... 12
How to Find More Information....................................................................... 12
Kit Contents and System Requirements
Kit Contents ...................................................................................................... 14
System Requirements........................................................................................ 14
About Your RAID Controller
Standard RAID Controller Features ................................................................ 16
Array-level Features .................................................................................... 16
Advanced Data Protection Suite ................................................................ 16
Adding Enhanced Features............................................................................... 17
Using a Feature Key to Unlock Enhanced Features.................................. 17
Adding a Battery Backup Module .................................................................... 17
Upgrading the Controller Firmware................................................................ 17
About the Adaptec 4000 ................................................................................... 18
About the Adaptec 4800SAS............................................................................. 19
About the Adaptec 4805SAS............................................................................. 20
About the Adaptec 2420SA............................................................................... 21
About the Adaptec 2820SA............................................................................... 22
About the Adaptec 2130SLP............................................................................. 23
About the Adaptec 2230SLP............................................................................. 24
Getting Started
Choosing a RAID Level..................................................................................... 26
Selecting Disk Drives ........................................................................................ 27
Disk Drives for SAS Controllers................................................................. 27
Disk Drives for SATA Controllers ............................................................. 27
Contents 7
Disk Drives for SCSI Controllers ............................................................... 27
Selecting Cables................................................................................................. 28
SAS Cables................................................................................................... 28
SATA Cables................................................................................................ 29
SCSI Cables ................................................................................................. 29
Installation Options .......................................................................................... 30
Basic Installation Steps...................................................................................... 30
Installing with an Operating System.......................................................... 30
Installing on an Existing Operating System ..............................................30
Installing the Controller and Disk Drives
Before You Begin............................................................................................... 32
Installing the Controller ................................................................................... 32
Connecting Disk Drives to SAS RAID Controllers ......................................... 33
Connecting Directly to the Controller....................................................... 33
Connecting to a System Backplane............................................................ 34
Connecting Disk Drives to SATA RAID Controllers...................................... 35
Connecting Disk Drives to SCSI RAID Controllers........................................ 35
Connecting External Devices............................................................................ 35
Next Steps.................................................................................................... 36
Monitoring Disk Drives with Adaptec Storage Manager................................ 36
Creating a Bootable Array
Setting the Boot Controller .............................................................................. 38
Creating an Array.............................................................................................. 38
Creating an Array with the ACU ............................................................... 38
Creating an Array with Adaptec Storage Manager ................................... 40
Making Your Array Bootable ...........................................................................41
Installing the Driver and an Operating System
Before You Begin............................................................................................... 43
Creating a Driver Disk ...................................................................................... 43
Installing with Windows................................................................................... 44
Installing with Red Hat Linux .......................................................................... 44
Installing with SUSE Linux............................................................................... 45
Installing with NetWare.................................................................................... 45
Installing with OpenServer............................................................................... 46
Installing with Solaris........................................................................................ 46
Installing with UnixWare .................................................................................47
Installing with VMWare ................................................................................... 47
Installing with FreeBSD .................................................................................... 47
Contents 8
Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System
Before You Begin............................................................................................... 50
Creating a Driver Disk ...................................................................................... 50
Installing on Windows...................................................................................... 51
Installing on Red Hat or SUSE Linux ..............................................................51
Installing on NetWare....................................................................................... 51
Installing on OpenServer.................................................................................. 52
Installing on Solaris........................................................................................... 52
Installing on UnixWare ....................................................................................53
Installing on VMWare ...................................................................................... 53
Installing on FreeBSD ....................................................................................... 53
Managing Your Storage Space
About Adaptec Storage Manager ..................................................................... 56
Installing Adaptec Storage Manager .......................................................... 56
About the Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration Utility........................... 56
About the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility ............................................. 57
About the Adaptec Flash Utility....................................................................... 57
Which Utility Should I Use?............................................................................. 57
Solving Problems
Troubleshooting Checklist ............................................................................... 59
Silencing the Alarm........................................................................................... 59
Recovering from a Disk Drive Failure ............................................................. 59
Failed Disk Drive Protected by a Hot Spare.............................................. 60
Failed Disk Drive Not Protected by a Hot Spare ....................................... 60
Failure in Multiple Arrays Simultaneously................................................ 60
Disk Drive Failure in a RAID 0 Array........................................................ 60
Multiple Failures in the Same Array .......................................................... 61
Resetting the Controller.................................................................................... 61
Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI
Terminology Used in This Chapter ................................................................. 63
What is SAS?...................................................................................................... 63
How Do SAS Devices Communicate?.............................................................. 64
What’s a Phy? .................................................................................................... 64
What’s a SAS Port?............................................................................................ 65
What’s a SAS Address?...................................................................................... 65
What’s a SAS Connector? .................................................................................65
What do SAS Cables Look Like?....................................................................... 65
How are Disk Drives Identified in SAS? .......................................................... 66
What are the SAS Connection Options?.......................................................... 66
Direct-attach Connections ......................................................................... 66
Backplane Connections .............................................................................. 66
SAS Expander Connections........................................................................ 67
How is SAS Different from Parallel SCSI? ....................................................... 68
Contents 9
Understanding RAID
Understanding Drive Segments ....................................................................... 70
Nonredundant Arrays (RAID 0) ...................................................................... 70
RAID 1 Arrays ................................................................................................... 71
RAID 1 Enhanced Arrays.................................................................................. 71
RAID 10 Arrays ................................................................................................. 72
RAID 5 Arrays ................................................................................................... 73
RAID 5EE Arrays............................................................................................... 74
RAID 50 Arrays ................................................................................................. 75
RAID 6 Arrays ................................................................................................... 76
RAID 60 Arrays ................................................................................................. 76
Selecting the Best RAID Level .......................................................................... 77
Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility
Introduction to the ARC Utility....................................................................... 79
Running the ARC Utility .................................................................................. 79
Navigating the ARC Utility ........................................................................79
Using the ACU to Create and Manage Arrays................................................. 79
Creating a New Array .................................................................................79
Managing Existing Arrays .......................................................................... 80
Initializing Disk Drives............................................................................... 80
Rescanning Disk Drives.............................................................................. 80
Secure Erasing Disk Drives......................................................................... 81
Using the -Select Utility to Modify Controller Settings .................................. 81
Opening a -Select Utility............................................................................. 81
Applying Changes and Exiting................................................................... 81
Modifying Your Controller’s Configuration............................................. 82
General Controller Settings........................................................................ 82
SAS-specific Controller Settings ................................................................ 83
SATA-specific Controller Settings ............................................................. 83
SCSI-specific Controller Settings............................................................... 84
Formatting and Verifying Disk Drives............................................................. 85
Viewing the Event Log ...................................................................................... 85
Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS
Getting Started .................................................................................................. 87
Working in the ACU Using Menus.................................................................. 87
Running the ACU Using Scripts ...................................................................... 88
About Playback Mode ................................................................................ 88
About Record Mode ...................................................................................89
Creating the Script File Manually .............................................................. 89
Array Definition Block Keywords.............................................................. 90
Channel Definition Block Keywords—SCSI only..................................... 93
ACU Error Codes........................................................................................ 94
Sample Scripts............................................................................................. 95
Contents 10
Using the Adaptec Flash Utility
System Requirements........................................................................................ 98
Before You Begin............................................................................................... 98
Obtaining the Firmware ............................................................................. 98
Creating the Firmware Floppy Disks ......................................................... 99
Running the Menu-based AFU ........................................................................ 99
Running the AFU from the Command Line ................................................. 100
AFU Commands ....................................................................................... 100
Updating the Flash Using the AFU Command Line..................................... 103
Safety Information
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) ........................................................................104
Technical Specifications
Environmental Specifications......................................................................... 106
DC Power Requirements ................................................................................ 106
Current Requirements .................................................................................... 106
Index

About This Guide

In this chapter...
What You Need to Know Before You Begin .......................................................................... 12
Terminology Used in this Guide............................................................................................ 12
How to Find More Information ............................................................................................ 12
1
This Installation and User’s Guide explains how to install your Adaptec also describes the utilities included in your controller kit, and provides a basic overview of Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) and Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) technology.
These RAID controller models are described in this Guide:
SAS Controllers SATA Controllers SCSI Controllers
Adaptec 4000 Adaptec 2420SA Adaptec 2130SLP
Adaptec 4800SAS Adaptec 2820SA Adaptec 2230SLP
Adaptec 4805SAS
®
RAID controller. It

What You Need to Know Before You Begin

You should be familiar with computer hardware, data storage, RAID technology, and the input/output (I/O) technology—Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), SAS, or Serial ATA (SATA)—used by your controller. (For an introduction to SAS, see page 62.)
You should also be familiar with Direct-Attached Storage (DAS) or Network-Attached Storage (NAS)—whichever is appropriate for your storage space—and Storage Area Network (SAN) concepts and technology.
Note:
Because this Guide covers multiple Adaptec RAID products, some of the features and functions described may not be available for your controller. For more information, see About
Your RAID Controller on page 15.

Terminology Used in this Guide

Because you can use your Adaptec RAID controller to manage data storage in a variety of configurations from DAS to NAS to SAN, the generic term “storage space” is used to refer to controller(s) and disk drives being managed with Adaptec Storage Manager utilities described in this Guide.
Many of the terms and concepts referred to in this Guide are known to computer users by multiple names. This Guide uses these terms:
Chapter 1: About This Guide 12
TM
or the other
Controller (also known as adapter, board, or card)
Disk drive (also known as hard disk, hard drive, or hard disk drive)
Enclosure (also known as a RAID enclosure, storage enclosure, or JBOD enclosure)
Array (also known as a container or logical drive)
In DAS environments, Adaptec Storage Manager refers to arrays as logical drives.
Note:
Why? Your RAID controller creates arrays, which your operating system (and Adaptec Storage Manager) recognizes as logical drives. In NAS environments, Adaptec Storage Manager displays both arrays and logical drives. For more information, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide for Internal RAID Storage on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.

How to Find More Information

You can find more information about your Adaptec RAID controller and the software and utilities included with it by referring to these documents:
Readme.txt—Includes updated product information and known issues; located on the
RAID Installation CD.
Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide for Internal RAID Storage—Describes how to install
and use the Adaptec Storage Manager software (see page 56); located on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.
Adaptec Storage Manager online Help—Describes how to use the Adaptec Storage Manager
software; accessible from the main window of Adaptec Storage Manager.
Command Line Utility for Internal RAID Storage User’s Guide—Describes how to use the
Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration (ARCCONF) command line utility (see page 56) to perform basic array and configuration management functions; located on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.

Kit Contents and System Requirements

In this chapter...
Kit Contents............................................................................................................................ 14
System Requirements .............................................................................................................14
This chapter lists the contents of your Adaptec RAID controller kit and the system requirements that must be met for you to successfully install and use your controller.
2

Kit Contents

Adaptec RAID controller
RAID Installation CD (bootable), including controller drivers, and this Guide
Chapter 2: Kit Contents and System Requirements 14
Adaptec Storage Manager
Adaptec Storage Manager and the ARCCONF command line utility
Cables (type and quantity vary—for cable information about your controller, visit the
Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.com.)
(Selected models only) Low-profile bracket
Adaptec SAS, SATA, and SCSI RAID Controllers Quick Start Guide

System Requirements

PC-compatible computer with Intel Pentium, or equivalent, processor
Motherboard with these features:
Compliant with PCI Local Bus Specification, Revision 2.2 or later
Support for multifunction devices where one of the devices is a PCI bridge
Large memory-mapped address ranges
Refer to the Readme file on the RAID installation CD for additional motherboard compatibility information.
One of these operating systems:
Microsoft
Red Hat
SUSE Linux ES 9.0, 10.0
®
Windows® 2000, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP
®
Linux 3.0, 4.0
Installation CD (not bootable), including user guides for
For the latest on Adaptec’s support of Linux, or to download driver sources, visit
Note:
the Support area of the Adaptec Web site at
Novell
SCO
UnixWare
Sun
VMware ESX Server 3.0 (driver support only; storage management must be done
®
NetWare® 6.5
®
OpenServer® 6.0
®
7.1.4
®
SolarisTM 10
www.adaptec.com
.
through the ARC utility—see page 78)
FreeBSD 5.4, 6.0 (driver support only; storage management must be done through the
ARC utility—see page 78)
For up-to-date operating system version support, visit the Adaptec Web Site at
Note:
www.adaptec.com
. From the main menu select Support>Knowledgebase>Find Answers. Select your controller type and OS support to generate a list of supported operating systems.
128 MB (or more) of RAM
Available compatible PCI/PCI-X/PCIe slot (depending on your controller model—see the
descriptions starting on page 15)
20 MB of free disk drive space
16-bit SVGA color monitor with a resolution of at least 800 x 600
CD drive

About Your RAID Controller

In this chapter...
About the Adaptec 4800SAS.................................................................................................. 19
About the Adaptec 4805SAS.................................................................................................. 20
About the Adaptec 2420SA.................................................................................................... 21
About the Adaptec 2820SA.................................................................................................... 22
About the Adaptec 2130SLP .................................................................................................. 23
About the Adaptec 2230SLP .................................................................................................. 24
This chapter provides an overview of standard Adaptec RAID controller features, and describes the unique features of your controller. It also explains how to upgrade your controller with enhanced features.
3

Standard RAID Controller Features

Flash ROM for updates to controller firmware, BIOS, and the Adaptec RAID
Configuration utility
Disk drive hot-swapping
Event logging and broadcasting including email and SNMP messages
Multiple options for creating and managing RAID arrays—A full software application
(Adaptec Storage Manager), a BIOS-based utility, a command line utility, and a DOS utility. See Managing Your Storage Space on page 55 for more information.
(SAS and SATA RAID controllers only) Native command queuing (NCQ), which lets disk
drives arrange commands into the most efficient order for optimum performance
(SATA and SCSI RAID controllers only) Support for disk drive enclosures with SAF-TE
enclosure management hardware
(SAS RAID controllers only) Support for disk drive enclosures with SES2 enclosure
management hardware
Some RAID controllers support adding a battery backup module (see page 17).
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller 16

Array-level Features

Note:
For more information, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide for Internal RAID
Storage
Support for RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5, RAID 10, RAID 50
or online Help.
1
, simple volumes, and spanned
volumes
Support for hot spares (global and dedicated)
Support for automatic failover, so arrays are automatically rebuilt when a failed disk drive is replaced (applies to redundant arrays in SES2- or SAF-TE-enabled disk drive enclosures
Optimized disk utilization, which ensures that the full capacity of all disk drives can be
only
used, even if the disk drives vary in size
Online capacity expansion, so you can increase the capacity of an array without recreating it
Support for array migration from one RAID level to another

Advanced Data Protection Suite

Copyback Hot Spare—You can use this feature to move data from a hot spare back to its
original location after a failed disk drive is replaced.
Striped Mirror (RAID 1E)—A RAID 1 Enhanced array is similar to a RAID 1 array except
that data is both mirrored and striped, and more disk drives can be included.
)
Hot Space (RAID 5EE)—A RAID 5EE array is similar to a RAID 5 array except that it
includes a distributed spare and must be built from a minimum of four disk drives.
Dual Drive Failure Protection (RAID 6)—A RAID 6 array is similar to a RAID 5 array
except that it includes two independent sets of parity data instead of one.
1
The Adaptec 2420SA RAID controller supports RAID 0, 1, 10, 5, 50, simple, and spanned volumes.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller 17
Dual Drive Failure Protection (RAID 60
except that it includes four independent sets of parity data instead of two.

