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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Page 2
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1MRS755860
Issued: 15.07.2003
Version: E/04.11.2009
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Contents
Copyrights ................................. ............................. ..................11
1. Introduction............................................................ 13
1.1. This manual............................................................ 13
1.2. Use of symbols ....................................................... 13
1.3. Intended audience ................................................... 13
1.4. Product documentation ............................................. 14
1.5. Document revisions.................................................. 14
2. Safety Information ................................................... 15
3. Analog measurement .............................................. 17
4. Analog Inputs ......................................................... 19
4.1. Analog Inputs.......................................................... 19
4.1.1. Analog board selection ................................. 20
4.1.2. Current transformer ...................................... 21
4.1.3. Current Rogowski ........................................ 22
4.1.4. Voltage transformer ... ................................... 23
4.2. General constraints .................................................. 26
4.3. Network characteristics ............................................. 26
4.4. Calculated values .................................................... 27
5. Control and monitoring ........................................... 31
5.1. Measurement supervision NPS and PPS ..................... 31
5.1.1. Input/output description................................. 31
5.1.2. Configuration............................................... 32
5.1.3. Measurement mode ..................................... 34
5.1.4. Operation criteria ......................................... 34
5.1.5. Setting groups............................................. 34
5.1.6. Parameters and events ................................. 35
5.2. Power factor controller.............................................. 35
5.2.1. Input/output description................................. 36
5.2.2. Configuration............................................... 37
5.2.3. Measurement mode ..................................... 39
5.2.4. Parameters and events ................................. 40
5.3. Circuit breaker monitoring ......................................... 41
5.3.1. Configuration............................................... 41
5.3.2. Measurement mode ..................................... 43
5.3.3. Operation criteria ......................................... 43
5.3.4. Parameters and events ................................. 44
5.3.5. Data reading ............................................... 44
6. Protection functions................................................ 49
6.1. Current protection functions....................................... 49
6.1.1. Inrush blocking............................................ 49
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Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.1.1. Input/output description .................. 49
6.1.1.2. Configuration ................................ 50
6.1.1.3. Measurement mode ....................... 54
6.1.1.4. Operation criteria ........................... 54
6.1.1.5. Setting groups .............................. 56
6.1.1.6. Parameters and events .................. 56
6.1.2. Inrush harmonic........................................... 57
6.1.2.1. Input/output description .................. 58
6.1.2.2. Configuration ................................ 58
6.1.2.3. Measurement mode ....................... 61
6.1.2.4. Operation criteria ........................... 61
6.1.2.5. Steady-state detection .................... 62
6.1.2.6. Setting groups .............................. 62
6.1.2.7. Parameters and events .................. 62
6.1.3. Non-directional overcurrent protection ............. 62
6.1.3.1. Input/output description .................. 63
6.1.3.2. Configuration ................................ 64
6.1.3.3. Measurement mode ....................... 70
6.1.3.4. Operation criteria ........................... 70
6.1.3.5. Setting groups .............................. 71
6.1.3.6. Parameters and events .................. 72
6.1.4. Directional overcurrent protection.................... 72
6.1.4.1. Input/output description .................. 73
6.1.4.2. Configuration ................................ 74
6.1.4.3. Measurement mode ....................... 80
6.1.4.4. Operation criteria ........................... 80
6.1.4.5. Current direction............................ 81
6.1.4.6. Voltage memory ............................ 82
6.1.4.7. Setting groups .............................. 83
6.1.4.8. Parameters and events .................. 83
6.1.5. Overcurrent protection (single stage) ............... 84
6.1.5.1. Input/output description .................. 85
6.1.5.2. Configuration ................................ 86
6.1.5.3. Measurement mode ....................... 89
6.1.5.4. Operation criteria ........................... 89
6.1.5.5. Setting groups .............................. 90
6.1.5.6. Parameters and events .................. 90
6.1.6. Directional overcurrent protection (single
stage) ........................................................ 90
6.1.6.1. Input/output description .................. 91
6.1.6.2. Configuration ................................ 92
6.1.6.3. Measurement mode ....................... 95
6.1.6.4. Operation criteria ........................... 95
6.1.6.5. Current direction............................ 95
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
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Protection manual
6.1.6.6. Voltage memory ............................ 96
6.1.6.7. Setting groups .............................. 97
6.1.6.8. Parameters and events .................. 97
6.1.7. Overcurrent IDMT (single stage)..................... 97
6.1.7.1. Input/output description .................. 98
6.1.7.2. Configuration ................................ 99
6.1.7.3. Measurement mode ......................102
6.1.7.4. Operation criteria ..........................102
6.1.7.5. Setting groups .............................103
6.1.7.6. Parameters and events ................. 103
6.1.8. Non-directional earth fault protection ..............103
6.1.8.1. Input/output description .................104
6.1.8.2. Configuration ............................... 105
6.1.8.3. Measurement mode ...................... 111
6.1.8.4. Operation criteria .......................... 111
6.1.8.5. Setting groups .............................113
6.1.8.6. Parameters and events ................. 113
6.1.9. Directional earth-fault protection .................... 114
6.1.9.1. Input/output description ................. 114
6.1.9.2. Configuration ............................... 115
6.1.9.3. Measurement mode ......................121
6.1.9.4. Operation criteria ..........................121
6.1.9.5. Setting groups .............................124
6.1.9.6. Parameters and events ................. 125
6.1.10. Earth fault protection (single stage)................126
6.1.10.1. Input/output description .................126
6.1.10.2. Configuration ...............................127
6.1.10.3. Measurement mode ......................130
6.1.10.4. Operation criteria..........................130
6.1.10.5. Setting groups ............................. 130
6.1.10.6. Parameters and events .................130
6.1.11. Directional earth-fault protection (single stage)..130
6.1.11.1. Input/output description .................131
6.1.11.2. Configuration ...............................132
6.1.11.3. Measurement mode......................135
6.1.11.4. Operation criteria..........................135
6.1.11.5. Setting groups .............................137
6.1.11.6. Parameters and events .................137
6.1.12. Earth fault IDMT (single stage)......................138
6.1.12.1. Input/output description .................139
6.1.12.2. Configuration ...............................139
6.1.12.3. Measurement mode ......................143
6.1.12.4. Operation criteria..........................143
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Protection manual
6.1.12.5. Setting groups ............................. 143
6.1.12.6. Parameters and events .................143
6.1.13. Sensitive directional earth fault protection .......144
6.1.13.1. Input/output description .................144
6.1.13.2. Configuration ...............................145
6.1.13.3. Measurement mode ......................148
6.1.13.4. Operation criteria..........................149
6.1.13.5. Setting groups ............................. 151
6.1.13.6. Parameters and events .................151
6.1.14. Sector directional earth fault protection...........152
6.1.14.1. Input/output description .................153
6.1.14.2. Configuration ...............................154
6.1.14.3. Measurement mode ......................159
6.1.14.4. Operation criteria..........................160
6.1.14.5. Trip and Block areas .....................160
6.1.14.6. Start drop-off delay function ...........162
6.1.14.7. Setting groups ............................. 163
6.1.14.8. Parameters and events .................163
6.2. Voltage protection ...................................................163
6.2.1. Overvoltage protection.................................163
6.2.1.1. Input/output description .................164
6.2.1.2. Configuration ............................... 165
6.2.1.3. Measurement mode ......................168
6.2.1.4. Operation criteria ..........................168
6.2.1.5. Setting groups .............................168
6.2.1.6. Parameters and events ................. 169
6.2.2. Undervoltage protection ...............................169
6.2.2.1. Input/output description .................170
6.2.2.2. Configuration ............................... 171
6.2.2.3. Measurement mode ......................174
6.2.2.4. Operation criteria ..........................174
6.2.2.5. Behavior at low voltage values .......175
6.2.2.6. Setting groups .............................176
6.2.2.7. Parameters and events ................. 176
6.2.3. Residual overvoltage protection.....................176
6.2.3.1. Input/output description .................177
6.2.3.2. Configuration ............................... 178
6.2.3.3. Measurement mode ......................181
6.2.3.4. Operation criteria ..........................181
6.2.3.5. Setting groups .............................181
6.2.3.6. Parameters and events ................. 181
6.3. Motor protection .....................................................181
6.3.1. Thermal overload protection .........................182
6.3.1.1. Input/output description .................182
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Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
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6.3.1.2. Configuration ............................... 183
6.3.1.3. Measurement mode ......................186
6.3.1.4. Operation criteria ..........................187
6.3.1.5. Thermal memory at power-down ..... 187
6.3.1.6. Setting groups .............................188
6.3.1.7. Parameters and events ................. 188
6.3.2. Motor start protection...................................188
6.3.2.1. Input/output description .................189
6.3.2.2. Configuration ............................... 190
6.3.2.3. Measurement mode ......................193
6.3.2.4. Operation criteria ..........................193
6.3.2.5. Setting groups .............................194
6.3.2.6. Parameters and events ................. 194
6.3.3. Blocking rotor.............................................194
6.3.3.1. Input/output description .................195
6.3.3.2. Configuration ............................... 195
6.3.3.3. Measurement mode ......................198
6.3.3.4. Operation criteria ..........................198
6.3.3.5. Setting groups .............................199
6.3.3.6. Parameters and events ................. 199
6.3.4. Number of starts .........................................200
6.3.4.1. Input/output description .................200
6.3.4.2. Configuration ............................... 201
6.3.4.3. Measurement mode ......................203
6.3.4.4. Operation criteria ..........................203
6.3.4.5. Setting groups .............................204
6.3.4.6. Parameters and events ................. 204
6.4. Distance protection .................................................205
6.4.1. Distance protection V1................................205
6.4.1.1. Input/output description .................205
6.4.1.2. Configuration ............................... 206
6.4.1.3. Operation mode ...........................212
6.4.1.4. Setting groups .............................214
6.4.1.5. Parameters and events ................. 214
6.4.2. Distance protection V2.................................216
6.4.2.1. Input/output description .................216