Adding Enhanced Features

As your storage needs change, you can enhance data protection and improve performance by upgrading your Adaptec controller with extra features.
Currently, Adaptec offers the snapshot function as an upgrade feature which can be activated with a feature key (sold separately). A snapshot is a frozen image of a logical drive at a particular point in time. You can use this feature to back up your data to tape, clone a disk drive, or copy the data to multiple servers.
Snapshots are supported by Windows and Linux operating systems only.
Note:
To purchase a feature key, contact your Adaptec Reseller or refer to the Adaptec Web site at
www.adaptec.com. To unlock the enhanced features with a feature key (see the following
section).

Using a Feature Key to Unlock Enhanced Features

When you receive a feature key, use Adaptec Storage Manager to unlock the new features. For step-by-step instructions, follow the instructions in the online Help or the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide
for Internal RAID Storage
1
)—A RAID 60 array is similar to a RAID 50 array
on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.

Adding a Battery Backup Module

This table shows the battery model supported by your Adaptec RAID controller.
RAID Controller Battery Model
Adaptec 4800SAS / Adaptec 4805SAS Adaptec Battery Module 600
Adaptec 2420SA / / Adaptec 2820SA Adaptec Battery Module 500
Adaptec 2130SLP / Adaptec 2230SLP Adaptec Battery Module 400
To purchase a battery backup module, refer to

Upgrading the Controller Firmware

To upgrade the firmware on your Adaptec RAID controller, follow the instructions in Using the
Adaptec Flash Utility on page 97.
the Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.com.

About the Adaptec 4000

The Adaptec 4000 is a low-profile SAS Zero Channel RAID controller with these features:
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller 18
Mode 0 Flash connector
Mounting bracket
Bus compatibility PCI-X, 3.3V
Maximum bus width 64-bit
Maximum bus speed 133 MHz
Standard cache 128 MB
Maximum number of disk drives 8
Audible alarm No
LED connector
PCI-X connector
I2C connector

About the Adaptec 4800SAS

The Adaptec 4800SAS is a SAS RAID controller with these features:
Two 4-wide internal
Mounting
bracket
SAS connectors
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller 19
Charge LED (for battery backup module) Alarm connector Mode 0 Flash connector
Activity LED connector (top 2 left/right pins)
1 external
SAS
connector
Battery connector
PCI-X connector
Diag LED
Activity LED
Power LED
Back side of Controller
Bus compatibility PCI-X, 3.3V
Maximum bus width 64-bit
Maximum bus speed 133 MHz
I/O processor clock frequency 500 MHz
Standard cache
128 MB DDR2
1
Maximum number of disk drives 8 (or up to 100 with expanders)
External Connector mini-SAS 4x multilane (SFF-8470)
Internal Connector 2x SAS 4x multilane (SFF-8484)
Battery backup module Adaptec Battery Module 600 (sold separately—see page 17)
Audible alarm Yes
1
256 MB also available
Note: Although this controller has an onboard speaker, you can
speaker with these specifications: 3.0 V, 90.0 mA
. The internal speaker is not required, as the
connect it to an internal
onboard speaker volume is appropriate for most environments.

About the Adaptec 4805SAS

The Adaptec 4805SAS is a SAS RAID controller with these features:
Two 4-wide internal
Mounting
bracket
SAS connectors
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller 20
Charge LED (for battery backup module)
Alarm connector Mode 0 Flash connector
Activity LED connector (top 2 left/right pins)
1 external
SAS
connector
Diag LED
Activity LED
Power LED
Back side of Controller
PCIe connector
Activity LED
Phy
6
7
5
4
3
Battery connector
2
1
0
Bus compatibility PCIe x8
I/O processor clock frequency 500 MHz
Standard cache
128 MB DDR2
1
Maximum number of disk drives 8 (or up to 100 with expanders)
External Connector mini-SAS 4x multilane (SFF-8470)
Internal Connector 2x SAS 4x multilane (SFF-8484)
Battery backup module Adaptec Battery Module 600 (sold separately—see page 17)
Audible alarm Yes
1
256 MB also available
Note: Although this controller has an onboard speaker, you can
speaker with these specifications: 3.0 V, 90.0 mA
. The internal speaker is not required, as the
connect it to an internal
onboard speaker volume is appropriate for most environments.

About the Adaptec 2420SA

The Adaptec 2420SA is a SATA II RAID controller with these features:
Mode 0 Flash connector
LED connector
I2C connector
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller 21
SATA ports
0
PCI-X connector
Mounting bracket
Activity LED connector
3
2
1
PCI-X jumper
Battery connector
SUM Activity LED
Charge LED (for battery backup module)
Activity LED
3
2
Back side of Controller
Phy
1
3,3V LED IRQ LED
0
Diag LEDs
Bus compatibility PCI-X, 3.3 V
Bus width 64-bit
Bus speed 133 MHz
Standard cache 256 MB
Maximum number of disk drives 4
Internal Connector 4x SATA connector
Battery backup module Adaptec Battery Module 500 (sold separately—see page 17)
Audible alarm Yes
Note: A low-profile bracket is included with this controller. However, this controller may not fit in
all low-profile systems.

About the Adaptec 2820SA

The Adaptec 2820SA is a SATA II RAID controller with these features:
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller 22
Mode 0 Flash connector
LED connectors
I2C connector
SUM Activity LED
Charge LED (for battery backup module)
0
Mounting bracket
7
6
5
SATA por ts
2
1
PCI-X connector
Activity LED
Phy
4
3
7
6
5
4
3
PCI-X jumper
3,3V LED
IRQ LED
2
1
0
Activity LED connector
Battery connector
Diag LEDs
Back side of Controller
Bus compatibility PCI-X, 3.3 V
Bus width 64-bit
Bus speed 133 MHz
Standard cache 256 MB
Maximum number of disk drives 8
Internal Connector 8x SATA connector
Battery backup module Adaptec Battery Module 500 (sold separately—see page 17)
Audible alarm Yes
Note: A low-profile bracket is included with this controller. However, this controller may not fit in
all low-profile systems.

About the Adaptec 2130SLP

The Adaptec 2130SLP is a low-profile SCSI controller with these features:
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller 23
Mode 0 Flash connector
1 internal HD SCSI connector
Mounting bracket
1 external VHDCI
SCSI connector
PCI/PCI-X connector
Bus compatibility PCI / PCI-X, 3.3 V
Maximum bus width 64-bit
Maximum bus speed 133 MHz
Standard cache 256 MB
Number of channels 1
Maximum number of disk drives 15
Battery backup module Adaptec Battery Module 400 (sold separately—see page 17)
Audible alarm Yes
Activity LED
Battery connector

About the Adaptec 2230SLP

The Adaptec 2230SLP is a low-profile SCSI controller with these features:
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller 24
Mode 0 Flash connector
2 internal HD SCSI connectors
2 external VHDCI SCSI
connectors
Mounting bracket
Bus compatibility PCI / PCI-X, 3.3 V
Maximum bus width 64-bit
Maximum bus speed 133 MHz
Standard cache 128 MB or 256 MB (depending on your controller configuration)
Number of channels 2
Maximum number of disk drives
SCSI cables included 1 (internal)
Battery backup module Adaptec Battery Module
Audible alarm Yes
30 (15 per channel)
Battery connector
PCI/PCI-X connector
400
(sold separately—see page 17)
Activity LED

Getting Started

In this chapter...
Choosing a RAID Level.......................................................................................................... 26
Selecting Disk Drives.............................................................................................................. 27
Selecting Cables ...................................................................................................................... 28
Installation Options ............................................................................................................... 30
Basic Installation Steps........................................................................................................... 30
This chapter provides the basic information you need to set up your disk drives and arrays the way you want them. It also describes the options you have for installing your Adaptec controller and disk drives, and creating arrays for data storage.
Note:
Before you begin, familiarize yourself with your Adaptec controller’s physical features
and the RAID levels that it supports (see About Your RAID Controller on page 15).
4

Choosing a RAID Level

This section provides a brief overview of the RAID levels supported by your Adaptec RAID controller, including the minimum and maximum number of disk drives required by each.
RAID 0 (Non-redundant Array)—Stripes data across multiple disk drives. Improved
performance but no redundancy (see page 70).
RAID 1 Array—Created from two disk drives where one disk drive is a
(the same data is stored on each disk drive). Redundancy, but reduced capacity (see page 71).
RAID 1E Array—Similar to a RAID 1 array except that data is mirrored
disk drives can be included (see page 71).
RAID 5 Array—Stripes data for improved performance and uses parity data to provide
redundancy (see page 73).
RAID 5EE Array—Similar to a RAID 5 array, but includes a distributed spare and must
include a minimum of four disk drives (see page 74).
RAID 10 Array—Built from two or more equal-sized RAID 1 arrays, stripes and mirrors
data across multiple disk drives. Redundancy and improved performance (see page 72).
Chapter 4: Getting Started 26
mirror
of the other
and
striped, and more
RAID 50
1
Array—Built from multiple disk drives configured as two or more RAID 5
arrays, stripes stored data and parity data across all disk drives (see page 75).
RAID 6 Array—Similar to a RAID 5 array except that it includes two independent sets of
parity data instead of one (see page 76).
RAID 60
1
Array—Similar to a RAID 50 array except that it includes four independent sets
of parity data instead of two (see page 76).
Use the table on page 77 to see how many disk drives you must connect to your RAID controller to support the RAID level you want.
1
The Adaptec 2420SA RAID controller can support RAID 50 or RAID 60 only when expanders are used to connect more
than four disk drives.

Selecting Disk Drives

When selecting disk drives for your RAID array, ensure that all the disk drives have the same performance level. You can use different-sized disk drives in the array, but the array will be limited to the capacity of the smallest and slowest disk drive.
Chapter 4: Getting Started 27
For more information, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide
f
or Internal RAID
Storage or online Help.

Disk Drives for SAS Controllers

Your SAS controller supports both SAS and SATA disk drives. For cable information, see page 28.

Disk Drives for SATA Controllers

Your SATA controller supports SATA disk drives only. You need one SATA port for each disk drive you are connecting to your SATA controller.

Disk Drives for SCSI Controllers

Your SCSI controller supports Ultra320 SCSI disk drives. It also supports Ultra2 or higher SCSI disk drives and peripherals, but at performance levels less than Ultra320. Adaptec does not recommend using SCSI disk drives or peripherals older than Ultra2.
High-voltage Differential (HVD) disk drives are not supported and will damage your
Note:
controller.
If you are mixing single-ended (SE) disk drives with Low-voltage Differential (LVD) disk drives:
Ensure proper termination by using a cable (like the one included in the kit) with a built-
in multimode terminator and proper adapters.
Disable termination on all the SE disk drives.
Put LVD and SE disk drives on separate channels for the best performance.
If you mix SE and Ultra320 disk drives on the same channel, the performance of the
Note:
Ultra320 disk drives is reduced to SE levels.

Selecting Cables

This section describes the cable options and requirements for your Adaptec controller:
For SAS cables, see this page.
SATA cables, see page 29.
SCSI cables, see page 29.

SAS Cables

You need one SAS cable for each disk drive you are connecting to your Adaptec SAS RAID controller.
Depending on your requirements, you can use any of these cables:
Chapter 4: Getting Started 28
External cable (SFF-8470 to SFF-8470)—Connects to an external SAS enclosure.
External mini-SAS (SFF-8088 to SFF-8470)—Connects to an external SAS enclosure.
Internal cable (SFF-8484)—Connects to a backplane.
Internal fan-out cable (SFF-8484 to 4x SATA)— Connects to four internal SATA disk drives. (SAS-to-SAS fan-out cables—not shown—are also available.)
Internal mini-SAS with power (SFF-8087 to SFF-8482)— Connects to four SAS or SATA disk drives.
Chapter 4: Getting Started 29
Internal mini-SAS to SATA fan-out (SFF-8087 to 4x SATA)— Connects to four SATA disk drives.
Cable connectors are keyed so that you can’t insert them incorrectly.
Adaptec recommends using only Adaptec SAS cables. For more information or to purchase cables, visit the Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.com.

SATA Cables

You need one straight connector to straight connector SATA cable for each disk drive you are connecting to your Adaptec SATA RAID controller. SATA cables are included in the kit.
All SATA straight connector to straight connector cables have the same connectors, as shown in the following figure, and the connectors are keyed so that you can’t insert them incorrectly.
Adaptec recommends using only Adaptec SATA cables. For more information or to purchase cables, visit the Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.com.

SCSI Cables

Depending on your requirements, you may need one or two internal cables. You may also need one external SCSI cable. Ensure that you have cables with the proper connectors for your RAID controller. One internal SCSI cable is included in the kit.
Internal SCSI cable—Connects to up to seven internal SCSI disk drives and devices.
External SCSI cable—Connects to an external SCSI disk drive
or device.
Adaptec recommends using only high-quality Ultra320-rated cables with multimode terminators for all disk drives that share a channel with Ultra320 disk drives. Avoid poor quality cables, as they may degrade reliability. Do not use cables not rated for Ultra320 operation.
Adaptec recommends using only Adaptec SCSI cables. For more information or to purchase cables, visit the Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.com.

Installation Options

When you install your Adaptec controller, you can choose to create a bootable array and then install your operating system and the controller driver on that array.
Alternatively, you can complete a standard installation, where the controller driver is installed on an existing operating system.

Basic Installation Steps

This section describes the installation process. Follow the steps for the installation option you’ve chosen.

Installing with an Operating System

1 Install and connect your controller and internal disk drives (see page 31).
If your controller has an external connector, you can connect external disk drives as well (or instead).
2 Set the boot controller (see page 38).
3 Create a bootable array (see page 38).
Chapter 4: Getting Started 30
4 Install your operating system and the controller driver (see page 42.)
5 Install Adaptec Storage Manager and begin to manage your data storage (see page 55).
Currently, Adaptec Storage Manager is not supported on FreeBSD. To create and
Note:
manage arrays, use the
ARC utility. See page 57 for more information.

Installing on an Existing Operating System

1 Install and connect your controller and internal disk drives (see page 31).
If your controller has an external connector, you can connect external disk drives as well (or instead).
2 Install the controller driver (see page 49).
3 Install Adaptec Storage Manager and begin to manage your data storage (see page 55).
Currently, Adaptec Storage Manager is not supported on FreeBSD. To create and
Note:
manage arrays, use the
ARC utility. See page 57 for more information.

Installing the Controller and Disk Drives

In this chapter...
This chapter explains how to install your Adaptec RAID controller, and how to install and connect internal and external disk drives.
5
Before You Begin .................................................................................................................... 32
Installing the Controller......................................................................................................... 32
Connecting Disk Drives to SAS RAID Controllers............................................................... 33
Connecting Disk Drives to SATA RAID Controllers............................................................ 35
Connecting Disk Drives to SCSI RAID Controllers............................................................. 35
Connecting External Devices................................................................................................. 35
Monitoring Disk Drives with Adaptec Storage Manager ..................................................... 36

Before You Begin

Read Safety Information on page 104.
Familiarize yourself with your Adaptec RAID controller’s physical features and the RAID
levels that it supports (see page 15).
Ensure you have the right quantity of disk drives for the RAID level you want to use for
your arrays (see page 27).
Ensure that you have the proper cables for your controller and disk drives (see page 28).
If you are installing a low-profile RAID controller into a low-profile computer cabinet,
replace the original full-height bracket with the low-profile bracket included in the kit.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives 32
Caution:
!
Handle the controller by its bracket or edges only.

Installing the Controller

This section describes how to install your Adaptec RAID controller into your computer cabinet.
1 Turn off your computer and disconnect the power cord. Open
the cabinet, following the manufacturer’s instructions.
2 Select an available PCI/PCIe/PCI-X expansion slot that’s
compatible with your RAID controller and remove the slot cover, as shown at right. (PCI bus compatibility is marked on the controller figures in About Your RAID Controller on page
15.)
For the best performance, use the fastest available PCI slot that’s compatible with your RAID controller.
Caution:
!
the RAID controller.
3
As shown at right, insert the RAID controller into the PCI expansion slot and press down gently but firmly until it clicks into place. When installed properly, the RAID controller should appear level with the expansion slot
Touch a grounded metal object before handling
.
4 Secure the bracket in the PCI/PCIe/PCI-X slot, using the
retention device (for instance, a screw or lever) supplied with your computer.
5 Connect your computer’s disk activity LED cable to the LED
connector on the controller (
Your RAID Controller
on page 15).
marked on the figures in
About
Ensure that the positive lead of the LED cable (usually a red wire or a wire marked with a red stripe) is attached to pin 1.
Adaptec 4000 only—Controller installation is complete. If you are installing the
Note:
controller driver and an operating system on a bootable array, continue with Creating a
Bootable Array on page 37.
If you are completing a standard installation onto an existing operating system, continue with Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System on page 49.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives 33
6 Optional—Connect your RAID controller’s I2C connector (not available on all models) to
an I2C connector on an internal backplane or enclosure, using an I2C cable.
7 Prepare and install your internal disk drives, following the instructions for your type of
controller:
For SAS RAID controllers, see page 33.
For SATA RAID controllers, see page 35.
For SCSI RAID controllers, see page 35.
If you are not installing internal disk drives, close your computer cabinet, reattach the power cord, then continue with Connecting External Devices on page 35.

Connecting Disk Drives to SAS RAID Controllers

You can connect SAS disk drives, SATA disk drives, or a combination of both to your SAS RAID controller. There are no jumpers or switches to set before installation.
If you plan to build a bootable array using internal disk drives, ensure you install at least the minimum number disk drives required to support the RAID level you want. See page 26 for more information.
Note:
Although you can connect both SAS and SATA disk drives to your SAS controller, Adaptec recommends that you not combine SAS and SATA disk drives within the same array or logical drive. See page 63 for more information.
You have two connection options:
To connect directly to the controller, see the following section.
To connect to a backplane, see page 34.

Connecting Directly to the Controller

In a direct-attach connection, SAS or SATA disk drives are connected directly to a SAS card with SAS cables.The number of direct-attached disk drives is limited to four per internal SAS connector. (For more information about direct-attach connections, see page 66.)
1 Install your internal SAS or SATA disk drives, following the instructions in your system’s
documentation.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives 34
2 Use internal SAS or mini-SAS cables to attach the disk drives to the controller.
SAS fan-out cable
4-wide internal SAS connector
External SAS connector
External SAS cable
3 When all internal disk drives have been installed and attached to the controller, close your
Single-port connector
SAS/SATA disk drives
computer cabinet, reattach the power cord, then continue with Connecting External
Devices on page 35.

Connecting to a System Backplane

In a backplane connection, disk drives and SAS cards are attached to and communicate with each other through a system backplane.
The number of disk drives is limited to the number of slots available on the backplane. Some backplanes have embedded SAS expanders and can support up to 128 end devices. (For more information about backplane and expander connections, see page 66.)
1 Connect one or more internal SAS or SATA disk drives to the backplane. (Refer to your
system’s documentation for more information.)
2 Use an internal SAS cable to connect the controller to the backplane.
Disk drives on backplane
3 When all internal disk drives have been installed and connected, close your computer
cabinet, reattach the power cord, then continue with
Controller connected to backplane with fan-out cable
Connecting External Devices
on page 35
.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives 35

Connecting Disk Drives to SATA RAID Controllers

1 Install your SATA disk drives, following the instructions in your system’s documentation.
There are no jumpers or switches to set on the SATA controller or disk drives.
2 Connect each disk drive to a SATA port on the controller using a recommended SATA
cable. For cable information, see About Your RAID Controller on page 15.
3 When all internal disk drives have been installed and connected, close your computer
cabinet, and reattach the power cord.
Continue by either setting the boot controller (see page 37) or by installing the controller driver on an existing operating system (see page 49), depending on the type of installation you are completing.

Connecting Disk Drives to SCSI RAID Controllers

1 For each controller channel, set the SCSI ID of each disk drive to a unique number between
0 and 15.
The controller is set to ID 7 by default. Although not recommended, you can change the controller ID by using the ARC utility (see page 78).
Do not change the controller ID unless absolutely necessary.
Note:
Install a terminator (or enable termination) on the disk drive at the end of each cable, or
2
the end of the cable itself.
Remove any terminators (or disable termination) on disk drives between the ends of each cable.
Install your SCSI disk drives, following the instructions in your system’s documentation.
3 If space inside your computer cabinet is limited, connect your disk drives to the SCSI cable
before installing them. (For installation instructions, refer to your computer’s documentation.)
Caution:
!
unless the other end of the cable is attached to a least one disk drive.
Alternatively, install your disk drives, then connect them to the controller.
4 When all internal disk drives have been installed and connected, close your computer
cabinet, reattach the power cord, then continue with the following section.
To avoid causing unstable operation, do not attach a cable to the controller

Connecting External Devices

Note: If you are not connecting any external devices, see the following section, Next Steps.
(SCSI controllers only) Ensure that SCSI IDs and termination are set before completing the
1
connections to external disk drives or devices. See page 35.
2 Use high-quality cables to connect your controller to your external device(s), such as disk
drives or disk drive enclosures.
Adaptec recommends using only Adaptec cables. For more information or to purchase cables, visit the Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.com.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives 36

Next Steps

If you are installing the controller driver and an operating system onto a bootable array, continue with Creating a Bootable Array on page 37.
If you are completing a standard installation onto an existing operating system, continue with
Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System on page 49.

Monitoring Disk Drives with Adaptec Storage Manager

Adaptec Storage Manager allows you to monitor the status of your SAS, SATA, or SCSI disk drives. Within Adaptec Storage Manager, you can select a disk drive object and a command will be sent to the backplane (for internal disk drives) or enclosure (for external disk drives). The LED associated with that disk drive will flash. The following table describes the LED flash states. For more information refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager Help.
Controller Device State Slot State LED Flash State
Failed Device is faulty On
Rebuilding Device is rebuilding Slow flash
Blink Identify the device Fast flash
Other No error Off

Creating a Bootable Array

In this chapter...
Setting the Boot Controller.................................................................................................... 38
Creating an Array ................................................................................................................... 38
Making Your Array Bootable ................................................................................................. 41
This chapter explains how to set your Adaptec controller to be the boot controller, and how to create a bootable array.
Note:
If you are completing a standard installation onto an existing operating system, you don’t have to complete this task. Skip to Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System
on page 49.
6

Setting the Boot Controller

Note: If your system won’t contain more than one bootable controller, skip to the next section,
Creating an Array.
Your Adaptec RAID controller supports bootable disk drives and bootable arrays. To enable your system to boot from either a disk drive or an array connected to your controller:
1 Enter the system setup.
2 Navigate to the drive boot sequence.
3 Move the boot controller to the top of the list.
For more information, refer to your computer’s documentation.

Creating an Array

This section explains how to create an array.
A RAID 5 array is created in the examples shown in this section because RAID 5 provides the most security and best performance with a minimum of three disk drives. However, you can choose to create an array with a different RAID level; you can also change array level later, after the operating system is installed.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array 38
You can create an array using either of these tools:
Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—BIOS-based menus and keyboard navigation (see
the following section).
Adaptec Storage Manager—Graphical software application (running from a bootable
RAID installation CD) that you can navigate with your mouse (see page 56).
You can use either tool, but the ARC (Adaptec RAID Configuration)
utility is the quicker and
easier tool for this task.
Adaptec recommends that you not combine SAS and SATA disk drives within the same
Note:
array. Adaptec Storage Manager generates a warning if you try to create a logical drive using a combination of SAS and SATA disk drives. See page 63 for more information.

Creating an Array with the ACU

The ACU is menu-based and instructions for completing tasks appear on-screen. Menus can be navigated using the arrows, Enter, Esc, and other keys on your keyboard.
To create a RAID 5 array:
1 Power on your computer. When prompted, press Ctrl+A to enter the ARC utility.
During boot up, if your system has insufficient memory the following message will
Note:
display. “Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility will load after, system initialization. Please wait... Or press <Enter> Key to attempt loading the utility forcibly [Generally, not recommended]”
2
If you have more than one controller of the same model or family in your computer, select your controller, then press Enter.
3 Select Array Configuration Utility, then press Enter.
4 Select Initialize Drives, then press Enter.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array 39
5 Select at least three disk drives for the array, press Insert for each selected disk drive, then
press Enter.
Caution:
!
back up any data you want to keep.
Press Y, then press Enter.
6
During initialization, all data is deleted from the disk. Before continuing,
The selected disk drives are initialized, then the ACU screen appears.
7 Select Create Array, then press Enter.
8 Select the disk drives that were just initialized, press Insert for each selected disk drive,
then press Enter.
9 When the Array Properties screen opens, follow the instructions in the following table.
Property Line Entry or Selection
Array Type Select RAID 5, then press Enter.
Array Label Type a name, then press Enter.
Array Size Press Enter, then press Enter again to use the default granularity of GB.
Stripe Size Press Enter to use the default (256 KB).
Read Caching Press Enter to use the default (Yes).
Write Caching Press Enter to use the default (Enable always).
Create RAID via Press Enter to use the default (Build/Verify).
[Done] Press Enter.
10 When a cache warning message displays, type Y.
11 Once the array is created, a message displays telling you that the array can now be used.
Press any key to return to the ACU Menu.
You can start using the array immediately. However, performance is reduced until the build process is complete.
12 Press Esc until the Exit utility window appears.
13 Select Ye s , then press Enter.
The computer restarts.
14 Continue with Making Your Array Bootable on page 41.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array 40

Creating an Array with Adaptec Storage Manager

This section describes how to use the Adaptec Storage Manager configuration wizard to build a RAID 5 array.
You will need the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD to complete this task.
Note:
To create a RAID 5 array:
1 Insert the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD into your CD drive, then restart your
computer.
2 When prompted, select the language you want, then press Enter.
3 Review the license information, then press Enter.
The main menu opens.
4 Click Launch Configuration Utility.
Adaptec Storage Manager opens.
5 Click Create.
The Configuration wizard opens.
6 Select Express configuration..., then click Next.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array 41
7 Review the information that is displayed.
In DAS environments, Adaptec Storage Manager uses the term logical drives when
Note:
referring to arrays (see page 12).
In this example, Adaptec Storage Manager has used thirteen equal-sized disk drives to automatically create one logical drive with RAID 5 and a hot spare.
To exclude specific disk drives from the logical drive, specify a size for the logical drive, or to make other changes to the configuration, click Modify logical devices.
8 Click Apply, then click Ye s when prompted to confirm applying your new configuration.
Adaptec Storage Manager builds the logical drive.
The configuration is saved on the Adaptec controller (as an “array”, see page 12) and on the physical disk drives.
9 Partition and format your logical drive.
The logical drive you created appears as a physical disk drive on your operating system. Yo u must partition and format these logical drives before you can use them to store data.
10 Close all windows, then click Reboot to restart your system.
11 Remove the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.
For information on installing and using Adaptec Storage Manager as a full software application, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide online Help.
12 Continue with the following section.

Making Your Array Bootable

f
or Internal RAID Storage or
Use the ACU to make the array bootable (see Creating Bootable Arrays on page 80).
Then c
ontinue with
Installing the Driver and an Operating System
on page 42
.

Installing the Driver and an Operating System

In this chapter...
Before You Begin .................................................................................................................... 43
Creating a Driver Disk ........................................................................................................... 43
Installing with Windows........................................................................................................ 44
Installing with Red Hat Linux ............................................................................................... 44
Installing with SUSE Linux.................................................................................................... 45
Installing with NetWare .........................................................................................................45
Installing with OpenServer .................................................................................................... 46
Installing with Solaris............................................................................................................. 46
Installing with UnixWare ....................................................................................................... 47
Installing with VMWare......................................................................................................... 47
Installing with FreeBSD .........................................................................................................47
This chapter explains how to install your Adaptec RAID controller driver and an operating system onto a bootable array (see page 37).
7
To install the driver on an existing operating system, see page 49.

Before You Begin

Install and connect your Adaptec RAID controller and internal disk drives (see page 31).
Create a bootable array (see page 37).
Create a driver disk (see the following section).

Creating a Driver Disk

Note: You will need a floppy disk to complete this task.
To create a driver disk:
1 Set your system BIOS so that your computer boots from the CD drive. (For instructions,
refer to your computer’s documentation.)
2 Turn on your computer, then insert the RAID Installation CD included in your RAID
controller kit.
3 Follow the on-screen instructions to get to the Adaptec Start Menu.
4 Click Create Driver Disk(s) for Installing/Updating your OS, then select your operating
system.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System 43
Windows
Linux
NetWare
OpenServer
Solaris
UnixWare
Linux only—If prompted, select your operating system and then the version.
Note:
When prompted, insert a floppy disk, then click OK.
5
The system creates the driver disk.
6 Remove and label the driver disk.
7 Continue with the instructions for your operating system:
For Windows, see page 44.
For Red Hat Linux, see page 44.
For SUSE Linux, see page 45.
For NetWare, see page 45.
For OpenServer, see page 46.
For Solaris, see page 46
For UnixWare, see page 47.
For VMWare, see page 47.
For FreeBSD, see page 47.