6.4.2.2. Configuration ............................... 218
6.4.2.3. Operation mode ...........................228
6.4.2.4. Setting groups .............................229
6.4.2.5. Parameters and events ................. 229
6.4.3. Fault locator...............................................232
6.4.3.1. Input/output description .................233
6.4.3.2. Configuration ............................... 233
6.4.3.3. Operation mode ...........................237
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Protection manual
6.4.3.4. Setting groups .............................238
6.4.3.5. Parameters and events ................. 238
6.5. Differential protection...............................................239
6.5.1. Transformer Differential Protection .................239
6.5.1.1. Input/output description .................240
6.5.1.2. Configuration ............................... 241
6.5.1.3. Measurement mode ......................245
6.5.1.4. Operation criteria ..........................245
6.5.1.5. Tripping characteristic ...................247
6.5.1.6. Inrush stabilization ........................ 248
6.5.1.7. Setting groups .............................249
6.5.1.8. Parameters and events ................. 249
6.5.2. Restricted differential protection.....................250
6.5.2.1. Input/output description .................250
6.5.2.2. Configuration ............................... 251
6.5.2.3. Measurement mode ......................254
6.5.2.4. Operation criteria ..........................254
6.5.2.5. Tripping characteristic ...................255
6.5.2.6. Directional criterion for stabilization
against CT saturation ....................256
6.5.2.7. Setting groups .............................258
6.5.2.8. Parameters and events ................. 258
6.6. Other protections ....................................................259
6.6.1. Unbalanced load protection ..........................259
6.6.1.1. Input/output description .................259
6.6.1.2. Configuration ............................... 260
6.6.1.3. Measurement mode ......................264
6.6.1.4. Operation criteria ..........................264
6.6.1.5. Setting groups .............................265
6.6.1.6. Parameters and events ................. 265
6.6.2. Directional power protection..........................265
6.6.2.1. Input/output description .................266
6.6.2.2. Configuration ............................... 267
6.6.2.3. Measurement mode ......................269
6.6.2.4. Operation criteria ..........................269
6.6.2.5. Setting groups .............................270
6.6.2.6. Parameters and events ................. 270
6.6.3. Low load protection.....................................270
6.6.3.1. Input/output description .................271
6.6.3.2. Configuration ............................... 271
6.6.3.3. Measurement mode ......................274
6.6.3.4. Operation criteria ..........................274
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Protection manual
6.6.3.5. Setting groups .............................275
6.6.3.6. Parameters and events ................. 275
6.6.4. Frequency supervision.................................275
6.6.4.1. Input/output description .................276
6.6.4.2. Configuration ............................... 276
6.6.4.3. Measurement mode ......................279
6.6.4.4. Operation criteria ..........................279
6.6.4.5. Setting groups .............................280
6.6.4.6. Parameters and events ................. 280
6.6.5. Synchronism check.....................................280
6.6.5.1. Input/output description .................281
6.6.5.2. Configuration ............................... 281
6.6.5.3. Measurement mode ......................285
6.6.5.4. Operation criteria ..........................285
6.6.5.5. Setting groups .............................287
6.6.5.6. Parameters and events ................. 287
6.6.6. Switching resonance protection .....................287
6.6.6.1. Input/output description .................288
6.6.6.2. Configuration ............................... 289
6.6.6.3. Measurement mode ......................292
6.6.6.4. Operation criteria ..........................292
6.6.6.5. Setting groups .............................292
6.6.6.6. Parameters and events ................. 293
6.6.7. High harmonic protection .............................293
6.6.7.1. Input/output description .................294
6.6.7.2. Configuration ............................... 294
6.6.7.3. Measurement mode ......................297
6.6.7.4. Operation criteria ..........................297
6.6.7.5. Setting groups .............................298
6.6.7.6. Parameters and events ................. 298
6.6.8. Frequency protection...................................298
6.6.8.1. Input/output description .................299
6.6.8.2. Configuration ............................... 300
6.6.8.3. Measurement mode ......................303
6.6.8.4. Operation criteria ..........................303
6.6.8.5. Setting groups .............................304
6.6.8.6. Parameters and events ................. 305
6.6.9. Circuit-breaker failure protection ....................305
6.6.9.1. Input/output description .................306
6.6.9.2. Configuration ............................... 307
6.6.9.3. Measurement mode ......................313
6.6.9.4. Operation criteria ..........................314
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Protection manual
6.6.9.5. Setting groups .............................314
6.6.9.6. Parameters and events ................. 314
6.6.10. Switching onto fault protection.......................315
6.6.10.1. Input/output description .................315
6.6.10.2. Configuration ...............................316
6.6.10.3. Operation mode ...........................322
6.6.10.4. Setting groups ............................. 322
6.6.10.5. Parameters and events .................323
6.7. Trip conditioning .....................................................323
6.7.1. Input/output description................................325
6.7.2. Configuration..............................................325
6.7.3. Conditioned trip events ................................330
6.7.4. Multiple use of output channel ......................330
6.7.5. Different output channel ...............................330
6.7.6. PTRC general in context wiht IEC-61850........331
6.7.7. Events ......................................................331
6.8. Autoreclose ...........................................................331
6.8.1. Input/output description................................332
6.8.2. Configuration..............................................333
6.8.3. Operation mode..........................................335
6.8.4. Setting groups............................................336
6.8.5. Parameters and events ................................337
6.9. Fault recorder.........................................................338
6.9.1. Input/output description................................338
6.9.2. Configuration..............................................339
6.9.3. Operation ..................................................340
6.9.4. Parameters and events ................................342
6.10. High speed transfer system......................................342
6.10.1. Fast directional indication .............................343
6.10.1.1. Input/output description .................343
6.10.1.2. Configuration ...............................344
6.10.1.3. Measurement mode ......................348
6.10.1.4. Operation criteria..........................348
6.10.1.5. Setting groups ............................. 348
6.10.1.6. Parameters and events .................348
6.10.2. Voltage supervision .....................................348
6.10.2.1. Input/output description .................349
6.10.2.2. Configuration ...............................350
6.10.2.3. Measurement mode ......................354
6.10.2.4. Operation criteria..........................354
6.10.2.5. Setting groups ............................. 354
6.10.2.6. Parameters and events .................354
1MRS755860
10
7. Abbreviations ....................................................... 355
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1MRS755860
Copyrights
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not
be construed as a commitment by ABB Oy. ABB Oy assumes no responsibility for
any errors that may appear in this document.
In no event shall ABB Oy be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or
consequential damages of any nature or kind arising from the use of this document,
nor shall ABB Oy be liable for incidental or consequential damages arising from
the use of any software or hardware described in this document.
This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written
permission from ABB Oy, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third
party nor used for any unauthorized purpose.
The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a license
and may be used, copied or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such
license.
© Copyright 2009 ABB Oy
All rights reserved.
Trademarks
ABB is a registered trademark of ABB Group. All other brand or product names
mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective holders.
Guarantee
Please inquire about the terms of guarantee from your nearest ABB representative.
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1. Introduction
1.1. This manual
This manual describes how to use the protection functions available in
REF 542plus.
This manual is addressed to engineering personnel and to anyone who needs to
configure REF 542plus.
1.2. Use of symbols
This publication includes the following icons that point out safety-related conditions
or other important information:
The warning icon indicates the presence of a hazard which could result
in personal injury.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
The caution icon indicates important information or warning related to
the concept discussed in the text. It might indicate the presence of a
hazard which could result in corruption of software or damage to
equipment or property.
The information icon alerts the reader to relevant facts and conditions.
Although warning hazards are related to personal injury, it should be understood
that operation of damaged equipment could, under certain operational conditions,
result in degraded process performance leading to personal injury or death.
Therefore, comply fully with all warning and caution notices.
1.3. Intended audience
This manual is intended for operators, supervisors and administrators to support
normal use of the product.
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Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1.4. Product documentation
Name of the Manual Document ID
Real Time Clock Synchronization, IRIG-B Input Time Master 1MRS755870
Product Guide 1MRS756269
Configuration Manual 1MRS755871
iButton Programmer User Manual 1MRS755863
Manual Part 3, Installation and Commission 1 VTA100004
Manual Part 4, Communication 1VTA100005
Motor Protection with ATEX Certification, Manual 1MRS755862
SCL Tool Configuration Manual 1MRS756342
Protection Manual 1MRS755860
Technical Reference Manual 1MRS755859
Technical Reference Modbus RTU 1MRS755868
Web Manual, Installation 1MRS755865
Web Manual, Operation 1MRS755864
IEC 61850 PIXIT 1MRS756360
IEC 61850 Conformance Statement 1MRS756361
IEC61850 TISSUES Conformance Statement 1MRS756362
Lifecycle Service Tool 1MRS756725
1MRS755860
1.5. Document revisions
Version IED Revision
number
1VTA0002 15.07.2003 1
1VTA10002 Rev02 10.12.2003 2
1VTA10002 Rev03 01.05.2004 3
A 28.02.2006 Document updated
B 2.5 30.9.2006 Updated to software version V4E03x
C 2.5 SP1 30.04.2007 Updated to software version V4E04x
D 2.6 19.12.2008 Updated to software version V4E06x
E 3.0 04.11.2009 Updated to software version V4F08x
Applicability
This manual is applicable to REF 542plus Release 3.0, software version V4F08x
and subsequent.
Date History
st
release, valid since SW V4C01
nd
release, valid since SW V4D02
rd
release, valid since SW V4D02e
*
language
*
layout
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
2. Safety Information
The safety warnings should always be observed. Non-observance can result in
death, personal injury or substantial damages to property. Guarantee claims might
not be accepted when safety warnings are not respected.
Do not make any changes to the REF 542plus configuration unless you
are familiar with the REF 542plus and its Operating Tool. This might
result in disoperation and loss of warranty.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
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Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
3. Analog measurement
The 8 available Analog Input channel measures are acquired and processed
according to the following flowchart.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A050604
Fig. 3.-1 Analog measurement
The analog signal entering the Analog Input board goes through two hardware
filters to reduce noise. It is then sampled and converted to digital information by a
sigma-delta Analog/Digital converter with an acquisition rate of 19.2kHz.