Installing with Windows

Note: You will need your Windows Installation CD to complete this task.
To install the Adaptec RAID controller driver while installing Windows:
1 Insert your Windows CD, then restart the computer.
2 Follow the on-screen instructions to begin the Windows installation.
3 When prompted to install a third-party driver, press F6.
When F6 is active, a prompt appears at the bottom of the screen for only 5 seconds.
Note:
If you miss your chance to press F6, restart your computer.
4
Insert the driver disk, then wait until you are prompted to install a driver.
5 Press S to specify that the driver is on a floppy disk, then press Enter.
The computer reads the disk.
6 When the Adaptec driver is found, press Enter.
7 Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System 44
8 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.

Installing with Red Hat Linux

Note: You will need your Red Hat Installation CD to complete this task.
To install the Adaptec RAID controller driver while installing Red Hat Linux:
1 Insert the first Red Hat Installation CD.
2 Restart your computer.
3 When the Red Hat Welcome screen appears, type
4 When prompted, insert the driver disk, then select OK.
5 Follow the prompts to set up the environment you want.
6 If you are installing other third-party devices, install them now. Otherwise, select Done.
7 Complete the Linux installation, following the instructions included with your operating
system.
8 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.
linux dd
at the Boot: prompt.

Installing with SUSE Linux

To install the Adaptec RAID controller driver while installing SUSE Linux:
1 Insert the first SUSE Installation CD.
2 Restart your computer.
3 When the SUSE installation selection screen appears, choose the type of installation you
want, then press the F6 key to indicate the use of a driver disk. (If F6 is not shown on the screen, you may have an older version of SUSE; press the Alt key instead.)
4 When prompted, insert the driver disk, then press any key to continue.
5 Follow the prompts to set up the environment you want.
6 If you are installing other third-party devices, install them now. Otherwise, select Back.
7 Complete the Linux installation, following the instructions included with your operating
system.
8 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System 45

Installing with NetWare

Note: You will need your NetWare Installation CD to complete this task.
To install the driver when installing NetWare:
1 Restart your computer, then install NetWare. (For instructions, refer to your NetWare
documentation.)
To be able to load additional drivers later, select Manual install mode during the first part of the installation.
To load additional drivers:
a Select Modify when the storage adapters are displayed.
b Select Storage adapters, then press the Insert key to add an unlisted driver from the
floppy disk.
2 When the Device Types screen appears, check the Storage adapters list and select Modify
to add another driver.
3 Select Storage adapters, then press Enter.
All recognized controllers are displayed.
4 If AACRAID is detected, delete it.
5 Press Insert to add another driver.
The available drivers are displayed.
6 Insert the driver floppy disk.
7 Press the Insert key to scan the floppy disk drive.
Once the driver is selected, the Parameter screen is displayed.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System 46
8 From the lower window menu, select Continue, then press Enter.
If the driver installation process fails, the server console is displayed so you can see the cause of the failure.
To modify disk partitions, apply hot fixes, or perform volume maintenance, refer to your NetWare documentation.
9 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.

Installing with OpenServer

Note: You will need your OpenServer Installation CD to complete this task.
To install the driver when installing OpenServer:
1 Insert the OpenServer Installation CD.
2 Restart your computer.
3 Follow the on-screen instructions to begin the OpenServer installation.
4 When prompted to load more HBA drivers, insert the driver disk, then select Ye s . (To load
more HBA drivers, repeat this step.)
5 When all drivers have loaded, select No.
6 Complete the OpenServer installation, following the instructions included with your
operating system.
7 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.

Installing with Solaris

Note: You will need a floppy disk to complete this task.
To create a driver disk:
1 Start your computer.
2 Interrupt the autoboot, press the ESC key. The Device Configuration Assistant (DCA)
Utility will open.
3 Select F4_Add Driver.
4 Insert a floppy disk.
5 Complete the Solaris installation, following the instructions included with your operating
system.

Installing with UnixWare

Note: You will need your UnixWare Installation CD to complete this task.
To install the driver when installing UnixWare:
1 Insert the UnixWare Installation CD.
2 Restart your computer.
3 Follow the on-screen instructions to begin the UnixWare installation.
4 When prompted to load more HBA drivers, insert the driver disk, then select Ye s . (To load
more HBA drivers, repeat this step.)
5 When all drivers have loaded, select No.
6 Complete the UnixWare installation, following the instructions included with your
operating system.
7 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.

Installing with VMWare

Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System 47
Note: You will need your VMWare Installation CD to complete this task.
To install the driver when installing VMWare:
1 Insert the VMWare Installation CD.
2 Restart your computer.
3 Follow the on-screen instructions to begin the VMWare installation.
The VMWare embedded driver will see the device and install.
Note:
Complete the VMWare installation, following the instructions included with your
4
operating system.
Currently, Adaptec Storage Manager is not supported on VMWare. To create and manage
Note:
arrays, use the
ARC utility. See page 57 for more information.

Installing with FreeBSD

Note: You will need your FreeBSD Installation CD to complete this task.
To install the driver when installing FreeBSD:
1 Insert the FreeBSD Installation CD.
2 Restart your computer.
3 When the FreeBSD start screen opens, select 6 to escape to loader prompt.
4 Typ e
5 Insert the driver floppy disk.
6 Typ e
load kernel
load disk0:aacu.ko
.
.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System 48
If the driver fails to load, run lsdev and check for the floppy disk drive. Then, try again with the appropriate device.
7 Typ e
8 Complete the FreeBSD installation, following the instructions included with your
boot
.
operating system.
9 Reboot your computer, then remove the driver disk.
10 Repeat Steps 3 through 7 the first time you boot the operating system to load the drivers
again for the initial bootup.
Currently, Adaptec Storage Manager is not supported on FreeBSD. To create and
Note:
manage arrays, use the
ARC utility. See page 57 for more information.

Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System

In this chapter...
Before You Begin .................................................................................................................... 50
Creating a Driver Disk ........................................................................................................... 50
Installing on Windows ...........................................................................................................51
Installing on Red Hat or SUSE Linux.................................................................................... 51
Installing on NetWare ............................................................................................................ 51
Installing on OpenServer ....................................................................................................... 52
Installing on Solaris................................................................................................................ 52
Installing on UnixWare ..........................................................................................................53
Installing on VMWare............................................................................................................53
Installing on FreeBSD ............................................................................................................ 53
This chapter explains how to install your Adaptec RAID controller driver.
Note:
To install the driver while you’re installing an operating system, see page 42.
8
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System 50

Before You Begin

Before you begin, install and connect your Adaptec RAID controller and internal disk drives (see page 31).
You must also create a driver disk (see page 43) before you begin installing the controller driver.

Creating a Driver Disk

Note: You will need a floppy disk to complete this task.
To create a driver disk:
1 Set your system BIOS so that your computer boots from the CD drive. (For instructions,
refer to your computer’s documentation.)
2 Turn on your computer, then insert the RAID Installation CD included in your RAID
controller kit.
3 Follow the on-screen instructions to get to the Adaptec Start Menu.
4 Click Create Driver Disk(s) for Installing/Updating your OS, then select your operating
system.
Windows
Linux
NetWare
OpenServer
Solaris
UnixWare
Linux only—If prompted, select your operating system and then the version.
Note:
5
When prompted, insert a floppy disk, then click OK.
The system creates the driver disk.
6 Remove and label the driver disk.
7 Continue with the instructions for your operating system:
For Windows, see page 51.
For Red Hat or SUSE Linux, see page 51.
For NetWare, see page 51.
For OpenServer, see page 52.
For Solaris, see page 52
For UnixWare, see page 53.
For VMWare, see page 53.
For FreeBSD, see page 53
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System 51

Installing on Windows

To install the driver on Windows:
1 Start or restart Windows.
The Found New Hardware Wizard opens and searches for the driver.
2 Insert the driver disk, select Floppy drive, then click Next.
3 Click Next, then click Next again.
4 Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the driver installation.
5 Remove the driver disk and restart your computer.
6 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.

Installing on Red Hat or SUSE Linux

To install the module on Red Hat or SUSE Linux:
1 Insert and mount the RAID Installation CD:
Red Hat:
SUSE:
2 Install the module RPM:
rpm -Uvh mount-point/xxx/yyy.rpm
where and
3 Reboot your computer to ensure the driver loaded correctly.
4 Run fdisk, mkfs, and create mount points for any new disk drives.
5 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
mount-point
yyy.rpm
is the rpm file.

Installing on NetWare

Note: Before you begin, ensure that your NetWare operating system has been upgraded to the
minimum patch level specified by Novell. Refer to the Novell Web site for more information.
To install the driver on NetWare:
1 Start your computer.
2 At the NetWare server console prompt, type
loaded automatically.
is the specific mount point on the Linux system,
load hdetect
,
then press Enter if it has not be
xxx
is the driver path,
3 At the Device types menu, select Continue
4 At the Device type option, select Modify
5 Select Storage Adapters
6 At the Additional Driver Options menu, select Modify
7 If aacraid.ham has already been detected, delete it.
,
then press Enter.
,
then press Enter.
,
then press Enter.
,
then press Enter.
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System 52
8 At the Driver Name menu, press the Insert key.
9 Insert the driver disk, press the Insert key, then press F3.
10 At the A:\ prompt, press Enter.
The driver installs.
11 At the Additional Driver Option menu, select Return to driver summary
12 At the Driver type menu, select Load on Additional Driver Options.
13 After the driver loads, select Continue.
14 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.

Installing on OpenServer

To install the driver on OpenServer:
1 Start your computer, then insert the driver disk.
2 Begin the driver package installer:
pkgadd -d diskette1
3 At the installer prompt, type
4 Select 1 for the aacraid package.
5 When the installation is complete, select q to quit the installer.
6 Reboot your computer and remove the driver disk.
7 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.
go
, then
press Enter.
.

Installing on Solaris

To install the driver on Solaris:
1 Start your computer.
2 Insert and mount the driver disk:
volcheck
3 Change to the driver installer directory:
cd /floppy/floppy0/DU/sol_210/i86pc/Tools
4 Start the driver installer:
./install.sh -i
5 Reboot your computer, then remove the driver disk.
6 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System 53

Installing on UnixWare

To install the driver on UnixWare:
1 Start your computer, then insert the driver disk.
2 Begin the driver package installer:
pkgadd -d diskette1
3 At the installer prompt, type
4 Select 1 for the aacraid package.
5 When the installation is complete, select q to quit the installer.
6 Reboot your computer and remove the driver disk.
7 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.

Installing on VMWare

Note: The embedded driver provided by VMWare should be suitable for most applications. If an
updated driver is needed, use the following procedure.
To install the driver on VMWare:
1 Start your computer, then insert the driver disk.
2 At the console screen of the VMware server, mount the Adaptec CD:
mount –r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom.
3 Install the module RPM:
rpm –ivh /mnt/cdrom/xxx/yyy.rpm
where
xxx
is the driver path, and
go
.
yyy.rpm
is the rpm file.
4 Reboot your computer and remove the driver disk.
Currently, Adaptec Storage Manager is not supported on VMWare. To create and manage
Note:
arrays, use the
ARC utility. See page 57 for more information.

Installing on FreeBSD

To install the driver on FreeBSD:
1 Start your computer.
2 Insert and mount the driver disk:
mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt
3 Copy the driver package to the /tmp directory:
cp /mnt/aac-02.00.00-x.tgz /tmp
4 Install the driver package:
pkg_add /tmp/aac-02.00.00-x.tgz
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System 54
5 Reboot your computer, then remove the driver disk.
Currently, Adaptec Storage Manager is not supported on FreeBSD. To create and
Note:
manage arrays, use the
ARC utility. See page 57 for more information.

Managing Your Storage Space

In this chapter...
About Adaptec Storage Manager........................................................................................... 56
About the Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration Utility ................................................ 56
About the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility................................................................... 57
About the Adaptec Flash Utility ............................................................................................ 57
Which Utility Should I Use? .................................................................................................. 57
Once you have installed your Adaptec RAID controller, disk drives (or other devices), and device driver, you can begin to build and manage your storage space.
This chapter introduces Adaptec Storage Manager, and describes the other utilities included with your Adaptec RAID controller.
9

About Adaptec Storage Manager

Note: Currently, Adaptec Storage Manager is not supported on FreeBSD. To create and
manage arrays, use the
Adaptec Storage Manager is a full-featured software application that helps you build a storage space for your online data, using Adaptec RAID controllers and disk drives.
With Adaptec Storage Manager, you can group disk drives into logical drives and build in redundancy to protect your data and improve system performance.
From a single workstation, you can use Adaptec Storage Manager to monitor and manage all the controllers and disk drives in your storage space, including DAS and NAS.
When Adaptec Storage Manager is installed on a computer, the Adaptec Storage Manager agent is also installed automatically. The agent is like a service that keeps your storage space running. It’s designed to run in the background, without user intervention, and its job is to monitor and manage system health, event notifications, task schedules, and other on-going processes on that system. It sends notices when tasks are completed successfully, and sounds an alarm when errors or failures occur on that system.
The agent uses less memory than the full application. If your storage space includes systems that won’t be connected to monitors (and therefore won’t require the user interface), you can choose to run the agent only on those systems instead of the full application. For more information, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager online Help, or to the Adaptec Storage
Manager User’s Guide
CD.
ARC utility. See page 57 for more information.
f
or Internal RAID Storage on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation
Chapter 9: Managing Your Storage Space 56

Installing Adaptec Storage Manager

Adaptec Storage Manager is included on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD. For
f
installation instructions, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide
or Internal RAID
Storage , also included on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.

About the Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration Utility

The Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration (ARCCONF) is a command line utility that you can use to perform some basic array and configuration management functions.
With ARCCONF, you can:
Create and delete logical drives
Modify and copy configuration settings
Recover from disk drive failures and troubleshoot
f
ARCCONF and the Command Line Interface (CLI) which describes how to use ARCCONF, are included on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.
Adaptec recommends that only advanced users familiar with command line interfaces
Note:
use ARCCONF. Currently, ARCCONF is not supported on FreeBSD. To create and manage arrays, use the
ARC utility. See page 57 for more information.
or Internal RAID Storage User’s Reference,
Chapter 9: Managing Your Storage Space 57

About the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility

The Adaptec RAID Configuration (ARC) utility is a BIOS-based utility that you can use to create and manage controllers, disk drives and other devices, and arrays. The ARC utility comprises these tools:
Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—For creating and managing arrays, and initializing
and rescanning disk drives. (ACU for DOS is also available. See page 86.)
A -Select utility—SerialSelect, SATASelect®, or SCSISelect®, for modifying your controller
and disk drive settings.
Disk Utilities—For formatting or verifying disk drives.
TheARC utility is included in your controller’s BIOS. For more information, see Using the
Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility on page 78.
The ARC utility is primarily intended for preoperating system installation configuration.
Note:

About the Adaptec Flash Utility

The Adaptec Flash Utility (AFU) is a text-based DOS utility that you can use to update, save, or verify your RAID controller’s firmware BIOS and Non-Volatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM).
Caution:
!
your RAID controller’s flash contents, it is still important to use the AFU carefully and correctly to avoid rendering your RAID controller inoperable. Adaptec recommends that only advanced users familiar with working in DOS use the AFU.
Although the AFU contains safeguards to prevent you from accidentally damaging

Which Utility Should I Use?