The acquisition is performed in parallel on all 8 analogue channels, and therefore the
data samples of the network currents and voltages are contemporary, that is, no
phase shift/time delay is introduced between the network quantities.
The digital data is then processed by a digital filter LP1 to reduce the information
bandwidth to 1,5 kHz.
This information is then provided directly to the DFT/ RMS and Math block,
performing the Discrete Fourier Transformation and RMS value analysis for the
th
protection working on the full RMS harmonic content up to the 25
harmonic
(switching resonance, high harmonic) and to the frequency protection for higher
discrimination of zero crossing.
For all the other protection functions, the digital data is down sampled, that is, one
sample each 4 is used to 4800 samples/s , maintaining the same information
bandwidth.
Furthermore, the signal is digitally filtered by LP2 and LP3 (HSTS function
analogue quantities only) and provided to the DFT/ RMS and math block,
performing the discrete fourier transformation and RMS value analysis.
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
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Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
Almost all protection functions are based on the DFT (Discrete Fourier
Transformation) calculation for the selected network rated frequency. Only the
thermal overload protection performs the temperature calculation by applying the
RMS current values, in which all harmonics are considered.
In addition the following functions use:
*
Overcurrent instantaneous
To function the peak value of the measured current under transient condition for a
faster response. This is when the instantaneous peak value is over three times higher.
SQRT (2) the RMS value:
II
xpeak xRMS__
*
Inrush harmonic
The function evaluates the ratio between the current values at 2
23>⋅
nd
harmonic and at
fundamental frequency.
*
Differential protection
The function evaluates the measured amount of differential current at the
nd
fundamental, 2
and 5thharmonic frequencies.
(1)
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Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
4. Analog Inputs
The Analog Inputs dialog allows the user to configure:
*
Analog input channels
*
Network characteristics (REF 542plus can handle currents or voltages from two
different networks)
*
Calculated values (power, THD, mean and maximum current values over the
desired time interval)
4.1. Analog Inputs
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Fig. 4.1.-1 Analog Inputs
A050606
To ease the input of analog input channels, the user can push the Get group data
button in the Inputs tab of Analog Inputs dialog and then select the used board from
the list. This automatically configures the used analog input channels to the proper
sensor type and sets default values for each sensor type.
19
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
4.1.1. Analog board selection
Fig. 4.1.1.-1 Analog board selection
1MRS755860
A050695
To complete the configuration of each analog input channel, that is, to set the
appropriate Rated Primary and Secondary Values, the user must double-click the
line in the Inputs tab of Analog Inputs dialog.
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
4.1.2. Current transformer
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A050607
Fig. 4.1.2.-1 Current transformer
Board Input Rated Value (IRV) at present can be 0.2, 1 or 5 A only depending on the
type of CT mounted on Analog Input board.
In case of a mismatch between Rated Secondary Value (RSV) and Board Input
Rated Value, REF 542plus automatically compensates the protection function
thresholds.
Default direction of the polarity for the CT is Line. If Bus is selected, the polarity of
analog signal will be inverted to preserve directions in directional protections. The
amplitude and phase corrections can be introduced.
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
4.1.3. Current Rogowski
1MRS755860
A050608
Fig. 4.1.3.-1 Current Rogowski
The current sensors usually cover a rated primary current range, for example the
type KEVCD 24 A covers the primary current range 80 – 1250A.
One value should be chosen as Rated Primary Value (RPV), usually the value
matching through the current sensor rated transformation ratio the Rated Secondary
Value (RSV) and Board Input Rated Value (IRV). For example, with a
transformation ratio 80 A/0.150 V and RSV, IRV value of 0.150 V a RPV of 80 A
can be chosen. The RPV value introduced will be used as the rated current in
protection functions.
The rated transformation ratio of current sensors, typically 80 A/0.150
V, shall always be correctly introduced to avoid incorrect
measurements. Such ratio shall equal the ratio of RPV over RSV.
IRV at present can be only 0.150 V depending on the Rogowski sensor input on
Analog Input board. In case of a mismatch between RSV and IRV, REF 542plus
automatically compensates the protection function thresholds.
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Default direction for the polarity of the Rogowski current sensors is Line. If Bus is
selected, the polarity of analog signal will be inverted to preserve directions in
directional protections. The amplitude and phase corrections can be introduced.
4.1.4. Voltage transformer
Voltage transformers can be phase, line or residual (open delta) voltage
transformers.
Phase-voltage transformer
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A050609
Fig. 4.1.4.-1 Phase-voltage transformer
Phase-voltage transformers normally refer the rated phase-voltage at primary side
with rated phase voltage on the secondary side, for example:
20
This is shown below RSV line in the Transformer ratio dialog. When
entering the VT rated voltage data, it is not necessary to perform division by:
100
kV V
:
3
3
(2)
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
3
(3)
IRV at present can be 100 V only depending on the input transformer mounted on
Analog Input Board.
In case of a mismatch between RSV and IRV, REF 542plus automatically
compensates protection function thresholds. If Invert phase is selected, the polarity
of analog signal will be inverted. The amplitude and phase corrections can be
introduced.
Line voltage transformer
24
A050612
Fig. 4.1.4.-2 Line voltage transformer
Line voltage transformers normally refer rated line voltage at primary side with
rated voltage on secondary side, for example 20 kV:100 V. This is shown below the
RSV line in Transformer ratio dialog.
IRV at present can be 100 V only depending on the input transformer mounted on
Analog Input Board.
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1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
In case of a mismatch between RSV and IRV, REF 542plus automatically
compensates protection function thresholds. If Invert phase is selected, the polarity
of analog signal will be inverted. The amplitude and phase corrections can be
introduced.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Residual voltage transformer (open delta)
A050683
Fig. 4.1.4.-3 Residual voltage transformer (open delta)
Residual voltage transformers normally refer rated phase-voltage at the primary side
with secondary side rated voltage of each winding in the open delta, for example:
20
This is shown below RSV line in Transform ratio dialog.
When entering VT rated voltage data, it is not necessary for the user to perform any
division. The user must simply select in the VT type dialog the corresponding
secondary winding denominator.
kV
3
100
:
3
(4)
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
IRV at present can be 100 V only depending on the input transformer mounted on
Analog Input Board.
In case of a mismatch between RSV and IRV, REF 542plus automatically
compensates the protection function thresholds. If Invert phase is selected, the
polarity of analog signal will be inverted. The amplitude and phase corrections can
be introduced.
4.2. General constraints
*
Channels 1... 6 can be used only for phase currents, phase voltages or line
voltages
*
Channels 7 and 8 can be used also either for neutral current, residual voltage or
line voltage for synchronism check function.
*
Current and voltage sensors inside the triples 1 ... 3 and 4 ... 6 must have the
same characteristics (RPV, RSV and IRV)
1MRS755860
4.3. Network characteristics
Fig. 4.3.-1 Networks tab
REF 542plus can handle two different networks or network parts having the same
frequency. By default only one network is used.
If the second network is needed, it must be enabled in the Networks tab of Analog
Inputs dialog.
A050687
26
For each network the rated nominal voltage and current can be configured. These
values are used by HMI led bars to scale the displayed quantities.
All the protection functions refer to Analog Input RPV as In, Un to
scale Start values.
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
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Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
4.4. Calculated values
The three-phase power or the Aaron power calculation scheme can be applied for
the power calculation. Also active and reactive energies are calculated. Thereby, the
preferred reference system for the calculation can either be load or generator.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Fig. 4.4.-1 Calculated values
For monitoring purposes, the following values are calculated:
*
*
Demand and maximal demand current
The demand current is calculated as the mean value within a certain demand
value period up to 30 min. The maximal demand current is the maximal of the
demand currents from the last reset command.
The equation used to calculate the demand current is (IIR filter):
()
+×
4095
() ( )
−
1
4096
(5)
I
mean t
II
value t mean t
=
()
The calculation period is 2.5 ms and the refresh time is 1 min.
Demand and maximal demand active and reactive power
The demand power is calculated as the mean value within a certain demand
values period up to 30 min. The maximal demand power is the maximal of the
demand powers from the last reset command.
A080144
The equation used to calculate the demand power is (IIR filter):
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
()
+×
4095
() ( )
−
1
4096
P
mean t
PP
value t mean t
=
()
1MRS755860
(6)
The calculation period is 2.5 ms and the refresh time is 1 min.
*
Minimum/maximum voltage calculation
Minimum/maximum voltages are the minimum/maximum of the measured line
voltages (RMS on fundamental component) from the last reset command.
*
Maximum current calculation
Maximum current is the maximum of the measured phase currents (RMS on
fundamental component) belonging to a network from the last reset command.
*
Maximum active and reactive power calculation
Maximum active and reactive power is the maximum measured active and
reactive power (negative, positive and absolute values) from the last reset
command.
The following calculated values are shown on the HMI and available for
transmission to remote control center:
*
Demand and maximal demand current
*
Demand and maximal demand active and reactive power
The reset of the maximal demand values can be done by the related command from
the HMI or from the remote control center. The following calculated values are not
shown on the HMI and they are available only for transmission to the remote control
center:
*
Minimum/maximum voltage
*
Maximum current
*
Maximum active and reactive power
The reset of the remote calculated values is selectable:
*
After reading
The measurements are reset automatically by REF 542plus after the values are
read out. This mode is used when the measurement values are read only by the
remote control center and not polled for periodic reading by the communication
module.
*
By command
28
The measurements are reset by the related reset command. This mode is used
when the measurement values are polled for periodic reading by the
communication module. This mode is mandatory when selecting the IEC61850
protocol.
The following calculated values are saved at power-down:
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1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
*
Maximal demand current
*
Maximal demand active and reactive power
*
Minimum/maximum voltage
*
Maximum current
*
Maximum active and reactive power
REF 542plusREF 542plus
The THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) is calculated, only on voltages, as percentage
of the RMS voltage of the harmonics excluding the fundamental component:
22
VV
−
THD
(%) =×
100
RMS FUND
V
RMS
(7)
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
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Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
5. Control and monitoring
5.1. Measurement supervision NPS and PPS
REF 542plus provides two types of measurement supervision functions. Each of
them can be independently activated:
*
Positive Phase Sequence (PPS)
*
Negative Phase Sequence (NPS)
Fig. 5.1.-1 Measurement supervision
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A050689
5.1.1. Input/output description
Table 5.1.1.-1 Input
Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
When the BS signal becomes active, the measurement supervision function is reset
no matter its state. This means that all the output pins go low generating the required
events (if any), and all the internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection
function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.