To create a bootable array, Adaptec recommends that you use the BIOS-based ACU (See
Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility
For all subsequent storage management tasks, Adaptec recommends that you install and use Adaptec Storage Manager (see page 56). As a full-featured software application with a graphical user interface, it is the easiest to use and offers the widest range of management functions.
Currently, Adaptec Storage Manager is not supported on FreeBSD. To create and
Note:
manage arrays, use the
78 for more information.
ARC utility. See
on page 78).
Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility
Using the
on page

Solving Problems

In this chapter...
Troubleshooting Checklist ..................................................................................................... 59
Silencing the Alarm................................................................................................................ 59
Recovering from a Disk Drive Failure................................................................................... 59
Resetting the Controller......................................................................................................... 61
This chapter provides basic troubleshooting information and solutions for solving controller problems.
10

Troubleshooting Checklist

If you encounter difficulties installing or using your Adaptec RAID controller, check these items first:
With your computer powered off, check the connections to each disk drive, power supply,
LED connector, and so on.
Try disconnecting and reconnecting disk drives from the Adaptec RAID controller.
Check that your Adaptec RAID controller is installed in a compatible expansion slot (PCI,
PCI-X, or PCIe). To double-check the bus compatibility of your controller, see About Your
RAID Controller on page 15.
Ensure that your Adaptec RAID controller is firmly seated and secured in the PCI/PCI-X/
PCIe expansion slot.
If your Adaptec RAID controller is not detected during system boot, try installing it in a
different compatible expansion slot. (See page 32 for instructions.)
SCSI RAID controllers only—Ensure that each SCSI disk drive (or other device) on each
SCSI bus is assigned a unique SCSI ID.
Chapter 10: Solving Problems 59
Check that termination is set correctly on each SCSI bus.
Did the driver install correctly?
If you have external disk drives (or other devices), are they powered on?
If you are still unable to resolve a problem, you can find additional troubleshooting information and direction on the Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.comor the Support Knowledgebase at ask.adaptec.com.

Silencing the Alarm

If your Adaptec RAID controller includes an alarm, the alarm will sound when an error occurs. To silence the alarm, use Adaptec Storage Manager (see one of the -Select Utilities (see
Modifying Your Controller’s Configuration

Recovering from a Disk Drive Failure

This section explains how to recover when a disk drive fails:
If the array was protected by a hot spare (see page 60).
If the array was not protected by a hot spare (see page 60).
If there is a disk drive failure in more than one array simultaneously (see page 60).
Managing Your Storage Space
on page 82.)
on page 55.) OR
If it is a RAID 0 array (see page 60).
If multiple disk drives fail within the same array (see page 61).
In DAS environments, Adaptec Storage Manager uses the term logical drives when
Note:
referring to arrays (see page 12).
Chapter 10: Solving Problems 60

Failed Disk Drive Protected by a Hot Spare

When an array is protected by a hot spare, if a disk drive in that array fails the hot spare is automatically incorporated into the array and takes over for the failed drive.
To recover from the failure:
1 Remove and replace the failed disk drive (following manufacturer’s instructions).
2 If copyback is not enabled—In Adaptec Storage Manager, remove the ‘hot spare’
designation from the original hot spare (the disk drive that was built into the array). Then, designate a new hot spare to protect the arrays on that controller.
If copyback is enabled—Data is automatically moved back to its original location once the controller detects that the failed drive has been replaced. No action is required.

Failed Disk Drive Not Protected by a Hot Spare

When a array is not protected by a hot spare, if a disk drive in that array fails, remove and replace the failed disk drive. The controller detects the new disk drive and begins to rebuild the array.
If the controller fails to rebuild the array, check that the cables, disk drives, and controllers are properly installed and connected. Then, if necessary, use Adaptec Storage Manager to rebuild
f
the array. For instructions, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide Storage or online Help.
or Internal RAID

Failure in Multiple Arrays Simultaneously

If there’s a disk drive failure in more than one array at the same time (one failure per array), and the arrays have hot spares protecting them, the controller rebuilds the arrays with these limitations:
A hot spare must be of equal or greater size than the failed disk drive it’s replacing.
Failed disk drives are replaced with hot spares in the order in which they failed. (The array
that includes the disk drive that failed first is rebuilt first, assuming an appropriate hot spare is available—see bullet above.)
If there are more disk drive failures than hot spares, see Failed Disk Drive Not Protected by a Hot
Spare on page 60.
If copyback is enabled, data is moved back to its original location once the controller detects that the failed drive has been replaced.

Disk Drive Failure in a RAID 0 Array

Because RAID 0 volumes do not include redundancy, if a disk drive fails in a RAID 0 array, the data can’t be recovered.
Correct the cause of the failure or replace the failed disk drives. Then, restore your data (if available).

Multiple Failures in the Same Array

Except in RAID 6 and RAID 60 arrays (see page 69), if more than one disk drive fails at the same time in the same array, the data can’t be recovered.
Correct the cause of the failure or replace the failed disk drives. Then, restore your data (if available).
In some instances, RAID 10 and RAID 50 arrays may survive multiple disk drive failures,
Note:
depending on which disk drives fail. For more information, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide
f
or Internal RAID Storage or online Help.

Resetting the Controller

This section explains how to reset (or flash) your Adaptec RAID controller. You may want to do this if the controller becomes inoperable, or if a firmware upgrade is unsuccessful.
To reset your Adaptec RAID controller:
1 Download the firmware version currently installed on your controller from
www.adaptec.com
2 Extract the downloaded files to a folder on your local hard drive (for example,
C:\Download\Drivers).
Chapter 10: Solving Problems 61
3
Create a bootable MS–DOS floppy disk and copy
the AFU.exe file to it. Copy the first
firmware image to the same floppy disk.
4 Create additional bootable MS–DOS floppy disks and copy each additional firmware
image to its own floppy disk.
5 Power off your computer, disconnect the power cord, then open the cabinet following the
manufacturer’s instructions.
6 Disconnect all cables from the controller, then attach a shorting jumper to the Mode 0
flash connector. (To locate the Mode 0 flash connector on your Adaptec RAID controller, see the figures in
7 Reconnect the power cord, power on your computer, then boot to the floppy disk
About Your RAID Controller
on page 15.)
containing the AFU.exe file (see Step 3).
8 At the prompt, type
x
where
9 Insert the other floppy disks when prompted.
10 When the flash is complete, power off your computer, disconnect the power cord, then
is the controller number.
a:\afu update /c x
remove the jumper.
11 Close the computer cabinet, reconnect the power cord, then power on your computer.
The controller should boot correctly.

Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI

A
In this appendix...
Terminology Used in This Chapter ....................................................................................... 63
What is SAS? ........................................................................................................................... 63
How Do SAS Devices Communicate?................................................................................... 64
What’s a Phy? .......................................................................................................................... 64
What’s a SAS Port?.................................................................................................................. 65
What’s a SAS Address?............................................................................................................ 65
What’s a SAS Connector? ....................................................................................................... 65
What do SAS Cables Look Like?............................................................................................ 65
How are Disk Drives Identified in SAS?................................................................................ 66
What are the SAS Connection Options? ............................................................................... 66
How is SAS Different from Parallel SCSI?............................................................................. 68
This section provides a basic overview of the main features of Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), introduces some common SAS terms, and explains how SAS differs from parallel SCSI.
Note:
For technical articles and tutorials about SAS, refer to the SCSI Trade Association
TM
(STA
) Web site at www.scsita.org.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI 63

Terminology Used in This Chapter

For convenience, SAS HBAs and SAS RAID controllers are referred to generically in this chapter as SAS cards. HBAs, RAID controllers, disk drives, and external disk drive enclosures are referred to as end devices and expanders are referred to as expander devices.
For convenience, this chapter refers to end devices and expander devices collectively as SAS devices.

What is SAS?

Legacy parallel SCSI is an interface that lets devices such as computers and disk drives communicate with each other. Parallel SCSI moves multiple bits of data in parallel (at the same time), using the SCSI command set.
SAS is an evolution of parallel SCSI to a point-to-point serial interface. SAS also uses the SCSI command set, but moves multiple bits of data one at a time. SAS links end devices through direct-attach connections, or through expander devices.
SAS cards can typically support up to 128 end devices and can communicate with both SAS and SATA devices. (You can add 128 end devices—or even more—with the use of SAS expanders. See page 67.)
Although you can use both SAS and SATA disk drives in the same SAS domain (see page
Note:
67), Adaptec recommends that you not combine SAS and SATA disk drives within the same
array or logical drive. The difference in performance between the two types of disk drives may adversely affect the performance of the array.
Data can move in both directions simultaneously across a SAS connection (called a link—see
page 64). Link speed is 600 MB/sec in full-duplex mode. A SAS card with eight links has a
maximum bandwidth of 4800 MB/sec in full-duplex mode.
Although they share the SCSI command set, SAS is conceptually different from parallel SCSI physically, and has its own types of connectors, cables, connection options, and terminology, as described in the rest of this chapter.
To compare SAS to parallel SCSI, see How is SAS Different from Parallel SCSI? on page 68.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI 64

How Do SAS Devices Communicate?

SAS devices communicate with each other through links. A link is a physical connection between two phys.
As shown in the following figure, SAS devices contain ports (see page 65), ports contain phys, and each phy contains one transmitter and one receiver—one transceiver. A phy can belong to one port only.
Narrow Por t
Wide Por t
Wide Por t
Phy
SAS Device
Phy
Phy
Phy
Phy
Phy
Phy

What’s a Phy?

Phys are part of the physical communication connection between SAS devices. Each phy contains a transceiver that sends data back and forth between SAS devices.
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
link
SAS DeviceSAS Device
Transmitter Receiver
Transmitter Receiver
Transmitter Receiver
SAS Device
Transmitter Receiver
Transmitter Receiver
Transmitter Receiver
Transmitter Receiver
Phy
Phy
Phy
Phy
Phy
Phy
Phy
Narrow
Por t
Wide
Por t
Wide
Por t
When a connection is formed between two end devices, a link is established from a phy in one port to a phy in the other port. As shown in the figure above, a wide port can support multiple independent links simultaneously.
Phys are internal, within SAS connectors (see page 65).
SAS cables physically connect one or more phys on one SAS device to one or more phys on another SAS device.

What’s a SAS Port?

Note: Because the physical link between SAS devices is from phy to phy, rather than port to
port, a “port” is more of a virtual concept, different from what is normally considered a port on other types of RAID controllers and storage devices.
A port is one or more phys. A narrow port contains one phy. A wide port typically contains four phys.
Each port has its own unique SAS address (see page 66), and all the phys in a port share that same SAS address.
SAS card port options vary. A SAS card with four phys could be configured with one wide port, with two wide ports that comprise two phys, or with four narrow ports each containing one phy. (A wide port with four phys is referred to as a 4-wide or 4x port.)

What’s a SAS Address?

Each SAS port is identified with a unique SAS address, which is shared by all phys on that port.
For example, a SAS disk drive might have two narrow ports. Each port has one unique SAS address. The single phy in each port uses its port’s SAS address.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI 65
In another example, a SAS device might have one 4-wide port. That port has one SAS address, which is shared by all four phys in the port.
Unlike SCSI devices and SCSI IDs, SAS devices self-configure their SAS addresses. User intervention is not required to set SAS addresses, and SAS addresses cannot be modified.

What’s a SAS Connector?

A SAS or mini-SAS connector is the physical plug or receptacle that you see on a SAS device. It’s what you plug a SAS cable into, or the end of the SAS cable that’s being plugged in. (See SAS
Cables on page 28.)
A connector is what forms physical links between phys. Some SAS connectors can support multiple links. The number of links a SAS connector can support is referred to as its width. Narrow connectors support a single link; wide connectors support up to four links.
A single SAS device may have one or more connectors. A single SAS connector may help form links between more than two SAS devices. (For instance, as shown in the figure on page 34, the 4-wide internal SAS connector forms links with four independent disk drives.)

What do SAS Cables Look Like?

Internal standard SAS cables are narrower than internal parallel SCSI cables. The connectors vary in size depending on the number of links they support, from single link connectors to 4-wide (or larger) connectors. Internal fan-out cables let you attach four disk drives to a single 4-wide connector.
Mini-SAS connectors support both internal and external SAS connections. The mini-SAS connectors are smaller than the standard SAS internal and external connectors. Mini-SAS connectors support single and multilinks with the ability to scale to future speed needs.
For examples of some internal SAS/mini-SAS cables and an external SAS/mini-SAS cables, see
SAS Cables on page 28.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI 66

How are Disk Drives Identified in SAS?

In the BIOS and in the management utilities (see page 55), disk drives are identified with numbers in this format:
XX:YY:ZZ
where XX is the disk drive count number, YY is the enclosure number, and ZZ is the slot number (within the enclosure). If the disk drive is not installed in an enclosure, a double dashes (--) appear instead of YY and ZZ (for instance, 01:--:--).
In parallel SCSI, XX is the disk drive’s channel number, YY is the target number, and ZZ is the logical unit number (LUN).

What are the SAS Connection Options?

You can connect end devices to each other through direct cable connections and through backplane connections. When you use one or more expander devices (see page 67), you can create large configurations.

Direct-attach Connections

In a direct-attach connection, SAS or SATA disk drives are connected directly to a SAS card with SAS or mini-SAS cables. One disk drive is attached to one SAS/mini-SAS connector with one SAS/mini-SAS cable (or multiple disk drives are attached to one SAS/mini-SAS connector with one fan-out cable). The figure on page 34 shows an example of direct-attach connections.
The number of direct-attached disk drives is limited to the number of phys supported by the SAS card. (Note that there may be multiple phys within a single connector. See page 67.)

Backplane Connections

In a backplane connection, disk drives and SAS cards are attached to and communicate with each other through a system backplane.
The number of end devices is limited to the number of slots available on the backplane. For example, the Adaptec S50 enclosure, which contains an expander, is a backplane connection that supports up to 12 SAS or SATA disk drives.
Some backplanes support daisy-chain expansion to other backplanes. For example, you can daisy-chain (connect one to the next) up to nine Adaptec S50 enclosures to a single SAS card in a host system.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI 67

SAS Expander Connections

A SAS expander device literally expands the number of end devices that you can connect together. Expander devices, typically embedded into a system backplane (see page 66), support large configurations of SAS end devices, including SAS cards and SAS and SATA disk drives. With expander devices, you can build large and complex storage topologies.
There are two types of SAS expanders: fanout expanders and edge expanders. Each performs a different role in a storage system. (For more information about how SAS expanders work, refer to the STA Web site at www.scsita.org.)
You can connect up to 128 SAS ports to an edge expander. (A single edge expander can therefore support up to 128 SAS addresses.)
You can connect up to 128 edge expanders to a fanout expander.
You can use only one fanout expander in any single SAS domain (a topology of SAS—and possibly SATA—end devices and expander devices). A single SAS domain can therefore comprise up to 16,384 SAS ports (and therefore up to 16,384 SAS addresses).
The next figure illustrates (in very basic terms) a SAS domain and shows how SAS cards, SAS and SATA disk drives, and expander devices can fit together in a large data storage topology.
Disk Drives
SAS
SAS Card
SAS
Edge
SAS
Disk Drives
S ATA
Expander
Edge
Expander
S ATA
Edge
Expander
SAS DomainSAS Domain
Disk Drives
S ATA
Disk Drives
S ATA SAS
Fanout Expander
SAS Card
SAS
Disk Drives
S ATA
Disk Drives
Edge
Expander
SAS Card
Disk Drives
Edge
Expander
S ATA
S ATA
S ATA
SAS
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI 68

How is SAS Different from Parallel SCSI?