Table 5.1.1.-2 Output
Name Type Description
Warning Digital signal (active high) Warning signal
Failing Digital signal (active high) Failing signal
Warning is the start signal. Warning signal will be activated when the start
conditions are true. The negative phase sequence value exceeds the setting threshold
value for NPS , and the positive phase sequence value falls below the setting
threshold value for PPS.
Failing signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the operating
time has elapsed.
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
5.1.2. Configuration
1MRS755860
Fig. 5.1.2.-1 General
Fig. 5.1.2.-2 Sensors
A050690
A050691
32
The measurement supervision functions operate on all sensors in a triple. The analog
channels 1-3 or 4-6 can be used to supervize the phase currents, phase voltages or
line voltages.
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1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
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Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A050692
Fig. 5.1.2.-3 Parameters
Start Value: Positive/Negative phase sequence threshold for Start condition detection.
Time: Time delay for Trip condition detection.
Fig. 5.1.2.-4 Events
A050693
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
Fig. 5.1.2.-5 Pins
5.1.3. Measurement mode
Measurement supervision functions evaluate the measured amount of positive and
negative phase sequence values at the fundamental frequency.
5.1.4. Operation criteria
If the negative phase sequence value exceeds the setting threshold value (Start
value) in the NPS based functions, or if the positive phase sequence value falls
below the setting threshold (Start value) the function enters the START status and
raises the warning. After the preset operating time (Time delay) has elapsed, the
failing signal is generated.
The measurement function will come back in passive status and the warning signal
will be cleared, if the negative phase sequence value falls below 0.95 the setting
threshold value for NPS , or if the positive phase sequence value exceed 1.05 the
setting threshold value for PPS.
The measurement function will exit the failing status and the failing signal will be
cleared when the negative phase sequence value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold
value for NPS, or if the positive phase sequence value exceed 1.05 the setting
threshold value for PPS.
A050694
5.1.5. Setting groups
Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the measurement supervision
functions.
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
5.1.6. Parameters and events
Table 5.1.6.-1 Setting values
Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Start value
(PPS)
Time delay 30 ... 30000 ms 1000 Time delay from start condition
Start value
(NPS)
Time delay 30 ... 30000 ms 1000 Time delay from start condition
Table 5.1.6.-2 Events
Code Event reason
E0 Warning signal is active
E1 Warning signal cancelled
E6 Failing signal is active
E7 Failing signal is back to inactive state
E18 Function block signal is active
E19 Function block signal is back to inactive state
0.30 ... 0.90 In or Un 0.85 PPS threshold to undergo.
0.05 ... 0.40 In or Un 0.10 NPS threshold to be exceeded.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
(warning signal) to failing
signal.
to failing signal.
By default all events are disabled.
5.2. Power factor controller
The power factor controller is designed to control reactive power compensation in
power systems. The magnitude of the reactive power in the network is derived from
the measured power factor. Consequently, the power factor controller permanently
monitors the power factor, which is defined as the ratio of the effective power to the
active power. The PFC then controls the switching ON/OFF the available capacitors
banks to reach the set power factor target.
Fig. 5.2.-1 Power factor controller
A050697
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
5.2.1. Input/output description
Table 5.2.1.-1 Input
Name Type Description
BL Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
DISCONNECT Digital signal (active high) Disconnect all capacitor
RESET Digital signal (active high) Reset the function
OVERTEMP. Digital signal (active high) Overtemperature
VMIN / VMAX Digital signal (active high) Voltage out of range
VA MAX Digital signal (active high) Overload due to overvoltage
MODE: MAN. Digital signal (active high) Mode manual
SET NIGHT Digital signal (active high) Set night parameter
MANUAL CONTROL BANK 0 Digital signal (active high) Switch bank 0 manually
MANUAL CONTROL BANK 1 Digital signal (active high) Switch bank 1 manually
MANUAL CONTROL BANK 2 Digital signal (active high) Switch bank 2 manually
MANUAL CONTROL BANK 3 Digital signal (active high) Switch bank 3 manually
CHECKED BACK BANK 0 Digital signal (active high) Status on indication bank 0
CHECKED BACK BANK 1 Digital signal (active high) Status on indication bank 1
CHECKED BACK BANK 2 Digital signal (active high) Status on indication bank 2
CHECKED BACK BANK 3 Digital signal (active high) Status on indication bank 3
1MRS755860
banks
When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset no matter its
state. This means that all the output pins go low generating the required events (if
any), and all the internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection function
will then remain in idle state until BS signal goes low.
Table 5.2.1.-2 Output
Name Type Description
Q ALARM Digital signal (active high) Alarm indication Q
COS ФALARM Digital signal (active high) Alarm indication cos Ф
OPERAT. ALARM Digital signal (active high) Operation Alarm (reset only
by power off)
GENERAL ALARM Digital signal (active high) General alarm
SWITCH ON/OFF BANK 0 Digital signal (active high) Bank 0 on (high), off (low)
SWITCH ON/OFF BANK 1 Digital signal (active high) Bank 1 on (high), off (low)
SWITCH ON/OFF BANK 2 Digital signal (active high) Bank 2 on (high), off (low)
SWITCH ON/OFF BANK 3 Digital signal (active high) Bank 3 on (high), off (low)
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
5.2.2. Configuration
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Fig. 5.2.2.-1 General
Fig. 5.2.2.-2 Capacitor banks
A050698
A050699
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
Fig. 5.2.2.-3 Control data
Fig. 5.2.2.-4 Time
A050700
A050701
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Fig. 5.2.2.-5 Events
By default all events are disabled.
A050702
Fig. 5.2.2.-6 Pins
5.2.3. Measurement mode
When a reactive power consumer is switched into the network, the current variable
increases. Simultaneously, the phase displacement increases in relation to the related
voltage quantity. As a result, the reactive power increases and the power factor is
reduced correspondingly. Because of the increase in the current measured quantity
A050750
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
and the angle of the phase displacement, an increased voltage drop in the power
system must be taken into account. For more detailed information please refer to the
corresponding application notes.
5.2.4. Parameters and events
Table 5.2.4.-1 Setting values
Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Neutral zone 105 … 200 % Q
Pickup zone 0 … 100 % Q
Reactive power of
smallest Q
Number of banks 1 … 41
Maximum switching
cycles
Set point cos phi 0.7 ... 1.0 Ind/cap 0.9 ind
Limiting value cos phi 0 … 1 Ind/cap 0
Discharge blocking
time
Dead Time 1 … 120 s 10
Power on delay 1 … 7200 s 900
Duration of
integration
CO
1 … 20000 kVA 100
1 … 10000 2500
1 … 7200 s 900
1 … 7200 s 900
CO
CO
1MRS755860
115
0
Table 5.2.4.-2 Events
Code Event reason
E0 Bank 0 on
E1 Bank 1 on
E2 Bank 2 on
E3 Bank 3 on
E4 Bank 0 off
E5 Bank 1 off
E6 Bank 2 off
E7 Bank 3 off
E8 Overtemperature started
E9 Overtemperature back
E10 Va max started
E11 Va max back
E12 Vmin/Vmax started
E13 Vmin/Vmax back
E14 Command DISCONNECT started
E15 Command DISCONNECT back
E16 Cos phi warning started
E17 Cos phi warning back
E18 Alarm Q started
E19 Alarm Q back
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Code Event reason
E20 Warning switching cycle
E21 Alarm reset
E22 Block signal started
E23 Block signal back
E24 Manual operating mode
E25 Automatic operating mode
E26 Night mode
E27 Day mode
5.3. Circuit breaker monitoring
Circuit breaker monitoring can be used to supervise the contact wear condition by
calculating the switched current and to help to analyze faults by storing all
configured measurements in case of a CB trip.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
5.3.1. Configuration
Fig. 5.3.1.-1 Currents
A080170
Current sensors used for CB Switched Currents calculation.
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
A080172
Fig. 5.3.1.-2 Settings
Circuit Breaker
CB Open channel: Number of the output channel used to open
the circuit breaker. In case a Switching
Object 2-2 configured as CB or the PTRC
General are installed, the REF 542plus
Configuration Tool will take automatically
the configured CB open channel and
disable the edited channel of this setting.
CB Switched Currents
Enable Switched Currents recording: If enabled, the values of the last six CB
Switched Currents are stored in the nonvolatile memory with the date and time of
switching.
Switched Currents break time: Switched Currents break time is the time
between the start of the switching and the
breaking of the circuit breaker main contact
for recording the switched current.
CB Contact Wear
Parameters (A, B, C, K): These parameters are used for the internal
Contact Wear calculation done with the
equation presented in the dialog box.
CB Trip Context
Enable Trip Context recording: If enabled, the values of the last six CB Trip
Contexts are stored in the non-volatile
memory with the date and time of tripping.
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1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Fig. 5.3.1.-3 Events
5.3.2. Measurement mode
The switched current is calculated as the maximum RMS value at the fundamental
frequency until the moment of contact separation.
The trip context is represented by all the configured measurements at the instant of
CB Trip. Maximum six switched current/trip context values are stored in order to
cover system operation using auto-reclose with up to five multi-shots.
5.3.3. Operation criteria
The switched currents are recorded each time the circuit breaker is opened. The trip
context is recorded each time the circuit breaker is opened due to a protection trip.