In summary, although SAS and parallel SCSI both use the SCSI command set, how they move data from one place to another is very different. To support point-to-point serial data transport, SAS introduces new types of connectors, cables, connection options, and terminology.
Generally speaking, SAS is faster and more flexible than parallel SCSI, and provides more options for building your storage space. SAS lets you mix SAS and SATA disk drives together, and lets you connect many, many more devices.
This table describes many of the main differences between the two interfaces.
Parallel SCSI Serial Attached SCSI
Parallel interface Serial interface
Maximum speed 320 MB/sec shared by all devices on the bus
Supports SCSI devices only Supports SATA and SAS disk drives simultaneously
Up to 16 devices per SCSI channel
Supports single-port devices only Supports single- and dual-port devices
Uses SCSI IDs to differentiate between devices connected to the same adapter
User intervention required to set SCSI IDs SAS addresses self-configured by SAS devices
Requires bus termination Requires no bus termination
Standard SCSI connectors SAS connectors (see page 28)
Maximum speed 600 MB/sec per phy when in full­duplex mode
More than 128 disk drives per SAS card, using an expander (see page 67)
Uses unique SAS addresses to differentiate between devices

Understanding RAID

In this appendix...
Understanding Drive Segments............................................................................................. 70
Nonredundant Arrays (RAID 0) ........................................................................................... 70
RAID 1 Arrays ........................................................................................................................ 71
RAID 1 Enhanced Arrays....................................................................................................... 71
RAID 10 Arrays ...................................................................................................................... 72
RAID 5 Arrays ........................................................................................................................ 73
RAID 5EE Arrays.................................................................................................................... 74
RAID 50 Arrays ...................................................................................................................... 75
RAID 6 Arrays ........................................................................................................................ 76
RAID 60 Arrays ...................................................................................................................... 76
Selecting the Best RAID Level................................................................................................ 77
When you create arrays (or logical drives), you can assign a RAID level to protect your data.
B
Each RAID level offers a unique combination of performance and redundancy. RAID levels also vary by the number of disk drives they support.
This appendix describes the RAID levels supported by your Adaptec RAID controller, and provides a basic overview of each to help you select the best level of protection for your data storage.

Understanding Drive Segments

A drive segment is a disk drive or portion of a disk drive that is used to create an array. A disk drive can include both RAID segments (segments that are part of an array) and available segments. Each segment can be part of only one logical device at a time. If a disk drive is not part of any logical device, the entire disk is an available segment.

Nonredundant Arrays (RAID 0)

An array with RAID 0 includes two or more disk drives and provides data striping, where data is distributed evenly across the disk drives in equal-sized sections. However, RAID 0 arrays do not maintain redundant data, so they offer no data protection.
Compared to an equal-sized group of independent disks, a RAID 0 array provides improved I/O perfor
mance.
Drive segment size is limited to the size of the smallest disk drive in the array. For instance, an array with two 250 GB disk drives and two 400 GB disk drives can create a RAID 0 drive segment of 250 GB, for a total of 1000 GB for the volume, as shown in this figure.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID 70
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 3
Disk Drive 4
Disk Drives in Logical Drive RAID 0 Logical Drive = 1000 GB
250 GB
250 GB
400 GB
400 GB
Drive Segment Size (Smallest Disk Drive)
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 3
Disk Drive 4
1 5 ... 997
26...998
3 7 ... 999
4 8 ... 1000
Unused Space = 150 GB
Unused Space = 150 GB

RAID 1 Arrays

A RAID 1 array is built from two disk drives, where one disk drive is a mirror of the other (the same data is stored on each disk drive). Compared to independent disk drives, RAID 1 arrays provide improved performance, with twice the read rate and an equal write rate of single disks. However, capacity is only 50 percent of independent disk drives.
If the RAID 1 array is built from different- sized disk drives, the free space, drive segment size is the size of the smaller disk drive, as shown in this figure.
Disk Drive 1 250 GB
Appendix B: Understanding RAID 71
Drive Segment Size (Smallest Disk Drive)
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drives in Logical Drive
400 GB

RAID 1 Enhanced Arrays

A RAID 1 Enhanced (RAID 1E) array—also known as a striped mirror—is similar to a RAID 1 array except that data is both mirrored and striped, and more disk drives can be included. A RAID 1E array can be built from three or more disk drives.
In this example, the large bold numbers represent the striped data, and the smaller, non-bold numbers represent the mirrored data stripes.
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
400 GB
400 GB
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 1
1 – 250
1 – 250
RAID 1 Logical Drive = 250 GB
1 3
4
6
Unused Space = 150 GB
Disk Drive 2
400 GBDisk Drive 3
Disk Drives in Logical Drive RAID 1E Logical Drive = 600 GB
Disk Drive 3
2
3
5
1
2
4
6
5

RAID 10 Arrays

A RAID 10 array is built from two or more equal-sized RAID 1 arrays. Data in a RAID 10 array is both striped and mirrored. Mirroring provides data protection, and striping improves performance.
Drive segment size is limited to the size of the smallest disk drive in the array. For instance, an array with two 250 GB disk drives and two 400 GB disk drives can create two mirrored drive segments of 250 GB, for a total of 500 GB for the array, as shown in this figure.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID 72
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 3
Disk Drive 4
Disk Drives in Logical Drive RAID 10 Logical Drive = 500 GB
250 GB
250 GB
400 GB
400 GB
Drive Segment Size (Smallest Disk Drive)
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 3
Disk Drive 4
1 3 ... 499
2 4 ... 500
1 3 ... 499
Unused Space = 150 GB
2 4 ... 500
Unused Space = 150 GB

RAID 5 Arrays

A RAID 5 array is built from a minimum of three disk drives, and uses data striping and parity data to provide redundancy. Parity data provides data protection, and striping improves performance.
Parity data is an error-correcting redundancy that’s used to re-create data if a disk drive fails. In RAID 5 arrays, parity data (represented by Ps in the next figure) is striped evenly across the disk drives with the stored data.
Drive segment size is limited to the size of the smallest disk drive in the array. For instance, an array with two 250 GB disk drives and two 400 GB disk drives can contain 750 GB of stored data and 250 GB of parity data, as shown in this figure.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID 73
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 3
Disk Drive 4
Disk Drives in Logical Drive RAID 5 Logical Drive = 750 GB plus Parity
250 GB
250 GB
400 GB
400 GB
Drive Segment Size (Smallest Disk Drive)
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 3
Disk Drive 4
1 4 ... P
2 5 ... 748
3 P ... 749
Unused Space = 150 GB
P 6 ... 750
Unused Space = 150 GB

RAID 5EE Arrays

A RAID 5EE array—also known as a hot space—is similar to a RAID 5 array except that it includes a distributed spare drive and must be built from a minimum of four disk drives.
Unlike a hot spare, a distributed spare is striped evenly across the disk drives with the stored data and parity data, and can’t be shared with other logical disk drives. A distributed spare improves the speed at which the array is rebuilt following a disk drive failure.
A RAID 5EE array protects your data and increases read and write speeds. However, capacity is reduced by two disk drives’ worth of space, which is for parity data and spare data.
In this figure, S represents the distributed spare, P represents the distributed parity data.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID 74
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 3
Disk Drive 4
Disk Drives in Logical Drive Based on the drive segment sizes used:
250 GB
250 GB
400 GB
400 GB
Drive Segment Size (Smallest Disk Drive)
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 3
Disk Drive 4
1S... P
2 P ... 449
S3... S
Unused Space = 150 GB
P 4 ... 500
Unused Space = 150 GB
RAID 5EE Logical Drive = 500 GB plus parity and hot spare.

RAID 50 Arrays

A RAID 50 array is built from six to forty-eight disk drives configured as two or more RAID 5 arrays, and stripes stored data and parity data across all disk drives in both RAID 5 arrays. (For more information, see RAID 5 Arrays on page 73.)
Because they support four disk drives only, the Adaptec 2420SA RAID controller can’t
Note:
support RAID 50 arrays.
The parity data provides data protection, and striping improves performance. RAID 50 arrays also provide high data transfer speeds.
Drive segment size is limited to the size of the smallest disk drive in the array. For example, three 250 GB disk drives and three 400 GB disk drives comprise two equal-sized RAID 5 arrays with 500 GB of stored data and 250 GB of parity data. The RAID 50 array can therefore contain 1000 GB (2 x 500 GB) of stored data and 500 GB of parity data.
In this figure, P represents the distributed parity data.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID 75
RAID 50
Logical Drive
=
1000 GB
plus Parity
RAID 5
A
1, 5, P 3, P, 9 P, 7, 11 2, 6, P 4, P, 10 P, 8, 12
Drive 1
250 GB
Drive 2
250 GB
Each RAID 5 Logical Drive has
500 GB Data Storage
250 GB Parity Data
Drive 3
250 GB
Drive 4 400 GB
RAID 5
B
Drive 5
400 GB
Drive 6
400 GB
Total Unused Space = 150 GB

RAID 6 Arrays

A RAID 6 array—also known as dual drive failure protection—is similar to a RAID 5 array because it uses data striping and parity data to provide redundancy. However, RAID 6 arrays include two independent sets of parity data instead of one. Both sets of parity data are striped separately across all disk drives in the array.
RAID 6 arrays provide extra protection for your data because they can recover from two simultaneous disk drive failures. However, the extra parity calculation slows performance (compared to RAID 5 arrays).
RAID 6 arrays must be built from at least four disk drives. Maximum stripe size depends on the number of disk drives in the array.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID 76
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 3
Disk Drive 4
Disk Drives in Logical Drive Based on the drive segment sizes used:
250 GB
250 GB
400 GB
400 GB
Drive Segment Size (Smallest Disk Drive)
Disk Drive 1
Disk Drive 2
Disk Drive 3
Disk Drive 4
1 P1 ... P2
2 P2 ... 449
P1 3 ... P1
Unused Space = 150 GB
P2 4 ... 500
Unused Space = 150 GB
RAID 6 Logical Drive = 500 GB plus parity (P1 & P2)

RAID 60 Arrays

Similar to a RAID 50 array (see page 75), a RAID 60 array—also known as dual drive failure protection—is built from eight disk drives configured as two or more RAID 6 arrays, and stripes stored data and two sets of parity data across all disk drives in both RAID 6 arrays.
Because they support four disk drives only, the Adaptec 2420SA RAID controller can’t
Note:
support RAID 60 arrays.
Two sets of parity data provide enhanced data protection, and striping improves performance. RAID 60 arrays also provide high data transfer speeds.

Selecting the Best RAID Level

Use this table to select the RAID levels that are most appropriate for the logical drives on your storage space, based on the number of available disk drives and your requirements for performance and reliability.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID 77
Disk Drive
RAID Level Redundancy
RAID 0 No 100%
RAID 1 Yes 50%
RAID 1E Yes 50%
RAID 10 Yes 50%
RAID 5 Yes 67 – 94%
RAID 5EE Yes 50 – 88%
RAID 50
RAID 6 Yes 50 – 88%
RAID 60
1
Because they support four disk drives only, the Adaptec 2420SA RAID controller can’t support RAID 50 or RAID 60 arrays.
1
1
Yes 67 – 94%
Yes 50 – 88%
Usage
Read
Performance
 
 
 
 





Write
Performance
Built-in Hot
Spare
No 2
No 2
No 3
No 4
No 3
Yes 4
No 6
No 4
No 8
Minimum
Disk Drives
Disk drive usage, read performance, and write performance depend on the number of drives in the logical drive. In general, the more drives, the better the performance.

Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility

In this appendix...
Introduction to the ARC Utility ............................................................................................ 79
Running the ARC Utility........................................................................................................ 79
Using the ACU to Create and Manage Arrays ...................................................................... 79
Using the -Select Utility to Modify Controller Settings ....................................................... 81
Formatting and Verifying Disk Drives .................................................................................. 85
Viewing the Event Log ...........................................................................................................85
The Adaptec RAID Configuration (ARC)utility is a BIOS-based utility that you can use to create and manage controllers, disk drives and other devices, and arrays.
Note:
Adaptec recommends that only advanced users familiar with working in a computer BIOS use the
ARC utility
tools. For more information, see
Managing Your Storage Space
C
on page 55
.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility 79

Introduction to the ARC Utility

The ARC utility comprises these tools:
The Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—For creating and managing arrays, and
initializing and rescanning disk drives (see page 79).
Also available—ACU for DOS. See page 86.
Note:
A -Select Utility—SerialSelect, SATASelect, or SCSISelect, for modifying your controller
and disk drive settings (see page 81).
Disk Utilities—For formatting or verifying disk drives (see page 85).

Running the ARC Utility

If your Adaptec controller is connected to a RAID enclosure, power on your enclosure (or enclosures) before you power on your computer.
Start or restart your computer. When prompted, press Ctrl+A.
During boot up, if your system has insufficient memory the following message will display.
“Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility will load after, system initialization. Please wait... Or press <Enter> Key to attempt loading the utility forcibly [Generally, not recommended]”
Note:
The first time you power on your computer after you install a new controller, the BIOS may display a configuration that doesn’t match your system’s configuration. This is normal.

Navigating the ARC Utility

All the tools within the ARC utility are menu-based and instructions for completing tasks appear on-screen. Menus can be navigated using the arrows, Enter, Esc, and other keys on your keyboard.

Using the ACU to Create and Manage Arrays

To open the ACU, start the your controller, then press Enter. Select Array Configuration Utility, then press Enter.
Follow the on-screen instructions to create and manage arrays, and initialize, rescan, and erase disk drives.

Creating a New Array

To begin creating an array, select Create Arrays from the main ACU menu.
Only disk drives that can be used in a new array are available for selection. (Disk drives must be initialized before they can be used in an array. See Initializing Disk Drives on page 80 for more information.)
ARC
utility (see page 79).
If you have more than one controller, select
Use the Array Properties menu to modify the array’s RAID level, size, name, stripe size, and caching settings.
For more information about RAID levels and using disk drives to create arrays, see
Note:
Choosing a RAID Level on page 26.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility 80

Managing Existing Arrays

To view or modify existing arrays, select Manage Arrays from the main ACU menu.
From the Manage Arrays menu, you can:
View the properties of an array.
Failed drives are displayed in a different text color.
Note:
Make an array bootable (see Creating Bootable Arrays on page 80).
Assign or remove hot spares.
Delete an array.
Caution:
!
Before deleting an array, back up the data to avoid permanently losing it.
Creating Bootable Arrays
You may need to change the system BIOS to modify the boot order. For more
Note:
information, refer to your computer’s documentation.
The controller always uses the lowest numbered array as its bootable array.
To make an array bootable:
1 Select Manage Arrays from the main ACU menu.
2 Select the array that you want to make bootable, then press Ctrl+B.
You cannot make an array bootable while it’s building, verifying, or rebuilding.
Note:
The array’s number changes to Array 00, which makes this array the controller’s boot array.
3 Restart your computer.