A080174
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
5.3.4. Parameters and events
Table 5.3.4.-1 Setting values
Values Unit Default Explanation
CB Switched Currents
recording
0 … 500 ms 30 CB contact separation time
1.0 … 1.6 1.0 Parameter for contact wear calculation
2.8 … 3.3 3.000 Parameter for contact wear calculation
1.0 … 1.0 1.000 Parameter for contact wear calculation
0… 65000 10000 Parameter for contact wear calculation
CB Trip Context recording Enabled Enable/Disable CB Trip Context recording
Table 5.3.4.-2 Events
Code Event reason
E1 CB switched currents record 1 available
E2 CB switched currents record 2 available
E3 CB switched currents record 3 available
E4 CB switched currents record 4 available
E5 CB switched currents record 5 available
E6 CB switched currents record 6 available
E10 CB switched currents recorded data reset
E11 CB switched currents recorded data store fail
E12 CB switched currents recorded data store okay
E17 Trip context record 1 available
E18 Trip context record 2 available
E19 Trip context record 3 available
E20 Trip context record 4 available
E21 Trip context record 5 available
E22 Trip context record 6 available
E26 Trip context recorded data reset
E27 Trip context recorded data store fail
E28 Trip context recorded data store okay
1MRS755860
Disabled Enable/Disable CB Switched Currents
recording
By default all events are disabled.
5.3.5. Data reading
The function for reading of the circuit breaker monitoring data can be used for:
*
Uploading data from the connected REF 542plus
*
Reset data in the connected REF 542plus
*
Save uploaded data to a recorded file (text format)
*
Uploading data from the recorded file
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A080146
Fig. 5.3.5.-1 Settings
Click the Settings tab to select the location of the CB Monitoring recording files and
file prefixes. The recording file name is automatically composed by the REF
542plus Configuration Tool with the following items:
*
User editable prefix
*
Feeder name
*
Device communication address
An example of a CB Switched Currents recording file name:
SC_Feeder_98.txt
Where:
SC The prefix of the recorded file
Feeder The feeder name from the device configuration. In case the feeder name is
empty, the default (Feeder) is used.
98 The device communication address (SPA, IEC103, LON, and so on) read from
the device configuration. In case the address is an IP address (ETHERNET
board), the standard dot separator is replaced by dash to avoid confusion on
file extension (for example 198-162-2-112).
The file name is unique in a project, because two devices cannot have
the same feeder name and communication address.
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
1MRS755860
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Click the CB Switched Currents or the CB Trip Context tab to upload the
information relating to the circuit breaker switched currents or circuit breaker trip
context from file or from REF 542plus.
Fig. 5.3.5.-2 CB Switched Currents
A080148
46
A080150
Fig. 5.3.5.-3 CB Trip Context
Page 47
1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Fig. 5.3.5.-4 Upload from file
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A080152
Fig. 5.3.5.-5 Upload from REF 542plus
*
Device information
Device information displays data regarding REF 542plus and its configuration.
*
File information
When uploading from REF 542plus, File information displays the location and
the file name where the data is saved when clicking Save To File. When
uploading from file, it displays the location and the file name of the uploaded
file.
A080154
47
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
The data table displays the CB Monitoring data type (CB Switched Currents or
CB Trip Context) and the upload source (device/file). The information is
presented in a table where each row contains the data relevant to one record.
The time stamp contains also its quality. It is set to "Good” in case the
record has been time-stamped when the device time was synchronized;
otherwise it is set to “Bad”.
*
Save To File
You can use Save To File after a successful upload from REF 542plus. In case
the file does not exist, the file is created. Otherwise the file is saved into a backup
file (*.bak) and the new uploaded records are appended to the file. In order to
save the file, the uploaded and the saved file has to be compatible. The files are
compatible when they have the same device information and the same record
format (number of data and measurements name). In case the files are not
compatible the existing file is replaced by the uploaded one. In case a new
configuration has been downloaded to REF 542plus, the user can choose to
append the new records to the saved file or to save only the new ones.
*
Reset Device Data
You can use Reset Device Data after a successful upload from REF 542plus.
After a requested confirmation, the CB Monitoring data stored in REF 542plus is
reset.
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
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Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6. Protection functions
6.1. Current protection functions
6.1.1. Inrush blocking
REF 542plus has one inrush blocking protection function. This function is
appropriate for application in motor protection scheme in order to block the
corresponding overcurrent protection.
The following current protection functions are blocked by the inrush blocking
protection function without the need of additional wiring in the FUPLA (that is, the
block to the protection functions is implicit).
*
Overcurrent instantaneous
*
Overcurrent high
*
Overcurrent low
*
Directional overcurrent high
*
Directional overcurrent low
*
IDMT
*
Earthfault IDMT
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Fig. 6.1.1.-1 Inrush blocking
6.1.1.1. Input/output description
Table 6.1.1.1.-1 Input
Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter its
state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the required events (if
any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection function will
then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.
A050769
49
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
Table 6.1.1.1.-2 Output
Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when the respective phase current start conditions are true and the
overcurrent protection will be implicitly blocked until the operating time (Time)
has elapsed.
The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true (inrush
detection), the maximum measured current exceeds the threshold (limit N•I>>) and
the relevant overcurrent protection operating time has elapsed.
6.1.1.2. Configuration
Fig. 6.1.1.2.-1 General
A050770
50
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1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A090004
Fig. 6.1.1.2.-2 Fast I/O
Output Channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the trip or the general
start command, that is, skipping the FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
Input Channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the block command,
skipping the FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
51
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
A050811
Fig. 6.1.1.2.-3 Sensors
The protection function operates on any combination of current phases in a triple,
for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase or three-phase protection
on phase currents belonging to the same system.
52
A050812
Fig. 6.1.1.2.-4 Parameters
Page 53
1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
N: Threshold I>> multiplier for fault detection and inrush protection trip
M: Threshold I> multiplier for inrush detection
Time: Overcurrent protection blocking Time at inrush detection
Fig. 6.1.1.2.-5 Events
Fig. 6.1.1.2.-6 Pins
A050813
A050814
53
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.1.3. Measurement mode
Inrush blocking function evaluates the current at the fundamental frequency.
6.1.1.4. Operation criteria
An inrush is detected if the maximum measured current exceeds the threshold M•I>
within 60 ms after it exceeded 10% of current threshold I>.
Here I> is the threshold (Start value I>) of the overcurrent low protection
function. If this protection function is not installed, the threshold of IDMT
protection function (Base current Ieb:, if installed) is used or a standard value
of 0.05•I
If an inrush is detected, the above-listed protection functions are blocked until the
end of inrush has been detected or the maximum preset inrush duration (that is,
Time) has elapsed.
(if IDMT also is not installed).
N
1MRS755860
The end of inrush condition is detected when the maximum measured current falls
below M•0.65•I>. A counter is then started and 100 ms later the end of inrush is
assumed. The current protection functions are then released from the block.
At feeder start-up, with current zero, the implicit block of the
overcurrent protection function is already active. Only as the current
increases, the inrush condition is evaluated and the block can be
released if an inrush is not present.
The inrush blocking itself becomes a protection function, if the maximum measured
current exceeds the limit N•I>> after the inrush detection. The operating time is that
of the overcurrent instantaneous (if installed) or 80 ms.
Here I>> is the threshold (Start value I>>) of the overcurrent high protection
function. If this protection function is not installed, the threshold of overcurrent
instantaneous protection function (if installed) is used or a standard value of 0.10•I
(if overcurrent instantaneous also is not installed).
The following three diagrams are not scaled, but they are provided solely for a better
understanding of the explanations of how the inrush blocking works.
Tesb is the operation counter that is compared to the set overcurrent protection
blocking time (that is, Time).
N
54
In Fig. 6.1.1.4.-1 inrush is detected within the 60 ms window. Then the end of
inrush condition is detected and the block released before protection-blocking time
expires.
Page 55
1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A050815
Fig. 6.1.1.4.-1 Current-time characteristic of the detected inrush process
In Fig. 6.1.1.4.-2 inrush is detected within the 60 ms window. Then the end of
inrush condition is detected and the block released before protection-blocking time
expires. The current value is over the I> threshold and that protection function will
start timing and trip in due time.
Fig. 6.1.1.4.-2 Current-time characteristic of the detected overload
A050816
55
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
In Fig. 6.1.1.4.-3 inrush is detected within the 60 ms window, no end of inrush
condition is detected and the protection-blocking time expires. The current value is
over the I>> threshold and that protection function will start timing and trip in due
time.
Fig. 6.1.1.4.-3 Current-time characteristic when no inrush condition is detected
6.1.1.5. Setting groups
Two parameter sets can be configured for the inrush blocking protection function.
6.1.1.6. Parameters and events
Table 6.1.1.6.-1 Setting values
Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
N 2.0 ... 8.0 2.0 Threshold I>> multiplier for fault
M 3.0 ... 4.0 3.0 Threshold I> multiplier for inrush
Time 200 ... 100000 ms 250 overcurrent protection blocking
A050817
detection and trip
detection
Time after inrush detection
56
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1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Table 6.1.1.6.-2 Events
Code Event reason
E0 Start L1 started
E1 Start L1 back
E2 Start L2 started
E3 Start L2 back
E4 Start L3 started
E5 Start L3 back
E6 Trip started
E7 Trip back
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back
By default all events are disabled.
6.1.2. Inrush harmonic
REF 542plusREF 542plus
REF 542plus has an inrush harmonic function which can be used to temporarily
block protection functions.
The following current protection functions are blocked by the inrush harmonic
protection function without the need of additional wiring in the FUPLA, that is, the
block to the protection functions is implicit.
*
Overcurrent instantaneous
*
Overcurrent high
*
Overcurrent low
*
Directional overcurrent high
*
Directional overcurrent low
*
IDMT
*
Earthfault IDMT
Other protection functions, such as distance protection, can be blocked by wiring
them to FUPLA.
Fig. 6.1.2.-1 Inrush harmonic
A050818
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.2.1. Input/output description
Table 6.1.2.1.-1 Input
Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter its
state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the required events (if
any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection function will
then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.
Table 6.1.2.1.-2 Output
Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
Start signal can be wired in FUPLA to signal inrush condition status or to the
protection functions BS input pins (different from those listed above and implicitly
blocked) to temporarily block during an inrush transient. This means that the block
to the protection functions is explicit.
1MRS755860
6.1.2.2. Configuration
Fig. 6.1.2.2.-1 General
A050819
58
Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command, that
is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
Page 59
1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Fig. 6.1.2.2.-2 Sensors
The protection function operates on any set of phase currents in a triple.
A050820
Fig. 6.1.2.2.-3 Parameters
A050821
59
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
1MRS755860
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Minimum current threshold: Current threshold for inrush detection.
Fault current threshold: Current threshold for fault detection.
Harmonic ratio threshold: 2nd/fundamental current ratio threshold for inrush
detection.
Fig. 6.1.2.2.-4 Events
Fig. 6.1.2.2.-5 Pins
A050822
A050823
60
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1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.2.3. Measurement mode
Inrush harmonic protection function evaluates the ratio between current values at
2nd harmonic and at fundamental frequency.
6.1.2.4. Operation criteria
If for at least one phase current:
the current is not in steady-state condition,
AND the current value at fundamental frequency is above the preset minimum
current threshold (that is, Min current threshold),
AND the current value is below the preset maximum current threshold (that is,
Fault current threshold),
REF 542plusREF 542plus
AND the harmonic ratio between the current values at 2
nd
harmonic and at
fundamental frequency exceeds the preset threshold (that is, Harmonic ratio
threshold)
then the protection function is started and the start signal will be activated.
The start criteria is illustrated in the following flowchart:
A050824
The protection function will remain in START status until at least for one phase the
above conditions (steady state excluded) are true. It will come back in passive status
with a 10ms delay when:
61
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
for all the phases at least one condition falls below 0.95 the setting threshold value
(that is, Min Current threshold or Harmonic ratio threshold
respectively),
OR at least for one phase the current value exceeds the preset maximum current
threshold (that is, Fault current threshold).
6.1.2.5. Steady-state detection
Steady-state condition is detected if:
the current value at fundamental frequency falls below the preset minimum current
threshold (that is, Min current threshold) for at least 10 ms,
OR the current value at fundamental frequency is between 95% and 105% of the
previous period for at least one period.
1MRS755860
6.1.2.6. Setting groups
Two parameter sets can be configured for the harmonic inrush protection function.
6.1.2.7. Parameters and events
Table 6.1.2.7.-1 Setting values
Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Minimum current
threshold
Fault current
threshold
Harmonic ratio
threshold
Table 6.1.2.7.-2 Events
Code Event reason
E0 Protection has started
E1 Start is cancelled
E18 Protection block signal is active started
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state
0.05 ... 40.00 ln 0.5 Current threshold for inrush
0.05 ... 40.00 ln 2 Current threshold for fault
5 ... 50 % 10 2
detection, if exceeded the inrush
conditions are evaluated.
detection, if exceeded the inrush
start is set to low.
nd
/fundamental current ratio
threshold for in-rush detection.
By default all events are disabled.
6.1.3. Non-directional overcurrent protection
In the non-directional overcurrent protection can up to eight instances be applied.
62
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Fig. 6.1.3.-1 Non-directional overcurrent protection
6.1.3.1. Input/output description
Table 6.1.3.1.-1 Input
Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter its
state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the required events (if
any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection function
remains in idle state until the BS signal goes low.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A080156
Table 6.1.3.1.-2 Outputs
Name Type Description
START L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
START L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
START L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
GEN.START Digital signal (active high) General start signal (logical OR combination
of all start signal inclusive reset time)
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
The START signal is activated when the respective phase current start conditions are
true. START L1 – L3 are the phase selective start signals. The GEN. START is a
logical OR combination of the start signal START L1 – L3 and remains active until
the reset time, if used, is expired. The TRIP signal is activated when the start
conditions are true and the operating time has elapsed at least for one phase current.
63
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.3.2. Configuration
1MRS755860
Fig. 6.1.3.2.-1 General
A080158
64
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1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A090006
Fig. 6.1.3.2.-2 Fast I/O
Output channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the trip command or
general start command, that is, skipping the FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
Input channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the block command, that
is, skipping the FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
65
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
A080160
Fig. 6.1.3.2.-3 Sensors
The protection function operates on any combination of the phase current in a triple,
for example, it can operate as single-phase, double-phase or three-phase protection
on the phase currents belonging to the same network.
66
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A080162
Fig. 6.1.3.2.-4 Mode
Status: Mode of the operating status on or off
Mode: Mode for the overcurrent, instantaneous,
definite or inverse time
IDMT (IEEE): Free programmable inverse time curve
according to equation
A,P,B, Td: Parameter for the free programmable
inverse time curve
t-I Diagram: Diagram of the inverse time operation
characteristic
Reset type: Mode of the reset time
Reset time: Timer resets after start current condition is
not valid anymore
67
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
Fig. 6.1.3.2.-5 Parameter
Start Value: Current threshold for start
Def. operate time: Operation time in mode definite time
A080164
68
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Fig. 6.1.3.2.-6 Events
A080166
Fig. 6.1.3.2.-7 Pins
A080168
69
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⎝
⎠
⎝
⎠
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.3.3. Measurement mode
All overcurrent functions evaluate the current RMS value at the fundamental
frequency. In case of the overcurrent definite time instantaneous, the peak value of
the measured current is also used under transient condition for a faster response.
When the instantaneous peak value is higher than three times the peak value, in
relation to the RMS value, a trip is generated.
6.1.3.4. Operation criteria
If the measured current exceeds the setting threshold value (Start Value), the
overcurrent protection function is started. The start signal is phase selective, that is,
when at least a value of one phase current is above the setting threshold value the
relevant start signal is activated. The protection function remains in START status
until there is at least one phase started. It returns to passive status and the start signal
is cleared if for all the phases the current falls below 0.95 the setting threshold value.
1MRS755860
After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time (Time)
has elapsed, function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is generated. The
protection function exits the TRIP status and the trip signal is cleared when the
measured current value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold value. The tripping can
be applied according to definite time or inverse time characteristic, which is defined
according to an equation.
A
⎛
t
=
⎜
P
−
M
Where:
t: Operation time to trip
A: Curve parameter for the time value (according to IEC 60255-3)
P: Value for the exponent
M: Ratio of actual current to the pickup current I/In
B: Additional offset time
td: Time-dial to adapt the operation time
The inverse time characteristic (IDMT) is applied after the condition M > 1 is valid.
The operation range is, as defined in the IEC 60255-3 standard, from 1.2 to 20 In.
Each time the protection is started due to a system fault condition (M>1.2), the
IDMT operating counter is incremented according to the equation. When it reaches
the operation time to trip the function operates activating the trip output signal. If
required, a reset type with Inverse time characteristic can be set according to an
equation.
1
+
Btd
⎞
⎟
(8)
tr
⎛
t
=
⎜
M
Where:
70
⎞
td
⎟
P
1
−
(9)
Page 71
1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
t: Operation time to reset
tr: Reset time (for M = 0)
M: Ratio of actual current to the pickup current I/In
td: Time-dial to adapt the operation time additionally
REF 542plusREF 542plus
The reset type inverse time characteristic is valid for 0 < M < 1. In this case the
inverse-time overcurrent protection enters the reset state and decrements the
operating counter according to equation above. If the condition is 1 ≤ M < 1.2, the
counter remains unchanged.
Instead of inverse time reset type a definite time can also be selected. The purpose of
the definite reset time is to enable fast clearance of intermittent faults, for example
self-sealing insulation faults, and severe faults, which may produce high
asymmetrical fault currents that partially saturate the current transformers. It is
typical for an intermittent fault that the fault current contains so called drop-off
periods during which the fault current falls below the set start current including
hysteresis. Without the reset time function, the operating counter would be stopped,
when the current has dropped off. In the same way, an apparent drop-off period of
the secondary current of the saturated current transformer might also reset the
operating counter.
The reset type inverse time can only be applied in conjunction with
inverse time overcurrent protection. For definite time overcurrent
protection only reset type definite time may be used.
6.1.3.5. Setting groups
Two parameter sets can be configured for the non-directional overcurrent protection.
A switch over between the parameter sets can be performed in dependency of the
network configuration. If this is not required, set 1 and set 2 can be parameterized
identically to avoid wrong setting if switch over of parameters has happened
accidentally.
71
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.3.6. Parameters and events
Table 6.1.3.6.-1 Setting values
Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Status On/Off On Operating status
Mode Instantaneous/
IDMT
A (ratio multiplier) 0.005 … 200.000 13.500 Parameter for
P (ratio
exponent)
B (offset time) 0.000 … 50.000 s 0.000 Parameter for
Td (time dial) 0.050 … 5.000 s 0.5000 Parameter for
Reset type Not used/Definite
Reset time (Tr) 0.020 … 100.000 s 1.000 Parameter for reset
Start Value 0.050 … 40.000 In 0.5000 Current threshold for
Def. operate time 0.015 … 300.000 s 0.080 Time delay for trip
0.005 … 3.000 1.000 Parameter for
time/Inverse time
1MRS755860
Instantaneous Operation
characteristic
operation
characteristic
operation
characteristic
operation
characteristic
operation
characteristic
Not used Reset Characteristic
characteristic
start condition
condition
Table 6.1.3.6.-2 Events
Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled
E2 Protection start on phase L2
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled
E4 Protection start on phase L3
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E8 Protection general start (logical OR combination of all start signal)
E9 General start is cancelled (after expiration of the reset time)
E18 Protection block signal is active
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive status
By default all events are disabled.
6.1.4. Directional overcurrent protection
In the directional overcurrent protection can up to eight instances be applied.
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Fig. 6.1.4.-1 Directional overcurrent protection
6.1.4.1. Input/output description
Table 6.1.4.1.-1 Input
Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter its
state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the required events (if
any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection function
remains in idle state until the BS signal goes low.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A080176
Table 6.1.4.1.-2 Output
Name Type Description
START L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1 (fault in set direction)
START L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2 (fault in set direction)
START L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3 (fault in set direction)
GEN.START Digital signal (active high) General start signal (logical OR combination
of all starts including reset time)
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
BO Digital signal (active high) Block output signal (fault in opposite direction)
START L1 to L3 are the phase selective start signals. The phase starting signal is
activated when respective phase current start conditions are true (current exceeds the
setting threshold value and the fault is in the specified direction).