Initializing Disk Drives

If a disk drive appears grayed-out (unavailable for use in a new array), it may need to be initialized.
To begin initializing a disk drive, select Initialize Drives from the main ACU menu.
Caution:
!
part of an array may make the array unusable. Back up all data from your disk drive before you initialize it.
Do not initialize a disk drive that is part of an array. Initializing a disk drive that’s

Rescanning Disk Drives

To begin rescanning a disk drive, select Rescan Drives from the main ACU menu.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility 81

Secure Erasing Disk Drives

When you perform a secure erase on a disk drive, all data on that disk drive is completely and irretrievably eradicated. Secure erase performs three distinct writing passes to the disk drive being erased—it does not just write zeros.
Performing a secure erase takes up to six times longer than clearing (or zeroing) a disk drive. You may want to perform a secure erase only on disk drives that contain confidential or classified information.
Note:
To erase (or zero) a disk drive with non-classified information, you may choose to format it (see page 85) instead, or clear it using Adaptec Storage Manager—both options take much less time than the secure erase option.
To begin a secure erase, select Secure Erase from the main ACU menu, then select Y (yes). To return to the main ACU menu once the secure erase has begun, press Esc.
The selected disk drive(s) cannot be used until the erase is complete.
Stopping a Secure Erase
To stop a secure erase in progress:
1 In the main ACU window, select Secure Erase.
2 Select the disk drive being secure erased, then press Ctrl+Q.
The secure erase stops and the ACU returns to its main window.

Using the -Select Utility to Modify Controller Settings

Included in the ARC utility is a tool for modifying the settings of your controller and the disk drives connected to it. This utility is called SerialSelect, SATASelect, or SCSISelect, depending on what type of controller you have.

Opening a -Select Utility

To o pe n a -Select utility, start the ARC utility (see page 79), select the -Select utility, then press Enter.
Follow the on-screen instructions to modify the settings of your controller and connected disk drives as required.

Applying Changes and Exiting

1 To e xi t a -Select utility, press Esc until you are prompted to exit.
If you modified any settings, you are prompted to save the changes before you exit.
2 Select Ye s to exit, then press any key to restart your computer.
Any changes you made take effect after the computer restarts.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility 82

Modifying Your Controller’s Configuration

Note: Default controller settings are suitable for most computers. Adaptec recommends that
you do not change the default setting.
To modify your controller’s settings, select Controller Configuration from the main -Select utility menu.
The following table lists controller configuration options. Some options may not be available for your controller. Additional, controller-specific options are also available:
For SAS controller-specific settings, see page 83.
For SATA controller-specific settings, see page 83.
For SCSI controller-specific settings, see page 84.

General Controller Settings

Note: Default settings are shown in bold type.
Option Description
Drive’s Write Cache When enabled, write cache is enabled on the disk drive. When disabled,
write cache is not used on the disk drive. Default is the disk drive’s
setting. Caution—When write cache is enabled, there is a slight possibility of
data loss or corruption during a power failure.
Runtime BIOS When enabled, the controller BIOS allows the controller to act as a
bootable device. Disabling the BIOS allows another controller to act as a bootable device.
Automatic Failover When enabled, the controller automatically rebuilds an array when a
failed disk drive is replaced. When disabled, the array must be rebuilt manually.
Array Background Consistency Check
BBS Support When enabled in systems that support BBS, the RAID controller is
Array-based BBS Support
Physical Drives Display During POST
CD-ROM Boot Support When enabled, the system can be booted from a bootable CD. (This
Removable Media Devices Boot Support
Alarm Control When enabled, the alarm sounds. Default is enabled.
When enabled, the controller constantly verifies a redundant array. Note that there may be a significant performance reduction. Default is disabled.
presented as a bootable device in the BIOS.
When enabled in systems that support BBS, the controller presents attached bootable devices up to the BIOS for boot device selection. This is relevant for logical arrays. Default is disabled.
When enabled, connected disk drives are displayed during system Power On Self Test (POST). Displaying the disk drives adds a few seconds to the overall POST time. Default is disabled.
setting is not available on all RAID controller models.) Note—CD’s are not supported by current software.
When enabled, removable media devices, such as CD drives, are supported. (This setting is not available on all RAID controller models.)
Note—When the alarm is turned off (disabled), it will automatically turn back on after a reboot.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility 83

SAS-specific Controller Settings

In addition to the general settings listed on page 82, your Adaptec SAS controller has SAS­specific settings that can be modified if required. (For more information about SAS, see page 62.)
To modify SAS-specific settings, select PHY Configuration from the SerialSelect main menu.
Default settings are shown in bold type.
Note:
Option Description
PHY Rate The data transfer rate between the controller and devices. The default setting is
Auto, which allows the SAS card to adjust the data transfer rate as required.
CRC Checking When enabled, determines whether the controller verifies the accuracy of data
transfer on the serial bus. Default setting is Ye s (enabled). Set to No (disabled) only if the controller is connected to a device that does not support CRC Checking.
SAS Address In a situation where you want each phy on a controller to be in a different SAS
domain, this setting specifies a unique world-wide name for each phy. Default is 0.
Note: This setting is for SAS address conflict resolution only and should otherwise remain at its default value.

SATA-specific Controller Settings

In addition to the general settings listed on page 82, your Adaptec SATA controller has a SATA­specific setting that can be modified if required.
Option Description
Write Cache When enabled, the controller’s write cache is enabled. Default is Ye s (enabled).
Caution—When enabled, there is a potential for data loss or corruption during a
power failure.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility 84

SCSI-specific Controller Settings

In addition to the general settings listed on page 82, your Adaptec SCSI controller has SCSI­specific settings that can be modified if required.
To modify SCSI-specific settings, select SCSI Configuration from the SCSISelect main menu.
SCSI Device Settings
You can use SCSISelect to modify some of the settings on the SCSI devices connected to your SCSI controller.
To modify SCSI device settings, select SCSI Configuration from the SCSISelect main menu, then select Additional Options. Devices are listed by SCSI ID. (To find the SCSI ID for a specific device, see Formatting and Verifying Disk Drives on page 85.)
For the best device performance, don’t change the default settings.
Note:
Default settings are shown in bold type.
Option Description
Maximum Tra n sf e r Ra t e
Enable Disconnection
Initiate Wide Negotiation
QAS When enabled, QAS (Quick Arbitration and Selection) is used to eliminate
Packetized When enabled, SCSI packetization (encapsulation) is used to reduce overhead
Shows the maximum data transfer rate that the SCSI channel supports.
When enabled, the SCSI device can disconnect from the SCSI channel. Default is Yes (enabled).
When enabled, the SCSI channel attempts 16-bit data transfer instead of 8-bit data transfer. Default is Yes (enabled).
overhead and speed up data transfers on the SCSI bus. Default is No (disabled). Note—Adaptec recommends that you do not enable QAS if you are using an
enclosure that supports Ultra320 expanders.
and speed data transfer. Default is Yes (enabled).
SCSI Channel Interface Settings
Default settings are shown in bold type.
Note:
Option Description
Controller SCSI Channel ID
SCSI Parity Checking
Controller SCSI Channel Termination
Sets the controller’s SCSI ID. Adaptec recommends that you leave the controller set to the default (7), which gives it the highest priority on the SCSI channel.
When enabled, the controller verifies the accuracy of data transfer on the SCSI channel. Disable only if the controller is connected to any SCSI device that does not support SCSI parity. Default is enabled.
Sets termination on the controller. Adaptec recommends that you retain the default setting (auto mode).
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Configuration Utility 85

Formatting and Verifying Disk Drives

You can use the disk utilities to low-level format or verify your disk drives. (New disk drives are low-level formatted at the factory and do not need to be low-level formatted again.)
Caution:
!
a disk drive.
To format or verify a disk drive:
1 Start the ARC utility (see page 79).
2 Select the controller you want, then press Enter.
3 Select Disk Utilities.
4 Select the disk drive you want, then press Enter.
5 Select Format Disk or Ve rif y D isk Me d i a.
Before you format a disk drive, back up all data. Formatting destroys all data on

Viewing the Event Log

The BIOS-based event log records all firmware events, such as configuration changes, array creation, and boot activity.
Some events are not stored indefinitely—the event log is cleared of any non-persistent events each time you restart your computer; additionally, once the log is full, new events overwrite old events.
To view the event log:
1 Start the ARC utility (see page 79).
2 Select the controller you want, then press Enter.
3 When the ARC utility menu appears, then press Ctrl+P.
4 Select Controller Log Information, then press Enter.
The current event log opens.

Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS

In this appendix...
This chapter describes the Array Configuration Utility (ACU) for DOS, a text-based utility that you can use to create, configure, and manage arrays. (A BIOS-based ACU is also available. See
page 79.)
Note:
ACU for DOS utility. For more information, see Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.
D
Getting Started ....................................................................................................................... 87
Working in the ACU Using Menus........................................................................................ 87
Running the ACU Using Scripts ............................................................................................ 88
Adaptec recommends that only advanced users familiar with working in DOS use the
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS 87

Getting Started

Note: You need a bootable floppy disk to complete this task.
The ACU for DOS runs from a floppy disk which you can create using the RAID Installation CD that came in your Adaptec RAID controller kit.
To create the ACU floppy disk:
1 Insert your RAID Installation CD into the CD drive, then browse to this file:
packages/firmware/controllermodel/acu.exe
Where controllermodel is the model number of your Adaptec RAID controller.
2 Insert a bootable floppy disk and copy the acu.exe file to it.
3 Continue in one of two ways:
Work in the ACU using menus (see the following section)
Run the ACU using scripts (see page 88)

Working in the ACU Using Menus

To work in the ACU using menus:
1 Insert the ACU floppy disk (see Getting Started above), then start or restart your computer.
The computer boots to the DOS command line.
2 Typ e
ACU
on the command line, then press Enter.
The ACU is menu-based and instructions for completing tasks appear on-screen. Menus can be navigated using the arrow, Enter, Esc, and other keys on your keyboard.
For more information about completing tasks, see Using the ACU to Create and Manage
Arrays on page 79.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS 88

Running the ACU Using Scripts

To work in the ACU using scripts:
1 Insert the ACU floppy disk (see page 87), then start or restart your computer.
The computer boots to the DOS command line.
2 Typ e
ACU
on the command line, specify a script file, and specify either the /P or /R switches
listed in the following table. (Don’t specify both.)
You may also add one or both of the optional switches.
Command line syntax is not case sensitive.
Note:
Switch Description
/P <file> Playback Mode—The ACU reads the contents of the specified script file and
creates arrays and configures channel settings based on the keywords defined in the script. See page 88.
/R <file> Record Mode—The ACU writes a RAID controller’s existing array configuration
to a specified script file, which lets you create the same configuration by running the ACU in playback mode (/P switch) with the resulting script. See
page 89.
/L <file> (Optional) Log Filename Switch—If you include this switch, the ACU records
/C <number> (Optional) Controller Number Switch—In systems with more than one
its activity and any errors it encounters in the log file. If you do not include this switch, the ACU displays activity and errors on the screen.
The file is a standard MS-DOS file, which can include a drive, directory, filename, and extension. Only the filename and extension (.log) are required. If no drive or directory is specified, the file is placed in the same location as the ACU executable.
controller, this switch specifies which controller to change, where number is the controller number. The default controller number is 0.
Note—The number assigned to a par ticular controller depends on the controller’s physical PCI slot and the order in which your system scans its PCI slots.

About Playback Mode

In this mode, the ACU reads the contents of the specified script file and creates arrays based on the keywords specified in the script.
The syntax is include a drive, directory, filename, and extension. If no drive or directory is specified, the file is placed in the same location as the ACU executable.
The script file syntax allows only one hot spare to be assigned to an array. Therefore,
Note:
when recording a RAID 10, the ACU can’t map hot spares assigned to the individual mirror sets in the resulting script file. Instead, the ACU creates a single list for all the RAID 10. For more information, see
ACU /P <file>
where
file
is the name of the script file. The file parameter can
hot spares assigned to
Method Keyword
on page 92
.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS 89

About Record Mode

Note: You can also create a script file manually (see the following section).
In Record Mode, the ACU writes a RAID controller’s existing array configuration to a specified script file, which lets you create the same configuration by running the ACU in Playback Mode (/P switch) with the resulting script.
You can only record one RAID controller at a time with Record Mode. Record multiple RAID controllers separately using separate script files.
The syntax is
ACU /R <file>
where
file
is the name of the script file. The file parameter can include a drive, directory, filename, and extension, but only the filename and extension are required. If no drive or directory is specified, the file is placed in the same location as the ACU executable.
The ACU supports only a subset of available array types. If it encounters an array it can’t create, a warning displays (or is recorded in the log file, if the /L switch is used); no keywords for that array are recorded in its script file.
When recording an array, the ACU always uses the default Wait setting (equivalent to Wait=Yes) unless you edit the script file and include Wait=No in the array’s definition block. For more information, see Wait Keyw ord on page 93.