GEN. START is a logical OR combination of the start signal START L1 to L3 and
remains active until the reset time, if used, has expired.
The TRIP signal is activated when at least for a phase current the start conditions are
true and the operating time has elapsed.
Block Output (BO) signal becomes active when the protection function detects a
current exceeding the preset value and the fault direction opposite to the specified
direction.
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.4.2. Configuration
1MRS755860
Fig. 6.1.4.2.-1 General
A080178
74
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A090008
Fig. 6.1.4.2.-2 Fast I/O
Output Channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the trip or general start
command, that is, skipping the FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
Input Channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the block command, that
is, skipping the FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
75
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
A080180
Fig. 6.1.4.2.-3 Sensors
The protection function operates on any combination of current phases in a triple,
for example, it can operate as single-phase, double-phase or three-phase protection
on the phase currents belonging to the same network. The faulty phase current is
combined with the voltage of the corresponding sound phases. The required voltage
measure is automatically selected and displayed in the General dialog box.
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A080182
Fig. 6.1.4.2.-4 Mode
Status: Mode of the operating status on or off
Mode: Mode for the directional overcurrent, definite or inverse time
IDMT (IEEE): Free programmable inverse-time curve according to equation
A,P,B, Td: Parameter for the free programmable inverse-time curve
t-I Diagram: Diagram of the inverse time operation characteristic
Reset type: Mode of the reset time
Reset time: Timer resets after the start current condition not valid any more
77
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
Fig. 6.1.4.2.-5 Parameter
Direction: Directional criteria to be accessed together to overcurrent
condition for the start detection
Start Value: Current threshold for start
Def. operate time: Operation time in mode definite time
A080184
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Fig. 6.1.4.2.-6 Events
A080186
Fig. 6.1.4.2.-7 Pins
A080188
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⎝
⎠
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.4.3. Measurement mode
All overcurrent directional protection functions evaluate the current RMS value at
the fundamental frequency.
6.1.4.4. Operation criteria
If the measured current exceeds the setting threshold value (Start Value), the
overcurrent directional protection function is started, if at least the value of one
phase current is above the setting threshold value. At the same time the general start
signal is activated.
If the general start condition exists and the fault is in a specified direction
(backward/forward), the timer for the operation time is started. The start signal
is phase selective. In case of fault in the opposite direction to the specified one, the
Block Output signal becomes active. The protection function remains in START
status if there is at least one phase started. It comes back in passive status and the
start signal is cleared if for all the phases the current falls below 0.95 the setting
threshold value (or the fault current changes direction).
1MRS755860
When the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, the function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated. The protection function exits the TRIP status and the trip signal is cleared
when the measured current value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold value.
To determine the fault direction, REF 542plus must be connected to the three-phase
voltages. The protection function has a voltage memory, which allows a directional
decision to be produced even if a fault occurs in the close-up area of the voltage
transformer/sensor (when the voltage falls below 0.1 Un).
The inverse time tripping characteristic is defined according to an equation.
A
⎛
t
=
⎜
P
M
−
Where:
t: Operation time to trip
A: Curve parameter for the time value (according to IEC 60255-3)
P: Value for the exponent
M: Ratio of actual current to the pickup current I/In
B: Additional offset time
td: Time dial to adapt the operation time
1
Btd
+
⎞
⎟
(10)
The inverse time characteristic (IDMT) is applied after the condition M > 1 is valid.
The operation range is, as defined in the IEC 60255-3 standard, from 1.2 to 20 In.
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⎝
⎠
1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Each time the protection function is started due to a system fault condition (M>1.2)
the IDMT operating counter is incremented according to the equation (1). When it
reaches the operation time to trip, the function will operate activating the trip output
signal.
If required, a reset type with Inverse time characteristic can be set according to an
equation.
tr
⎛
t
=
⎜
M
Where:
t: Operation time to reset
tr: Reset time
M: Ratio of actual current to the pickup current I/In
td: Time dial to adapt the reset time
⎞
td
⎟
P
1
−
REF 542plusREF 542plus
(11)
The reset type inverse time characteristic is valid for 0 < M < 1. In this case the
inverse time overcurrent protection enters the reset state and decrements the
operating counter according to above equation. If the condition is 1 ≤ M < 1.2, the
counter remains unchanged.
Instead of inverse time reset type a definite time can also be selected. The purpose of
the definite reset time is to enable fast clearance of intermittent faults, for example
self-sealing insulation faults, and severe faults, which may produce high
asymmetrical fault currents that partially saturate the current transformers. It is
typical for an intermittent fault that the fault current contains so called drop-off
periods during which the fault current falls below the set start current including
hysteresis. Without the reset time function, the operating counter would be stopped,
when the current has dropped off. In the same way, an apparent drop-off period of
the secondary current of the saturated current transformer might also reset the
operating counter.
The reset type inverse time can only be applied in conjunction with
inverse time overcurrent protection. For definite time overcurrent
protection only reset type definite time may be used.
6.1.4.5. Current direction
Detection of the current direction is obtained by calculating the reactive power,
which is computed combining the faulty phase current with the voltage of the
corresponding sound phases. The reactive power calculation uses voltage and
current measurements at the fundamental frequency. Before the calculations, the
voltages are shifted to a lagging angle of 45°.
81
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
QIU IU IU
=××
()
LLL
123 1 231 2 312 3
sin sin sin
+××
ϕϕϕ
()
××
()
(12)
Where:
Q Reactive power
IL
1,2,3
U
12,23,31
φ
1,2,3
Current of phase 1, 2 and 3
Line voltages between phases 1-2, 2-3 and 3-1 after shifting -45°
Angles between the currents and the corresponding voltages
Only the phases in which the current exceeds preset threshold are used in the
calculation. If the result of the calculation leads to a negative reactive power, which
is greater than 5% of the nominal apparent power, the fault is in forward direction.
Otherwise, the fault is in backward direction.
A directional signal can be sent to the opposite station using the output (trip) and/or
the Block Output (BO) signal. The content of a directional signal from the opposite
station (BO output) can be used to release tripping of its own directional protective
function. This enables a directional comparison protection to be established.
Fig. 6.1.4.5.-1 Forward and backward direction in the impedance plane in case of a
balanced three-phase fault
Because the application of the fault current is in combination with the sound
voltages, the directional decision area can change. This change depends on the
power system parameters in case of nonsymmetrical fault condition. The criteria for
forward and backward direction are derived from the calculated reactive power.
6.1.4.6. Voltage memory
The directional overcurrent protection function includes a voltage memory feature.
This allows a directional decision to be produced even if a fault occurs in the closeup area of the voltage transformer/sensor. At a sudden loss of voltage, a fictive
voltage is used for direction detection. The fictive voltage is the voltage measured
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
before the fault has occurred, assuming that the voltage is not affected by the fault.
The memory function enables the function block to operate up to 300 seconds after
a total loss of voltage.
When the voltage falls below 0.1 x Un, the fictive voltage is used. The actual
voltage is applied again as soon as the voltage rises above 0.1 x Un for at least 100
ms. The fictive voltage is also discarded if the measured voltage stays below 0.1 x
Un for more than 300 seconds.
6.1.4.7. Setting groups
Two parameter sets can be configured for the directional overcurrent protection
function. Switchover between the parameter sets can be performed in dependency of
the network configuration. If this is not required, set 1 and set 2 can be
parameterized identically to avoid wrong setting if switchover of parameters has
happened accidentally.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
6.1.4.8. Parameters and events
Table 6.1.4.8.-1 Parameters
Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Status On/Off On Operating status
Mode Definite time/
IDMT
A (ratio multiplier) 0.005 … 200.000 13.500 Parameter for operation
P (ratio
exponent)
B (offset time) 0.000 … 50.000 s 0.000 Parameter for operation
Td (time dial) 0.050 … 5.000 s 0.5000 Parameter for operation
Reset type Not used/Definite
Reset time (Tr) 0.020 … 100.000 s 1.000 Parameter for reset
Direction Forward/
Start Value 0.050 … 40.000 In 0.5000 Current threshold for start
Def. operate time 0.015 … 300.000 s 0.080 Time delay for trip condition
0.005 … 3.000 1.000 Parameter for operation
time/Inverse time
backward
Definite time Operation characteristic
characteristic
characteristic
characteristic
characteristic
Not used Reset Characteristic
characteristic
backward Setting for fault direction
condition
83
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
1MRS755860
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Table 6.1.4.8.-2 Events
Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1 (fault in set direction)
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled
E2 Protection start on phase L2 (fault in set direction)
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled
E4 Protection start on phase L3 (fault in set direction)
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E8 Protection general start (logical OR combination of starts)
E9 General start is cancelled (after expiration of reset time)
E16 Block signal is active
E17 Block signal is back to inactive status
E18 Protection block signal is active
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive status
a)
E20 Protection operation
E21 Operation on phase L1 cancelled
E22 Protection operation on phase L2
E23 Operation on phase L2 cancelled
E24 Protection operation on phase L3
E25 Operation on phase L3 cancelled
E26 Protection general operation (logical OR combination of all faults)
E27 General operation cancelled (after expiration of reset time)
E28 Operation on fault direction forward
E29 Operation on fault direction backward
E30 Operation on fault direction unknown
a)
Protection operation is the start of protection on faults independent on direction
on phase L1
By default all events are disabled.
6.1.5. Overcurrent protection (single stage)
REF 542plus provides three overcurrent definite time protection functions, see the
following figures. Each of them can be independently activated.
Fig. 6.1.5.-1 Overcurrent definite time instantaneous (I>>>)
84
A050873
Page 85
1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Fig. 6.1.5.-2 Overcurrent definite time high set (I>>)
Fig. 6.1.5.-3 Overcurrent definite time low set (I>)
6.1.5.1. Input/output description
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A050874
A050875
Table 6.1.5.1.-1 Input
Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter its
state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the required events (if
any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection function will
then remain in idle state until BS signal goes low.
Table 6.1.5.1.-2 Outputs
Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when the respective phase current start conditions are true.
The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for a phase current the start
conditions are true and the operating time has elapsed.
85
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.5.2. Configuration
1MRS755860
Fig. 6.1.5.2.-1 General
Fig. 6.1.5.2.-2 Fast I/O
A050876
A090010
86
Output Channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the trip or general start
command, that is, skipping the FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
Page 87
1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Input Channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the block command, that
is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
A050877
Fig. 6.1.5.2.-3 Sensors
The protection functions operate on any combination of phase currents in a triple,
for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase or three-phase protection
on the phase currents belonging to the same system.
Fig. 6.1.5.2.-4 Parameters
A050878
87
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Start Value: Current threshold for overcurrent condition detection.
Time: Time delay for overcurrent Trip condition detection.
1MRS755860
Fig. 6.1.5.2.-5 Events
Fig. 6.1.5.2.-6 Pins
A050879
A050880
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.5.3. Measurement mode
All overcurrent definite time functions evaluate the current RMS value at the
fundamental frequency. In case of the overcurrent definite time instantaneous, the
peak value of the measured current is also used under transient condition for a faster
response. When the instantaneous peak value is higher than three times SQRT (2)
the RMS value:
REF 542plusREF 542plus
II
xpeak xRMS__
23>⋅
6.1.5.4. Operation criteria
If the measured current exceeds the setting threshold value (Start Value), the
overcurrent protection function is started. The start signal is phase selective, that is,
when at least the value of one phase current is above the setting threshold value the
relevant start signal will be activated.
The protection function will remain in START status until there is at least one phase
started. It will come back in passive status and the start signal will be cleared, if for
all the phases the current falls below 0.95 the setting threshold value. After the
protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time (Time) has
elapsed, function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is generated.
The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be cleared
when the measured current value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold value.
All overcurrent definite time functions can be used in parallel to generate a current
time-step characteristic, as shown in the following figure.
(13)
Fig. 6.1.5.4.-1 Current time-step characteristic
A050882
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.5.5. Setting groups
Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the overcurrent definite time
protection functions.
6.1.5.6. Parameters and events
Table 6.1.5.6.-1 Setting values
Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Start Value I>,
I>>
Time 20 ... 300000 ms 80 Time delay for overcurrent
Start Value I>>> 0.1 ... 40.00 In 0.50 Current threshold for
Time 15 ... 30000 ms 80 Time delay for overcurrent
0.05 ... 40.00 In 0.50 Current threshold for
1MRS755860
overcurrent condition
detection.
Trip condition.
overcurrent condition
detection.
Trip condition.
Table 6.1.5.6.-2 Events
Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled
E2 Protection start on phase L2
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled
E4 Protection start on phase L3
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E18 Protection block signal is active
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state
By default all events are disabled.
6.1.6. Directional overcurrent protection (single stage)
REF 542plus has two directional definite time functions, each of which can be
independently activated:
90
A050825
Fig. 6.1.6.-1 Overcurrent directional high set (I>>>)
Page 91
1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Fig. 6.1.6.-2 Overcurrent directional low set (I>>)
6.1.6.1. Input/output description
Table 6.1.6.1.-1 Input
Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter its
state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the required events (if
any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection function will
then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A050826
Table 6.1.6.1.-2 Outputs
Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
BO Digital signal (active high) Block output signal
S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when respective phase current start conditions are true (current exceeds the
setting threshold value and the fault is in the specified direction).
The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for a phase current the start
conditions are true and the operating time has elapsed.
The Block Output (BO) signal becomes active when the protection function detects
a current exceeding the preset value and the fault direction opposite to the specified
direction.
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.6.2. Configuration
1MRS755860
Fig. 6.1.6.2.-1 General
Fig. 6.1.6.2.-2 Fast I/O
A050827
A090012
92
Output Channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the trip, general start or
block-out command, that is, skipping the FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
Page 93
1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
REF 542plusREF 542plus
A050828
Fig. 6.1.6.2.-3 Sensors
The protection function operates on any combination of current phases in a triple,
for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase or three-phase protection
on the phase currents belonging to the same system.
The faulty phase current is combined with the voltage of the corresponding sound
phases. The required voltage measure is automatically selected and displayed in the
General dialog.
Fig. 6.1.6.2.-4 Parameters
A050829
93
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
1MRS755860
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Direction: Directional criteria to be assessed together to overcurrent
condition for the START detection.
Start Value: Current threshold for overcurrent condition detection.
Time: Time delay for overcurrent trip condition detection.
Fig. 6.1.6.2.-5 Events
Fig. 6.1.6.2.-6 Pins
A050830
A050871
94
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1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.6.3. Measurement mode
The directional overcurrent protection function evaluates the current and voltage at
the fundamental frequency.
6.1.6.4. Operation criteria
If the measured current exceeds the setting threshold value (Start Value), and
the fault is in the specified direction (backward/forward), the protection
function is started. The start signal is phase selective. It means that when at least for
one phase current the above conditions are true, the relevant start signal will be
activated.
If the preset threshold value (Start Value) is exceeded and the fault is in the
opposite direction to the specified one, the Block Output signal becomes active. The
protection function will remain in START status until there is at least one phase
started. It will come back in passive status and the start signal will be cleared if for
all the phases the current falls below 0.95 the setting threshold value (or the fault
current changes direction).
REF 542plusREF 542plus
When the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, the function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.
The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be cleared
when the measured current value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold value.
To determine the fault direction REF 542plus must be connected to the three-phase
voltages. The protection function has a voltage memory, which allows a directional
decision to be produced even if a fault occurs in the close up area of the voltage
transformer/sensor (when the voltage falls below 0.1 x Un).
6.1.6.5. Current direction
Detection of the current direction is obtained by calculating the reactive power,
which is computed combining the faulty phase current with the voltage of the
corresponding sound phases. The reactive power calculation uses voltage and
current measurements at the fundamental frequency. Before the calculations, the
voltages are shifted to a lagging angle of 45°.
The reactive power is calculated like the following:
Q
=×× +
(sin)
IU
L1 23
×× + ××
(sin)(sin)
IU IU
L2 31 L3 12
ϕ
1
(14)
ϕϕ
23
95
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
Where is:
Q Reactive power
I
L1,2,3
U
12,23,31
φ
1,2,3
Current of phase 1, 2 and 3
Line voltages between phases 1-2, 2-3 and 3-1 after shifting -45°
Angles between the currents and the corresponding voltages
1MRS755860
Only the phases whose current exceeds preset threshold are used in the calculation.
If the result of the calculation leads to a negative reactive power, which is greater
than 5% of the nominal apparent power, the fault is in forward direction. Otherwise,
the fault is in backward direction.
A directional signal can be sent to the opposite station using the output (trip) and/or
the Block Output (BO) signal. The content of a directional signal from the opposite
station (BO output) can be used to release tripping of its own directional protective
function. This enables a directional comparison protection to be established.
Fig. 6.1.6.5.-1 shows the forward and backward direction in the impedance plane in
case of a balanced three-phase fault.
A052091
Fig. 6.1.6.5.-1 Diagram of the directional overcurrent protection in case of balanced
three-phase faults
Because the application of the fault-current is in combination with the sound
voltages, the directional decision area can change. This change depends on the
power system parameters in case of nonsymmetrical fault condition. The criteria for
forward and backward direction is derived from the calculated reactive power.
6.1.6.6. Voltage memory
The directional overcurrent protection function includes a voltage memory feature.
This allows a directional decision to be produced even if a fault occurs in the close
up area of the voltage transformer/sensor.
96
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1MRS755860
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
At a sudden loss of voltage, a fictive voltage is used for direction detection. The
fictive voltage is the voltage measured before the fault has occurred, assuming that
the voltage is not affected by the fault. The memory function enables the function
block to operate up to 300 seconds after a total loss of voltage.
When the voltage falls below 0.1 x Un, the fictive voltage is used. The actual
voltage is applied again as soon as the voltage rises above 0.1 x Un for at least 100
ms. The fictive voltage is also discarded if the measured voltage stays below 0.1 x
Un for more than 300 seconds.
6.1.6.7. Setting groups
Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the overcurrent directional definite
time protection functions.
6.1.6.8. Parameters and events
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Table 6.1.6.8.-1 Setting values
Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Start Value 0.05 ... 40 In 0.2 Current threshold for fault
detection.
Time 40 ... 30000 ms 80 Operating Time between start
and trip.
Direction forward/
backward
- backward Direction criteria.
Table 6.1.6.8.-2 Events
Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled
E2 Protection start on phase L2
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled
E4 Protection start on phase L3
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E16 Block signal is active
E17 Block signal is back
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back
By default all events are disabled.
6.1.7. Overcurrent IDMT (single stage)
REF 542plus makes available an IDMT function in which one at the time of the four
current-time characteristics can be activated:
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
*
Normal inverse
*
Very inverse
*
Extremely inverse
*
Long-term inverse
Fig. 6.1.7.-1 Overcurrent IDMT
6.1.7.1. Input/output description
Table 6.1.7.1.-1 Input
Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
1MRS755860
A050883
When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter its
state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the required events (if
any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection function will
then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.
Table 6.1.7.1.-2 Output
Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when the respective phase current start conditions are true (the phase
current value is above 1.2 times the setting threshold value).
The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for a phase current the start
conditions are true and the calculated operating time has elapsed.
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Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
6.1.7.2. Configuration
REF 542plusREF 542plus
Fig. 6.1.7.2.-1 General
Fig. 6.1.7.2.-2 Fast I/O
A050884
A090014
Output Channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the trip or general start
command, that is, skipping the FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
Input Channel different from 0 means a direct execution of the block command, that
is, skipping the FUPLA cyclic evaluation.
99
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REF 542plusREF 542plus
Multifunction Protection and Switchgear Control
Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual
1MRS755860
Fig. 6.1.7.2.-3 IDMT type
Fig. 6.1.7.2.-4 Sensors
A050885
A050886
100
The protection functions operate on any combination of phase currents in a triple,
for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase or three-phase protection
on phase currents belonging to the same system.
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