Creating the Script File Manually

Script files contain blocks:
Array definition block keywords (see page 90)
Optional—ACU error codes (see page 94)
The syntax rules are:
Each keyword must start its own line.
Syntax is not case sensitive.
Entering Comments in the Script File
To enter a comment in the script file, start with a pound character (
#
). You can start anywhere
on a line. For a sample script that includes comments, see Sample Scripts on page 95.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS 90

Array Definition Block Keywords

The array definition block always begins with the keyword Array and ends with the keyword End. The other required array definition keywords are Drives and Type.
Array definition keywords and descriptions are listed in this table.
Keyword
Array Yes
Drives Yes Specifies the disk drives used in creating the array. No default. See
End Yes
HotspareDrives No Specifies hot spares to assign to the array. No default. See page 91.
InitializeAll No Indicates whether to initialize all the drives connected to the
Method Yes Indicates the method (Build/Verify, Clear, or Quick Init) to use when
ReadCache No Indicates whether read caching is enabled for this array. Default is
Size No Specifies the size of the array. Default is Maximum. See page 92.
StripeSize No
Type Yes Indicates the type of array to create. No default. See page 93.
Wait No Indicates whether the ACU should wait for the new array’s Build/
WriteCache No Indicates whether write caching is enabled for this array. Default is
Required
? Description
Indicates the start of an array definition block. No default. See page 90.
page 90.
Indicates the end of an array definition block. No default. See page 91.
controller. Default is No. See page 91.
creating a redundant array. Default is Build. See page 92.
Yes. See page 92.
Specifies size of contiguous I/O, in bytes. Default is
Verify or Clear to complete before continuing. Default is Yes. See
page 93.
Yes. See page 93.
256
. See page 92.
Array Keyword
Array is a required keyword, indicating the start of an array definition block. The syntax is
Array=<label>
, where
label
is an optional alphanumeric string.
For example:
Array=MyData
Drives Keyword
Drives is a required keyword, specifying the devices to use in creating the array. There is no default value.
A disk drive is identified by its channel number, ID (target), and LUN, separated by colons; for example,
Prior to creating any new arrays, the ACU initializes any drives specified by the
0:0:0
or
0:1:0
. Separate multiple disk drive identifiers with commas.
Drives
keyword. If a disk drive is specified in more than one array definition block in a script, it is initialized only once.
Caution:
!
data on that disk drive.
Any disk drive specified within the script file is initialized, which destroys any
For example:
Drives=0:0:0 Drives=0:0:0,0:1:0,0:2:0
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS 91
End Keyword
End is a required keyword, indicating the end of the block.
HotspareDrives Keyword
Hotspare Drives is an optional keyword, specifying the hot spares to assign to the array. The syntax for listing hot spares is the same as the Drives Keyword on page 90. If Hotspare Drives is not specified, no hot spares are assigned to the array.
For example:
HotspareDrives=0:0:0,0:1:0
The same disk drive can be assigned to protect multiple arrays (as a pool spare). Once a pool spare is used by a failed disk drive, however, it is no longer available to protect the other arrays its assigned to.
This keyword does not verify that the available space on the specified hot spares is sufficient to serve as failover for the array.
When assigning hot spares to a multilevel array, Hotspare Drives assigns all the hot spares in the list to all arrays within the multilevel array.
InitializeAll Keyword
If you want the ACU to initialize all drives connected to the controller and delete any existing arrays before any new arrays are created, even those that are not specified in any Drives keyword definition, specify InitializeAll=Yes. Otherwise, the ACU initializes only those drives specified by the Drives keyword.
Caution:
!
drive as their member.
Initializing a disk drive automatically deletes any existing arrays with that disk
Possible values:
Ye s —Initialize all drives.
No (default)—Do not initialize all drives; only those drives specified with the
Drives
keyword are initialized.
For example:
Type=Volume Type=RAID1
InitializeAll is a global keyword that you need to specify only once.
InitializeAll is always performed prior to array creation regardless of its position in the script.
If both InitializeAll=Yes and InitializeAll=No are specified in the same script file, InitializeAll=Yes is always the overriding value.
If an array is deleted during a Build/Verify process, the process is automatically terminated.
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS 92
Method Keyword
Method is an optional keyword, indicating which method to use when creating a redundant (RAID 1, 5, and 10) array. Possible values:
Build (the default)—Perform a Build/Verify process on the array. Takes longer than Clear,
but allows you to begin using the array immediately.
Clear—Clear the array. Faster than a Build/Verify process, but you have to wait for the
operation to be completed before you can begin using the array.
Quick Init—Makes the array available immediately, but does not accomplish a Build/
Verify. Parity and mirror information is created as data is written to the disk drive (called full-stripe write mode), which reduces overall array performance. Maximum performance is achieved by starting and completing a Build/Verify.
For example:
Method=Build
ReadCache Keyword
ReadCache indicates whether the array uses read caching.
Possible values:
Ye s (default)—Enable read caching.
No—Disable read caching.
For example:
ReadCache=Yes
Size Keyword
The Size keyword specifies the size of the array. Specify Maximum (the default) to create an array using the maximum available space, based on the array type and drives selected. Otherwise, specify the size as an integer or a decimal number, followed by the unit keyword MB (megabytes), GB (gigabytes), or TB (terabytes).
Note:
A unit keyword is required with a numeric size value. If no unit keyword is specified, the
ACU exits with an error.
For example:
Size=2.5GB Size=300MB Size=Maximum
StripeSize Keyword
The StripeSize keyword specifies the stripe size (in MB) written to each member of a striped array (RAID 0, 5, or 10).
The possible values for StripeSize are 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 and 1024 KB. Default is 256.
For example:
StripeSize=256
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS 93
Type Keyword
Type is a required keyword, indicating the array type. There is no default value. The possible values: Volume, RAID0, RAID1, RAID5, RAID10, or RAID50.
Depending on the RAID levels supported by your RAID controller, additional possible values are: RAID1E, RAID5EE, RAID6, RAID60.
Wait Keyword
Wait is an optional keyword that you can use to tell the ACU to allow the ACU to continue while the Build/Verify or Clear completes in the background; specify Wait=No. Otherwise, the ACU waits by default.
If the host is powered off before the Build/Verify or Clear process completes and is then restarted, the process resumes without any user intervention.
For example:
Wait=Yes Wait=No
WriteCache Keyword
The WriteCache keyword indicates whether write caching is used for this array if write caching is supported for the system. Possible values are as follows:
Ye s (default)—Enable the write cache.
No—Disable the write cache.
Setting an array’s WriteCache keyword to Yes might result in data loss or corruption during a power failure.
For example:
WriteCache=Yes
Channel Definition Block Keywords—SCSI only
The channel definition block is optional. If used, it always begins with the keyword Channel and ends with the keyword End. The channel definition block keywords are listed in this table.
Keyword Description
Channel Used to identify the channel.
ControllerID Changes the SCSI ID of the controller.
End Indicates the end of a channel definition block.
Channel Keyword
Channel is an optional keyword that begins a channel definition block and specifies the channel number to which the channel keywords apply. Channels are numbered from zero to the maximum number of channels on the controller minus one.
You can include multiple channel definition blocks within a script file, each beginning with a channel keyword and value.
For example:
Channel=0
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS 94
ControllerID Keyword
ControllerID is an optional keyword to change the SCSI ID of the controller. Normally, the SCSI controller is assigned SCSI ID 7 on each of its channels. You can specify any ID value between 0 and 7.
Caution:
!
Technical Support.
Do not change the SCSI ID of the controller unless directed to do so by Adaptec
For example:
ControllerID=7
End Keyword
End is a required keyword, indicating the end of the block.

ACU Error Codes

When the ACU detects an error, it reports the error and exits immediately. If a log file is specified, the ACU writes the error code to the log file. Otherwise, it displays the error code on the screen.
The possible error messages returned by the ACU are listed in this table.
Code Description
0 ACU ran without changes—ACU exited with no errors (success) and no report is required.
1 No controller found.
2 Syntax or logical error in the script file—The ACU encountered an invalid command or
keyword in the specified script file.
3 Unable to open file.
4 Error in the command line parameters—You passed an invalid command-line switch to the
ACU. (See
5 Unable to read system configuration—The ACU was unable to get the configuration
information from the specified controller.
6 No drives detected.
7 Specified drive not found in system.
8 Specified array size too small—You specified an array size that is smaller than the
minimum size allowed for this array.
9 Specified array size too big—You specified an array size that is larger than the maximum
size allowed for this array.
10 Number of drives do not match the array type—The number of drives you selected is
invalid for the type of array specified.
11 Unable to initialize drive.
12 Error occurred while creating array.
13 Too many spare drives assigned—You attempted to assign more than the maximum
number of hot spares allowed for the specified array.
14 Insufficient memory to run the application.
15 Incorrect controller number.
16 Controller not responding.
17 Build/Verify/Clear failed.
100 You ran ACU and made changes—The ACU exited with no errors (success) and you must
restart the computer.
Running the ACU Using Scripts
on page 88
for a list of valid command-line switches.)
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS 95

Sample Scripts

This MS-DOS command invokes the ACU and creates arrays on controller 1 based on the array keywords defined in the script file A:\RAID.ACU. It also configures Channel 0 and saves a log of the operation in the log file C:\RAID.LOG:
A:\> ACU /P A:\RAID.ACU /L C:\RAID.LOG /C1
Sample Scripts for SCSI and SAS Controllers
For a sample script for a SATA controller, see page 96.
Note:
This sample script file is a sample RAID.ACU script as referred to in the ACU command above. This script creates these arrays—a 500 MB single-disk volume, and a 2-GB two-disk drive RAID 1 with a hot spare:
# Script to create volume, mirror, and RAID 5 arrays # Create a 500MB volume labeled ‘MySystem’ Array=MySystem Type=Volume Size=500MB Drives=0:0:0 End
# Create a 2GB mirror labeled ‘MyMirror’ Array=MyMirror Type=RAID1 Size=2GB
# Use drives 1 and 2 Drives=0:1:0,0:2:0 # Disable write cache WriteCache=No
# Assign 1 spare drive HotspareDrives=0:3:0 End
This sample script file creates a maximum-size three-disk-drive RAID 5:
# Create a maximum size RAID 5 labeled ‘MyData’ Array=MyData Type=RAID5 Size=Maximum
# Use the maximum stripe size StripeSize=256
# Clear the array (don’t build/verify it) Method=Clear
# Don’t wait for clear to complete Wait=No
# Use drives 0, 1, 2 Drives=0:0:0, 0:1:0, 0:2:0 End
Appendix D: Using the Array Configuration Utility for DOS 96
Sample Script for SATA Controllers
This is a sample ACU file that will initialize all disk drives connected to the SATA controller and create a RAID 5 array with the disk drives on ports 0, 1, and 2.
Controller= 0,5:7:0 Controller Name=Adaptec Adaptec 2820SA Subsystem ID=0x2A1 Firmware Version=V5.1-0[6792] Total Ports=8 Port 0 = 0:0:0 Maxtor 279.479GB 279.395GB Port 1 = 0:1:0 Maxtor 279.479GB 279.395GB Port 2 = 0:2:0 Maxtor 279.479GB 279.395GB Array=MyData2 Type=RAID5 Size=Maximum InitializeAll=Yes Method=Build/Verify Wait=No Drives=0:0:0, 0:1:0, 0:2:0 End

Using the Adaptec Flash Utility

In this appendix...
System Requirements .............................................................................................................98
Before You Begin .................................................................................................................... 98
Running the Menu-based AFU.............................................................................................. 99
Running the AFU from the Command Line....................................................................... 100
Updating the Flash Using the AFU Command Line .......................................................... 103
This chapter describes how to use the Adaptec Flash Utility (AFU), a text-based DOS utility that you can use to update, save, or verify the RAID controller’s firmware BIOS and NVRAM.
E
Caution:
!
your RAID controller’s flash contents, it is still important to use the AFU carefully and correctly to avoid rendering your RAID controller inoperable. Adaptec recommends that only advanced users familiar with working in DOS use the AFU. For more information, see Managing Your Storage Space on page 55.
Although the AFU contains safeguards to prevent you from accidentally damaging

System Requirements

MS–DOS version 5.0 or later.
You can’t run the AFU from a DOS command prompt window under any version of
Note:
Windows.
At least 8 MB of extended memory.

Compatibility Notes

Supports HIMEM.SYS; compatible with other DOS drivers running under HIMEM.SYS
(for example, SMARTDRV.SYS and SETVER.SYS).
Does not support DOS extenders installed in memory, such as EMM386.SYS and
DOS4GW.

Before You Begin

1 Obtain the firmware (see the following section).
2 Create a firmware kit on floppy disks (see page 99).
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility 98
There are two ways to run the AFU:
1 Using the AFU menus (see page 99)
2 From the command line (see page 100)

Obtaining the Firmware

To obtain RAID controller firmware, go to:
The RAID Installation CD—Includes the AFU executable (AFU.exe) and a separate flash
image. The flash image may comprise multiple User Flash Image (UFI) files.
The Adaptec Web site—Download a new firmware file to get the most recent version of
AFU.
See www.adaptec.com for more information.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility 99

Creating the Firmware Floppy Disks

Note: You will need at least two bootable MS-DOS floppy disks to complete this task.
You can’t create a bootable floppy disk using Windows 2000.
To create the firmware floppy disks:
1 Create a bootable MS–DOS floppy disk and copy these files to it:
AFU.exe
Axxxx01.ufi
where xxx is the model number of your controller.
Most controller model numbers have a suffix (for example Adaptec 4800SAS). Check
Note:
that the .ufi file is the correct file for your controller before copying.
2
Create additional bootable MS–DOS floppy disks and copy each additional Axxxx0x.ufi file to a separate floppy disk. (Some RAID controllers have two UFI files; some have four. Each goes onto its own floppy disk.)
3 To use a menu-based AFU, see the following section.
To run the AFU from the command line, see page 100.

Running the Menu-based AFU

Note: You can also run the AFU from the command line (see page 100).
To run the menu-based AFU:
1 Shut down your operating system and reboot to DOS from a bootable MS-DOS floppy
disk or from a DOS partition on a bootable drive. (You can use a disk drive connected to the controller you are updating.)
2 At the DOS command prompt, type
The AFU’s main menu is displayed.
3 Select Select Controllers, then select the Adaptec RAID controller(s) to be flashed.
To update multiple RAID controllers in the same system, update the boot controller’s flash first, restart the computer, then update the flash for the remaining controllers.
4 Select Select an Operation.
5 Choose the operation you want, then follow the on-screen instructions to complete the
task:
Update—Updates all the flash components on a RAID controller with the flash image
data from the UFI file.
AFU
with no arguments.
Save—Reads the contents of a RAID controller’s flash components and saves the data
to a UFI file, which you can use to restore a RAID controller’s flash if required.
Ve r i f y —Reads the contents of a RAID controller’s flash components and compares it
to the contents of the specified UFI file.
Ve r s i o n —Displays version information about a RAID controller’s flash components.
List—Lists all supported RAID controllers detected on your system.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility 100
6 Complete the flash operation and restart your computer before trying to use the RAID
controller again. (
You can not use your RAID controller while you are
updating its flash.)
Running the
Note: You can also run a menu-based AFU (see page 99).
To run the AFU from the command line:
1 Power off your computer, insert the first AFU floppy disk, then power on your computer.
If your computer isn’t set up to boot from the bootable floppy disk, enter the system setup utility to change the setting.
2 At the DOS command, type AFU followed by a command (see page 100) and any switches
you want.
Note:
The AFU processes the command, prompts you to insert additional floppy disks as needed, exits, and reports either success or an error message code.
To update a RAID controller’s flash using the command line, see page 103.

AFU Commands

This section lists the available AFU commands.
List
AFU
from the Command Line
To find a controller number, type
AFU LIST
, then press Enter.
Displays the AFU-supported RAID controllers installed on your computer. Also displays the ID numbers assigned to each controller.
You don’t have to restart the computer after completing this command.
This example shows a typical system response to a LIST command:
A:\> AFU LIST Adaptec Flash Utility V4.0-0 B5749 (c)Adaptec Inc. 1999–2005. All Rights Reserved. Controllers Detected and Recognized: Controller #0 (03:05:00) Adaptec Adaptec 2230SLP
Save
Saves the contents of a RAID controller’s flash in a UFI file. The name of the UFI file is based on the controller type and can’t be changed.
You must restart the computer following a SAVE command.
The command syntax for the SAVE command is
AFU SAVE [/C<Controller ID>] [/D <UFI File Path>]
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